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Induction logs
Resistivity Logs
Introduction
Classification
- based on depth of investigation
Resistivity Logs
Flushed
Zone
1-6 in.
Fresh
Mud
Shallow
0.5-1.5 ft
Medium
1.5-3 ft
Deep
3+ ft
16 Normal
64 Normal
18 Lateral
Microlog
(ML)
Minilog
16Normal
Proximity
(PL)
LL8/Short
Guard
Rmf>2Rw
Or
Classification
Rt<200
Spherically
Focused
Salt
Mud
Induction
(6FF40)
Spherically
Focused
Medium
Induction
Years
Name
Comments
up to
1955
ES, EL
obsolete
1955-80
IES, IEL
Obsolete
1970-85
ISF
Obsolete
1965
DIL-LL8,
DIFL,
DISG
Obsolete
1975
DIL-SFL
Current
Deep
Induction
Spherically
Focused
Medium
Phasor
Induction
Deep
Phasor
Induction
1985
Phasor
Current
Array
Induction
Tool
1990
AIT
Current
1955-80
LL7, LL3,
guard
Obsolete
Microlaterolog
(MLL)
Laterolog-7
Laterolog-3 /
Guard
Rmf<2Rw
MLL
Or
MSFL
Rt>200
Shallow
Laterolog
(LLS)
Deep
Laterolog
(LLD)
DLL-MLL
1972
current
DLLMSFL
Resistivity Logs
IES or IEL; short normal or spherically focused curve with a deep induction.
(No correction for invasion!)
Replaced in the mid-1960s with a Dual induction tool (shallow, medium,
and deep curves); DIL-LL8, DIFL, DISG
Improved DIL with the addition of the spherically focused shallow log; DISF
Next improvement is known as the Phasor Induction Tool - better thin bed
resolution and automatic corrections
Latest generation induction tool known as Array Induction Tool or Imager eliminates need for assumption of a step function for the invasion profile.
Resistivity Logs
Example: Old ES
10 Normal
19 Lateral
32 LS Lateral
Resistivity Logs
Example: IEL
Resistivity Logs
Example: High resolution
or Phasor induction
Conventional
induction log
Source: Halliburton
Phasor
induction log
Resistivity Logs
Ambiguous
reading
Correct
reading
DIL log
AIT log
Source: Halliburton
Resistivity Logs
where fresh mud or oil-base
mud (or air-filled holes) is
used,
where the Rmf/Rw ratio is
greater than 3,
where Rt is less than 200
ohm-m, and
Resistivity Logs
Principle of Operation
Resistivity Logs
Theory
Circumferential Current I
it
Tool
G m G xo G t G s
R ILD R m R xo R t R s
or
C ILD G mC m G xo C xo G t C t G sCs
1
Rm
Mud
Invaded zone
Gm/Rm
Uninvaded zone
Im
Gxo/Rxo
Ixo
Gt/Rt
IT
Rxo
Rt
Resistivity Logs
Example 1
Given
Rt = 10 ohm-m
Fresh mud, Rm = 1
Rxo = 20
di = 65
Solution
G(ILD) = 0.2
Ra = 11 ohm-m
(10% error)
Geometric Factors
Resistivity Logs
Determination of Rt
Resistivity Logs
Given
1.5 standoff in a 14.6 hole
Rm = 0.35 ohm-m
ILD = 50 ohm-m (20
mmho/m)
Solution
hole signal = 5.7 mmho/m
Ct (corr) = Ct - hole signal
Rt = 70 ohm-m
Borehole Correction
Resistivity Logs
Borehole Correction
significant when
- mud is salty
- hole size is large and/or oval
- formation resistivity is high
Resistivity Logs
Resistivity Logs
Bed thickness correction
Resistivity Logs
Invasion Correction
Resistivity Logs
Invasion Correction
Example
RILD = 10 Wm
RILM = 14 Wm
RSFL = 90 Wm
Resistivity Logs
Invasion Correction
Example
RILD = 10 Wm
RILM = 14 Wm
RSFL = 90 Wm
Resistivity Logs
Invasion Correction
d i 50"
Resistivity Logs
Example:
SFL-ILM-ILD
Resistivity Logs
Phasor Induction
Improvements
(1). Thinner bed resolution (2 ft.)
(2). Comprehensive set of automatic corrections
for:
- shoulder effect and thin bed resolution
- skin effect
- borehole and cave effect
- large boreholes
- invasion effects
Resistivity Logs
Example: High resolution
or Phasor induction
Conventional
induction log
Phasor
induction log
Resistivity Logs
Array Induction
Main features:
1.
2.
the ability to use short array information to solve for effective borehole
parameters
3.
Five log curves are presented at median depths of investigation of 10, 20,
30, 60 and 90 inches. Three vertical resolutions of 1, 2 and 4 ft.
4.
improvement in invasion profiles for both oil- and water-based muds. This
includes accurate Rt estimate and a quantitative description of the transition
zone.
5.
Resistivity Logs
Ambiguous
reading
Correct
reading
DIL log
AIT log
Source: Halliburton
Resistivity Logs
Resistivity Logs
References