Bandung, 19 May 2016

Center Of Technology For Energy Resources and Chemical Industry

METAL AIR FOR THE FUTURE BATTERY

Dr. Ir. Hens Saputra, M.Eng

PTSEIK TIEM BPPT
hens.saputra@bppt.go.id

Brief Introduction

Office 1 :
Jl. M.H. Thamrin 8 Jakarta
Indonesia 10240
Office 2:
Kawasan PUSPIPTEK, Serpong
Tangerang Selatan, Banten
Indonesia 10240

MAP OF PUSPIPTEK, TANGERANG SELATAN

SMA, POLSEK, TELKOM
DAN LAPANGAN BOLA

SUB KAWASAN
NUKLIR BATAN

NORTH

AERO-GASDINAMIKA &
GETARAN
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI
INDONESIA

UJI KONSTRUKSI
THERMODINAMIKA,
MESIN & PROPULSI

PUSAT TEKNOLOGI MATERIAL

& LAB PROSES
SARPEDAL
GARDU

Kawasan Laboratorium (300 Ha)

INDUK PLN
WISMA TAMU

Kawasan
Perumahan
(80 Ha)

METALURGI

KONVENSI &
PERKANTORA
N PUSPIPTEK
MEPPO
KEBUN
PROPINSI I

POLIMER

KIMIA TERAPAN
FISIKA TERAPAN

KEBUN
PROPINSI II

KALIBRASI,
INSTRUMENTASI
& METROLOGI
.

MESJID

KESEHATAN
SD-SMP & GOR

PENJERNIHAN AIR

BIOTEKNOLOGI
Ex-LET: (BIT; BTL; LTA;
LTB; GTECH; P2SMP)

SUMBER DAYA
ENERGI &
INDUSTRI KIMIA

BOGOR 

35 km from Jakarta, 460 hectares, 30 Labs, 3000 S&T people

Industrial Engineering
Technology Labs

Agro & Biotech Labs

Material & Process

Technology Labs

Geosystem Tech. Labs

Defense Tech. Labs

ICT Labs

Energy Tech. Labs

Innovation Center &

Tech. Business Bldg.

Agency for The Assessment and Application of Technology

Potential market of battery is very good

Cellular phone
Laptop, ipad
RFID data loggers
Health & cosmetic
Toys
Transportation
etc

FORMULATING A BETTER BATTERY

Specific energy  lowdevice weight (Wh/kg)
Energy density  High
Specific power  peak power (watts/kg) per unit weight
Cost  graphene battery (nanomaterials 100 USD/g), Lithium carbon less 0,02 USD
Self discharge  Low
Operating temperature
Output Current
Safety hydrogen fuel cells is often flammable or explosive, not allowed on aircraft
Durability : charge-discharge cycles
Efficiency : amount of power need to charge battery compare with amount of power
can store all waste power manifest to heat
Complexity of the charge system  need more electronic mean cost

100

GLOBAL MARKET SHARE BY

POWER TRAIN TECHNOLOGY

% OF UNITS PRODUCED

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050
10

1000

TRILLION WATT-HOUR

MILLION
BBL/DAY

NEW ENERGY TRENDS

900

800

700

600

500

5
4

FOSIL FUEL

350

400

300
2.4

200

2
1

100
0

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

Sumber : PT. Toyota Motor Mnf. Ind

10

BATTERY DEVELOPMENT IN TRANSPORTATION

THE DEVELOPMENT OF Li BATTERY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP

12

13

COMPARISON OF SOME ENERGY SOURCES IN TRANSPORTATION

Power Source/System

Specific Energy Density

(Theoretical)
Wh kg-1

Specific Energy Density (Present

Achievement)
Wh kg-1

Petroleum

80700

20200*

Zn-air

1084

175

Zn-Bromine

428

200

Na-S

758

90 - 100

Li-Ion

600

102

NiMH

217

80

Lead Acid

170

30

Postal Services
Casseties of used
Electric Fuel

Refueling Station
Casseties of fresh
Electric Fuel

Electric Fuel Regeneration

Evonyx Honda
Using Zn-air

Bus Zn-air in Israel, 2000

THE METAL-AIR BATTERY

Metal-air is a kind of battery (fuel cell) which using metal
oxidation principles by utilizing oxygen from the air to
produce electric.
Metal
Anode

Atomic Melting
Weight
Point
(g.mole-1) (C)

Density
(g.cm-3)

Electrochemical Theoretical Valence

Equivalent of Metal
Cell
Change
Voltage
(Ah.g-1) (Ah.cm-3)
(V)

Theoretical
Specific
Energy of
Metal
(kWh.kg-1)

Practical
Operating
Voltage
(V)

Li

6.94

180

0.534

3.86

2.08

3.4

13.0

2.4

Ca

40.1

851

1.54

1.34

2.06

3.4

4.6

2.0

Mg

24.3

650

1.74

2.20

3.80

3.1

6.8

1.2-1.4

Al

26.9

659

2.7

2.98

8.10

2.7

8.1

1.1-1.4

Zn

65.4

419

7.1

0.82

5.80

1.6

1.3

1.0-1.2

Fe

55.8

1528

7.85

0.96

7.50

1.3

1.2

1.0

Comparison of energy density of various batteries (Fu et al, 1996)

Zn Based Battery
Electrochemical System

Properties
Practical Energy Density

Type

IUPAC

OCV (V)

Gravimetric

Volumetric

(Wh.kg-1)

(Wh.L-1)

Carbon zinc

Zn / NH4Cl / MnO2

1.5

85

165

Alkaline manganese

Zn / KOH / MnO2

1.5

125

330

Mercury cell

Zn / KOH/ HgO

1.3

100

470

Air cell

Zn / KOH/ O2

1.5

350

1050

Silver cell

Zn / KOH/ Ag2O

1.6

120

500

Nickel zinc

Zn / KOH/ NiOOH

1.6

60

120

Zinc Bromide

Zn / ZnBr2/ Br2

1.6

70

60

 High energy density

Highest capacity-to-volume ratio for miniature batteries
Utilize oxygen from the ambient air
No need fuel tank, simple design
Zinc process rapid electrochemical kinetics
Relatively flat discharge curve
Essentially constant internal resistance
Low cost
Good environmental compatibility

 The main setback of zinc-air batteries is associated with the

cycle-ability of the zinc anode which is due to :
1. Soluble zinc hydroxide and zinc oxide as discharge
products in caustic alkaline electrolyte
2. Rapid electrochemical kinetics.

Polymeric membrane as used in current battery is also

susceptible to piercing of zinc dendrites and degradable at
high temperature.

Anode : Thin electroplated zinc on brass foil

Cathode : Catalyzed carbon which reduce oxygen from the air
PTFE
Carbon
Ni Mesh
Carbon

Separator : MCM-41 Membrane

Electrolyte : Highly conductive solution of KOH in water

Cell Voltage (V)

1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0

10

12

Time (hr)

14

16

18

20

22

24

35

1.40

30

Voltage (V)

1.20

25

1.00
20
0.80
15
0.60
10

0.40

0.20

10

15
Current (mA)

20

25

30

35

Power density (mW/cm2)

1.60

Zn/MCM-41/O2
Type of Battery
Classification
Dimension

Zinc Air
Zinc Air (Prismatic)
Primary
Primary
1 X 1Cm2
3.22 X 1.47 Cm2
Thick : 300 microns
Thick : 5 mm
Weight
50 mg
6.8 g
OCV
1.5 V
1.4 V
Capacity
35 mAh
1800 mAh
Rating Drain
20 mA
20 mA
Maximum drain
27 mA
25 mA

Sources : www.energizer.com

CONCLUSIONS
Numerous solutions for energy storage
Choose the most appropriate (cost, specific energy, peak power,
cycleability, efficiency)
New battery developments in the future will involve refinements of the
current lithium-ion technology, as well as new battery chemistries
Battery types of the future may include lithium-sulphur, sodium-ion and
metal-air such as lithium-air, aluminum-air, zinc-air, etc
Rechargeable metalair batteries are widely considered to be the next
generation battery
Metal-air batteries have very high specific energy and simple system, it is
possible to develop a very thin battery

25

Thank You
26