Questions bank-raw.

ABSTRACT
SESSION 1:
1. Which of the options should replace the question mark (?) to complete the sequence?
Explanation:
The figure is divided into four sectors. The following patterns are pent. The clear circle and the
plus (+) sign move from sector to sector anticlockwise. The triangle disappears and reappears at the
opposite sector after two iterations.
The black circle disappears and reappears at the opposite sector after two iterations.
Following these rules, the next figure should be option C.
2. Which of the Options should replace the question mark (?) to complete the sequence?

Explanation:
The arrow moves from corner to corner clockwise
3. Which of the captions should replace the question mark (?) to complete the sequence?
Explanation:
The number of lines increase from two to four and the sequence repeats. Also, the position of the
lines alternate between bottom-right and top left. Following these rules, the next figure should have
four lines located top-left.
4. Which of the options should replace the question mark (?) to complete the sequence?
Explanation:
Two rules apply in succession. The plus (+) sign rotates through 90 degrees clockwise. Thereafter, the
circle rotates through 180 degrees clockwise.
5. Which of the options should replace the question mark (?) to complete the sequence?
6. Which of the options should replace the question mark (?) to complete the sequence?
In this question, there are two rules to follow
The first rule is that the arrow rotates by 90 clockwise each time. Following this rule, the next diagram
of the sequence should have the arrow pointing towards 9 o'clock. Therefore, the correct answer
could be A or B. The other rule is that the number of arrowheads changes from 1 to 2 to 3, then back
to 1 again etc. Following this rule, the number of arrowheads in the next diagram should be three.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
7. Which of the options should replace the question mark (?) to complete the sequence?
in this question, there are two rules to follow

The first rule is that the spiral rotates by 90 anticlockwise each time. Following this rule, the next
diagram of the sequence should have the tall of the spiral at about 2 o'clock. Therefore, the correct
answer could be B or L. The other rule is that the diagonal alternates from top left -bottom right to
top right-bottom left. Following this rule, the diagonal in the next diagram should be top right bottom
left. Therefore, the correct answer is D.
8 Explanation:
In this question, there is one black square in each row of the grid. The black squares in the first third
and fifth rows move on-place to the right each time; and when they reach the right edge of the grid,
they move to the first column of the left edge. The black square in the second, Fourth and sixth rowmove one place to the left each time; and when they reach the left edge of the grid, they move to the
first column of the fight edge. Therefore, the correct answer 15 A.

9 Explanation:
In this question, there are three rules to follow. The first rule the asterisk skips vertically each time.
Following this rule, in the next diagram of the sequence, the asterisk will be upside down. Therefore,
the correct answer could be A, B or C.
The second rule concerns the white triangle which rotates each time through 30 anticlockwise around
the Outside of the square. Following this rule, in the next diagram of the sequence, the white triangle
should be in the bottom left comes of the square. Therefore, the correct answer could be C or
The third rule concern: the black dotwhichtcrsteseachtmethrough45 anticlockwise ground of the
square. Following this rule, in the next diagram of the sequence, the black dot should be in the bottom
left corner of the square. Therefore, the correct answer could be A, C or D. Taking all the rules into
consideration, the only possible answer is C.

10 Explanation:
In this question, there is a sequence of transformations: reflection in the vertical axis, rotation of 90
clockwise,
reflection in the horizontal axis', 'rotation of 90 clockwise', 'reflection in the vertical axis' etc. Following
this sequence, the next transformation should be 'reflection in the vertical axis', which means the next
diagram in the sequence will be B.

11 Explanation:
In this question, the number of dots in each of the four circles follows a rule: For the circle in the top
left corner, the number of dots increases by 1 each time, with 4 becoming 1. For the circle in the top
right corner, the number of dots decreases by 1 each time, with 1 becoming 4. For the circle in the
bottom left corner, the number of dots increases by 1 each time, with 4 becoming 1. For the circle in
the bottom right, the number of dots is always 4, following these rules, for the next diagram in the
sequence there should be 3 dots in the top left circle, 2 dots in the top right circle, 2 dots in the bottom
left circle and 4 dots in the bottom right circle. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

12 In this question, there are three rules to follow.

The first rule is that the dot moves through 90 clockwise each time. Following this rule, in the next
diagram of the sequence, the dot should be at 3 o'clock. Therefore, the correct answer could be A, B
or D. The second rule is that the line with arrows rotates
Through 90 anticlockwise each time. Following this rule, in the next diagram of the sequence, the
arrowheads should point to 12 o'clock. Therefore, the correct answer could be A or B. The third rule
is that the number of arrowheads increases by 1 each time, with three arrowheads becoming 1.
Following this rule, in the next diagram of the sequence, there should be three arrowheads. Therefore,
the correct answer is A.

13 Explanation:
in this question, there is a hexagon with arrowheads on each of its sides. There is also a dot. The dot
rotates clockwise around the perimeter of the hexagon according to the number of arrowheads it is
adjacent to. Following this rule, to find the next diagram of the sequence, the dot will have to rotate
three places around the perimeter of the hexagon. Therefore, the correct answer is C,

14 Explanation:
In this question, there is a grid of squares. There are two rules that must be followed, one after the
other The first rule is: the columns of the grid are moved one place to the right with the fourth column
moving to the first column. The second rule is: the rows of the grid are moved one place up with the
top row moving to the bottom row. Following these rules, to get the next diagram in the sequence will
be B.

15 In this question there are two rules. The first rule concerns the question mark which
rotates by 90 clockwise around the perimeter of the square each time, while also rotating itself by
90 clockwise. Following this rule, the next diagram of the sequence could be A, B or D. The second
rule concerns the asterisk which moves along a diagonal of the square to four equally spaced positions
on the diagonal and at the same time flips vertically each time. Following this rule, in the next diagram
of the sequence, the asterisk should be upside down and one place from the top right corner of the
diagonal. The correct answer, therefore, is A.

16 In this question there are two rules to follow. The first rule is that an arrow with three arrowheads
is changed to an arrow with two arrowheads, an arrow with two arrowheads is changed to an arrow
with one arrowhead and an arrow with one arrowhead is changed to an arrow with three arrowheads.
Following this rule, the next diagram in the sequence could be C or D. The second rule is that the
arrow in the bottom position changes direction. Following this rule, the arrow with one arrowhead
pointing towards the right at the bottom of the fifth diagram becomes an arrow with three
arrowheads pointing towards the left in the next diagram. The correct answer, therefore, is D.

Abstract
Session 2:
1 Which of the options should replace the question mark (? to complete the sequence?
Explanation:
Two rules are applied one after the other. The first rule is that the flag is reflected in the vertical axis.
The second rule is that the flag is rotated by 90 clockwise. To find the missing diagram of the
sequence, the second rule should be applied. The correct answer, therefore, is B.
2 Which of the options should replace the question mark (? to complete the sequence?
Explanation:
There are two rules to follow, The first rule is that the equilateral triangle and its arrows are reflected
in the vertical axis from each diagram to the next. Following this rule, the missing diagram of the
sequence could be B, C or D. The second rule is that the asterisk and the dot move around the outside
of the triangle by a number of places equal to, and direction given by, the arrowheads from the
previous diagram. Following this rule, the dot will move to the right edge of the triangle and the
asterisk will move to the left edge. The missing diagram of the sequence, therefore, is D.
3 Which of the options is the next shape in the sequence?
Explanation:
In this question there is a dial with a long hand and a short hand.
The long hand rotates about the centre of the dial by 60 anticlockwise each time. Following this rule,
for the next diagram in the sequence, the long hand should point towards two o'clock. The correct
answer, therefore, could be A, B or C. The short hand rotates about the centre of the dial by
120 clockwise each time. Following this rule, for the next diagram in the sequence, the short hand
should point towards 12 o'clock. The correct answer, therefore, is B.
4 Explanation:
We start off with a 7 by 7 square grid. One square is removed from the top left corner of the grid and
added to the bottom right corner of the grid to start an 'L-shape'. From then onwards, at each stage
of the sequence, a diagonal of squares is removed from the top left hand corner of the grid and two
squares are joined to the bottom right hand corner to increase the size of the "L-shape'. Following this
rule, for the next diagram of the sequence, a diagonal of five squares should be removed from the
top left corner of the grid and two squares added to the bottom right corner to make a 5 by 5 "Lshape'. The correct answer, therefore, is B.
5 Explanation:
Everything rotates clockwise. The equilateral triangle rotates about its own centre by
120 each time. The square rotates about its own centre by 90 each time.
The regular pentagon rotates about its own centre by 108 each time.

Simultaneously the three shapes rotate by 90 each time about the centre of the large square.
Following these rules, the next diagram of the sequence must be C.
6 Explanation:
In this question there are two rules that are performed simultaneously. The first rule is that the shape
is reflected in the axis that follows the direction of the arrow.
The second rule is that the shape is rotated by 45 anticlockwise each time. Following the second rule,
the answer could be A, C or D. But the first rule tells us that the correct answer must be D. In A, the
wrong half of the circle is coloured black. In C, the shape has not been reflected.
7 Explanation:
There are two rules to follow that are applied simultaneously. The first rule is that the top and bottom
rows interchange each time. The second rule is that the numbers of dots in the circles that started in
the top row of the first diagram increase by one each time, whereas the numbers of dots in the circles
that started in the bottom row of the first diagram decrease by one each time. Following these rules
simultaneously, for the next diagram of the sequence, the circles in top row should have one dot and
zero dots respectively and the circles in the bottom row should have five dots and seven dots
respectively. The correct answer, therefore, is B.
8 Explanation:
In this question there is a grid with two horizontal rectangles and two vertical rectangles. From one
diagram to the next the horizontal rectangles always move one square up the grid. When they reach
the top row of the grid, they then move to the bottom row in the next diagram. From one diagram to
the next the vertical rectangles always move one square to the right in the grid. When they reach the
right column of the grid, they then move to the left column in the next diagram. Following these rules,
the correct answer is A.
9 Explanation:
Each diagram has three shapes, one inside the other, with the inner shape coloured black. From one
diagram to the next, the middle shape of the three becomes the outer shape, the inner shape
becomes the middle shape but is no longer shaded black, and a new black shape is placed in the
centre. Following these rules, for the missing diagram of the sequence, the outer shape should be a
triangle, the middle shape should be a pentagon and the inner shape should be a black square (the
same shape as the middle shape in the fourth diagram). The correct answer, therefore, is D
10 Explanation:
In this question, the arrow moves clockwise around the dial, the number of places it moves being
determined by the number of dots from the previous diagram. Following this rule, for the next
diagram in the sequence. the arrow should move clockwise by five places, and the correct answer is
A.
11 Explanation:

In this question there is a grid of sixteen equilateral triangles, some coloured black and some white.
Fourteen of the triangles have either an edge or a vertex touching the outside of the grid. The colours
of these fourteen triangles move around the edge of the grid, moving one place anticlockwise each
time. The two triangles in the centre of the grid (one black and one white) remain unchanged from
one diagram to the next. Following these rules, the next diagram in the sequence must be A.
12 Explanation:
In this question there is a small square inside an equilateral triangle, which is itself inside a larger
square. There are two rules to follow. The first rule is that the large square and the equilateral
triangle rotate about the centre point by 90 clockwise each time. Following this rule, in the next
diagram of the sequence, the equilateral triangle should point towards the right. The correct answer,
therefore, could be A, C or D. The second rule concerns the small square that can occupy three
positions in turn lying on one of the three axes of symmetry of the equilateral triangle - on its base, at
its centre, or touching two edges of the triangle near to its vertex. Following this rule, for the next
diagram of the sequence, the small square should be near to the vertex of the triangle. The correct
answer, therefore, is C.
13 Explanation:
There is a square divided into four quarters. There are two rules to follow. The first rule is that the
quarter containing one dot and the next quarter to it in a clockwise sense, interchange. Following this
rule, for the next diagram of the sequence, the quarter containing one dot should interchange with
the quarter containing five dots. The correct answer, therefore, could be B or D. The second rule is
that the numbers of dots in each of the other two quarters increases by one each time. Following this
rule, the two quarters with six dots should each increase to seven dots. The correct answer, therefore,
is D.
14 Explanation:
In this question there are two rules to follow.
The first rule is that the flag rotates by 45 anticlockwise each time. Following this rule, the next
diagram in the sequence could be B or C. The second rule is that the flag is reflected in the line of the
flagpole each time. Following this rule, the correct answer must be C.
15 Explanation:
In this question each of the three shapes has its own rule to follow. The triangle moves around the
four squares of the grid at
the centre of each edge, rotating by 90 anticlockwise each time. The square moves backwards and
forwards along one diagonal of the grid. The dot moves clockwise around the outer eight squares of
the grid, moving forwards by three spaces each time. Following these rules, the correct answer is D.
16 Explanation:

In this question each of the three shapes has its own rule to follow. The triangle moves around the
four squares of the grid at
the centre of each edge, rotating by 90 anticlockwise each time. The square moves backwards and
forwards along one diagonal of the grid. The dot moves clockwise around the outer eight squares of
the grid, moving forwards by three spaces each time. Following these rules, the correct answer is D.
Session 3:
1 Explanation:
Each figure is rotated through 90 degrees and one of the outermost shapes removed each time.

2 Explanation:
The number relates to the number of sides that the shape has. Note that a circle has infinite sides.

3 Explanation:
A box is removed in each step. A box at the bottom is removed before one at the top.

4 Explanation:
Two patterns are apparent: The origin of the arrows moves from corner to corner anticlockwise. The
arrows point in same direction, then in opposite direction, then in same direction again. Following
this two patterns, the next figure is option A.

5 Explanation:
The black dot shifts clockwise, while the alphabet in the inner triangle changes from 'a' through 'd'.

6 Explanation:
In each step, the spiral rotates 45 degrees clockwise while the black dot moves through 270 degrees
further in.

7 Explanation:
The number of squares increases by 1 down each column and across each row

8 Explanation:
Two patterns are apparent: The arrow direction alternates upward and downward. The black dot is
present only when arrow points downwards. Following these two patterns, the next figure should be
option E.

9 Explanation:
The figure is rotated through 90 degrees clockwise and one of the outermost shapes is removed.

10 Explanation:
In each iteration, the figure rotates 90 degrees clockwise and an extra black triangle is added
clockwise to the existing black shape.

11 Explanation:
The first box has two lines, the second 3, the third 4, the fourth 5 and so the fifth box will have six
lines, so
the answer is C.

12 Explanation:
The first square has 25 black squares, the second has 16, the third 9, the fourth 4 and so the 5th will
have one square (reducing sequence of the square numbers 25, 16, 9, 4, 1). Also squares are
removed from the right and from the bottom, so the final square will be in the top left corner, thus
the answer is D.

13 Explanation:
The first box has 5 short lines and no long lines, the second box: 4 short & 1 long, the third box: 3
short & 2 long, the fourth box 2 short and 3 long. So each time there is one more long line and one
less short line, so in the fifth box there will be 1 short and 4 long lines: the answer is A

14 Explanation:
The black line rotates by 45 degrees clockwise each time. The thicker line rotates 45 degrees
anticlockwise each time, so the answer is B.
15 Acros each row, the figure rotates 90 degrees clockwise.

16 Explaration:
The short line and the circle move- alternately along the longer line. To produce the second figure, the
short line moves to the right end. Then the circle moves from right end to the middle to produce the
third figure, then the short line moves from right end to the middle to produce the fourth figure. The
the circle moves from the middle to the left end to produce the fifth figure. Therefore, to get the next
figure, the short line must move to the left end.

VERBAL
Session 1
The Dead Sea Scrolls are probably the most significant archaeological discovery of the twentieth
century. More than 800 ancient documents, written on papyrus and parchment, were found in 1947
in desert caves at Qumran, near the Dead Sea. The texts mainly date from between the last century
BCE and the first century CE and are comprised of three types of document: copies of books from
the Hebrew Bible; apocryphal manuscripts; and documents pertaining to the beliefs and practices of
a sectarian community. The former category is arguably of the greatest academic significance, as
documents such as a complete copy of the Book of Isaiah enabled historians to analyze the accuracy
of Bible translations. However, the secrecy of the scholars appointed by the Israeli Antiquities
Authority, and their slow rate of publication, were the subject of international controversy. In 1901,
the Huntington library made photographic images of the full set of scrolls finally available to all
researchers, while the scrolls' importance is indisputable, there is no consensus over the texts'
origins. The traditional view is that the scrolls belonged to an ascetic Jewish sect, widely believed to
be the Essenes. The Essenes' rules and doctrines are even seen by some scholars as a precursor to
Christianity. A competing theory holds that the documents are sacred texts belonging to various
Jewish communities, hidden in the caves for safekeeping around 68CE, during the unsuccessful
Jewish Revolt against the Romans in Jerusalem.
1. Which two of these statements are true?

Dead Sea Scrolls is that they belonged to an early Christian sect called the Essenes
Dead sea scrolls are the most significant archaeological discovery in the 20th century
There are photographic images of the full set of scrolls
There are competing theories on the ownership of the ownership of the Dead sea scroll

2. Which two of these statements are true?

Both the origins and the process of the scrolls have been disputed
The Dead sea scroll consist more than 3 types of documents
The book of Isaiah aided the analyses of the bible translations accuracy
The Hebrew bible were among the artefacts formed

3. Which two of these statements are true?

The slow rate of publication by scholars caused controversy

The Essenes inhabited the desert caves at Qumran near the Dead Sea.
The Dead Sea scroll were found in 1947
A Sectarian community were in charge of keeping the scrolls

4. Which two of these statements are true?

The Dead Sea Scrolls include the oldest known copy of the Book of Isaiah.

The Dead sea scrolls was written on parchment

The text on scrolls had varying dates

This passage summarizes the difference between two main theories on the scroll

There is no unifying theory to explain the experience of dreaming. Dreaming involves an altered
state of consciousness that occurs during periods of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. One of the
most unusual features of this state is that most of the body's muscles are paralyzed.
The most common sleeping pattern is for a period of REM sleep to be preceded by four stages of
non-REM sleep, and for this to repeat itself up to five times a night. Most adults and children, if
woken during REM sleep, will report that they were dreaming. Whilst the physiological stages of
sleeping may be similar across adults and young children, the potential complexity of a child's
dreams develops as they age alongside their imagination.
It's difficult to prove that a dream is taking place-only after the fact ran you know that you were
dreaming. There are a small number of people, however, who do know when they are experiencing
what is called a "lucid" dream. The "scanning hypothesis" posits that eyes move during REM sleep in
accordance with the direction of gaze of one's dream. Research, for example with "lurid" dreamers,
has shown that eyes do point towards the action that a dreamer, having a goal-orientated dream,
describes.
5. Which two of these statements are true?

REM sleep tend=to be accompanied by non-REM sleep in children

Eye muscles are the only muscles that are not paralyzed during REM sleep

A child's REM develops as they age

One cannot actually prove that he is dreaming

6 Which two of these statements are true?

Eye muscles are the only muscles that are not paralyzed during REM

It is an hypothesis that the eyes of "lucid" dreamers do not point towards the action

Only a small number of people know when they are having "lucid dream"

Paralysis of most body muscles is seen as the most unusual features of dreaming

7 Which two of these statements are true?

The scanning hypothesis of the eye movement reveals what the dream is about

There is a unifying theory to explain the experience of REM

Dreams develop alongside imagination

The REM-Non REM sleep period repeat itself up to five times a night

8 Which two of these statements are true?

Another name for dreaming is REM

A child's dream develops as their imagination develop

Not everybody dream

Most people mistake REM sleep for dreams

The United States space programme is at a critical juncture. Between 1971 and 2011, spending on
space has declined from 5% of the federal budget to 0.5%. The US government recently announced
it has cancelled its Constellation human spaceflight programme, which was intended to provide
transportation to the International Space Station (155). Instead, NASA will shift its emphasis to
developing new technologies and commercializing spaceflight. NASA will outsource its
transportation to the ISS - a move designed to dramatically reduce launch costs. Five private
companies - nearly all of which are headed by internet entrepreneurs-are sharing $50 million of
federal funds to develop cargo spacecraft. NASA's new vision has not been met by enthusiasm from
all quarters, with critics calling it the death knell of America's supremacy in space travel. Politicians
whose states are losing out on jobs as a result of NASA's cancelled programmes have been among
the most vocal critics, with entrepreneurs racing to achieve human spaceflight, the next American to
land on the moon could be a commercial passenger rather than a NASA astronaut.
9. Which two of these options must be true?

NASA aims to save money by outsourcing transport to the International Space Station

Travels to the International Space Station will now be privatized

More than 5 private companies are into the privatization bid

NASA is now solely concerned with developing new technologies

10. Which two of these options must be true?

The five companies that received federal funds are headed by internet entrepreneurs.
- Due to the charge in u.s space programs many states are losing out on jobs
America has lost its former supremacy in space travel
The privatization plan was executed to reduce cost

11 Which two of these options must be true?

NASA's new direction marks the end of American leadership in space

Americans now land on moon as commercial passengers

The federal funds are used to develop cargo space aircraft
NASA's new vision faces skepticism from some people.

12 Which two of these options must be true?

The u.s government recently announced plans to reduce its space programme budget.

No more constellation human spaceflight by the government

with NASA's new project, commercial space travel could be a possibility

NASA will be in charge of cargo spacecraft development

The democratic peace theory holds that liberal democracies never, or rarely, go to war against each
other. The first to espouse this idea was the German philosopher immanuel Kant, who posited that
constitutional republics engender peace, because the majority of people will not vote to go to war
unless in self-defense. More recently the democratic peace theory was put forth in 1964 by Dean
Babst. Babst carried out the first statistical research to scientifically prove that democracies never or
rarely fight each other. Despite an undeniable statistical correlation between democracy and peace,
the democratic peace theory is highly debated amongst political scientists. The definitions of
"democracy" and "war" are one contentious issue. Some opponents of the democratic peace theory
point to exceptions, such as the Spanish-American War. However, the main criticism of the theory is
that it is based on flawed logic - that peace between democracies is not caused by the democratic
nature of those states, Furthermore, opponents argue that democracies frequently attack nondemocracies, dispelling the notion that democracies are inherently pacifistic. There are several
derivatives of the democratic peace theory, including the economic peace theory, which states that
increased economic exchange between states helps to avoid conflict.
13 Which two of these statements must be true?

Kant's theory about democratic peace was based on his scientific research.
Democratic peace theory assumes that decisions on war is based on the will of the majority.
Several derivatives of the democratic peace theory exist
The correlation of democracy and peace held reduce debate amongst scientists

14 Which two of these statements must be true?

The definition of peace is divisive amongst political scientists.

The Spanish -American war contradicts the Democratic peace theory.
There is no unanimously accepted definition of democracy.
Nations can go to war over their economic interest.

15 Which two of these statements must be true?

Babst's research casts doubts on the validity of the democratic peace theory
According to Kant majority will vote to go to war unless in self-defense
The Spanish-American war weakens the democratic peace theory
Spain and America are liberal democracies

16 Which two of these statements must be true?

Dean Babst found statistical evidence that democracies seldom go to war with each other.
The main derivatives of the democratic peace theory is the economic peace theory

Non democracies frequently go to war

Statistical data suggests that the democratic peace theory is correct.

Although websites such as Facebook and MySpace experienced exponential growth during the
middle of the first decade of the 21st century, some users remain oblivious to the fact that the
information they post online can come back to haunt them. First, employers can monitor employees
who maintain a blog, photo diary, or website. Employers can look for controversial employee
opinions, sensitive information disclosures, or wildly inappropriate conduct. For example, a North
Carolina newspaper fired one of its features writers after she created a blog on which she
anonymously wrote about the idiosyncrasies of her job and coworkers.
The second unintended use of information from social networking websites is employers who check
on prospective employees. A June 11, 2006 New York Times article reported that many companies
recruiting on college campuses use search engines and social networking websites such as MySpace,
Xanga, and Facebook to conduct background checks. Although the use of MySpace or Google to
scrutinize a students background is somewhat unsettling to many undergraduates, the Times noted
that the utilization of Facebook is especially shocking to students who believe that Facebook is
limited to current students and recent alumni.
Corporate recruiters and prospective employers are not the only people interested in college
students lives. The third unintended use of social networking websites is college administrators who
monitor the Internet, especially Facebook, for student misconduct. For example, a college in
Bostons Back Bay expelled its student Government Association President for joining a Facebook
group highly critical of a campus police sergeant. In addition, fifteen students at a state university in
North Carolina fared charges in court for underage drinking because of photos that appeared on
Facebook.
Although more users of websites such as Facebook are becoming aware of the potential pitfalls of
online identities, many regular users still fail to take three basic security precautions. First, only
make your information available to a specific list of individuals whom you approve. Second, regularly
search for potentially harmful information about yourself that may have been posted by mistake or
by a disgruntled former associate. Third, never post blatantly offensive material under your name or
on your page as, despite the best precautions, this material will likely make its way to the wider
world. By taking these simple steps, members of the digital world can realize the many benefits of ecommunity without experiencing some of the damaging unintended consequences.

17 Which two of the following statements are true?

Information obtained unwillingly from the Internet is permissible in court

It is impossible to protect yourself from unintended uses of information online.
Even if you restrict who can view your data, the government may still access it.
Know to whom you make your online information available.

18 Which two of the following statements are true?

Done properly, posting lewd information about oneself poses no substantial rock
You should actively hunt for misinformation of damaging information posted about you or
under Your name
Carefully select and limit who can view Your electronic profile
Prospective employees should speak with recruiters to inform them of any misinformation
published about them

19 Which two of the following statements are true?

Avoid uploading information that would be exceedingly damaging if it were discovered.

There are several steps that Facebook, Myspace, and Google can take to protect user
privacy.
Employers can conduct unauthorized and potentially invasive background checks on
prospective employees via Google or Facebook
Malicious users can impersonate one's online identity to commit identity fraud

20 Which two of the following statements are true?

The tone of the passage suggests that the author is largely pessimistic.
social networking websites help people keep in touch,
Officials can use online information, obtained against one's will, to bring legal proceedings
Disgruntled past associates can post damaging information online

Session 2
The most prevalent neurological condition in the developed world, migraine is characterized by
severe, recurrent headaches, with additional symptoms including nausea and sensitivity to light and
sound. The frequency and duration of migraine attacks are variable: attacks may occur a few times a
year or several times per month, while pain may last between four hours and three days.
Approximately one third of sufferers experience an aura - a perceptual disturbance occurring before
the migraine's onset. There are numerous theories on the cause of migraines. The vascular theory
posits that migraines are caused by problems with blood vessels in the brain. A more widely held
view is that migraines result from low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain.
Prophylactic drug treatment, which prevents the onset of migraines, has declined in recent years,
because of side effects and also improvements in medications treating an actual attack. Whereas
older varieties of pain medication are potentially addictive, newer drugs called triptans work by
reducing pain information traveling to the brain. Treatment plans typically include avoidance of
known migraine triggers, such as diet, alcohol, and stress, as overuse of medication can lead to
chronic "rebound headaches". Not only do migraines have a debilitating effect on sufferers, they are
also bad for the economy, with an estimated 25 million days lost from work every year in the UK
alone.

1. Which two of these statements are true?

One third of migraines are preceded by a heightened sensitivity to light.
It is not possible to work when suffering from a migraine.
There are numerous theories on the cause of migraines.
Prophylactic drug has side effect

2. Which two of these statements are true?

Serotonin deficiency is the most commonly held theo.

Migraine triggers include only alcohol and stress.
Old varieties of pain reducing drugs may be difficult on stop.
Headaches can reoccur and even increase from overuse of medication.

3. Which two of these statements are true?

Migraine is the most prevalent neurological condition in the developed world.

Sufferers from migraine become more sensitive to light and sound.
Triptans are a new form of prophylactic drug which are less addictive
The frequencies of migraine attacks are not con 5tant

4 Which two of these statements are true?

The vascular theory has been discredited

Problems with blood vessels and serotonin deficiencies may cause migraines
In the extensive view migraines also affect the
Migraines can be cured easily

Is free internet access as much a universal human right as access to clean water and healthcare?
Many leading experts believe that the 80% of the world's population that is not connected to the
web should have access to information through free low-bandwidth connection via mobile phones.
The one fifth of the world connected to the internet, however, faces a very different problem: an
insatiable appetite for bandwidth that outstrips availability. Bandwidth refers to the rapacity to
transfer data through a channel. Emails, for example, require less bandwidth than video.
Information traffic jams result when too many users try to move information at the same time,
exceeding the channel's capacity. The popularity of mobile web devices means demand for wireless
channels is growing rapidly, but bandwidth supply is limited-resulting in high charges for use. With
bandwidth controlled by a handful of private suppliers, bandwidth is the subject of government
debate in many countries, including the United States. Bandwidth suppliers are in favor of
introducing tiered pricing structures, whereby customers paying higher rates would receive faster
service. Critics believe that a tiered system violates the principle of net neutrality-whereby all data is
treated as equal- and would allow suppliers to profiteer from controlling a scarce resource.

Suppliers argue that they are funding huge infrastructure updates-such as switching from copper
wires to expensive fiber

5 which two of these statements are true?

The main argument in the passage is that internet users are not leaving.
Access to information via the internet is a basic human right.
Suppliers hack their demand for higher charges claiming higher infrastructural updates
In the new proposal customers paying higher will receive faster service

6 which two of these statements are true?

Tiered system violates the principle of neutrality

Demand for wireless channels is limited, but bandwidth supply is growing
Mobile net device increase has contributed towards the pressure on bandwidth availability
only a few suppliers control bandwidth supply

7 which two of these statements are true?

The bandwidth for emails and video are the same

Switching from copper wires to expensive fiber optics will increase bandwidth s=vice
-Capacity to transfer data through a channel is bandwidth
The tiered pricing structures would charge mobile web devices users more

8 Which two of these statements are true?

Proponents of net neutrality are against the prioritizing of certain web traffic.
Even those with internet connection are still unsatisfied for new bandwidth
Free internet access is as much a universal human right
Traffic jams results only when information are moved at the same time

The International Olympics Committee (IOC) is responsible for selecting a host city seven years prior
to the games. During a rigorous selection process lasting two years, the IOC evaluates the candidate
cities' proposal and their ability to finance the games. Hosting the Olympics involves enormous
expense - the 2008 Beijing Olympics, for example, cost $43 billion. Expenditure includes the
construction of stadia, infrastructure improvements, and direct operating costs, such as athlete
housing and security.
Proponents believe that the outlay is justifiable, as the Olympics stimulate regeneration, create jobs
and increase tourism and media attention. They also bring unquantifiable benefits, such as prestige
and "feel good factor". However, detractors counter that the 17-day event rarely returns a profit,
typically runs over budget, and leads to higher taxes for locals. Montreal, for example, took 30 years
to pay off the debt it incurred by hosting the Winter Olympics in 1976. Furthermore, state of-the-art
venues-such as Beijing's $500 million Bird's Nest often stand empty after the closing ceremonies
finish. While the last three summer Olympics have left their host cities with huge debts, a successful

games can transform a city. Improvements made to Barcelona before the 1992 games created an
enduring tourist destination.

9 Which two of these statements are true?

The Olympics can lead to a long-term boost in foreign visitors

it usually takes decade for a host city to pay off its debt
A host city assumes fiscal responsibility for the games
Improved infrastructure, such as the creation of athlete accommodation, is one of the
benefits to host city

10 Which two of these statements are true?

The Olympics sometimes leaves the host city indebted

An Olympics success cannot be measured by the sporting events alone
A host city is chosen two years prior to the Games by the IOC
There has not been a profitable summer Olympics since 1992

11 Which two of these statements are true?

The Olympics always exceed its budget

The Olympics results in higher taxes for some people
Despite no guarantee of profit, cities vie for the privilege of hosting the Olympics
The IOC takes into account whether potential host cities would benefit from regeneration

12 Which two of these statements are true?

Some of the advantage bestowed upon the city cannot be easily calculated.
Being an Olympics host city is a mixed blessing for the local community
The IOC's primary responsibility is the selection of the Olympics host cities
The Games' seven-year selection process involves detailed analysis

The merits of single-sex education have long been debated in the United States, where demand for
single-sex schools is on the rise. Title IV, a 1972 law prohibiting sex discrimination in education, was
amended in 2006, allowing for the establishment of single-sex state schools so long as a coeducational alternative is available, While critics view single-sex schools as discriminatory and
inadequate preparation for adult life, advocates claim that children, and particularly girls, benefit
from a single-sex education. American research shows that girls attending single-sex schools have
higher self-esteem, participate more in class, and score higher on aptitude tests than their
counterparts in co-educational schools. A 2005 study revealed that both girls and boys attending
single-sex schools spent more time on homework and had less disciplinary problems. Single-sex
schools subvert stereotypical course-taking patterns and results. Advocates of single-sex schooling
argue that educators can teach more effectively by tailoring their tuition to reflect current research
about gender-based brain development. Many experts, however, believe that research into single-

sex education is inconclusive, and that so long as the education provided is gender-fair, both girls
and boys can thrive in a co-educational environment.

13 Which two of these options must be true?

Girls in single sex schools do better in aptitude tests than those in co-educational schools
It is a good idea to send you daughter to a single-sex school.
Research into single-sex is inconclusive.
Demand for single-sex schools is on the rise

14which two of these options must be true?

Proponents of single-sex education believe different learning styles exist between genders
The usual course taking patterns are avoided in single sex schools
The amended law in 2005 allow only the existence of single sex schools
Single sex schools provide inadequate preparation for adult life

15 Which two of these options must be true?

Proponents of single-sex education believe different learning styles exist between genders
The usual course taking patterns are avoided in single sex schools
The amended law in 2005 allow only the existence of single sex schools
Single sex schools provide inadequate preparation for adult life

16 Which two of these options must be true?

Single sex education reinforces preexisting gender stereotypes.

There are more single-sex schools than co-educational schools.
Claims exist for girls benefiting from a single sex education
Experts believe that any gender can thrive in a co-educational system

Although European decisions during the 15th and 17th centuries to explore, trade with, and colonize
large portions of the world brought tremendous economic wealth and vast geographic influence, the
enormous success of European maritime ventures during the age of exploration also engendered a
litany of unintended consequences for most of the nations with which Europe interacted. Due to
their incredible military force, religious zeal, and uncompromising goal of profit, Europeans often
imposed their traditions, values, and customs on the people with whom they traded. They
frequently acted without regard to the long-term welfare of others as their principal concern was
short-term economic gain. Since many nations that traded with Europe placed high value on their
historical customs, some natives became deeply disconcerted by the changes that occurred as a
result of European power. These factors, coupled with perennial domestic political instability, caused
numerous countries to grow increasingly resistant to European influence.
One potent example of this ideological shift can be seen in the actions of the Tokugawa government
of Japan. In its seclusion Edict of 1535, the government attempted to extricate cultural interactions

with Europe from the intimate fabric of Japanese society. The Edict attempted to accomplish this by
focusing on three areas. First, it sought to curb cultural exchange by eliminating people bringing
European ideas into Japan. The Edict stated, "Japanese ships shall by no means be sent abroad?. All
Japanese residing abroad shall be put to death when they return home." Second, the Edict focused
on limiting trade. Articles 11 through 17 of the Edict imposed stringent regulations on trade and
commerce. Third, the government banned Christianity, which it saw as an import from Europe that
challenged the long-established and well-enshrined religious traditions of Japan. The government
went to considerable lengths to protect its culture. Article eight of the Edict stated, "Even ships shall
not be left untouched in the matter of exterminating Christians."
With the example of Japan and the examples of other countries that chose a different response to
European influence, it is perhaps not too far of a stretch to conclude that Japan made the right
decision in pursuing a path of relative isolationism. As history unfolded during the next 400 years, in
general, countries that embraced European hegemony, whether by choice or by force, tended to
suffer from pernicious wealth inequality, perennial political instability, and protracted
underdevelopment.

17 Which two of the following statements are true?

In 1635, the Japanese government saw its citizens living abroad as potential threats
Japanese government considered all foreign religions a danger
The most significant motivation for Europe's behavior with Japan during the 19th century
was short-term economic self-interest
The Japanese government prohibited Japanese from visiting other countries, even to see
family.

18 Which two of the following statements are true?

European decisions made during the 16th and 17th centuries is dealing with Japan represent
an aberration from the typical pattern of European decisions.
With the hindsight of history, Japan likely made the appropriate decision in extricating itself
from European influence.
The Japanese government executed Japanese citizens who settled in other countries but
later decided to return to Japan.
Japan was the first country to vehemently resist European influence.

19 Which two of the following statements are true?

The Japanese government heavily regulated foreign economic trade

Europe exploited the regions it colonized for immense economic gain.
Japan is the only country that resisted European influence.
Many nations that traded with Europe preferred the European customs to their ancient
customs.

20 Which two of the following statements are true?

The Japanese government prohibited criticism of the feudal shogun system of government.
The Japanese government destroyed all remnants of Christianity
Europeans convinced the people with whom they traded to choose their own traditions,
values, and customs,
Traditional Japanese culture and way of life were threatened by European influence

Session 3
1 Over ten percent of the adult population suffer from a phobia-type of anxiety disorder
characterized by an intense, irrational fear of an object or situation that interferes with the sufferer's
daily life. Although experts do not fully understand the cause of phobias, research indicates that
heredity and triggering events are likely factors. There are a variety of treatments available for
phobia sufferers. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is a very popular, and effective method of
desensitization. This approach treats the phobia's anxiety symptoms as conditioned behaviors that
can, through systematic exposure to the feared stimulus, be re-learned. CBT increases exposure to
the feared objector situation very gradually, thereby modifying the patient's response and
developing tolerance. A less common treatments flooding, which uses total immersion to the feared
object in order to desensitize the patient. Medication is also used to treat phobias. Monoamine
oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are antidepressants that can be prescribed to reduce panic and improve
confidence, though they can have negative side effects including weight gain. While phobias are
among the most easily treated mental health problems, less than 25% of sufferers seek treatment. If
untreated, phobias can exacerbate and develop into other problems, such as depression and low
self-esteem.

1 Which two of these statements are true?

Despite the high success rates of phobia treatments, most sufferers remain untreated
The majority of phobia sufferers run the risk of developing associated problems
Weight gain is the main side effect caused by taking MAU inhibitors
Flooding is a less effective form of therapy than -HI.

2 Which two of these statements are true?

Phobias do not affect 90% of the adult population

Flooding involves a high degree of exposure to the source of dread

In CBT, patients are exposed to the feared object or situation in small increments
CBT is more effective at treating phobias than antidepressants

3 Which two of these statements are true?

CBT views a phobia's symptoms as the result of condition

CBT is the most commonly used form of treatment for phobias
A phobia is an extreme and unrealistic fear
Research has proven that phobias are inherited

4 Which two of these statements are true?

Both CBT and flooding involve desensitizing the phobia sufferer

Phobias are among the most common form of mental health problem
In flooding, a person is gradually exposed to their source of fear
A phobia can have a negative impact on sufferer's daily life

Chronic Fatigue syndrome (CFS) is the widespread name for a disorder that is also called Myalgic
Encephalomyelitis (ME), but many sufferers object to the name CFS on grounds that it is does not
reflect the severity of the illness. While profound fatigue is one symptom of this debilitating
condition, there are many others, including muscle pain, headaches, and cognitive difficulties.
Its nomenclature is not the only controversial aspect of CFS. Although an estimated 17 million
people worldwide have CFS, its cause is unknown and a diagnostic test does not exist. Doctors must
first rule out other conditions that share CFS's symptoms. As there is no cure for CFS, treatment
tends to focus on alleviating symptoms, which can range from mild to severe. Despite the World
Health Organization classifying CFs as a neurological disease, there is much disagreement within the
medical community. Some scientists believe that CTS originates from a virus, others argue that it
stems from genetic predisposition, while still others believe that it is a psychiatric condition.
Because of continuing skepticism about CFS, patients welcomed a 2009 study that linked CFs and a
XMRv retrovirus. What at first appeared to be a major scientific breakthrough, however, was not
proven by further
5 Which two of these statements are true?

CPS's symptoms lack consensus within the medical community

Many patients believe the name Myalgic Encephalomyelitis trivializes the condition
A symptom of CFS is profound fatigue
There are more than two controversies to CFS

6 Which two of these statements are true?

A 2009 study linking CFS with a retrovirus has now been discredited
World Health organization classify CFS as a neurological disease
Scientists believe that CFS originates from a virus
The writer believes that CFS is a psychiatric condition

7 Which two of these statements are true?

CFS's symptoms are also attributable to other illness

The exact number of CFS sufferers is unknown
The cure for CFS is to alleviate symptoms
CFS stems from genetic predisposition

8 Which two of these statements are true?

CFS affects 17 million people worldwide

CFS nomenclature is the main controversial aspects of the disease

CFS is the popular name for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
There is continuous skepticism around CFS

Although sometimes used to describe a style of cooking, the term molecular gastronomy was first
used in 1988 to describe the scientific study of cooking. Pioneered by the Hungarian physicist
Nicholas Kurti, a keen amateur cook, molecular gastronomy investigates the chemical and physical
changes that occur during cooking. The discipline explores culinary transformations in three areas:
social, artistic and technical.
The field differs from food science in that it focuses on home and restaurant cooking, rather than
industrial food preparation and processing. Although molecular gastronomy is sometimes
disparaged as a pseudo-science, an understanding of scientific principles can certainly improve
cooking results. For example knowing that protein and fat react differently with air can make the
difference between a light, airy souffl and one that fails to rise. Similarly, evaporation can explain
why the souffl must be heated from the bottom. Not only have molecular gastronomist
appropriated lab equipment for kitchen use, they have also experimented with the use of chemical
reactions to produce certain flavors. Molecular gastronomist have also analyzed the molecular
components of foods, discovery that complimentary flavors often share an aroma molecule. This
has inspired some surprising but tasty flavor combinations, such as coffee and garlic.

9 Which two of these statements are true?

Food science is a discipline that deals with home and restaurant cooking.
An experimental style of cooking is sometimes referred to as molecular gastronomy
Molecular gastronomist sometimes chemically modify the taste of certain dishes
Molecular gastronomy takes a theoretical approach to cooking

10 Which two of these statements are true?

There are both personal and commercial applications to molecular gastronomy

The term molecular gastronomy was coined by the Hungarian chef Nicholas Kurti
Molecular gastronomy is the application of scientific principles to the understanding of food
preparation
Molecular gastronomy is just food science on a smaller scale

11 Which two of these statements are true?

Molecular gastronomy uses chemical substitutes instead of fresh ingredients

Molecular analysis sometimes suggests unusual flavor pairings
Practitioners of molecular gastronomy work in lab rather than a kitchen
Home cooks can benefit from knowledge of the scientific principle behind cooking processes

12 Which two of these statements are true?

Baking a souffl involves a variety of scientific processes

A chef must have working knowledge of the chemistry and physics involved in cooking
Molecular gastronomy can refer to an academic discipline as well as a type of cuisine
If two flavours work well together they have an aroma molecule in common

Stressful life events, whether the loss of a loved one, divorce or job loss, as well as the daily wear
and tear of living, such as traffic jams and family disagreements, set off the release of stress
hormones that help our bodies charge up to meet the challenge. During episodes of acute stress,
stress hormones provide a protective function by activating the body's defenses. However, when
these same protective hormones are produced repeatedly or in excess, because of chronic stress,
they create a gradual and steady cascade of harmful physiological changes.
High stress can lead to suppression of the immune system which leaves the stressed person open to
infection. High stress also result in bone loss, muscular weakness and increased insulin levels that
causes higher levels of fat deposits in the body, especially around the abdomen, so much so that
people can end up predisposed to heart disease. Even the brain can be affected, as stress may
accelerate changes in the brain that can lead to memory loss. Of all the things that can be done to
lower stress levels, exercise and prudent diet seem to be the most effective. Exercise breaks insulin
resistance and often helps to end the vicious cycles of stress-eating, over indulging in alcohol, cigarette
smoking and other unhealthy habits. However, exercise will not help everyone with stress, and other
factors must be considered. Numerous studies show that the lower down you are on the socioeconomic scale, the poorer your health. This is largely independent of access to health care. The stress
of living in poverty, or working in a low level job that lacks autonomy, or residing in an unhealthy
environment has an enormous impact on health status.
13 Which two of these statements are true?

Good healthcare always reduces stress

Living a simple lifestyle is inherently stressful
Generally, poorer people are less healthy than richer people
Low status jobs can have a negative impact on health

14 Which two of these statements are true?

Prolonged stress can cause stomach ulcers

Prolonged stress can accelerate the cause of memory loss

Stress will eventually cause a heart attack
Prolonged excessive stress can lead to damaging physical changes

15Which two of these statements are true?

Divorce can be stressful

Traffic jams are major sources of stress
In the short term, stress-hormones have a protective effect
Stress hormones indirectly cause traffic Jams

16 Which two of these statements are true?

Eating reduces stress

Exercise always helps reduce stress-related problems
E Insulin levels can be increased by chronic stress
Exercise helps break harmful behavior patterns

Biologics, which are medical products created from living organisms or their products, are at the
cutting edge of biomedical research. While the term biologics includes a wide array of medical
products such as vaccines and antitoxins, it most often refers to medications made using biological
processes. Unlike chemically produced drugs, biologics are produced using biotechnologies and
consist of natural materials-such as proteins, cells, and tissues-deriving from humans, animals or
microorganisms. Biologics have revolutionized a number of medical disciplines, in particular
rheumatology and oncology, offering pioneering treatments for previously untreatable conditions.
Some experts predict that biologics will comprise half of the prescription drug market by 2020.
However, the high cost of these medicines has raised pharmacoeconomic concerns-especially as
many of these drugs are used to treat chronic conditions. Whereas conventional medicines have a
maximum of five years' exclusivity before cheaper versions come to market, no such regulation exist
for biologics. The generics industry wants to introduce similar regulations for biologics, and
advocates believe the availability of biosimilars could result in savings of 30% for healthcare
providers. Biotechnology companies, however, are arguing for a minimum twelve-year period of
exclusivity, to ensure a return on their investment and provide revenue for the development of new
treatments.

17 Which two of these statements must be true?

It takes longer for a biotechnology company to recoup its investment than a conventional
pharmaceutical company
Biologic medicines are prescribed primarily in the fields of rheumatology and oncology
A biologic is not necessarily a vaccine or antitoxin
Biologics are made using different technology than conventional medical products

18 Which two of these statements must be true?

Biologics have produced cures for previously untreatable conditions.

Manufacturers of generic medicines want to introduce generic biosimlars
Biotechnology companies are fighting to retain a monopoly on their biologics
The biotechnology industry is emphasizing profit over patient well-being

19 Which two of these statements must be true?

Patients would benefit economically from the introduction of generic biologics

Twelve years represents the minimum amount of time needed for a biologic to break even
Biologics are more effective than conventional medicines.
Biologics represent less than half of the medications prescribed today

20 Which two of this statements must be true?

Because they come from natural sources, biologics are healthier than conventional
pharmaceuticals.
The length of proposed exclusivity period on biologics is a contentious issue
critics oppose biologics on the grounds of cruelty to animals
The development of a new biologic requires a high level of investment