Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Marcelo E. Valdes, PE
GE Industrial Solutions
Too Coordinate or Not to Coordinate
1000
100
150A
800A LVPCB
Traditionally
Overcurrent protective
TIME IN SECONDS
devices are selected to
10
1000
800A LVPCB
1000.00
Selectivity
150A
100
100.00
or
TIME IN SECONDS
10
10.00
Protection
Seconds
1
or
1.00
0.10
8 calories
0.01
both 0.10
800A LVPCB
Amperes
of the current they allow to flow
while interrupting to lower (peak- 0.0000 0.0042 0.0083
1
Available Ibf = 20kA RMS, X/R=4.9
2
X
1) What do you set IOC on CB1 to be selective with CB2? (CB is NOT
current limiting) PU 20X 1.83/1.41 31kA RMS
Ignoring tolerance
for simplicity
2) If CB 2 is Current Limiting, what can you set CB1 to?
PU 13/1.41 9.3kA RMS
How used?
• Adjustable electronic TU upstream
• CL CB/Fuse downstream
• Knowing CL peak-let-through curve
• Commonly done in IEC markets
• How many manufacturer’s selectivity
tables were created
I2t (Peak let-
through Energy Nesting
Energy) =
area under Ibf • Fuses: thermal energy… if
1
curve
fuse 2 total I2t let-through <
Ipeak (let-
through)
than fuse 1 melting energy
fuses are selective
2 • CB version works the same but
with mechanical energy
Melting Arcing
Amperes
Time Time
Clearing 0.0000 0.0042 0.0083
Time
Seconds
Energy Nesting Selectivity
• For fuses it requires a ~ 2:1 ratio between
fuses of similar types & same manufacturer
• For CBs it requires a ratio ~2.6:1 & same
manufacturer
• Both tested & published by manufacturer
Advanced “proprietary” Techniques
• Each manufacturer may have their own,
probably reflected in published selectivity
tables
• One manufacturer’s method follows
“Waveform Recognition” a proxy for
measuring energy; allows variable
settings in upstream CB/trip
Waveform Recognition
Advantages
• Allows adjustment of upstream IOC
• Same PU regardless available Ibf
• Can be seen on TCC, does not need tables
Disadvantages
• Manufacturer specific
• Voltage specific
• Requires testing to verify
Proxy for measuring energy waveform
• Each MCCB (& fuse) has characteristic
1000.00
250A CL MCCB
current & energy limitation capability
• ETU has to recognize “it” (waveform
100.00
Seconds
or upstream mechanical platform 1.00
No tables or calculations
Interpreting the 1000.00
Upstream
800A LVPCB
WFR curve 100.00
Seconds
• Also shows selectivity may 1.00
stop at 85kA
• Current limitation “V
dependent” 0.10
Seconds
upstream CB may be any
• How far selectivity extends 1.00
In-Zone protection
• If 2 CB sense current over threshold (unrestrained upper tier)
1.00
Seconds
send signal, upper tier must receive
1000.00 1000.00
0.10
Seconds
“too” fast, & restraint
is “fast enough”
0.10 0.10
0.01 0.01
100 Amperes 1,000 10,000 100 100,000
Amperes 1,000 10,000 100,000
How much shift is needed ?
ST shift
1000.00 1000.00 1000.00
100.00
X
100.00 100.00
maintains 3
X levels of
selectivity,
10.00 10.00 10.00
X
Instantaneous
Seconds
Seconds
Seconds
All unrestrained
1.00 1.00 1.00
In-Zone 2 upper restrained 1 upper restrained
protection only 2… if there
0.10 0.10 0.10
is a 50kA fault &
1 CB fails, is
selectivity really
0.01 0.01 0.01
1,000 Amperes 10,000 100,000 1,000 Amperes 10,000 100,000 1,000 Amperes 10,000 100,000
Seconds
shift
1.00 1.00 automatically
• ETU logic sets up other PU
automatically;
0.10 0.10
1 blocking,
1 restrained operation
0.01 0.01
1,000 Amperes 10,000 1,000 100,000
Amperes 10,000 100,000
Threshold-ZSI User-Set
protective PU
User sets “1” threshold 10.00
• Trip units set “2” PU
Automatic Automatic
Seconds
• Lower “blocking PU” just low Blocking PU Restrained PU
enough to not overlap
• Upper “restrained” PU that 1.00
Seconds
Seconds
Seconds
issue if a CB
1.00 Enough shift1.00to maintain 1.00 fails to operate
selectivity regardless of
fault location but tight IF a CB fails to
backup always kept as well
operate is
0.10 0.10 0.10
additional
selectivity that
important ?
0.01 0.01 0.01
1,000 Amperes 10,000 1,000
100,000Amperes 10,000 1,000
100,000 Amperes 10,000 100,000
100.00 100.00
Upstream
Delays & shape can
Upstream GF
GF pickup be shifted
1.00 1.00 & ST shifted
Seconds
Seconds
0.10 0.10
0.01 0.01
100 Amperes 1,000 10,000 100,000 100 Amperes 1,000 10,000 100,000
Energy nesting
Distance, burden, transformer inrush, CT
size & class must be considered
Modern MV CB
• More compact CB available CB
from most manufacturers installed
• All 3 cycles, or better! below
• Retrofits with = footprint as traditional
traditional switches switch
• MV relays with LV protection +
ZSI, hardwired, IEC 61850, or
other protocols
• Modern relays are fast!
1,000.00 1,000.00
0.01
Blocking signal 0.01
from ST & Inst. ZSI
function in
0.001
downstream CB 0.00 1
Analog commit
1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000 10,000 100,000
Understand - signal out & in
10.00
Maximum ST PU tolerance
• Blocking signal Model
Maximum IOC PU tolerance
• If T-ZSI is used red
0.10
Maximum Ibf
pickup shifts left by PU
tolerance
0.01
processing time
3) Output contact time Relay output
0.01
4) + CB operation &
Fault Recognition t
Clearing time
0.00
1,000 10,000 100,000
100.00
Need to know MV Relay
• “real” IOC commit time
10.00 • I/O timing & logic timing
Adjust pickup • communication timing
1.00
• CB’s response timing
Relay commit = 1.33 X Pickup/Ifault
+ I/O Logic time = 1/8 cycle
0.10
+ Output SS contacts = 1/8 cycle