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Demographics of Romania

Ethnic map of Romania based on 2011 census data.


According to the 2011 census, Romania's population is 20,121,641.[3] Like other
countries in the region, its population is expected to gradually decline in the
coming years as a result of sub-replacement fertility rates and negative net mig
ration rate. In October 2011, Romanians made up 88.9% of the population. The lar
gest ethnic minorities are the Hungarians, 6.5% of the population, and the Roma,
3.3% of the population.[e][229] Hungarians constitute a majority in the countie
s of Harghita andCovasna. Other minorities include Ukrainians, Germans, Turks, L
ipovans, and Tatars.[230] In 1930, there were 745,421Germans in Romania,[231] bu
t only about 36,000 remain today.[230] As of 2009, there were also approximately
133,000 immigrants living in Romania, primarily from Moldova and China.[112]
The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2015 was estimated at 1.33 children born per w
oman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and one of the lowest in the w
orld.[232] In 2014, 31.2% of births were to unmarried women.[233] The birth rate
(9.49, 2012) is much lower than the mortality rate (11.84, 2012), resulting in a
shrinking (0.26% per year, 2012) and aging population (median age: 39.1, 2012), w
ith approximately 14.9% of total population aged 65 years and over.[234][235][23
6] The life expectancy in 2015 was estimated at 74.92 years (71.46 years male, 7
8.59 years female).[232]
The number of Romanians and individuals with ancestors born in Romania living ab
road is estimated at around 12million.[122] After the Romanian Revolution of 1989
, a significant number of Romanians emigrated to other European countries, North
America or Australia.[citation needed] For example, in 1990, 96,919 Romanians p
ermanently settled abroad.[237]
Languages[edit]
Main article: Romanian language
The official language is Romanian, an Eastern Romance language similar to Aroman
ian, Megleno Romanian, and Istro Romanian, but sharing many features with other
Romance languages such as Italian, French, Spanish and Portuguese. (The Romanian
alphabet contains the same 26 letters of the English, plus 5 others, totaling 3
1.) Romanian is spoken as a first language by 85% of the population, while Hunga
rian and Vlax Romani are spoken by 6.2% and 1.2% of the population, respectively
. There are 25,000 native German speakers, and 32,000 Turkish speakers in Romani
a, as well as almost 50,000 speakers of Ukrainian,[238] concentrated in some com
pact regions, near the border, where they form a majority.[239] According to the
Constitution, local councils ensure linguistic rights to all minorities, with l
ocalities with ethnic minorities of over 20%, that minority's language can be us
ed in the public administration, justice system, and education. Foreign citizens
and stateless persons that live in Romania have access to justice and education
in their own language.[240] English and French are the main foreign languages t
aught in schools.[241] In 2010, the Organisation internationale de la Francophon
ie identifies 4,756,100 French speakers in the country.[242] According to the 20
12 Eurobarometer, English is spoken by 31% of Romanians, French is spoken by 17%
, and Italian by 7%.[243]
Religion[edit]
The Iai Metropolitan Cathedral, founded in 1833, is the largest Orthodox church i
n Romania.
Religion in Romania (2011 census)
Religion
Percentage
Eastern Orthodox

81.0%

Roman Catholic

4.3%
Reformed

3.0%
Pentecostal

1.8%
Greek Catholic

0.7%
Baptist

0.6%
Seventh day Adventist

0.4%
Other

1.8%
Non Religious

0.2%
No data

6.2%
Main articles: Religion in Romania and Romanian Orthodox Church
Romania is a secular state and has no state religion. An overwhelming majority o
f the population identify themselves as Christians. At the country's 2011 census
, 81.0% of respondents identified as Orthodox Christians belonging to the Romani
an Orthodox Church. Other denominations include Protestantism (6.2%),Roman Catho
licism (4.3%), and Greek Catholicism (0.8%). From the remaining population, 195,
569 people belong to other Christian denominations or have another religion, whi
ch includes 64,337 Muslims (mostly of Turkish and Tatar ethnicity) and 3,519 Jew
ish. Moreover, 39,660 people have no religion or are atheist, whilst the religio
n of the rest is unknown.[244]
The Romanian Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church in full
communion with other Orthodox churches, with a Patriarch as its leader. It is t
he only Orthodox church using a Romance languageand the second largest in size a
fter the Russian Orthodox Church. Its jurisdiction covers the territory of Roman
ia, with dioceses for Romanians living in nearby Moldova, Serbia and Hungary, as
well as diaspora communities in Central and Western Europe, North America and O
ceania.
Urbanization[edit]
Main articles: List of cities and towns in Romania and Metropolitan Areas in Rom
ania
Although 54.0% of the population lived in 2011 in urban areas,[3] this percentag
e has been on the decline since 1996.[245] Counties with over urban population a
re Hunedoara, Braov andConstan a, while with less than a third are Dmbovi a (30.06%) a
nd Giurgiu and Teleorman.[3] Bucharest is the capital and the largest city in Ro
mania, with a population of over 1.8million in 2011. Its larger urban zone has a
population of almost 2.2million,[246] which are planned to be included into a met
ropolitan area up to 20 times the area of the city proper.[247][248][249] Anothe
r 19 cities have a population of over 100,000, with Cluj Napoca and Timioara of s
lightly more than 300,000 inhabitants, and Iai, Constan a, Craiova, Braov, Gala i and
Ploieti with over 200,000 inhabitants.[168] Metropolitan areas have been constitu
ted for most of these cities.

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