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1.
gives b 0.559nm 1
a) Normalize: =
dx 1=
2
1.005nm
b) P =
0.995nm
1.005nm
dx =
0.995nm
2
2x
sin
L L
2
x
sin
L L
1 (x ) =
for 0 x L and is zero otherwise. (a) Determine the probability of finding the particle between x = 0 and
x = L/3. (b) Use the result of this calculation and symmetry arguments to find the probability of finding
the particle between x = L/3 and x = 2L/3. Do not re-evaluate the integral. (c) What If? Compare the result
of part (a) with the classical probability.
L3
(a)
The probability is
P
=
L3
2
dx
=
2
2
x
sin 2 =
dx
L
L
L
2 x
x 1
P=
L 2 sin L
L3
L3
2 x
1 1
2 2 cos L dx
2 1
3
1 1
sin =
=
=0.196 .
3 2
3 3 4
L
.
2
Thus, the probability of finding the particle between
2L
and x = L is the same 0.196. Therefore, the
x=
3
L
2L
probability of finding it in the range x
is
3
3
P=
1.00 2( 0.196) =
0.609 .
(b)
(c)
FIG. P41.21(b)
Classically, the electron moves back and forth with constant speed between the walls,
and the probability of finding the electron is the same for all points between the walls.
Thus, the classical probability of finding the electron in any range equal to one-third of
the available space is Pclassical =
1
.
3
2 (x ) =
2
2x
sin
L L
for 0 x L and zero otherwise. (a) Determine the expectation value of x. (b) Determine the probability of
finding the particle near L/2, by calculating the probability that the particle lies in the range 0.490L x
0.510L. (c) What If? Determine the probability of finding the particle near L/4, by calculating the
probability that the particle lies in the range 0.240L x 0.260L. (d) Argue that the result of part (a) does
not contradict the results of parts (b) and (c).
(a)
4 x
2
2
2 x
1 1
x
x sin 2 =
x cos
=
dx
dx
L
L
L
L
2 2
0
0
1 x2
x =
L 2
1 L2
L 16 2
4 x
4 x
L
4 x
L sin L + cos L =
2
0
L
0.510L
(b)
Probability
=
4 x
2
1 L
2 x
1
dx x
sin 2
sin
=
L
L 4
L 0.490L
L
L
0.490L
0.510L
0.020
Probability =
1
5.26 105
( sin 2.04 sin 1.96 ) =
4
4 x
x 1
Probability
=
sin
3.99 102
L 0.240L
L 4
0.260L
(c)
(d)
h
h
6.33x1034 Js
xp
=
p
6.
(x ) =
a
x + a2
for a > 0 and < x < +. Determine the probability that the particle is located somewhere between x = a
and x = +a.
P41.2
a
a 1
x
Probability=
P =
dx tan 1
( x)
x 2=
2
a
a
+a
a
a
P
=
1
tan 1 1 tan 1 ( 1=
=
)
4 4
1
a
a
1
2
8. Consider a particle moving in a one-dimensional box for which the walls are at x = L/2 and x = L/2. (a)
Write the wave functions and probability densities for n = 1, n = 2, and n = 3. (b) Sketch the wave
functions and probability densities.
Solve: (a) (x) is zero because it is physically impossible for the particle to be there because the box is rigid.
(b) The potential energy within the region L/2 x L/2 is U(x) = 0 J. The Schrdinger equation in this region is
d 2 ( x )
2m
=
2 E ( x ) =
2 ( x )
dx 2
where = 2mE 2 .
(c) Two functions (x) that satisfy the above equation are sin x and cos x . A general solution to the Schrdinger
equation in this region is
(x) = Asin x + Bcos x
where A and B are constants to be determined by the boundary conditions and normalization.
(d) The wave function must be continuous at all points. = 0 just outside the edges of the box. Continuity requires that
also be zero at the edges. The boundary conditions are (x = L/2) = 0 and (x = L/2) = 0.
(e) The two boundary conditions are
L
L
L
L
A sin
0
+ B cos
=
+ B cos
=
2
2
2
( L 2) =
A sin
L
L
+ B cos
=0
2
2
( L 2 ) = A sin
These are two simultaneous equations. Unlike the boundary conditions in the particle in a box problem of Section 41.4,
there are two distinct ways to satisfy these equations. The first way is to add the equations. This gives
L
2 B cos
= 0 B = 0 (x) = Asin x
2
With this restriction on the values of , the wave function becomes ( x ) = A sin ( 2n x L ) . Using the definition of
from part (b), the energy is
2n ) 2
(=
2
En
=
2mL
( 2n )
h2
8mL2
n = 1, 2, 3,
The second way is to subtract the second equation from the first. This gives
L
2 A cos
0 A = 0 (x) = Bcos x
=
2
n = 1, 2, 3,
, the energy is
=
En
2
2
( 2n 1) 2=
( 2n 1)
2mL
h2
8mL2
n = 1, 2, 3,
Summarizing this information, the allowed energies and the corresponding wave functions are
2
( 2n 1) x
2 h
E1 , 9 E1 , 25E1 ,
=
( 2n 1)
B cos
En =
L
8mL2
( x) =
2
x
2 h
sin ( 2n ) =
2
4 E1 , 16 E1 , 36 E1 ,
=
A
E
n
(
)
8mL2
L
where E1 = h2/8mL2.
(f) The results are actually the same as the results for a particle located at 0 x L. That is, the energy levels are the same
and the shapes of the wave functions are the same. This has to be, because neither the particle nor the potential well have
changed. All that is different is our choice of coordinate system, and physically meaningful results cant depend on the
choice of a coordinate system. The new coordinate system forces us to use both sines and cosines, whereas before we
could use just sines, but the shapes of the wave functions in the box havent changed.
9. An electron is contained in a one-dimensional box of length 0.100 nm. (a) Draw an energy-level
diagram for the electron for levels up to n = 4. (b) Find the wavelengths of all photons that can be emitted
by the electron in making downward transitions that could eventually carry it from the n = 4 state to the n
= 1 state.
(a)
We can draw a diagram that parallels our treatment of standing
mechanical waves. In each state, we measure the distance d from one node to
another (N to N), and base our solution upon that:
h
Since
and =
dN to N =
p
2
h
h
.
p =
=
2d
2
34
p2
1 6.626 10 J s
h2
Next,
K =
.
=
=
2me 8med2 d2 8 9.11 1031 kg
Evaluating,
K=
)
)
6.02 1038 J m 2
d2
In state 1,
3.77 1019 eV m 2
.
d2
K1 = 37.7 eV .
=
d 1.00 1010 m
In state 2,
=
d 5.00 1011 m
K=
11
K 2 = 151 eV .
In state 3,
=
d 3.33 10
K 3 = 339 eV .
In state 4,
=
d 2.50 1011 m
K 4 = 603 eV .
FIG. P41.5
(a) Determine the normalization constant A. (b) What is the probability that the particle will be found
between x = 0 and x = L/8 if its position is measured?
(a)
dx = 1 becomes
L4
2 x
L
cos2
A2
dx =
L
2
L 4
or A 2 =
(b)
4 x
x 1
L
+ sin
=
=
1
A2
L 4
2 2
L L 4
L4
2
4
and A =
.
L
L
L8
dx =A 2
2
1 1
2 x
= 0.409
dx = +
4 2
L
cos
2
L
is
8