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250 iSt'orle .Ii mil in C0I1#ih7/a l'()rnam.!a.sc4

NlI ver dlislliirea u1!1iU Nici Oo"cid.enttd, nic:i· spatiul tomaIlIi:SC sleu atiU li1ai. pu~fn ansamblul eurbpean nu !:l.un( ~f nu VOl' fi uni forme .. Purom. l'i,pera iJlsmic~. eeea ce ne apropie de er5iraJ~i sa v~l.do:vedj mai pcutenlic: decat ceea oe ne .sepam

J:iJ}~1 ~\'ell1. uoj impsesia ea. ne siept1Jri. .

Cap~tolgl V Romenii §.1 Geilal1ti

j~ C'ine~a fJ~dr.~g:it s-trifinii ...• t(

Cela1alteste utl"perSGuag onl!:lipI'·e.zent'In jmagifl1IRDl onc"rei cOlnUt1!ita:~[, Jocudte aiteritatii se oollstJtui.c tntr .. o slrtlctUra air1b:e:t~paUL Sub acest raport, l"oma11lii nu fac ~i nu au cum sa . . mea C,~Ciq'l~:ie. DQU~ 'trllisa:luri G.alll!C.OOlist:ice istoriei l'()m1.b1e~d au Icontribldt insa. la a:~eziu~efl eelnilelt inn-o lumina specifidl: i!~ de 0 parte, :I}e~c~ia unei (',:iv] nz~tii Male nM.~ee-qm izolate ~]~ pe d~ a[t~. parte, jmp.~.c'trt4 masi:v' ~r n~:intrenlpt. a] ~tlpfi.i1irilor,·~ilnodeld(lf.:':ltr.~fne .. Aotiunea con~Jad]ct:orie ~ cQ:mpLe,]ll~iitnta a ac:estor faetorj'llI comll.ts la. -0 sintm ennote certe de orfigin.aHtate.

Potrivit:mi:toI-ogiei ni.\~ionaj,e) r·omruulL csl~ prin natura sa osp]~liel' $i 'bolenmt,.lI. earacterizeaza in eel rna] Inaltgrad O"fn€/1,.j;rJ1 cU'vi"mt care in ultimele deeenii neaneseut o'pu~er§ fllic~. afinnare ~i ampUfi:care (nH s:tcl\ina de ferlld:ilJi\,ele izo.l.a~~ol;l.lstc tIlJe: rogi:lUu1:ui 'cO'l'l1ul1i~t)~ cono\:tl.tdiltcl Q gami a[lfoa:pe n.es:fii.r~jm de [L1~eles:ll'ri,;' .81 fi om, tfi sensu l dlep !'~!1 al cu;val1~ tului, 8l.iljuns s~ I:l1iSc.mll·e P!n1ctjic'a(tebl~i lucru CUi m.fi rO.m.in.

De-fspt, nu romsnuleste in mod particular cspitalier, ci lirnmd rpnlem, ~i nu lU:hlllai . nranul r-omil'l, el t~llilllli pur" $I simpJu. ,.,OspitaIiere" suet clvilizaltiiLe tmtliponale. orr~eallul', intl11siv Olii$eanull'Otuin., esocnnai putin ospitalier dec~t[jom.patrlOi'ul s.an din vreun sat pierdut de munte,

',1'ol,er:alfli~~ pusiifcnluli1hl~ f"ndi din -secolul al XIX~1ea de dive.~i. antori fOll1iini! decurge ~O~ din. rosmrile nnei clvHiatj:i ~:ul'ale, d'ha:-:eia j"c:,e~I:A!'~i'l ii ~(lueoollJ.j fat'.a a. sa <::(lId:'i.'!t~~a leu em;; [liy©rse ~i ]:J:e(;e~·are .11I,tdbnoo de; cjvi.liza·~je., Str.~il1U s ... i'!U .a~e.ZfI'L

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in ~1111I;'in! ht O~'~l$ ~i m.ulti v:rem~ral! 'irooe:plinH !uL'lc(.i1 C::CO~ :~]nIl1ieo ~i ~m~i!J!tto pe ,con: ro:t1'l.iij.:m;I1.~flran :;;a:~! boier) nu Ie HCd'1fllJII:Qn ~h,:it;tU tl1 111'Q~1 midlJfi!\sur~. Om~ulct;lSlllOpolit 5 .. £1. i:t1r~el'at r~JHfft:ll 'in :ilU'tiltUlfH pl'~(\lmin~:nt m~1l,Ui. at fifoc[ettaf1ji 1'.0- ~.In,~n~~l~,~ l'~u~l)ciJPundi desJ.gu~ 1;[1 si1'll:eza I,\nnll[neudi, dar earem~ln COlI un mlli) g;lJ";ii[i~ ['Olentt, IJ;UI1~ bl all,OOibe~1.1Piz'l]Qfhlfolttl';a_l~ n'1lloLo-gil'l an;Li:uiJailinD, :!HI, ma:r1i{Gs:tat pdnu::·'Q rntrea.g~ g~1l'm de [d~~tQgii ~j 'pl'oi~I(\l.

OSiPlta I ltatea nn est~ de~;5'~ o fat'i;t~(W.~.cleJlt ffl:ta _ce~'tI.l1i~Ii- ~gr.~bl~tfl mpottorj.[oI "CllI cei'lal~~, lttlwMlvat it! sine l~'i;~di~~ biU,. I1BpU~1,e d~:j~ m,~'l!rd~: .\l.;fi_ to1Gll'at n'IJ JnsearnnJt neflpba.t a.fi aQ~epmt ~i, fl1ca mai pl!.1~i!~ iltt.e;g~'at 'In .Q,riQ~ Gb/ih,t1'~i~ tro.di~~icmaU~ stl'~im'l L es:tepe.reepu~ Cuil'l.OOi.l1sH'at.e I uIJ.a::dmii, eomI::It)d[fm#-l'ltul '''I?f~'Gi(Jl fa,~, qre; str5injj bun '~~:!.'I~'].1~ fie te:m-,ru"C~,toen:ul!.1 prifI fllJ:lzyltf~ crt e~e speGjat au 9'U Q s:odtmte este mai de;sdl1iiisa '~i mai urbru1izatii" ,deC"i mai ~~\Ul'lOpoUta, CUl.l,~~t E:l1:.!imul j~i pierds dmill~e~ ~i l'nce.teazij de. amei ,p. \]11 cas, O!Ccjdeldf,\~,uf ee apa:r-e ma~ pu~in ,~D'!'iin i~~' d,ec:~,t J:Oman.td, t:QcmaJ fi:il1d,~1 la 81 nO\itHl!e.l d.e ·stJ.,<}tl1l. a. cunescut

0' 'd~drnfnalizat'e. ,

Or;pitalit'aL-e>~r]1OmJ;Ei.nta5c~i"li<l!l;fitkmal~ este jncQn~-estsbila, Arm jnsmdl'l.CiO'.l."~~ s~ ,iQ ]z91~m de: un introi ,c,omple:x. de aJL1- rndlnt Ba .I,dlecti!i ~j'atarca,.suaffinul,uica&tr·~l'h. Pastr~nau-n~ in . .ace1a~j sistem de l'ef~dll'~e, S-i'I. ll~fitrnat adesea o!.t rotnii~ii [!tl se 'caSaCQfCSC c;;u par~eJ:!,ed ~l:r-'dhli (diJpa C'YID ~[!'.! v~J:~P.n,t~ Petltl Mtljor ~i Mil'lmil Kodlillic.canlJ ved~liIu m.' ~ccsJ gen de re'f'llz ]h!~u'-SiTea' ~:i ga~iln'-fn t'.M.uitij~ii :roman~llj, S·.,a, atl.~,[nat de aSlecl'll1Mtm cll l'o!t11§:nul nu t~i ,p1itras~te \'m:'Blj nesurporf1lnd. sa lr2iiasd, 'in a]~ m-e,li~; chi~n:.:in Inome:ntul Q~Jl!d, pe 1~] 900, rom~l1H im::1.:eJea.!Li.llleepUitieral.ga el'I''Ligre;?;e masi,.",. til StateleUmte, S~· 'intl'etll'lc~i lnzli1 l'!l:i~i stru"l tem.pQ'ml:~t:aro 'vn hm ::dil'~i,t plin: reintoarcerea eelor plecati,

C~l'II(l, Emineseu e:':.d~ln1'i: .,Cin,g-fl ]l:'Ich'~~'it stili'l.~lli I Mt~~1,~ C~~i,-HI' lnhua c~nB'\ acesre teribile tlJvj~jtemrfuG dec&t $:fl

253

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,Cieabl~~. :&1i:~fi a unni tip d.e e;em~ertament m ~>l':n;til coeretu, Oi.s1i"nCi~i.l'I.·rlilltr~J~o.~·~j ceil{ll{i este pUI;etmc resim.' S(?l1slUri~.e~ ih bjue Sail m r~.u, p.~~rea ~;tl.'adi~.OllidD~'

'<)."",r,"1],,,1 !., ... ' dres:p:ll~ !CejlaL~l se Jnrnfi'~Ie:a:za sub 0 lllilrnnri. rna] d@:fllVO!'~l'bUillj. uneori. ,chiar lHmem:fnbiU[: 0< clovede~te

, . fel.:Clan11 Pentru t:-orn~n~ buJ!!,"ar~d ~j s~ibull sunt~m~~

{;;cal. verde: ~] sar'o [sa", bwgar]i CiIJ fl'lUitB nu M. 'iI.~~lJtj'}, ~u i cste "~] ,~L, la ate'1;1:t:re!pmsti !&COJll. ,rltul obrOi]Znic ~j'iinfurnu·~ filij u~unll este lm~.~~b:os J;li fri.tlQs,. lar !lInlCflIl1.u1 iTI1U'd,!11) Ne 'a,rn;~h hH~,ill.1nerre·~p:i'h~eEi'fi(~tCl~lneLl~Je~ lll'lllj1Utl ¢iJ caro. t'.01aml,!;ulilloo.llsLi'Wie de.e41iHlll, oompletnerl:~, De, a;!~I" c3.poa~e d!3V~::lf jfltole,raH{~! Q data'l;oo ['unc~ig( tl1depli[liffi·de 'ceUHaitnu mii pate nece~ii1' san este fesnl\~iti cihlar qre_pt daru at1]are, t[!rcm.t\~llHI~jQnriU'st ill ar'lli]~'f ']]!; Qm ~:L ,m1.l10.nansm.u] c~u~ist c§lteVofr'decenH mat tlrzil!,], llus:h',eazt[ 0 ~~s.emeJ!lea evol][~tie.

. ,- . - - . _. I ~

j,St:rn'il~1J. ostl;) d,e ai~f'e~]~ in 1IC9il!t cq:l'ltQ:l<.t~ ]']ll teft1.]en li!.10ne11C~

ing!oJ)fI;l)cl_, ]n(nf\S.rerr~ deQ}ompon6illa ernh::,a,.-pecei Car:~reflec~ ili. M .alL sis~m de wy~orj dccllt 'oel in g('l:neJe a~e~I~:~!)~ s1Mu jilW~~, .. A~llv~mt d1 p.e'~tru Na~. [Qn~~u.oo~~am,d.ne~dodox D.lIIJm\ e_lliat ro:u:nan. Nl'I:l:t rom:~II:'lI tl.t?'il~tO:r$] din. Occn]en~ cl.upl!l 1989" cei care .,~.~-au ~§ncat salmll: ,cilgot<'l!',,'uu 8!u:fQst pd~ ~'l1li~ea rom~m~ ca m!~'lilillh.deviflll:~], de un se&,m).i,mL deliQc Jilegli~

'jabH al popul~li'e;i' mm~:il.e~t.i (~n Fo,!oola S'fuiju Ung~r:ja,·fari a'f1:iLte irHl'-:O sHui1l~e .sim.illlr,!'i. eu .a' Ro,I.n~:I]Ie.i, lnerutlla 1111 su stat ~,Si)., Riegi·n1u.l oemanist nn .11· ·mC~1.t decat ~a~rnlrU!a~i~ez-e .d]s,ttntrpa .,,1'ieH:ie-Ua1ti" {fle; c:~ ,¢!lJI.Vorbll de-C1Wilal~ din ]nte~ dot gnu de'cella11i din atal.'a).':Str~Htl@:f.at:ea~ i.nc'luzilradu-~ ~l 1,erOrn:~11:U ,.moUp~i.~i ,. die ea, ~\'c~patat. conctQ.tii de- :m$lXi'1iOC5_ ~]:~iWUate. Ni.c:,i. ~lC1'1dln.t~. inversa mJ a Upsit! reac~-ia Eline! ca

! Q ~~p:resie 5i;rl~ticii ,~ opiniilor !:'.fficBi~iI.'!iLl~h:;; Mdrltmbitl~Le Tn pm~~rt:1e.

V~zi rt~ rut:€~Metli> fl:l]ill A. brute, P'1'fWlWb~l(J Jr.mfl!'~!I!(}T) voL VI, Ed~lura &6oec,' BI(!C\~ti, !.'l.lQ 1, pp. 11-']4, 2l-;ig~. ]. J. ]-] 37, J(liBg.~ ~l '~2i1).:.J;l3;rJ. [Ie {l.lJ.t[!}Un~l ~~·l!Irti,oO:l~11.: ",Ab1rl!;ll~n'~ ~i ."A:r~ ill:mL~' d ~I! ItlJ1J1M~lQgjcij~~! Mfly" m,m~ J~m)'N:mic.!~, y,ot '11"

25i1ii IsMritJ jf{ ;'l1't M (!lYfii,m'nfa j~m.{ijt{jtJj,;ai'f

. intdtd~h~ll'It11l! po< mwsura p.!)~;s.jtlhll; r~pfl1tfl.ti. pett)tL'l] ~.I:~fl$~m~m~ ru.ll.or["a~ad~1?~m~n~ul nalal~romanif~ [hnrtmlirb]tm:d mare, all Ulloep~UI~. stt vi~~~(t l~ . sJr~ln~tllt~, Mu.i~ au ])erfl~i~ sti ·eJJJ]~ b@ze ,chlar inainte d.e~ 19:8.9, iar dupa a:C!~t an :Rbmil.1.la a lPl"ez~ll.ta~~ eel pl:r~in 'in 11!llJOlfl. cu !)©p.u.ia~b], ei,.c~l iuai lIDI;Oil'rntltoonlt!;D.gent.de tm~gmnti europen,i. O:i$!G1.lro1"d Qation~lr5t" m~b'!1~~rOE $:i~~ tlO'INKJit j" v~rtuti]e~! j. dU(j~lltl ]a rezuillml,l~~ CO.l1~ tcar cei'ui .!!1-contat Ide.r.i.ufioor.iI ~saL . in mlOm.entul de fa:t~·, dm~'l'lal!Zar~ r~po:rhn;iklr cu,

]np~:ne.m~tenitli~,da:r in masut'~ ~In'eciabmi ',' .... !. •

:ew~ co:u1Jllllisd. ~i PQst~pml1~11s.t!:Sle'.Jfntilne~te nrve~ d~ (;'t'ino1~[ete'!inte~rnre ~faceeiitaft?:, .. . .. " I·oo,c~ii al'ID"f\;]o F1'.ICi~, llUliel. ~~Qqjet~~ti trnd:i~PM]e, iDt:rig.!.l~,de pre~\ m~dttl. desQhide{c" Un exemplu al.uI.1:e1'l.t .. m]nO"r~ dar tipie, este nes~ fih~~t;a ~isQutje ~i reziSl~ntfl Dumiies:w,tiil ill cbestiunea ruetp., f!lrilo,r hom()swu;~mor.; ~liltti!l;flire~ tUn· 1C0Q1!.I1 "Penru a unar E><1l:tCi~iunj,?rjcl1l'1L1 ]l'rutite a p~rttt mu]tora drept d cam~~ld~ d~ !:ro:n1av~.re fjj l.lQmo!S~xJl.!(ll]tii~ii} 1ar~i 1~n bll[lprH~j d~diabQ~ lisare.a Occlde.nmLt!li :pervertit naT"~] il sensul ee]_alaU se petrec

• leV;Qliu'lLsetnnHi,t:~tfVe,' RUm~l] ,!c~~oop.u au Jll:ftnc~~ s~amcu il~Ol~" fucep S;tl [lIe re;aibiLitap; ~i:l cl'l"iarmii ni~ll~,. cm((: ~ Iacut ,ilVi®fG ~n OCC~deDt und,e :sa (j~vin:a un :penQn~j :pd~l;iv.Pe l.mii· dintT,e ei p;uterea It'{I. (¥.Lie~ si'IA recomande opin~ei publics,

C~l~tt'~r ~.~s~~~~,~ui~j~!u~t ill ~'Ul~a€U cdpv~ .a~~i. gl1l:!Ullpulorarca ,,;m.I.te1,du~ Ilie N&swseC U1 pnmavard anl.'!liUl t9t96,·cu accefl-

rul :[JI1JS" rlt] ,atitpeglo]'i(} sporllY.~~ ~~.t pc- re'l.]~jm. ill Vest~ este

I1n exemp[tl oanu;;tedr~·~ilic).. '

. ~ !~w~ _rG'n:anU Se.\ e1.lmp~~zea;djj" '\lor fl~\(Jt nj~li, :rruUn , .• OsP~- ' ta]le~:ra.". dOlI' ~] mai' PUt,]11 .. sperm:~·" :ii'n li~::.. Slre]n:a}a~~j;

A,piii'iftor; (Ii OccidelttulJI i

Preshil1ea st~Arllil.rnr. dih'aJlal'[~.i cl~n inte;riQ[l re::.Ui p~n~ la m~[J~nl~~ (t~:r ... b.·~l),~rtfoJE.~.' !n. i,.u~a~.jn~·~~l~ ... l')]~~{on~~j g.; ~~e. fat CQ.L'l1I;!lr:lXIl.d ~l~:e~i;'.e"(h~~toolu tJPiC .r}elltfUl~.llJeu~htatea

,~

~~';n1~aneasca a uitin1:elof d01Ua s:eoolM I~~'9rja l'om~nnor este tll~teas:a bttt:Ii,Q. lfillniel~r st6c,t COllmctu~la'l,. ea 0 ~uTJIti. M1-'1Itill.li~a purttl.ta ~i);entru S'i,lip:ravle\tlrroo~~~idi ~i [!:'~tala" .,.L1!l!ptele OIl ~luc'ii~O!' .s .. au il'l.'l:pr1mat PUh::f.f1h:: rn CO'llI?~Ulll.~lna,\joi!ill.1i; 0 d~bi ucle:~tea lncheiate,rolul p'rivUegiatal .~inf!lm"~culut ere~~trn'I.' a, fQs:t pr-e:~mrt de, Unga.;t'i.a.. C~f}lilta'tded(]na i.~torim m[eg~ ~ i tdtui< ampli.fidi ~l estQlnpc!~~u.:iL. ~!: fi til: :U'e11 lie ClOjJ.e~t; ~i cu si.gUl:<H1~a chiar 1\1;111 real.rus-t ca, d.in.colm de antJI.,goni&m.ll] fP~ m~.:ne-ture sau Jom~n)()-mf!glliar~ s·~. se feI!100"C~ t'litegn;fn~a~ timp de s,ecpl;e. a ~a;rilQir mm~ne, ~n sistemul otOl11[1tl, iar a tn'lfis:llva'lli.ei :in spa{iul11'l'lga[ ~i, In gen~l!e,. al E'lJr{jp~1 Cen~ tmb.~. 0 asem~i1ea de(h;~:nJati~a:rc a HecntruUllrG'Jiliiqese ~i tl'at"M'e.a. sa tnh':..0 nl~u!lelfi, ~.trnc.tural:a,.'m~jp;utin e'ye]]i~n.ent~~li1 '~i Frlzhomic~, se loveste de·.q prejudlfL':cata teuaee ~] qe ren.<:l!t= l;:abihl func·~i.QnaU'l':mite a ulituh,li. (l]:pteipentlll.] hlide;pend.ellt~L A.ce>sta lilde'Plm~~te!~dpb Inis:iune d.e a 'r:lWJe '~rlevklcn~~ '01[:1'l~llfit~ ~i eroi8muIIYQl1rJ1anH.(Jr, de .ajustificm ff1l6.l':zi~.n!'l istr.:i:r.rca prin sacF.I~[IcHre i-Inpl]se fie, nG:lnoetat.eJe ~gres!.];Il]bl:ij in. sffir~it.. 00 ~.:atrfl~ ~~lZll~~a OCd.d~ltlltld ~rop:m aatori(ffhl(i n!l.tur:i~tb~tt'i rn~a. de fri'rru~nUCat-e 1'"11,.1:,1 flpi~kat depl,holul Q<tQ:~n~in ,.

1lna:gi!l!ea 'UIIUi o.~dde:pt pl:'(Jit~ja:~ gr:.1.I.·~ie s~lci'I:f!clliuh,d lom:fi~ nese ~f a une~ £ocie:tilihL(Qrnillle~~~ Cgr.!.'~ s~a ma.cinat ~i a ra:rnt\s . irt urJn.~locnlJ.ai prin ]'ndepI in:ire=:!. fU~1:c:.~~,ei 06' !l.pblwea cl vi- . l~ljiei ,eilr.opBne s-a ~nsc;di$r puteruic. 'In VlzlUl'lleW po'~]:tica a rOltlaniJ01\ ltl. CIJlll,oo.Ftrlmentn:l ~l :reao,Ul.e lor. Qad.den[u] arc Q d~lDrie pe care :inca. :I111l ~iFa ~ch~1!a.t--Q .. R;Q·mfinH ,au de pril1rblt, ;if!! d.e cl'::ll. 01']00 de:fectiune a Ocdtieldului i(!>ste pe'IC€1Mltii. O~ ·trida))~, d~lta fiind amh"ititll d;;lw!:re."1!9't CC J:ra:eige tal~ In Rmnimtr3l)nll dec-urge din Yl'e.t! or]ell!tl1i~eJue~ita :fIa,u din I~rolli.~ ta g~thm.e wm"fuleJ;1soo~ de vfoosunt oeil!!lIlti: oe:i~af~ c.arr~n~-@b prtldat, Cf! ~J ,ce.ilaJti care fiunC-aJu·:sal·l;t nil ajuID1:' cihlG av.e:llu dator]'f1 :3,~ 0 mea. .,

CiJtaH.l (]inlJEu!} disctlltS}.lltti I.e .. Br.ati!t\l)~ prollm'lt.at ~a·C[l,~ m~d'i pe data de: 25 febl'\l,~Ti,ei 1879: u.NtJi :01::1'1 fost ~!ntegarda

~'.J·l· l'l-~"'I 1l:····· l d ..:I. ,. 'f"

~ur0pe] ueJ. . a a. .:J~u,ea seeo . paL'l<LJ:nal .·~UI1i.1ZL; 11m (1I;m .:ost

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2;~6 ~'JJ,on;(!;trt' "lit fn t:6tl.f_mfl{a ffjl1~an(J(lsa!i

buLr§v~lrdul EUJO'l,ci >conh-a tutl]n''1~' h':lv[l,zi.ul1.Hm: ~us:i..'l'uilu~ .~e ' atun.e]" State].;: rui'(]pen~ auputut 5;1\ ~e d~voh'e;m aeel , c41ci emu altii CElj'¢·~ :sae.dtiC1l!~1 ~~re 11 Ie i1dJ\\po.s:ti. Din aC~:Sistlli'1i c.au~a -.~f~rli dellln~1i~i~ele'st~ooulleale ~ivili~~iL1pUl{6i~nR,~ - n:hia\ de. ieri wn ]l1~:a.t ~j llO! pe. Qll~c~civi.U,z:.<:jI\i'tm:i'i ill~· deme ~ '~, , I.K

Cll]al' ijH lSb'Yi'tC CR .P,E F.amai,tes:cu, Pi't·t! P'1j~l'i, tcn~1I!t ~ 'n!1itol'Ogfa ~i detn~9ogii3i,;na~iQn!dis:rn; afirma ,utm1iro~rl;)lle: niSi' ~tiec,i t'O!1.1!anii au tuailrziat irnrlin.mrea otOltl,ani flSllpnl . tmlo:i con,tinenrului ~ia,c~asia in.t§r:.iller~nt .. a' ins6tJ] .. 11&l,t mjrnai~ eum ~~a spus de ]~ror:ioeii l1:Q~~r.i, (1 s:Uibhea'puterH ",1"""'''''"111> L'i(]JXjIi:$U 1iliale prhl. il'l'J!p(jtri¥jnt~ derl,El, Dtmt1:re. IBa :a d9:t Rll.rOF!ei apusenB &a prjm~i:1!sci lupta ]])Jtr~"O fa~ malt fuvom'bilfi plilnm] eEl~ 'C1.t ~lL~ (tr-me ~\I flh~i OJ;~!l1'J:iza~ie t ' :"~':""."" . :X,' .~"~ 'l1

Gu lipsa.de respoiflc~mbit~tate pmp:de deruag()g~ei nation~]:". ci:!nlU]l]stt -potrivitprin~il~i,utu~ ~)~(l; pOat~e fipt:iirl~ o,rlQaa~iO~'

SU[la. p.atrj!oi~io'···~ no!. l:lllaginJ au fost pJ':o~~c:lat~ ~i .

m.con~:mnta.\ i1 . .ID!~tot1alkl, Astfel, 'bii.t:1iiHt] de ]Il Ro:v,i11e - '

Caf\tH1LJ '~l::im'n]nti:c sigl:.lir~ - ~r :fi." .

Uni11'1:ofes;o:1:i evtl,e,fl in fltt~ IIr::J~:"'U~(~· u\~~:I!leJJ(lL~gl' pm rut 'jna]~a catedrahde. Joe:']Jt(i . . , se .~U!p,i!i.l.:! ltl acea vreme la Dunii.ro, AJWsl1p(11.Uo:itemz~" ,af.irnlillcl ,Ca' !1I!Ge,1,ei.a~i re:z;[stJeIl!~ i S~ d,atoooaz~ ~j descoperirea Al]1Jlt:;Q,c.iiJf CUIJ,"JostltUbH::rnrUecll kme,rica esl:e: greeu qe spus, ele flmtl ~11$afci~rte clar C!]J Q~t~dral~le) ·oop~tnlite tn cea n'l!ti.ln,~ti p.arte tn~~ifited:~ tntQJ;1'1eiG.rea '\llrilor l'Olnifine'!

tn tapt~ Iezisten!~a 'l:Qm~J;J!ea$ca flU a fest continua;: se pot izobl c~t'evn. Cllp':iso~de ~j faze, :m~] iCa.mct:eriKitice. ele nefilnd d~ lUlli!.ni s~ Eixe.:lJ€;jtlmp de secQi~t fQr~e1:e oto1mu.w~ 'pc Ilnia Dltmiri [, Ap9"l~ a~estcla:arme Jl1l:frad puuuafecta, oall;Ulcoi ·c.and ,flU :ticut-o~ doofllt fl,ancul tltRilltih']j otol1](~nec, OriCitl{i pri'V\}~fr&

;: 1,le. 13!:~d~1flllJ at" cil.; 1,101. W.~~, lq:l,

l I'.F'. ~mHlit[l'£c~l; ,J)e. ~e n-au c;lIcerit t!ll~.'ci U ~al'i'l£ tom~a1.Gct"" iii I1ffr;J\" .rl1'(Jul1·' ~"()1!!efm:\f,ri, c{1 ~~ hi 1994~ ri. :t j,2,

Rom:ar~i~: .;i (J&.il'llt~: 257

. . o'bs~1:'Yi'l ~medi:a~ (eee"31 ce 'iStol'lC,[t ["()Jn~ni 'p:af ,s,S, nu fa ntHlili '.vr¢MtIt), c}i ]na;int1tre~, lUI:Cl:l-asd.Ls:pr'l! ;EUfQP·a Hilnt1: d~m tae~ ell t~jtoliuJll1l11i1~n~c~ OOl'Xl~ .eXoce11lri.C'tSltar(][e; M~a:s:~a au, A. dovedit-o (~]acij. nla] IlroL

i®ll{l\\:Ie'~.~(I'\!'OOJ~t} tM [::I,. fu~. Pan,aH~cl!~ lil :ru'ticoluD S~l1 dinl'91/l4,! "ifil~m.lat .,De ce' l'lHI!U'ru,ce11t~Orc:~i l~rUe romti:lle·?·f RijSOPlJI.ri.filJ 1 .', ~'tltrebiilre ,n~ 10 bllUl:i l11J~.s:url in f~pLt!'l c~ o3tirile

rri.ir""""'. '.1 a;vm,tsaFde~illu~O}Ql fll1liei Be~g[;"tii-[3li,]M-Vi,ena, aJynge [a,y~!eua l1:r!Imu~ eel lnai 'S>C1J1'( nm t;rocea lJlrin

, ~i ·nic:i prim Euceava;, , ", .

I .'lLup[ete~rolnfi11nar .c\lmfcH nicim; au 5a!vrll~ Qc.ddel~lolj ,W~J uu au s~,rncit itttn'lediabillw~il~nic~j" Evel u~a' ai:v>erg;e.t1ita 'laT\\res!A,l],U] §i a Eshll.lll!t nu PJimtr~2bCiale ssu P.ql1 stl\i;)i~1'I~~

, ,~tl:~ine seexp1'idi. Ri:im~ne:OOi:l il'll.l:i~n!ia ;socJeti1~il,;tl~klith~1;,i OU 'se: etp1ica de altf~] 'n~ . .o.l prin inefi6ienw: ,s.t~U, mar~ dm'ed>S[lIUs)

. '1~~1l~, ,~I:eii~a~~ roit1f111ieasc~. pe :care ij~U fllmttr!!.l'lla:~l sa 0 ~o:p~nu, , . . '. .' ~11l!l!pte:i'Recul1m:ate~r~5pIlll!~~n;d astfeluaei mlto~ ", prin ~Hil. ll'l~td~()gie. l~Ul' ~i, &':In.1Lp].u~ rOln~l~]i ap~iJill.un~i "gi ZOil1e' enropene care a ~iiril"HlS lU ll:nl!l~., In .An,t~c1n~aJt~, lEsml~~:iiIi,m.ai p'l'O:i:per ~i mal id1.inO!l'l1Jc cl.e.cll;~ Ve,shd. Pc ].1lI ,al'li~[

, ,.JOQO Bi!lZ1:!tltyl pnizel1.ta Q ~ivUiz:a~le .ffi1ai, b~B~ULr;:i n'l1ti:rafi"~"_'""'···"~'nat:;t~t~§tla.cc]d~nLld. ApQi; torLula bascula't: axa Pr.·inc1l)llUi '~ls~o:riei S-l1 d~phl:f;~~l SP,I,:f: \rest ~i, 1ll:!! cxmtiu].]areJ.' spre nord-

l~st.lt5:11'bo<l!iele au ins;1ingerat OlCc.1d.e.11.L'1J:d nu ll'U'il P\~t,hl dec~'t R\3!!il1ri~uL il'1S~ el~ IlU l",a,'l.1 i11:rpi~~~caf ~ii constrniascll, ,nQ!l~t civinw't;ie te:!moiogidi ~i g~ (Icvina(:dua! -a~a ~]YiZa:L~I .!nvri~l.r!t,st:~l~~:n ~llumH. fopo~n:ld~m~,~ateu.e aJ~~le-a!uf~st ~i. lt1J,'JO.0cideinl'; ·(I:1~T 111pill]. UI1}f:,I. s:t~pa...q~~'T .si.dllThe .011 a tl:nP!~ , a:k';!.l:~ (lVCill1:~lU :sodfl]a ,1 Ulllteritllit ROllllinl] I1LU'~HtU a.flat ~n

:40na 1i1tn:r,pa"a ~t]rQ[!Cii; nu au nici nla.1J.1C meiil;,mtJ ;mOlli~' viu:ii pennu ba:nd!capul cu c~V"e auin:~J'a,t in el,;)~ea moder~']a, .. 'VHlaj~l1ic<epK[[!S~ '(l~rilound.e ~Jcest IHI:l1rd~cap'fnncpon~za ea ·~:libij. '~""P~IIl1~1"e,n~, SCltZ;~. a e~l?i(lurHo[. A SpUll~~~r ~,s.oo; r!:!l .~C' tl'~ge'ifl:fose:5iDe'tlCol:'Cct If!M moment da.t,.Jl~pIUll;jj.1

- - - - - ----, .. _-------- --- --- - ---- - - --

2;s:a l'·i'e ~'i mil £J1 C()1'/,ttii.injo 1.'()mttneaJ!.C('l

~

criz!1 llve:gitnu lui CeaiLl~esC:Uj !N.l1 ~r:e:cut la .,c:~ leu i~uJ~fiI!~.

meler enerme pe~ eare s.t!'fui!~ij asuprltorl l.e-ail' fi ~IJ.J: .Il&l~i~~jljt~,; lU~ni~i))8 urm~[~· aj~lful1}i pr~:c;t:ic;ddfl-:i'liungul -£Q5it,. .ev:ident~ {i dive.rsl"n~. 'Nu "mnd~, romanii 1ft . J)Mie~~ D:~! m~li mvc..'1'l1l'()ill'l~l'lH eli: tnfnic~. in anii ' ."

{;~l shuctL~dleC.Qnlil;l!!1j:ste erau aberante $i pol'm.QW

gre~jt!l, b~·O:ria, llRlr,ll:s,eaz~ un ~mm.fl3:taL. Pe I,a e~Q t<1l(~, 'Ie~~~i]i~f (I ~~d! §iUJlIICfl diilcm~ lie cemi.f(1A

o jumam1c de secor maitarzlu, devenise Uila •

bo~a~~h.t~lfi ate tum]]. Coroc:a. de Sud e,~l'te ast~~i, () ."",,, ... '''' e(lCilf1om±~; nit~~:ul d~l<!: care .~. pOmitac:!.l,m c~Hev'a· .

l'n{~Lt lllilUOS di3c'fr~ alltomiiniel. [Dmonlel1tL1llc~rLd c.rodaBt este oons:[mire~t unei·RO!:DjS!uii pe:rlbfmlanl~;_".iin:,J:"

ea rClnj,illlH ~~. sac)ifiae n'la;i 'I?ti~til:l ]J(!l'mhan~1 mit;Ol,ogiei

liiti iuvQc[nea slT.o:9in1Q~i]ot. niei rep~~tHe .alduS'e.. . I ue po~ 11 de folos.

kt;m~li,~~U r1iC~ilal~i 2,5,9

:',<;!""","",o'l'-'O;&' stdca.~ lil'l!dul ~,l tocnleB,la, t[·oo:s:tor ~ad,.dID;Gri' an1< p!'O''ilincU~ (tacii ih:!1tifl]a:tl,]H~l eu '1,l~rinta· cibi~e'jM'1i bruie 'libtc1'f au Hu:tUlli~ OOrL1P~' ~i· hl$:i:tateam clasele vecMi rom:~ne~f~l~ U)ttlie~lLm~i70ymi:!t·a,c~stornd@ 'se va;~~i san un wee, sau 0 1'Y1~~'lt1'l d€; ~[eci.l~

... '. . " ... 11:U st"pre:.llili1tn trl:lli.l!lt maj cQ:rlcnia,ntj lra

sa de :psi1~.ologi:e~a .pGpol'}Liul i.'l:lll'13'ft" 'Aclnute em , nfIJUlne~so~ 's,~a c'u,ltiva t §i S!.capa:t~n;ul. draw: die prill C~I'.I~actu~ ,GtI .gTecii. In ansamlDh1 11::18:11, tl':l:ra.a f'Cst de~a$t["u:oli!sa.,.Mo~tel1ifGit i;e~m.ai

ce ue m~aliiL gte:cH l"lJlJoderl:l:i, ale c~n::i t!l:l:n~tlti le $1' as't~:u a:~!i~ de 'C:~t gl)~ll ~ ;sunl :saraoi~e'1t ~] 'p'l.lst]i!:e<JJ ". . . ~i t~1stt"~ifitUea ogorului romineoo, sar~uea

. a pot1ul.a~:iHQlI· ronian~~ti din '~unl!ll~Le \r~I'i.'·' T()t,

: las~t ",cC'Vri\ dun ,d)!l[p~.k:.:itaWal eeva dinpem4ia desell ed1L[vocul zu:v'j:s;trn]c'~i 'COl·Upi~·!. co Hpsa de dlemciI. lingl,]~:irea dublaHi de un orgolliu oom~r'ilcunqsC:!lt D@li spl['itu] plibllc l,~. n·ol JU&r~ @-aoos;~ boa]~ •. '. porne:~te di~ pUlredc:~unea.~1lJOlaHi aBJzal)'ilr>orfl1[1rL·. G~:d C'll ~Je furnrni:nttrxic~,i de greeii venl\l In ;"iF.·,~",,'~' d~ m:r.,gil din Tari.gr<l£i!][ distrl:js}15

. a$Qdar. l'llS'r.ii vmova:~l: gW(lU ~i l'lUfllt1i grecii! Fe la . . .' '.' " .. .... . ~nti~receas(;.1i [tlcepe totusi sa Sj; cl!omo'. 1 &9'~, larga plr;()M.!J~D ~~ publR:~ C} cmll[@'Iin~~ inti .. ·.!t1.1H'.U .. J nq' ',I'tm1aml~u,/)Iirna~'i'()#~ tleutiEltiv& de r..e.abilit~re. ~MC~.1i a raj,ol.tm:ilot ron1ftl"lO-gr,ece~~~rl:1 Ben~re;. e'ra '~~n:ttitl1" uMl nliJ·Im;flliz~.];i in curs, ApQl .greGli. vor dJ.spl~iJe:a . clht g:~lrCl'i;lI. co.i'.l1!ll1tdti~HCl1i' Mga:~ive. Pur ~i sinil'll1:,. a

sat m~,i fie uevoie d~;n:~i. .

~VH~",j,J'U~J"" "i.11e·h~ment se maniFe:sUi 'in epo~ru~mtitlru:.cts:n·ful.

JIlGs[lal1in~!l de T~l-cia' se ]ri~ekge!i de· ]a sine, 'Turoul~ fi:~ucl al'ttll ULA.:.olo;;",,'\.u pute:rl1i]e nil termenuln], apar~~ mai pll~ill l].OCly

1)'~k'!..a:Ut~ii.l· devalorizare ~i f,;U~llabi]]zluc . PQIJJna,re ~f cl).[tud (late palla atllne:iote]"lsiltr~·l"O~n~:rlHQ~ cudt~idm:o<:ttile d~ciitmotl:v:(;l de 'jame'nmre,

.,;~!~~l!~~e ~~~~m.fo~~9it n~-~pa 1 82J ~i mai {Ll ~~[~.aJnJa.rev:oiuti ei. de 1J1 1848! s~[rc[is;ta 1i7~114 pe,;ntru a se nifestavreme de mai muLtB deeenii, un antigrecisml apif1mlp~ob~~iv~ dOal'p~IF~]Jl1 ·~X.I}Uc~,b·~1 p~ill: ]X n!Jl.le'mra

J::eaj,e ,din. vrelllle.sd!an~:ri:o~ilDt ~ip'dti ep'.ispduJ.rev. . ~t] rS2J" GrecH :!iijl'lboHz~u IDi.S~l·it.ul ~I eateva seeo Lllr~ orierrt:a t~~ 1<1. care trebui a sa se :l·tlI_1m.~ ,[l(l\.Hll in ri. liVG)ima~f,:""" l,j:lle\IJ:clt9a:r!':i ii1flu~n~~ ocddenta]e :!liLu,dllp:m; aI:~:i;. .'. . fk::·i'lll ,..s.~)~gi.fil¥1J ]ul. .ro\ll~ti!esc". BiUlce~t)l.t_fi dat .;ttHtui rnarti~·

co.~ L]1:,~~~H~~l1~~~\_~U~~j ~~:t.h.ld"~:'.~.a,. ~ .. ~.~e. J i. 'a a:re.1 ' •• JM, ~eu .. re ...• ,: tel din ~~rm;;1 !'ldH,s,e.,q·~r!~ taJj'~, i:;"!11U1llil'Cl) al~to~~cd01:;

.. ITtt~llti.nJ:L1 MHr~l·.~u!. IJP, aiL p, ~ 1:&,

~ D. :1J1'ilghiee::;eu, Ol}. rlfl., VP, 152 ~:i :2~,G,

- - - ------ ---- ------- ---------

rlecit greculj ortcdox ea ~l.l.lOlnillll1L .~J il11SiUraL chisr iri mOOiu] l'ormlncsc. TUrcU Ofel:e"luJn primu] rand. e](';mellt~le unor ,Jl'l1a.g:iru aQ Epinat'd,~ alintentii;nd crontC:lI, victol~Hor rom~ll~~tl din Evul Merlin ~i proIa la [&7'], Deminatia q:i '.infiuen~a ·tUr0e~l>~ 11'(! l)t1~aJ.:I fi judoolll.l:e.,deJ!~,t ne.gat~v; ,d,arj in~~t.o do:I;, ilt[enned,iOllirul gree, <lp~.re1'll1n~~ 'I.na~ Vll1.0vat dec§it s;l~p®gitpml trn:e:

Revenim ,I,a textul lui Draghicesau, p>enlru a id~Llti:£ica ~,O~ trava stdle~eals:ca a aimesfcrii din O~ient'" transmisa rolll~nnar din 5urs~ O.t;Ojlt.9cIl!!L .,FieclIre oblceiturcesc hnprumutatj fi,eoare mod~ lurceasca :imJtaili iutn:l(luce:a~ in' suflet\i1. nO,s'Ir.tL' ,~.mic, saminta co.mptiei,~,j 'l:!1indiviei, care degm~eazi:l~:i degenereazB, popoarelc." De I ,lenev.ia,!< [omaIl.ului, vinovat este w,rc1ll1!! Adept al principiului .,11a.i.lUl. faeepe om", .DraghiceSic'l,tdenUIll'I!~Hn~ deesebi hu:g:a t111b:adbninte ori,entm:la i:'ldop~atfi de bo~ed] 1'0-,

~, Q -L. .,' ;.. . . I. ' ... ' .1:_ .]. •

ItIii111:, "'fa vatil~ nl'jlte, PflJ1ta,iOnl, preeum floe ~t.le; roarte . a.fBJ,

ante~u~ ,~ rnauecj lu;nti ~i, p]UtjtOJ!l~ )')esre. cue se ptt1~;:a o aha balna cumsneei ,d.esplcate., seu ~'pubeaua cUl1:1inec11e 'Ialrgi ~] scurte, loate aCQste.n pOBlI1a pecetea unci vieti de leue $j de trfind,fl'Vie, Ac,eu11ii lulbr.5dll1liIl(e este f1tcudl. tntHldins oa si fmp;i,ed~ce oriee fel de ;[Icllvi'ta:1l.e ,i sli dlepri:nda pe ailt 1<1 0 viata goalaj, de. odiID;lJi ffirli mtrerupelle ~.i de klro'pefII:m, la o vj3~i adOI'I'U,iJi ~i de l:llttrec:ere \1~O~l'it in ea or:nu,labja',de simte ca tr!ie~te, [,,',] Chj 1'11' d<'lcli ar fi vrut strlin1o~ii 1l0~tl!i s""O'rlll)a C~! tr!liu~ 16.l' d,~ n~hl'lti:re1 (i,e tOwpr.i:n.U!. ttdo:rm:itri. $.1 de tr1indii['IIi,e" ch:im~ dec ar fi vrut e~ sa S:trlrcze.a~C! ~i' s5.1tlt:~; .'iIlI. im:::eapa ceva, imbric5'1:1r1inltla Ill!:;sas:t.a i-ar fl hnpjedioa'f ~t i-ar t:i descl.lrajat. Cu ni~t~ mane(;.i Iargi, lungi ~i(l.espicaJe. cad tlnt)~(ldica ~i pn~Hzelllztt milJnUe, esee peste pld~Lrtli de a fl aetiv ~i ener.gi,c."6

Dupil blf(?ci I$i turd, n;J~ii cad la rilndllllQrv:ictime ale ace]e.i.8i~l tentative de ie.~;ire din bivjliza~i,a OlllcnJala. F§n1i apfo'llJe de mijioc,ul. seeelulul aIXIX~ 1 e-a) e!i IfU fast Jrulimu"alld bine V"dz~~i· de fOlTlialli Proteotori ~.i creliiun:A:~~li sud-est europene,

261

- -----------~ ------------------~

,

~ll.:t flp!i:rU.t timp de lU1 veac $i jutn,!i.ta:te dre:pt 'iJO'Len~aJj eliberatori, Pee In:1815 j Crollogra}itllui Dionisie Bc.l,es.iarhul exprirna stares de sl'~dt ~ntloooidcDtaJ.a ~j pmrusa a jj.clasci de: mijLoc": bumil ~i crestinnl [fi1p'~rat Alexandru -era pe.r.ceput ea Q sta'Vll~ in f~t~, atn~l!'biei g.GlleJ.l1iDc de R.evol.u~iu,fr:ElllC(;l2l11 1?1 de i1w.lb4i:Ue jm.periille alelui Napoleon, Dar 'Ghi~l[, primul ME, mai fle.nmificfl,uV de !:t)dl.\eI~ta're'ospre Oeeideur il\ g,od(:'it~lii ron1a:nie:~ti s-a petrecu.t sub blteUi it -indrumare ruseasca, in vremea Regulamentulu! Organic ':.,1 a ad111inistra~ci, gcn~~ ralului Kiseleff (1 829~l834).! prin contactul cu'oarjstocrntic, shi.va care se eXpril'1lla·insl'iin fr-anc~. R:u~.ii pil'eau peeale de a;' cii~lig£l. inimile tomanilor, S~a petrecut insa eontrarul.

0·..18 'd' i mnl ~ . R .,

,Gene~tia de ~'1 1 O"t"g,.,a l'J lcal ,mal ~1U ~ rmpotL'wa, ·Iu'!llel

docfit a.T1iJl'Ci~i~ de])'\J.tlti:tnd at~t R.e~ulatnc1'liWI Organi.c, v~:zut ca 01 s:tavi~a ln tata progr,~LthJli, ,-cat ~i teiJ:'!ldmltel;e e~i)&rui·~iqnJ.st.e ale l!nn.!i hnperiu care a'I'l':lfl'J'un,au sa lngfuit~t !iPi"lpU[ roi,m!!:ne:w". Peutm a converse frall~z.e.$~e, romilnii nu.mai ave-au nevoie, CfI ]a, 1830~ de pl:e~tmta ofi~ri]ot ru~~; pl'etierausii mcargi1\ direct 'La Paris, Chiar.cohibol.'!J:rea en ru~ii. impu~ii. Ulleori de circumSIJlI.'l~,C@j la] 817-1878 ~na 1916-1917, :NL dov;edi.tfi:uSlrdIlJt~ §i susc:epbbj,Hi de consecinte ne a ~tepeate{pjel:derea jml.etelm din s\I'l~lt Basarabiei la: 187'8, Bpsa orica.rci Slls·tineri 'in 19]6 $Ld.ezorg3nizarea, rro.n:~al]u~ in .1917) ... Cert este ca, in primul riu'Jid; o£iehUtroa\ cuhondti flliom~ni.ei, spJ'e OOt;;:jdlCt~l §j in ~i1nsul de;ta~fjrii de n1.'eci'i'lil slav !U~ avea cum s~ 'DB se rlisfl'~ng%L intl' .. 6 devalo·]izare e.scn~iD]m a nlocl.e.lu!ui !'USCSC ~'i 11 mport~\riloiL' cuRusia (in ciuda faptului ca~ struemral, societatee. romsnoosdi, predomlnanr I'U'~nm ~i p1Jt~lIi.c poLar1za:ta lntre'o .!U:iSln~ ci-a·tie bQgata ~'i Q~~ii!Jirne StlpUsa,. era-mai aproape de mcdelul ruse:Sc. ueclil de eel occidemal),

i'r:11tullraf.l ccz

Peterennl rihmsEt'Stlt;l tiber £I erupt p'ml' ~i simplu mitul IrmlOffz. I se pot gb,i desiglu' a~dec€denlte, '\'ind din vreOlea

262 #ioNa ~~i mit fn OI1$liinltl "()miillfla!1'~-{i'

f~l.nafiotiIQr:, DIu nu pot· fJj ecl.livajfJl'te ~i nici mll'CHll' campa,. rare; spa.l'a~Hcel~ raportnri, in 'buml n1aSUl'!l indirocte,. prin fili~ cd gl~eceascij ~~, '0111'5: 'C·Uln am vbut, chier I!!se.ascli:l·de ptlna

~; 1~! 830 . -.~111aS~]ta tea f~nQmel1ultli 'care debute8!_za [n pe;' :nOfld· S:3Q'~11f ' .. -, d.alilJa.hS2Itii pe eel. I ea. (u)cfd~t~1id:rjg, '

e~~';?~ u,a.:~,_:,.,.~.'"ne~Si~:~b;!.~1~!e:.f~t'~1~~!._n].~~~:~o:ra :Iati(l~ dml AptUi.l;~l:'I::duae referun, l,a, ;mode]~l] ocol:de'tlta~~'trebui,e

trrte.l!es. in. pdmul ~;i H1 primu lrand, modelul frilll1Ce~, la male dis1'aIlf,n de celelalte ropero vtlst]ce.1'1:- se ~aal'-!;(J -inr'o Mexij mod~~I.uJ belgian, .Bc1gi,a, tad mica, paqillJ U.ulioofona:, moMl:m:ci1, l.leu1rli. dcrnoc.I'Itica ~.f pf08Jlerii':, of~rilld midi Romani'i un rnode.l rl,e fuG:tll.u,ij :rranceza in unele prlvinte nmi bille a~ap~ tat pl:o~rlel sale condl~ii CoIU:'~,tU'~~ din :1866 a fast G:imit~tie, it co.llsl!1tu~]ci helf,rien(~i diu ;a 8:301, iar siutagma iJe~gja Orieutt~l:ui; .J)h~cv'el1t utm21iL1~, a l,!Ulstr,!lt, ]n a dOUfl ju..ln~ta.'~e".~sec6r1:]:~ui al XIX-lea:, ua iaJI't~{Int mit politic:: j1il'tia'unei R()lu~l1i I: destina:tr;;: sit QLevil1ij~ Ul toate ]J'tivillteEa. o replica 11 Bdgiei la celij.laEt'capat.ai cO'lltiuenmb.li.

Pentru a. deflni ce a.llls-emn3itJjililulhn.ce~ :ill soeietatea lumineasc:a1 nuavem deciL ,s-a .a.1,egIJIn dintr-o ir:upr~foltflnHi cantitatede ma.rlUdi. lata douii dintre acestea, care a:tjng Ul:ni~ te greu de depi~it (~i ehier ,!JloCl1 de i'magillatastllzi, in ciuda re]~Lti.ve~ supravietuid a fr.lncofiJiei ron1fme.$ti),

~ttJ 2!??~. ~1~i~l1i Dl'tlgh.iC~.'~JJ~llJ .. '._ '[;m. u.nrei smb .. b~e: <lTgulIIel ,., .'~~!a~~JfleJtI:zj.~ca Dill eodslta p.e h.IIDu~ 'tl,ahe _ _"

(te~~v~,r,~it,~, dec§l1felf }al1ce:ZL ~i'1nte"lrietlt1f.mii coT~i5T;xi.i, ,decii:t a francezului. Fr<lllc.~zij au .iEin~ deja punctulcel mai I'llillt pe care a1t~ popoare it VOl: a,tinge 'il1tr~Ul1 vHcar u:edicJlnU: .~P'~ ~niisu.l'i'i ,oe !1afi1:lni]~ Eurepel ver (:~~tiga grru;]~tele lor d,~ firut.v,1:) ~I VU'l.~~1 tor .sO,CHlli se va e,JabOm Iii crislal.iZ:t in Iirni-

~e'

; ,:J:;i1 Jlri"'f~ k~ mQd,~'[1J11 Mci:clillltni ~i indl.lltlsebj III ir~t1uellta fran.cez!t :}I gli!IlIll!ICIIi, tmnlk:m la s'lljdiui n~tl11i:, "Su r I'.a dHnis~oOrl {!e.11l cui] !u:rc ~LI~LlIme Qll Itm.lI~II~llie (XIX'"' $i~Glc ill d~litl~ d"Ll, Xxo ~,j~~lc)!<, III .. llifflme M.rMf,,~·ttd!U 11t~~w'W!t", . .i SI(I!1>!!J, .19B5, pp, SI-G9.

-- - ----- --------

ROl'!anU Jii CelJfl.l/'i

tG .... ~e. 'p._.~~. ci.s.e.- .. ,.a. le It .. 'C(:S'IIO.r g! .. ~3 . .Il.i~e. ,.m a . .-c~e~.n~i,l~.~. '~~U.riji. !fI.' g~ .. I:'i.i •. rj~~ .\. Jor sllf[e:te~h Sf} vor spropie de aGeloeij _al~ fr.a~,cczu lUI" ~.I f Ill~a

imllterlaUI ~ $.l1tle:~ullJ:i 'lor \'£1 capnta limpe~lm(Hl IUU;1111,oas ~

.• '~ ; ~ .,..1 11 "C S

nelezime:a ~i sttiilucu-ea 'lnu'ltaJ~lht1~U :lraJn.,,~z:e,. "

€u 0 jun'l!Uat,~ de secol Fn~!.ntet1IlC,e;S~el ]l'l'}I'H'ei!ilO:ti'lant~ caroCle~iz~rj" mar precis 11118,53. r.c, Bt~tf~n~!t ;;l,dref;~ '~~n 'fOe~ moriu lui Na,po]eon al UL-Lea. 01'lfl.1.:l[ pelitic roman pled:u pentru unirea Pr;nc;ipate]gr si ca,uta- s~,-] 'cotl"vinga pe ,lrnpli,rat cal aceasta ar tnSe111ft.a 0 1"CUGel~i te franc-e:;di": .,Annata sratutU! reman ar f'i'anrmw Frantej, pornirile sale ;clo'la .Jl.ia.roa Neagra ~.i de pe. DUlliil'e Bl'f t1 inb:e~ozit.elc co I~'i,eftu~uj .. fra~cez," Apo,i., Bratianu:supndicim ~t, .C.hlflf iblC)8 ne ~f~am m fam unui.text de oonjunc.tmii urmijnncl un seep po litic p~C'~ cis (aU'~erea lmp~:rnluiui d'e 'Ra;rt~~ ca.uz~i 1'QiOl~n~til,Cill.wu1- ,. tele rlm.iiill.~O'm:s] cele care soot. ,,;Ft~n~3!."'- 81(;1:1.3, al ~ y{l av~ u,

to.' .!lIm. !lV .. ·. [~1~ilj~~e.c~~~1l1,ei colon ii, mrd a '~V::~H:he~ru iel~~e!~~. ~ccas~ , ~ ta O(giiI'l11 ze~za',F ~~u.:..~l<li':-,B dena noastra pattie "I.al' RQ_. '

mania ltlleTI iEii. !I:-l d@Y(l1''.!l<mlmn,~ ". _ ,. , ~ .

Chiar 111 1914, diJnd lucrurile eVQ,lU<JIsera considerahil tu senml unei autonomf polltiee ~i eulturale 1."0l1lal1e~lj .. s-a putut eonstata <l.ta~arllen~~,d YiSiCell~ '~'J~~ ~e Fmn~,a <l!~mor oameni politici c~:r(l cot1side:ra.1.1 ci lw;mamSi trebule S!IIll:tiJ:,e l~l'mzbO'i nu pennu pmpriile-i'inre~~e,ci pentr~ ~ ap,amC1Y,ll.lZ!itia fI!mooZll ~me<nintnt~, :Cill1m din ~uni:n.t~'rne .I:m Co:nS,tf1l1Ll n A.rg~to:ia'rilJ: ,;Caho,vari ~i C~tlUlwzjtno - rnai. tiles. .C~tltllCtlZlll.o ...... 'v'Oiau ~i ei intrarea i1nJ,~~j~t~ in rl1i~boj [ .. ,.] ~T-?' voiau lU!lJlil~ 'de dl'flgul·Fron\~i.~ care nu p'l.l.tea fi la:sata, s~pja~~ c~ ~i CI.1l11 searta ei ar fi smt 1n puterea noas~ll1l i!1.S1110~ntatea lorapr.Qap,e nici' Uti pomeneau de ~de~l.~ ~c rntregnea neamulul ~i de Milm.i. Vltea~ul-: ~br;ln.don.1fid to:f~t!S ~r~'U~ meutele de ordin national Q~.Je ne im~i'ngeau pe ~l~ll,?'~l ~m'" potriva Pure~'i[or Centrale C~! $a CElll.ti inll.llrE%l In razbo~ <~[jOl~r

264

I

.,'\,1 .. ,

265

voJe'Jau seceursde l~. f]'m1C@Jio!I~IO B.tnUanll IJ.ll promisesec:hhl]" in van c~ J,~rma~a romanm va f !f'm'HilH ..F"u';ted~'!

. 'La ,~ff::ib~~:tul iStooiul~d HI XB(-Lea, ]0 li.:lcr~~[I.D~ f -"i'njlueiu::e jh;l1M't''CllS,ft s~w'l 'e;~p~~l jJlJ.blt(:. (i,1J ltrJitt'ril,crnliJ p.~B~B)l Ponl'piB:~' EJicnde cQllside:rai caJll:treilga civil,i:Z<lipe fOl.ni'lmi ~'Jil,OOefl.'[1i se

~" dtltOI'.El Fr~n~ei. ~111'Jf ntea il'lfl:m~nt,e~, fl;!u:lI(~ez:e) ~~fjl~tom~,:m'~ ,~nu

~'~hm.Jla penfm. £i.v:ili;zatili;)': ... nue:xi:st!'H1 pentru istorie", D~m:rU~ fl$ln~~i, U'ist.mm ,.Iulla. rcn~steI!r::ll t:umi lJGllJ!OX') oj la lla~~eTetl-sa"J !! 0 pin ia aceasta, f1<1g;~'llnt ,e:xage,H;l,~1i~ gB QOII]~t ituie on lllSii$iml m!htude at o,~seslGl~ fi"aLlceze dj~1 .epQC,~. '!:'{u ri.1s~e irlSa m,'li"pu~jn '~!devarat $;,5, nfinll fl"a:Q()ez ~,Jlllcat un ·pu.terni~

~~d modeJlE!-lcw. to Sl,atluli unel ge",~]',ntJi> i~l1~djB!t dHP~ 1 S,30j 'if:i",iiulcez~ s-a in'I~JIU,~ en lim ba de 'c\lU'-'J(:~", elirninand de'finiti''!! ir:e!i'c~lj ill" cOiStLI~.uul Oi"feiiial fl c,edol.~ ttl 'liWlI made!. i)1irizicl1.e. 'fjneri 1 n:m;lJan i au fu.at drumu! Parisului; p~l'ltrn.:l 't:n~i I,il'!.c de' UI~ secol Frant~H!!'vc;;a. s~ as~gure sail sa il'lil:1uel]~8Zle (Dnll<l~ja ce~ehl~ai' mari piil:tia cmcHntc]r.:ctuale aJij~rH" NIl JY!Ul!Sai fi ~jlle]ecrugl faril'-s1], crurlot;itl :collvCln.llibilJranceia (~in'l'b75,. obligtll:orie in tci,fcc i opt ani _d,~ ]1~etll :pii,li!i la ,r.e;tor.rniilC"O):l1Uni fi;t~a iJ".J,v~!'imantului 0:1111948), All io;st,adp:pt.'lte ebuna parte

" ·cujf' sttucrurile ~i inschu'~ ii le[Dori~~.ce) ju [']cHoe ~] ell I tnr,al,~j L franeeze.

•• Y "Sub ia.l.fI.uen~il fr~U'lcr.::.zC]" eMu!' Un~b~ ~'On:lalll~ a cuncscut (I

~voh]tle(;'9l~cs.iclerllbmi, un proees d.e n.l~d~n~izflre care a 1::00'dm: ~,IDi.eHmi1l1:~M<l seu '!l'D.al'gfl]~1i:~:w['e1l: 1.U,'iel ~'~1~ dJn :fondnI slav ;~~ on,ental,~] 1,1) oce!;!:g1. ee s-at PlW;\f1 f!lJ!mi'o ,~dou!), ~,ll,til:fii,;?are:'\

~ m.ai ales pri11 adoptarea m~sivii a llil:'ologia~~el'oi; die or]~1:ne . fnl.Hicez;Q. S-all. pll.t!ut u[.lll'ecia La 39_:iYq din, vO'9abulltruho(mniin cureru ~:i'la Q fr~ove~'l~ii- de 20% impnlfi1lLLtU!l;iie. franceze SaJU

It! ,CPi)::;I,~r)llht Ar,l:le~o;llar!l,l?tmfr~i c~ rile N'I.ai11!;}; .411Ilf!tii"l ,rll1~ Yl7fll1e-a C(!}OW aft:' i~rf, VQ~, I i, p~rtr;~I,:I~V.[l. i3dihml 1 ]um<!t'I~!<ls. ]juc:ure~ti, 19'21, I" JOS,

II IPt)tn.rilil] Ehrldc, Dr! 1 'i!r/lii,(!trrJ4jr'{]"I,p,,!:ulSc ,fW'/'f1sj),rU puMh' en ./!I,mlm(l'~it', r1,ml'is, ~ ~!J~: ,,[[I1I,I',M~!cilio!l'" Jlp. J:-XL

Gde!Jlll.de frmlcez.a es:~e pl!lu'L,d imb5. de fefer:i.~lg5. (a doua fi~llcl 1~~ti,l]iL). I:!: Ceea ce lmle~tmn:1i, ca,in 1 imb~ul,obl~l'litl'~tl un ClJV'~:t:i:t ror.r)rulesc Jlin cind este de' or:igi11iZ: frnnc.eza,

c'aphaa.la l~Ol1iJinief a d}eV~1"l~, '!~, ~a;l~!Y'·'~J .,Mi o.u.~: PlTh~.'i.s·~, o i~'l (:1.12:;,1].1 ~l";du'IUi ll1it_ ~i <l!~d ,.;,e aI~~}est-ec.:1 udevftRll, e~ag\c,l1ill1~ ~i ilU~1:!\" 1m 1e,::,iuda unor ~mdhd de Up parlzhm da:t~1':Id din ],uhime.ie, d~cenii ale- s;e~Qhdui nl XJX-]e~1 Bl!c~H'~~til!i nu Se.rtLiLi!O! in. ~:t'lifi~nl~lll cu P1ld,s,'l.l[, C~ili di.t1.iiJmC!,~fej'a l')af12:i:ttna '~i din .q~odui (Ie vi\~t~"l~,ectlv' crJ!];c!qli~l iJs~ COJ!JpDu1.QrJ:]!;mtul _eii~ei",ca~~i' .lindo_:~ih~I:I:t~jl$, l'~lsajp t~ti· b~I_c..Ur;~~~eaJt, ,~a mai mare parte. apoptlla ~(l.i trl'tia IDt:U~~ dt-pal10 de rnode:h,d frauc~t .. BJ:lgia Orientutui' ~i ",Mfcul Pa.ris";' au ttlSt?111l:lat i:fII..s:fl

<~in"ibbILlI.t pu~~,;rl'l:ice! q~I'C 'ttJL,l H'l'i~~t ROll'lJlddfi - aWl cfit~ lJl!te~ filru~ .~. spft:.c:iv:i'~.iza~i.<I. ocoiJd-emJ"1Jffi,.l.a tel QU!)1.".Do9!cii'" ,§ii ~~Mih!Ji VjDei:1Z~u'~;a\l c.~lf.Im.b1JH.! '[:Q~ prin Tr.lc[~roi.ltm'a 1.91" $lJ11,· bor]d. 1.a 'llrrnpmh"(%'1 unit11'~H na~iQn'[lI.e.

~,'(:Q'II,tr.(J"m.tt,,~r genn,ai~

:Dc.siglLlT~ 'Eh:;ciden.h,l~ nu ~U1:&emma,t dQar fJaJ~ta" Tre;b!.i!ie reluarc~~ ~o~~I~i c~, ce-~~]~tM n:ull'esmii l~tinllt, Italia, is-a bl!~J1l:][ITj ')c~i putln p~na in per.,ioada ~noorbetfci'i, de 'lllii ill1l~,ere~Ml.m]n m.i;'I!'i f!edus, h'll']ll c3ZiJl 'SpruJ]ci ~'ela~i lle all t:O\Sl;'CU ~:OM~[ spm'adj.ce.

Angiia 9fera, III l'andu-i!l.:Hl CB:z'lQ;[er:esrJ,llt. CMar da:cl u1'1I1, rorliNni m:tlfos~ filsdn.a.l;i de In()de~t]1 englez (mrul .. Iui I ool'il G~lica) ~~lr-e 11 it1QC;}pl,i11:il ~:ifun'otb d.e'luuniskn plenipQte.Li~ar' l:a LOlld('.a . 'M]t1'e 1881 Gi 1890):, ·&ce§~b. ~ot f n.lInl~[a~l pe degete; Anf!;lli!'l'

Iill';]:nl~.~, pC~ttru fOti1§;n] Q. ili':lS111.l1 tnd.eIYiir~iiitn ~~. exodca, ~j(1r Hi'libn '~1,1.g1eza., rca limba de C:l:dmrl'i $i·OQrllIU]lk~li'l,. nu ;;l:vell,sii 'l§ectJ~s~ l~ndoo:sCi\ dcc"M l~r,lilJ (il mod p!lllllaloxalj lfl epeea Ce;a:u~c~cll).

Mitu] ]?mntej a ¥C!s~atfH de pu'le:f[lic jnc~U nu ll1J;ai ramJi- 1;t~1 lee, in gCl~SU~ s>pecifi(lei poI:m']:'larJ a itu~lgil~,~.r:~lluij dec[!ttt

- - - - -

-- -- - -- --- ---

pen:lrtl un sInlM1f c.;ol1lra-mi1; 'lll] I:nllllntitetii)'.~i @!Q~npl~me[l[a'~~

m:::esta a ,(cst miud genll~tn, .

ru;;;;~I;i<!,Ge:rm,a.l1i~i ttl R!!JlIuiinia -s-a ool1salidal '~]'i'i tnce~a.r-e ~l') jlilm.i1t<'Ltea de seeel prem~1'gaw!ne pdmului r~:zbo[ mm~di.at La sffir~ilu:~,WcegtA'3!i p~riJHlde~ Gt}rm~nia deM~~i1.le o,concu:re>nt~ l'¢{I!J~"IiiJil~ fli. FJ'an~\6~. Ep' d]!ipl.lil1ea <:TC:11 !.ItUllu'i, deloc ,1l;eglila:bB.e, Rom~~rlii 'f:'Ml~Hv~J~~l] '~i b'l!1iQu'!7inl(:::t:!!'l ';:l1!iU mai [l~l"()P ia1ti de eulmra ~] danle-llh1,lLt~tC!1fl gQ{rnuu~1i ':l'OO~l d~ civiriz~t\i1l ft'"a!H;;.e..z~. Intete~tl,!a!H ardeleni Tt citean .fIq:esGW~, pe . atltorU [r.1U1Qeziln tifa6t~~r:t'e ge.m'.ll3:It~.l P.s:. dill ~thl1 pa[t:e~ il1L R~Sflti dci~~ 'n~t (lcvain.c$flta ~1ii,) frilll1.C(lWl gciml~rlltHJCUp1A adema' poz;i.~·ie M li_rnba de. ~"ia~MTIifqI.IC ~ e:llltlJl'~ (apt-ani de fi·~.~lCezii ~rlf{ltru d,cgen;ll~n1j ·tll!]k~~). Ponderea eCOIllo'l1ldca l~i po[~t~ca a Jmperlnlul Ifcnlum ]l1~!.lrOI}lI. de ,sl;ld~t:~t era 11.H~i - impor(1,loJ11 d!Jcutpr-ezen,i!1 .-'---,. destul de !lr10dlC-Stfl:·~ a ,FI1lI"!~"ei. In li8:3 :1, Rb:ill,f~ni~ iii ,~del:.at I,J. T,rir,.lll AUajlta ml.]ctltta.l~ 11'1 jurul G&ml;ani(!!i ~i Au--s:tm~Ung!)fi~i."Qriginea gen,l"ian.a a Jic~chQi -Caroll §i prestigiul s:~uinconle~~nahH au eonstltult un fact(n;~~tlphI11~ntalr lln aeest PfOC~S de 1il.pwpie:n"

Fj]'g.,~te,. evolntiile fili lice nln sunt un ivnce, ·Odc'e m it fiind :l1Up.ra,vcgll'e(lt ?ndellplO'til:l:lf:: de conh'~-:Injtu,~ :\lilt]" Astf'eI~ dac:n pentru rOlllilnii, ardeleni, modelul cul tural 'german era domi ... nant, ei priveeu fl'll fIIeela~~ tlmp ll:,l,I :1Iimptlltll(} sprc FnU.l!fL IJiitl:r1: la a admira ,en,i<l;r in rnai mare m~sura medelnl :f1"0ilil1Oe'-Z idealLzat (;k::ca~ jl1.odelul geml<'ln COI\O~~, C011~tii.l1~1I ~i :lo]idlil- 1'~,ta~ea~<:Tth]ii:;: tJJ:~?C<lI'e;Jl naf10l,1111ti care il'ilevHi:lbil_se lovea la un l1:l01lt,~tU dat de. h~~CI!:'~.s~le Ge:rm~ll'li'ei •. C~ .~i infiuen'ta c:x.ei'ci~ tatu: de H"ornd[tla-,-conl:f:i[jula.H la (I Q"<Lrec:;uee.chilthr.lu',e:., eel IJill'til:'li ini.ffrtagrnfl:rj a nn.pOlturilor clb~ln~ eel,e (lQ~lti ~,'ll!'J,I,'i It:pe'r~ ~(){;ddent<'lJe, 0 alunecare spi.reiJl1ode:hu] .,celahit" seeonstata ~i if:! ,ltom~I1]i1~ dar in seas i.nV~l'. pO~!1h'li.d de hll':'rflfnta S]lIl_"e

~Gernl~:rlia, . .

, DUI;)~ I a6G~ 0 p~rte a eHbc;j ~on'1ihlC~1i s-a d9v'eclit sensibna!~ virt:t.Ltil~ modeluhri geml~li:i, Ad!]1in~t6di a",e~l!,ili;n.,caugidonm c5, Q d~j:~. depl~~H5 cml'vesccn:~a puliliG;;~ de la 11':lllj~OCU~

2.67

.

-secokl{U]l_ venise mornenml ],lIn1.::li dOU· eC:hiHl)tu s,i akl'!1mi efur~

1"i.iIIai hll~e g:"ii.ndit $] dirb:at. R.;e.puta,ttaprin rigo'a]'~~ ~i efieaGitatea.\'5~}" clllU:ura ge.[m}:ii!]':'a. ~r :l'l-Q.fe~J~ solu~H rnai jJouivire cu aspil'lli~jl'~ lJia~i'llnij rpnl~,l1e d~ci;H ,lue'ntaHtat~a irall1otWi, ,aqJ:zati'i de slrperfic:.i_amart, tbiiilf de fdyolitate.,. Pennu '!!mii~ n~~i,ml!'Ht d.i,scJ:plinaW ~'i Ii: iJ~t1 .~~1rit.UI,~tlffanc~ se OIPlL~ T'leal!llmixi.csel'ii, germane. :,,[,. ,J germannl n-are inlel~~[:lU'l~a Qnl~nata,j~HnOn~c,~. c~hilibl'llnt\ ~'i hJcid,il a ;frm1cezuhri. [.,.J 'iuteJ i'gel.1~'l g~;lurl1 a .E~lnM C:ol1f'u~a, Jl:Rotjdi.", d].ez.oJdD.l1.f1ta; ill!C-;ifu1.dti~·I~}, l>en:tru all~i, (ii.ml)o:L.riv~~ g~r"'nfllml el.'a~e~,'1"J.e<hLic, iar ftaflce:Z"~~] no tocrnai sedotS. :Ne-·'!l.tla;m, ,e:vidc;ot, in Z..QrlFi re;PL"e:lwntt\:l'i1 0:1' putemie m~tifloatp;:j. ou pol~J:iz!lr~a ~anM''::~C·· ([stidi m.tre a()Qer~i~'(I'e' e:ll.tllzi:asiii ~j resplngerc aiJ!Eolu:Ui,

Mitul ~6r!'fl§lli :a lO.S't ?lpti;u'llcaut'lci m'inod~~,~il d~:rill !!!illCii ~nino!b:iHi~i ]!lnUe:nt~~ ·re[)reuJlt::l!t.ai i11 }'H'il1lui. l~tl(Iprb'J. $()C;ietah::;;{ ).r .. mlrJutfl.! caraa ~Vll t, nu cUV'~l'1t dC'Cls:iv de SPIJ."l, 'i'nevpltl:t1ti cidl~lra]a~;IIlQllticii a, t6ri:i spre Sml~]tl:~l secol.uh~d ,aTXJX":lear (chia.r. d~c.~m;n~D:rltmtefi ]tmimi~:tikw- ca mlce fin:[)jotUa:ic ill f(on'lj.ii,~ Ilia de ~it!llTc;i - er:@lJ. rot ~Lc l'brillJt\i:e 6nlmrafa tr~l1Gezii, lijlUd l!l Junlm eel ~l dtideau tGtu~j .,ge:r.Llilfi<l1!Q:fi Iii ~I), 0 l~,UI.l'e pel'S'o,· .~aditc~rtc ou~t'lH'a]a Cal T.im Mak)lfe~c:nj ],]11 om iJo1iiic de taba lul P,fl• C;up ~! eel ma L mare poe:t f-,om51h MUl1'd Bminescu, se ~.\1icrlu tn iniel":lon!l~tcs~ul curent. D:Q1lP'I'C'lcivi~~l'~I"~i-'l fJ~;'l!~~ em~~, ~j tl:111t.i ales d.eSl=lfe efe~e~eie co.tiJ.t::actuhji 'IDn:wni]Oj' eu Fg;an~[l! :lilllillQ::iCIJ s·~a, e;"iq;)ri,ma~ eu sineeritarea t~!i (:~tn1ctc-l'isfuc15.:., .. "Lll P.~ri£,> iulapenare ~e ~h:!~s]n,~ si, de lenelCu fem,e.i1e;·i p:ier'dute ~1-n G'rgme~iobs(j.cn(:t' (ScrltO~lM(1111): Ca ~i Mai(lireSCi\,li~. afnin~~u~rad.e £or[j"tll~ie cultL1iffi.~a gerunalla. 'Cazilll"Cl'l'lRl'cabil est.a 1!1 sJ~ ~J~ III i Car~;gl;~]e care, fiirfl it aViC(t

I1J.id:t~ cU:l1o~tjn,t;a rl.e.I~~lIbJi., germatll"llat;-,a dceis '~ll [9(]4 :s;a se .sh'tbUe!l,sd la l30il'lin~ unc,e: a r.finUl!il pa~la ln s'mr~]11]] v~~tii. Dori!n~a lui a fost sa lT1iiasdi t'lb'~tl tara- civi[izami' {;iJ aceasttl ~lU putea J'i. d~c.:£it CJe.rmm:lia:! O:u.'lfi-Un-ral'ealVl,i. cu intr~ltubi~ui

]i'!mcofi] ])d~u'Vnjneell! nflnt in vlz:~,t~ [1\ 13'J;:illlin ~:u 8'eiirbi:t dl;l: tau ,tlc ]I illl;lofl.i(l~'.r<l ~i se iu:u~nlp1~} C~it:ls~Uu:i~ G !iHrv:t1~s;~.~.}.~I~:~n~. (k'!!mtoloiljl(i~ C!l'I'H\ll;erilS:(ic~ penhu p['iviuil~.I'OmiiJ1u1u'i fL~uprfl L].,1I'l'i] i Qc:e,id1el!1tll!le. ]:~

~.u ] a Sl ]. 1{ogllITII.OOfltlU nu ~zill'l s~. a.fhme it1~I).'l]I]' disol!n r~!lt~t la A(;[lde;:mie~ ~.roa~ vJIru~a l:n~a., ~i tfinar ~~ ill y!h'SiZl. oo~pii, am mrur~lIl'isH in 1.'l1ai mu]~e l'f~l!l&l1ll'lic{\ cu]tJ;ll"ii genn~llcl ca, UniveJ(fiib)tii din. ~.ei'nll. dt B;QcietatiL_gs:rnna:~eil1fu:batil(YJ: ~i 111~.rn{)[' '~~:trlc~J C1irl au o[,era:1: :reil.1;\~"JEm ~i Uflilatoo Qeoiuu'lliei dat9res(; l'n mare p~~1e {Qtce fJ!rtl de¥,enit hqunl I.:)] .. ea ~1 dH.a moot p~.trt6tism'1itlJ,li german ~a rli.prins ,1(<:::11a, piltl.:ll)tis!uuh;i'i meu ~·cHCn~n."IS Flsrul pOli~iic:Jl sp1.u~4Iun\:Qgaluiieea~uj,cflre nu datonlin.,fond maipuSin il}.'Q]lm:rH :fr:a:llce.7..e-de.;C~t eelei get.

mill_l,C, cf( (lira G~nl1atliei yen~se,! '

!;}anlli Jru 19.14~ pozitia Oetm~n1liei ill fo.nna:.rd ~lit.dor re:rn~nc.1I. 'fiCllt progres;e; C~:lll,'3,tl)n:liC. Ba ~n'lenil).ta de.ja~ Tn .an1!mite. Se-Cl01.re.: SUlpre!Uatia frn;mq,cz:a:. itt 1892. dintre lll...,fe~.Q.rli U[I'I.vel::1iili~l] dln BtW'I!1l~,~ti! 42 t~i :£lc~,lS;ei!":~. s,wrliflle II'! Fntnl~' ~intu~i 8][1 Ge:rl'nani<:l.; in. 1914,. 62 erau de fQJmllatile- frll[lceza ~,i .29 de: form A:~ie. ~elJ:nMi ,16. De 11t S bl 1 f3tpOr~1 devenise 2 lao 1.·Djsci~Hn.e C~ :fllQZo'fiiil, :i.~wda sau geQgrtiJfi~1L da.to.rnu deja mai lnt~U ujti:ver.sila~ilor ger;rnane cl~cit e~'lor fnm:;~:e. Tieclll~u] nu pO~J:e ft re;fa.c1ut,ne puiem ~otl,t~i intrebru pana unde ilU' f:i mer.smiu®lltllgennana fil.7t p[im!Ul.mibo~ lilCfl1ldial care a franaf ... o ill mod d.eoJ.siv, dupii'i. (H~'d):.duse oeazill ge1:tllan.()fiIHor e ' (';~ ~l ft.llIlicofilUor, ®a",~i marrifeste din pHil!

M 1. ~" C~~:tghil,e,. Bcfljod ;jf}.'(.-t(J (edllie ~eI"hml Ciooul@.~iPiJj)., Iid]~tlrll pe~d1in 1~~I!er..Hll'L~l BIi.!~ll~ti. '11163': !>C-liiSgrtr§~. lui cara.Si:~l6- c~tro Al:ceu Ure()I~li)~ •. din 7{lO hi lie 1905, pp. tQ-29 .. O['1iltila.I~I,i Dcl.~vr<1J1{l~ d.~s;pl'~ GetJflJ~rii.lI;: "Adml~i:!l1r<l\'(J~ i~n1'IeJt~ II!rte, ~~iiIU~"'~~ IiliCre, ~I,]l\.'<!~e,.~~DJi(!mlJl) d,Q jkr~ bhjl. ii:ille.~l'Ic:ri, firi~d,p'nhlk, rrnvrLli~j ct!Js.e, 1:n.omJIt\Grlillll, [!1fiucmu,

ue,'('e', tol, tot! prQSl~ 1>tupid, i:mIioGGJi ~" .

n~ Mihflil Ko.grnlli.u~mi~!11 fiJ1j, t;:if.i. '11)1, II, 1'. {,(lSI';

I~ Lu~irml Boi~, up. ©{l., ~)p. 55-56. "

~n~!.lziasmul ;pentnr un.lI..1i SitU altul dh'JJtrep.el'~ .clo.ua l]1ooele <:~n(jI..U'ei!t~,.

Ptap-a..s6a c~am,·d.e ~10~St r~zbo,i -. in care ',R@man~a~; UI""

n,~dllcl m~lU:;;a:rf.:allnirl'i~lll!).·W:BU'Ll~. ~~a. aflat nl~bi.in {J[~ro~~. G\:r]"m~lfiiel' ~i a 'snf~tH 0' ·ap~"S'ato{.l.li O'C"I:l,vati~ ,g'ernmnii·~· - iii. pertur.Ml co:ntLflJJ~r@fll~m'n1lrda a :rDlpor~u[]lo:r, tlltr!lIlsigen;~[I.

m[lmf~ta:ta ~(N. m~ita0Q]"}lefJ.rntit IstodiC~l a falsI

f"Qo[j~ apropia.t,. fua~ ~ ~.eo~a if.'to:ric:~ g~n'il(lCI.~~;

ifIclhult':a sa. ,.!~iUl,tifra.l}ce:za,,~ d1in 1.906 (v]z§nc{j. Tn rapt: iP({)t!1'j~r(;1a ,~.ulmrii romtine) i~a sporit r~puhltLa, nu t-OC[1tU:11· IlM=:dta:iu" de: i.~g~r.mIDil1ofU'·. Or~ ~n montmrol caoo [zbuel1e~;te yazboiub, <]l.eg.e:l\~fL lui IOl'g:a .es:1:e fllim €i~h~v~c" dytem:tffiat.a., evydent; 1..D1l1· ihtDi de!) motive strict [O~lWrM!~tJ! dar~ intr-o anlL1T11ili maS'!.Hil~

~i <~~ Q. seL1.s1bilj~:e .filQn·~llce~~ ~i!'i~?:latinac~ ie~''St1]m \[ ht,fvealit. :flU. . 'ft;...r:ub1!rJ.Et."tJ1!rG.'~? se mu.tLl. ]eel~ ·.~lll.m.· 'hc01",pm- ~ bhcat.de·cll:a 17-a~g;tl~~ 1914, m.!TIOmcnwLo<U.lld Fm:n~apar,e'a '[\

apll:oaJl~ i:nfr,§.i1.La."C~ iubin1' Fram~a - sorra .[(nW~ - ~ i'J:~iJl.(krle~u,icJ. de~[ azie, se z:ice~rl1i:iiriia d.e Germ~lli;ll.· Tot ~~a C1Jm c :neln4rn.einic ca l'~s.pcmt~m .~i admirl'lu'lI. Oelll.UIl'lift, de~l e, ·1'I:d~.s\i) :zi~~:j ].I'livingnto:llrea Ff'dotei.; [,' ,1 D'e ce iubim ~ns:§!. Frll!lJ~a.?· PJe1'D.tm en ]];m'eag~, n:Q:$lst'di chlsls:upe,rio~I~. rnie~~s: in moda ~i 1nx],]1 ei?'Poale, pe\!'l!I:irllJ!.9~ 6h~:sa"J?e;n!b!Ju"ca SlUt1i;~e.nt latiui ~] ti(1,t:irn fr.lln:tuze~ti3? 1n mare m:l;1s;uri1, an, DIu' l'lZlaI alo~. ]a noi lQ~il ne<liplalWlfr~]~ pe;ntru un .al t[e~leamotiv, Ce VIta Oe:rm.ama.? Do:mti!:a. tn Blu'~pn,.1~ffi1IJtl OOCilt10n1.ia sa 1];a~,iQ· nath., pentrn p~]tcm!t8a poUt:ic~.,.·Ce v:rea·Rij'~ia?' Aceefl~i 'dom,me poHtic!!. 1d E'LlrOpa ~,~j' daca se pOOle, .~ mal depa:rte, Ce vrea

An. gll.a? p.-lS~m .... tea ... d.O.' rI ... l ... I~. i.~i .~'a~.J;".n, . .o. r ~~.~ ~.~tL~.ti.ggri..·~or'.' ce ~~ ... ~~G~" ' .. Ce vrea Aj[ist1"O~Ullgan~? ,i.l1tor~lrolll ,$~ mllnd~rea amb]~!d.Q ..

U!n~ll'I:r~ti 'ill. Ca"lp[(~ ~. B~11carii, Ce vrea msa F!1~nt-a? Ea vt~ .' .:sa trii.i"a"Sca.. .Sa. ~rMafi4.ltif"stll.rul rr.allcez ~~ l'la,ia :fm:';)I;Llce,z:§;{S.5"1\ p}lst.f~:l';epi:i:lniid'l11 ~i d!\~pruri~e, :Sa-~i l~z.b1;.~lle onoarea .. '~~l

!~ N, ]QT;~, RJi~b{)bd mMri'~ ~n 1w1e iiln(a{~. vel. I, EdiHuril "R.mnuri" ~ Cmitl"v<L! r.c!., Pi; 18,

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Spie!ldi!~Hi pfl.gfmiii de l1:1irnIQgje-".pQ!W¢i1! DQ] m:d tn;'1.l t2h:~iu (hl 26 ~eIHGl:I11.b!'i~ 19] 6)~ 1();fgiJ, 11;U pler!le1l. !j:r..iI.~jul de~l.~i !J1fien:l ~i)~ liali~,iU ,,:ate ,<;e dezim~~:(;/''aJ.d"~ eu aUS! C1(lovj'i1l,~, p,~ .\iJn~I,~iQU~"AjU EI:!ll"aiLpe lind III l"mibcrhll p~ cm'c Fra:n~;~t .1.,",11; l[lcepul fii:ra nici ~mprogr,a:m de eucerire, rorn n~.Q;i. Q li!co,Init.'i' d~ p~n!lintllr.i .su~ille ~i fil!:a nim. 0 3l11JbJtie de ttsmulge.JI.lroI~· in f'Qlosul s~u negc1:1li:;lllia, ~~5Y!;lm: Luml'j, [faJi~'j ap~:i PiOrtu,galh} $1, tn stl:r~.if • .RDmi,nia. Lat~!lii i~i varsa aEt1tziSmp'reuI1~ .s~pg~~" [., .r}l~ SpanJa era 1\C1HZala cfi. nu pa[t]olp~, la, ace:a:s:tli. :frti~;ea>8ca vi'irsa:re de S~[]:g.e ._ ehiar <J]a,d flJ ~fo,lld' nuavea rri.,G:] un interes :sil 0 mcii~ Sa ~~l3'emJ:-lam ~i mpnil,c~: lorgili" ",fu]sui gennnnofil" dlHaimte de 1914, ayea sa rdhze .sistellliJtic dupa. l,~:zibpi oIke C(H"lt(!Cl eli Gel,11UI:Ulia $1 eu m.edl~]l uni ver-

$itar ,g6F:ru;fi[l. .

~ , i~:im~gin.ar!l.l. 'p({ljti.~ I'Om,fi,Lle~~," p~~rn]da?1l~el'-beL~0Jii ~ I lI!~L;:i.!}]Lltlit;·:a~adar; un pw'Og('es at. Frfimte~: II urrrecul armodeiu1w I~ g{}!11H1t'l. E;V(lI~Wii,UlTi tndoic~l~itl'e:I,a~~ly<e,; nAt flind d'L! pe c]e

o parte, flrux;u[autohOOifli,s:t .si in ,genere malIUlizi!l.f~:a sQC:j!~lil\]i ro:tl:l,illle~d llmltau $1 flJtrau. elcnlQ:J1DC]!~ pre.I,1J~ll'e dill al:alit ~i dill cu.]turn fIill.1ceza tn prl mullJand, iflipe dcaU~ parLe, cbi~fr dimirnJlaUI ~f ]nca.p~bim de ,:1 nu:i oftwi Uri 11'l.odelQoel'~l(j Ocrmani.w, ~j-i1 p~5trat b ']lCHld.ere s~n_n; tiG;activll(riniiba. g,erma~ !ilihien f{a~Q,t ]n II deua pacz:i'~\i,e d..1,:!piJr,m'iccz~'j UnruH· :rom~lli I'.'iQnt~r.lUa:Ui sa stmi.i.ere ]"uJ3ermaula', ~arij1 I)(~ajnl:~ celui de-al daHe!! :dizboi .m.m~di,~l,. CXtJ:tm1fl c1r;eapt5 rttina.lleac$c5, dCf~i ]zv~rnUl din sohil fluoo:blbH, ~j-,a desooperittLuefe' afinl~~\:i cu id®oj.o ghi nazis'l'li.), CO~lI Ang]ioj (marcil. ll~laia 'din Oceidef]t aJ~wd de F(itt1iltlJ. em In cre$tNtl~, ,,~"b!lglofi!i;fl" dn1~n~.nd.tolU~j hmrntat~, la ml'l.u.ri fnclivirlua.le" MI;l!] ael1lrt:iHcaHv.t1 fus,~ sponrl 1t~]iei" ,deve.u]fi:il 'f'lIk'i:ti!.ui 'de fnmp;, un 100 pri vi I:egf:a~ al ftluIia,·· !i'i,~ elHe~ot~ !'n~i ales in 8et;~;cin:d $rHni:eler u.ma:ne, 181 aceill'\;t;!1 i1;d~1ilPl'lidu-ge *i ~l]leLo s lmlla.tli PWi:tfL] sohlpile soc[n'l-pri]fhoc mnssohniene.

!Ii.

(Zu:m se vede, Q var.i0tateA~ modele oceideut.alercomfrunUHe eu l1lJ mai 1~'t~P~'[ pl'sZ'Clmd mocl6~ antohton, tQ~ ~'la'i puterf.ll~Q aruu:latl]l1 oluda: caraCDe::rului saiu nebulo~ ({]irrodDxi'~1 tl:aJ~ip9lUI HStl~j, ~lLl'ii~1sJll ~tc.),

11 it%gie. COItUIII,rst(j

e(te~ ee a pdmll p~:ni LA urm§, prin nCa$Wph'lta m ton;alur~ .a, 'J s:l:ode+, a fost (HI,~. nou 1'l1ode]u LrU:8ie;sc~ reelaborat '-1 Jti~,)a:nd oomuni.sulntui. MiLul Uniln'l]i Sovi.etke a ucope'il'i.t Spl'€ I]:dj ~ liJCLli. secolulni oclcare t~h, .rep;ett Cl,dt1.1Y;';1:I, .L~fm [r'fa lP'il!:€ de Ia Rff!tifrit - tit'll! I. bl'O~l1ri i prc)pag:al'llc;iisti.t'>e publl,a:.a~e in 1945 d.¢ M~h~il SadQV(){lII:U, g;O!;:m,t 0'11 aml'e;~ih.,gaje·de pa:rtea,IiI.o~i ~rien~~ri)iluSh'ell:zll.:t;entr(l~ pl.'orund aLscbhl'~Mdil9 R01~nia r~i itlto,!"Ge~pdy]rHe dl n:sp~e Apus s:pr;e Rasadr. Cee,!"! 'oof!)rl~ p'~azp. §~ ~~e~~~~~i da'~ este "l·adica[.ismu ~.' .so~,u:~JH.~r .in1jta~ td:gll;t.rom§R~tl. MQd~llJl fi:ail19ez, m1odei,~11.a~ltQh~Q!'! !;!! mode.~1:11 S<Qvi~!ti~ a:U·.ftbBt teate, ]81 :v[e~ea lor ~l. psntru .1IdellentHlor. ~de:v1'i:r(lte n;,;~~tgii.La ] 86ffi,. ma1J§nfi IlL! ~I avut alteeva mai bun de ~.cm, .&eclat sli copieee ~cmifilu~la belgianaj la 1948 au G~!~i~.HI p~ eea gqVj,cHea. SpirHul <'Io,esliH:!iJ jmil'a,~ie pUiile lJl ,e;vi'd'erlJt?J, fragi Unate:~. ~j hilslabilitaoon 51ocietiM'~ii .. mm~nl~~.i, morel. Lit 'emltWi,ro (i!C!iCpere,.C'll fll;f1l1,{f u~urin,~ milt]fi.c:al~. Se pcate replica, d0:Si~r:,:~ peste '!:ot 'til Bl:~ropil·C'e.irntrnBi -comunisf01;~[ !.'I rust irnpusprh\l simpla iJli:lll1tare: ill mvalugolui sovletic. Acoe:astai nu s,.G.I1tmh~ fitSri. Ellptul di neul modil ~l~;bst mai fidel aQ:oplmt ln Jtol~laui~ deo-at ~tl cel~l alte .~ari ~at'CH~~,. Se \la: sp~]ne c~ ROJufrmi.a a. fGst·q }ali t~,~vmsi:1J; da;r ~~j Hn.galii,fi 8: fost. il'J:phls~ nl$fde~ul sevietie nu nlll.m.aic:a.I;1!.l it ClUlJOSOlHO ame,[lU1itei llt1pii re !,<I~!V~ .• ,fI~sp(l'atn:d.ere~· ~h~ Ulliunca Sovieiti.co1; djmpQtriv~~. a, :fQ.s,t GO~'isoIkl;,lt.

III lu:stm,l~,!\Llt~ tTtilll!rluij~o ... iclkl ~Sl'e]J~ 1;;1'L':g Ill".li;l}W d~A.drillll CtC1mifiill1~ HU.rll]1u~ vilm d'~ ~~ Ra~!ii,:iiL Nol!.'IH ilTl<lgine n lInill!liJ Sovie[ioc 'til 'Rlon.b~nj:ll p[ls,tb~~i~~19i~iI-1 ~1'~ ~hMitm'ira (;'OjI,rrmM/Jm}~ii Itl~~rlllw'lt: (:ll:lb d il~I;(;~i!l lu:i LIllOiafJ Ooi,\.), I~dijl!r~ D~llhl\e~s.ii~tH [!m.;u[C~ti" 1.923. !?P, 6:;\-112.

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Ca $) 'in Unit~ne.,~S,ovie,~k:~j' in ]tDllL'l~nif\i a dlspii.rl!L compk:~ p~uri:p~It~dh;:mul (Blefl~hu:H P'~:rt;~Oil1 ~i fp.:nnni. in cl:.lDQlllLlte ~d e()nl~I,[];is[e), !s]l'llgtJn'}'\ 'p~md t:h'l'l:ail:3nd eel G~:n1tu) i~L R(lpresiunen ~ cmlOt5:Cut rnetode 1:o~rte 'fl£el,tlfllt~~Q;an:~ preeum £aim:o!'!u~ canal nllilitrea~~'b.rea Ne:EI!gra" 1"(Z1~t0d.'U()er(:l. Il1: carm;1lelor~ l;ag1i:r~' de inlmt]i oi II Uniunea So'vi;~ti~ii, SI)DQulo", ~la.re4'. Bjtl'L~iiGi:i. .~~'Vi:rul~~~a pll'.Qpagm1.qci~t:ci.ste R~] ~til'lJS un 1'l1 v\~l :t1'iIlO~,li(rt de eel s9vi,etic, nicic:l.!ld! aeuma i~t in t~>~ile :Co,mnniste. cfiL'oli t~ satl protesl;atlte. Colel;tiviza~'ea panlftij~U~ i~1.ia, l'Ojl'L ~:pl'oap® 'moroU" C.8t in Unh.:1l1ea Sovietioi. Jnclustri;n grell s-a C{ll1stiUlit de alilie:m.en9adlll:par.n.JJull1I'1:Qd'~1 !;ovte~ic, Nt ~lfl~lIn aiei cl'l~:Ilr io inirua de'nrn.ll''Sului lm~cJ~,clgic eemunist, Clll accentul pus p.e industrii 'IrLuiv:t';, maicllra,cte;ri~5.~iGe ~ecQhllu~. al XIX ... lea tleciL"sEit1}lWill'] d~ ~OO] a[ X1<:-h)a: .net' ,~~cirl)l,.rn~~ Qte4,. chlloot~ st!oo.el;t"t:iblh;:~de ~ltatls;for.llla:l!ap],d stn:!lT. Jtrrn.exlOOlirlOmice, ~ooperi.nd tam CIJJ usiue 0$1 "ru:rmde~,l'ldicfincl i1p.[o,al)e din niOlle 0 H.mllcroa~1i c]raga muneitoare ~] fwVlncl procesul urbanjz~.rH~ 1:n c~;uda qfic~ro,.1' p'rlne:1lJii de ,eJlDa~i~ tate ~i [i$[It~bili ta 1£:,. Seol'l!~ul:mi ~ologiQ tL I acestui tip de i!ldus~ trial:i.za~.'e eSl'e rrga:j evident In R,OTfJ!1~ni~c:b:uar diecat'in U llLi:m.l£'ll S'ovietic,~,! .pel1ln] 'simplu] rno~ive~ r~:mt\sclet~:nii I,1iU se potr]yeau CUl.tl~ ascf),lell€;fl, proiect, RQfnjbtia~H1,e'0eDl.it nstra:l, p,e nrmels sovieticilQ'(~ unul gin~l'emi;]]'iiprod;ucatQI'iT d,e ;d1;el ,~] '~u~1i; em difetel]l~ .agntV~liita 'c~ marele vec:II!i. p;t~tea l'I'IIizll pe z~c..~l'nfm~ hUletl~e de tier ~i de ein:rl:ilUl'lGl, it'! limp 00 R01'l'lfuri~. rrf.lb,uJl!',sale imp01'te {djn lhdiat Cal:Ulua-s<t"u AUS:~I)J~:h~.!) pent~u a saJlt~isfll!ce 0 fai~~~;zje j,deolog]ca" ])l"G~rnll'lellya l)r~'letiIlri~hil'n:li ._ 'ilnp~lsi de mitul ,~o<mu:nist - s-u till.dus ~i <prin 'Q!1!3mtr'I(M sprs tebJ101o~ie> ~prepmclHt'f,ie j a in~clera:~liJaHt~~il. S~a. afiril](lt ml mit Jil 1 Mgi.l'l~r~l~i' de pTcrycl1liell~a rot sevieticii,.,.pe care Rom~i11j~ll~a dns 'il'l'l$:a ]a4esl%';;~.I'~h,e., Ll ~nii din I:!r!lua iii :t'cghnIJlui ciom,nf:d,st, do] absolventi cUh trei <li '[r1:lia~aJl11in['ll lui supel'.i,9~: t'0l1i5nesc €:t'11ll i I1g:~Jt]eri, lr'ecord ~'llo,ntJial1N bsroll1.~ (fa~[J, decirca SO% 111 U111l1rlCfI :l!l.'l;l:vi!~tici!J .• ~i numai

7% in Fr:anva ~I in S hw.;:I,e Unit~e! )~g" (;1.l1n 'sev&!do, m:oa:eh.rJ Jl~vueIij.t: a'foslador:tmtin cck; m;illl 'mid deUlIH ~i Ghku de~~tl~it

in UI:'Iel;;;: pr,lvinle·

Dttp£;; 19,64, 'Co!ndlJjc~~(lrii.~oml\['Il~ti n5milni s-au lanset in-

~I'-opo'~i t.ica apm'Cnt j:n(l,CPiO(lJdQ,'rllt~" tJnH obse:wvatctri ~m,pCl'- 19,Qh'di au 'pM.hrl cred,e,. d.,.iC3. nu j'n.!ll:'.,o1:elllJ[llItf®., W1puPtl i,~.tl'-Q ~ln1~!~ajalle,.n modetuiui f>e:viiet;~c, O.la'[§'L n.1a'i mult C~ cfJ:~ i:i~oria ~,t 1irnclitia $t!'ii, au !tI~~ - fie ~i p:Elrtial ~.~. detol!Tlillal ----rep\llse in C~];'iilphllriji.[l,]" !lJIIJ' mi trt r~portud lntclj~ iomille Oil ();c(jbd(;!~r1b.d! 1.'elui1Irtc. A fast 6 a parenla·ll1'~clatm\l~. Stl'll~turilt;; reale 'alil~'aj,~ mas cele ~1~ .(..~Jl'rlmi.snittlui ,:t(Jvi~IJc;. ~Il ] ~89~ :I~ sfi1Jl'Sllul.dQmnj,ei r lui Ceau~,e~c'u,>~:'onlii~'1t:a em flli'!] 'aprm~piG} de modelul :;ht!mist-odgin1~tr dod1.t 'lh~j:mle;a SOy ~~lidflnsa~j., piUS~L ~J1 mJ'i~~Cfl:l'~ de GQirba,dQv; firn a flu1!.l V'QlIbi~c Sloci'ei5ti ~'iY!'I1unigte m~i CV() ]lt~tc ca Ungfni~ 'M'U. Polonia, Ceea ce s-a aiilllJ~t 1.tOOj¥' tui ro,a"d\;jl iii fDSl 0' O~.1.;-oo~f¢ lnflJ-zje de ~11i'L'ologie; arient~lit, Et>te momentul ca:[Id C:lthunl de'iiel1~t Ul1 ",p.d~.l'Ci"l 'ttradi~lonal·t<~:i! l1U m~ipu.tln, Cereea de·Nol;xi. "illlc"\liohl~l~m cllU'Urn~a« dec:lanf.lH tft i11 :1. 911, de~i tIui.dcl'l:Ud prin obiective' ~J ~n:np161l~ eu r~111Q111emd ch'inez! a, pre:ulltat unele ttll:!l~turi a8etilau~ti6~t'l;l ·{Che.Il;l,1Hx.:,Q 10\ QJd.i.l1e a ill~dec~uaHlQ:i.ln primul r8ndJ, DupIi emn di,sh~t~gere~l slst!i)an;uic!i ijft, Bl.tc:t(1re~ti1illwl ~i l'~dMlrea hri c,~, ,>qnl&,u~pjd~ ~j-au gt1~it 1il~ OO~SI)':Qllc1;e~t ~~~ .c.t:!, g]gl~lll~l~a~. uu eX,eJI'I'Ip ~u in l'eOOlnstrmfflaJ Ph~m:&.m.1,h,n !'f en {~ 1S1n,!:1UHI (11'f1C~ n;:!1ta: c;a.pitalll COire,eana fusese ras,lI de bombij;l:r:d~p1e\'lte~e amcl!.'ical':It~~ pe C~,11dl'omfmij ~,·'EU.I fll)ucm.t stii dis[ru~ ,;micul

Pil~is!'pi'ln prol?riile: i6rr 1~"!TUI.o[lLte. ~

hit rlll~su:ro 11'1 cEl!'e BtU~",~UiUl,1 rnr~ti!t as~~z] ma1.Lnult a .!ora~ ]'Ios:tco~,u~urist'~ ~tiiliC~t 11 rQpHc~ p<'lriz;ia'[l~, $eptla~51lpreci:a crtilflP!l.CluJ n,j"I!ltu~ $lovi~tilc a fnsi. l1'udputCl'nlc d~ci!it llrfl:Y·~ ,en\f1ll1~t11Iuil~L"[fI1.1ce:z (!lit~lI i[)G~~d.enwl, j~. getlit:tre), Ac~ilJnlca

~ (;lI !ll:1 v ;II'C In [lli!~).~o~11l inclu~tril~~~ I) ~OHI~1I],iSJ:nllllli, indusiv (\bse~i" illgWil~l'iei, \i'i,:"li Lr!l.liml Buifl, r,,/r fl!~)1I.1w'{'S!l{l !m~t!,rlt~ftq~lrl eli! .~Jl~IIIW1ism.r:l', W. lOt-Ins, ~i~2.j-1 :!.{l,

274

sa ll'rn.ns,:fb1j'mal!O~1Jl'C a men rual ~d§:no, modificfil'ld. r:adkal

g tmc,~urjJe "Soc ia.le,"peis~j\!ltavi~ ~i ¥i"<ll~ 'dal.n(::fl HOli .. Expli~f!ti~ $~a.I·I}l!'tca glsi 11"11 rt'12l$lvHmtea pn~si1.l:nn brute f[l~!l de a.c~j:m.1Jea m,li lent.a, ~ut:lu~n\if!taa mec~ni~n}e~Qr meutale ~i CriJtnralt prin C:!l;ro s . .,JI.nl~:ni[~t1it rI11'an;Jr]l"C~l V'iils:l~lllJ.L Mliul sQvi;eti.c ar fl, , din 1.Icoos.tu. pe~l~ectj,va~ un mit f~is/ma{ tUJ,-ilnd su:pa[ta.t d~at i:J.l1parri~]t! spre deosebire de mhul oocid.enl':fb! care a ,'<iI~dIllS .sooer~1'~:ii de-a 1:!:1u~hd. Lt]Cl'Uri]e .111,1 ~tau :untrLlll{jtul a~a~. chiar t1ad vioki!n;(:a $'KpHd l\'j:s~n~ial1;l:.~ tn;l!ls[orl1-1ari]oI petl~cJ.[m. F~huh.l·:nc no] in~ima do ctJ·pcana. mitologiz;El!nti1~ I3U vom O)flfo. macjj poporul romsn lIDI. f1:t1g~mbru [IrA fist ca~ti,~at:dc,cQn:lli.ll'J.J.san, dar ni~i C~.pOVDrL;I] n):r:nnl1"UlflnS[lmblu nu ar fl dove<,!;t ubi 0 a.dm'e(l":~~ la eemunisrn, EXlstil croojl1:ciO;lli, neeredincio~i ~i il'.ldif-e.l<3:II~i in. nlp(~rt cu Cl.l'ic:are rn it. Mosc(l'v1lj ~[l *i P1)~i:sul, ~i~a nvut adnliraltl!ril~i ImU<1.torii 'S .. ~i NUI]]<i] nOll!a nu l.'!'Ofl:te gCh~ll'lib!l. radical (\I: soci.etmte; trtlot,liiC:l s,~existo;;: ~~ .~ dOi'i1 de crodrn.~fi'j ea ~i odoza. de pattitip~Te:, Dad elitasecelului itI11 XJX~lem sMa~ri.eJJlmt sp.re OoCi(]~~}Ll t:lixlshlU .n'Lsode:~ate!l rolTl~l'!!~~(;a d~~n rn]j~QCul geOOllllui a1. XIX-~lca sundenoo rtf}IDldt11miri) tl\iisM'~r] ~j .• tjrunpl~e care .s:ii.·ind.~ptesHe segtn~nte ~r].c sodcta.tij sp.rc cu tutul alte repere, COi[l5;t~I!irnroa ;S':;i'! tHILnl {aDe dL'lp~ .~ 989', ,d0ved,itRh],.~p !'CHccni~ unel ~a.rgtpar~ a PPpl::l~ ]ij~.~i de £i se H!pe cl!(,ji st1"U(chlrii~ ~] mcntflli'l:~:tile camunlsm .. Re-:\i'Mir,e~ la pt:(I:r;:r6 ~ ex ~OOlllUl'ili,~~Hor in ·n:pajm·j (abe<L~BraOr Cle:l1tfal~~~n}penc tibia elibel'(I~e de c.o~m}l,l.ni:sm d!.ll'v~e~~(;i; cit feno'.mell.Ld este mai genel'<ll Statu.~"!rn.'!vid.eut1i~, U!.l1~fornl~tatea soci:aHi (fie munai a[:lIA'li'Snti;i)~ rlrept\llia U11.Uu:a .ns:i.gn.n~.~ ~l Hlttll:e all-de pe qrol'lldema:[ 11~;U.·Qm SUI.llt e~el'lt.e .~te~ne;L l!J.lJ.it9]og~i ill ClU~ mr fi d~cmi:t :s~ .8:[ll'l nem c! unii nu an ICreZ'L1( ,i nu confin~cla ~~. cooada! num;)i il1nddii noi tll~hl!e nu credernl.

P<,e de- :11.1 lit p~I'L'l!} - sl se dovede~'~e d~ 11 nou COll1l:liexi'l1llooa c(lnnguia~ti lor tllftinl!: -~ c;~e[iu~, ll~deQs~b j, Jns:.te;ri.aljS!l We l'l'luni:smu'1:iJ It g~ne:ml un UiQL1 prcces 4e miHfic~ire~l Occid,cL'lh,duj ~u ohiar alumii neCOl'll!1.Tni,5tein an.5:l1im'bh:l. Rel.~.liv

h:iJ!n~i dlill restu] lm':tlii, ]'OI"l'1;1llli au pulut f~bll la in 'voio. Qe~ QiJe:ntul!n[tk~ ge,neraJ de .colnuL'.Llsm!,Jll.l'QJJljO~eSG ,t fbs.t 'Ilns:~ de~U~ .. llfL:Llld dedH OClc,id-sul~J e:~Hei secolulul al XIX-len. I~'l'intru ace~l'iU! din unna eonta JilprimlillalldQ:lodehil C1C1iItur.n:!. Sul1,Ceall~~ou. Oooi<I(llltu] ill oferit maLale;s prod.~e:liti: '~hfjljza~d de ~ci:l1~uqrt, ·P(lnl:ri.l: mm:fin:gl lipsit de ~de mai' ele-

l1'1e.ntan!e: hlll'lmi, lucmrile ~I:imil:e,~ia ~Jachet'! (n~~:fu.ri .de n do:ua: miJtl!.~l un:e.(lfidliar UZllite) au dri"l,loo,itUll ~l~~';!,bi(:;l[ a1 ib'~~oostlitii .de~ip (icci.dGntal r DL'lpili dleoombl;iIl1198:Si, sUfi]Yd~.a!it· f'O~t d S .. m,1I1 gij"sit udepozife;" d~ pto}W~e en I;ol:~l~ l;m'na:le 1(P1.t{~lj ¥~rlj S;;~pun) la membri ma:rcant( 1lj ~ThDm&l.lGI~Huriipmrr"l1~I.~~~ . .Pa.cbctu~ de cafca ~r ~igari:l ~J(e!lt" Uiwll'auvi['tu\;ile ·Q;lwiU;roVJei QQcjd[}l1lt~1~: gemnifica:ljv~ degradare a nliluh11~ eob!D~it La· ·ce]lnl.l], .~~Zll:lt nhitl im.aBit)~.biL ~i In.cao deg.r;~u::l:flro;'nliml Occ:i:de,r!;ti!Jlui a de'ilerlLit, In g.e~[u:.'re~ .,mit al sl['fiiJ.~.iiUi~~.·': to t ce cS~te- .s,h'3ill.e~~ bun (n1Lf.-O accelptie pr~dorl'l ill!lllt n~~l1)lM'iala) :Mul V rotfJ.Sn] uu :m<ll lae dCQsebireJ chu1tit'llih-e lshulbuL ~1 Paris, At'l1l.erita s\]1.d~!JI.~ {j;i iflll:uJ~M~tU!. n:Ilk:m.sQ!"iet~.~ijambe llrezeniW in Rcma.l1Ji;,I 1W1ftJ'lij • 70 si '8()~ miile ,de sru!1eil~j an1J1)i v®ld~. in Ul"li.versl ta~le l'QmfLnc~ti t(li~nlili tllndd1. nu i~i f~leau pe~n)ih} sji studieze ll1

, Occident au p:u1lll juca ~Ll:l:r-Qtfrr,9>saracl.t~. ~i izolJllj :rQ~ulll~me,i .jC,liiilS~ mij!,ocil!~! snficiel.l! de [l.'VU:1Xl ~~ de oOSJ.l1o~)dl ire pe.J.1lJ;U <I dhtfHl'li&a diverse segment.e-ale societii1,]] rom.fute~tj eu care if.l1.l1'll! '!n OO~lta.ct (p:rin veh.]eukm':~. de luar[\ni S'~dtlne~ traflc de v,iluti%. b9rlllp'.~iel Jltps;ti1lL]V~ ." .. ). StraiJ1Ui-a deVle:l1llt un termen !!:1'll'J.e:r~@j !(}.xpr·e"s:i e uU'i:~ a lJt'QoesI.111.l] de mili fI,can:.

ll:aplfrc post:,·~ltQl~frirm(1·r.i!

D~p~ 19~:9~~ r~I'~~nmre~SIJ~ V'e;st·eswse,'IlslbUgj, fl:ilfl:lLta i,nsa d~ rt41s;fel'l~ a.utohto!1i~ti]ait'. :ad rearoE tel,,~p'1idt 8.aU Lmpli~ q,iLj Il\t p@~~'Ufi ttee;1itmlell~in.e1!iI3£I. R.omruti~i in B:st Proc(ll'l'~tI[ .a:IJ!~u~nt.foarre rioicat.a] tQ~ioTcare:iLcl~oifilp..~enJt !:~ fd.ectSi. ·e1UW~ ~~al'l:m. trebuie illt6'rFlret~t cu lQifJtii ~:tl'Ude!I~~L Nu[m1t1i lilImet\ tI1!~{;lege acclaai lucru prin 1.lnb:arefli in. Eu]\@:p.s(·. Mld~.i ret~.n

foioas~i~!, in 'Sp,~dtll dr9" ~Qt9m ri)ate:j']a]~ pre&ril'ld si\\ ignore tl:tl\:s~bllm~~i.le: ,S~i1tctltlfale b~PllS~ de'..~ as!~~!e!J.'le~. ,Qrieralllire~ n~~sa!ra. re,~J1)boJ:.al'-e ;i)I repereler pohbce ~1 Ol1.~lu:f'.f!i.ej' ca ~] iu~vHabUa~i:mi.tal.'eoA. ;S'lW,efllIli]t1i.pi n~~tQI],ale:. J3:i CO.l;D.~illua d .spel"eh]t'r~Q RQfl(l~!lte iiI~eg-.mtfi., dar ]1'1 ~lceia;lJIHmp Iltte!lltln~ :s~~l ~fn vaUJtile ej' ptY.retite.,

, __ ~~0I1~jde~n.4!lU]!lt iXl~j~~'eVOl~~onEUle;"~~1U FriUl~!)~ pdm.~l

la,e:; ~ 11. ·"unag]lll1.ml,~, occidental al .1.'C')[llam.lor,m,]Ul:<IUi ]tnOO:mt

(fie 8taw]e Utli~~" SUl)il1'!?ietuiriBa lllittl1ui fram::e.z - .c.hifll' tmcru 111[1 ma~ are fb~ de, aJJ11iua:m _' -~apare drept Q QaracteRs,tlcEil.'O'.man~~sca. Cllz~n]ci 111.tr-a, Europ~. dqJi'liruttiii, t1~ I,imiba eng!,~z!i,: in ROln~n~;;r. 'fi1lllcez<tse afla, sam Soil a:futt piiua nu demal], pEl p~'i,mu] lee !(3B1 lrrnbi'i de cu[tllil'a ~'I c()nl.ln,'li~~iJe.. t,lS~. eJ)gltza tinde sa (I' dlep!,i!~eascl p:mbl1lbH ,chiar a dep~~]:ta':L :Oupa. ;c;um. S;tatele i!Jni:Le llt'Cep 8~ de'v!ln!l~'eFr;1,Ii~;~fl prin. tot ee oHii'l. rb[ll1ibi~o!r c<i:m9d.el :spcj:~d si c:(~lwmt ]J~'Um ~~ ea 'prezelt~11i 'e{-ec:~[va in SP[lfit]! fQ1nanesc. CQll;tur:!iiJSmul ",conse.t"V.flSe'" .m1 tllJlfi:~l~~c.eZ; aGTIm,lntr~oJlIme de:.scllisa, :eJ va pLTt~. «:zi~ita eu .~m~give!i ~nf\u:ii de.mit?IQg~c a:ngJo..sa:!(on~ (idenlif]ca~]]~]a roale nivclurile, i.~,cLusjv 'fiJi Viat"O:l COiljlit~nit'!:PfirrtHnml. ~i:lrmz~oa americ:nl'J:~, prhl. ClOC~.,ce~,a s£l.ur~g~lt,l1ll:l1Jte]e Me Donald's), JIg;te de .<l~teU:1t~t ~I "·lTeV1~if'e. Tn fnfilaf a .G~r.milniei'r culp~'bj]i.zat~ dupa ra~boi.~ (Ipra!lI'C, epID.\p~~~ evacuatfL',€!in comple·:,,;ul. mjtic rtlmfule~. da.I'G:are art' 'H)]!JltitCl«l~e.a:~uu[i~e :nece..~an;: p~ntm a-~j r~1finn1.l trod.i~i!oludar ]!If]uenta, in EU!;cQP1t. Cefl!inll5." 111' ~rr!(];0ni geQl;)(lHU,oj ~ell),lItin, Romilni£! ~UD S~ ~fUi 'l!lJt[·c ]'n:n~ tIl ~i Stat)el,e UniltO. ci Ililtre Rnsia ~inenna.fila .

. Oiv~ 'attel:eprahni1;l foot 'Ia 'rnfidu~~e ~tlNocat:c: in (1IJ'lii po.st .. rev:O~1f1 ~ion:±'i.!l. Nu an llpsit, J~.n1. pa.rt~,t~)tl~erii"i1ic~irefel~.I;'i a,b,Fl:e, prurt~JQa]'~dc.:spM1n:~e,IM'llQdei~le SIIJC!.ieZ, El:~lIst[i:9C s!Wjnp®" n~~. N(,.s:~1:rlg~ cii COnli1JnismuJLli.J..Irmate·~c, <:u satisfimliy 'a,cLlJ:~- y a]uI l~lPd(;1l,~hh]~:z} C;f!lee .,tl" dOV0cU c~ p:I'i6cjpiile poHtice ~~ so.ci,1I1e autoEi tart'lpOltrnDe G3si .bulffi ell eeDoQm~~d~iber1L ·,0 r(il!feri!~ tiiil.i flied it~ e'StQ 1Co:ree'£l: de; 'S~U d:t oCU at~:L n1ai tel'ltlllil t~,Go c~[ QrerM imli!Q.girl;(~·a u['jJei. dezvoW'hi ,e.%.pklzive ~i l'ealil;[.tea l!.mei

tl'l!il~rive pl"ezen:~~ iJepi[~:\ill JUihi'!'i:~asc:~. Mat pl!lVin i):lVi:l'Cflt, dar fu~rte \i~zijlil. ,e-S:I;e, IDsa modd!.:lJ~'f9~1)e- 111[Cfla .nevi:[JJe i.n fartn. ]'ll 5~:JI!lt'iUI d.oJ'l.1ij~ at 9~n~l.va de lmpet]ul (;)tmnan; ~:i ~]ooJ.I'.'iita peJ'm '.F6rm3!o,f]l.,r.ealiza.td.de C~. mai siimc'a_dia.D:eI]a:~it1't1H~.el'n:op®.ll~ eare nn au ~IHO:ilm1t oormmisrnul, spm~e tot J;)'[1:' ~ dfJ sp~~s cu privire 180 hinefs@e;dle s:iste;mullli comunist. Is~;illb~dJul se 'ana J:l'lilli pudn (ie:jlmnte oocat l]ltdsul~ i(ff. asp~ttul genef.fl] al Ih].8 iC[I:resti~itii il'~prop],e a:sliizimai 'c~dl'iid de' CM'.H~tl'!' U!!!,ui,;mie ii!lt~liblll~' dedit de j ~m]o_111 frn:li~s!' de (itHI\i(Ht~it

Repere, 1l1od.del 1}11turi: suntem deIm-n:l~ ~.e Q,,"QP~iLlIne~la[a.

P'en01n~'I1 . de a,~trt:ll fi]'!Ii:::!lc;.rn~wn seccl ~:I Jtl1,'JI~rnte ml\~]'m'l:e~ J:.Q~na:na Ii f'Okt ~J;I1:,]nlativna.pr]n ltel roa.rj.ml~mrl"l: .des,pi:l:J~ire:a de 0!11ent,. apo:j d.egp~r~irea-d.e Apus prim imsta:~:lfm~a comuu:iStlJ'lUIUl ,,?l, tn srnnti t~ despii11i~a de QQmUI!!!.sm ~i revreujn::a!, ez:itarlUi.) 11 .!lrotctlOcc:ldel~[:IDU[, Teate aeestea mJJ impns prezentm fm:c[ mod.ele Inl~ Jtuple ~l contradi cterii, l!.1:e:ni:te ~a d.e·a ~e:ns ~i cc;e:r.ent~ uI1Jei f,l.esflil~~Jt'(f!. tmnziti'f., Oivil~'~i~ 1.l;I!Od~,,·~ l~ ro;n1ijll!eas'C~ este e.sc:n\:ia 11tT:~ll~ .0 cjvm.~fl.tib de)ra:n:z:i~i(;l: de aic:,u call1[a[\ea '~1.1r.i"igllmt~ a ceea ce pet ol"1!.rj ;c.eiEalti, de aic]~ numai pUUil., temerea ra~ii de ceea ee !H1!f putea piQrdc pcin conmeuil :c;u 'geU;:d,~i,> de aiel, a~~q;fI:I',a:mk'(Jg;un~lIL M 'fllsdn.ape. ~i respihl,gf,lt€:, en al~e' cuvinte '(fQs.€td.a s:traint1:dt~ii.

'lht~ ij08tll'fJ Se1J'8Il)'tl~ .. >tfga»i~ 1.1tagl':it(Tii!{ e~reii

AtrmTci·cann cetiilalt se Il'fia in Fn:tenol1d cem.pi, e] Qf(jr~ a<!il:sea If HI:' multe tr:a.8all4u'i de ~.]~eri~flte ~i S~iln-ul~a~ in mali m:tra.te. masLlr~ 1'01. f&luh:!e n:eli.ni~si 'cleo~&tt qeli11(llt dillaf:ad1. .In CUl:zullui~ precesul 00 miufi,cf!['1<l pq.fl~, m~l:g!e foa~'le depm:r,~~. Este oo~S! ce s-a '[.'Oeh'famt '~i oomtlnl.1a s'i se petrcaea~ in mediel l),)mfinsso, «:)1..1 l~ etA]! s,p~ifljoo.: t'lf]cmii., m(l.ghi~arii ~i (J1N·~ii. , Anehetele intreprius!e dl1p1t>]989 d~vO'dcscd'i tu~i ales, aSil~

!JIm lor sc ploo~,e.ct~:di,< 111 proportH difCdll£. fll!SLt'g'l"ile $i tame- 1'11,e-popnJilt:1ei III ~JIDri.taTe.

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llotriv:lt $l.';lIu:l~jei,o~r, nl;n-ox.im:flt;iv d,Oll;:i treimi dln:tre ront~tli 'I1IIJ it agl:eeaz~, ,pe p,g~1!a.rL PtoGef"tL~E~ >UeQSie'b[t .:le r,iditat~ 'P~l1~ a defi.tl:i "0 f1clGf'l,li'ltll~! pSI bod, ~1 '0fe!'~ to'Elll(} jnEr0dienls~'!I unu i, mit po~iti;. tig~J~Uo'r!i s;e repJ;@~ea~"i nn~he, de If.!! nesig!JH,nla v]e'~ii de fiee~~ z1 (c,rime. tU:hn,r±iJP~l'll hi ,&t;r,icllll;ea'hl~~lgiri~,i tadi fn"Sti'~'ina~l(e. El stiime&c tea:m.a fl'l,d,eosie:ol ptin, ponderea ~,ofldemQgrdi,ca, ,[\1ai 1'eC:e4~t ~i ~Co!L10111iol, in :S~l'l:~ib:i lii 'ttc~uer~. Num1iru:! l:PT,' opeiuL de o!dirru.! s:_utli(lor' (hrm~'], .e.~,te a:.mpl~fical de..ppiBll,n ptlblic1i,la.milio,ane" linGle tJ'.r():i,ec~~i. prevud UlOiI,lil,entuJ le:fll1d~ d~ta fUnd ruatflliff.ltea H{Hcati'i a unom"wl mane scapjH'i a ,ab(lI"():, '~]ga.nii YQr ~;IlG)~e ~ajarjmtil1'l Rema- 1'1] ct. 'Mituf t[,adi~ib'nfl] al tigill~.lllui~ ~xpr,imahd sel~,tln1Clintld de superiori:mrte f'a~a [i'e: un rel~.1,~]t foatt:a diferit, Jflff.lm.Hi.v ~] mar~,ina], dar §~ofJ:J'):u,me simJ)aiJeck! factlJrti tOoffillilUiomum&liMl)f::i ~i· ointe:npe !.QiV'iH~~toowl ;;$eretrag§l'il'l rata l,U'lU'i amestee de osmita.le ~i kGim.1~. D,iscursll]. promowt dij,ar 1m te!.mdzlunea p'QIb~id:[> deyi_I1J;(~ ill aceste conrut]i ras:l!S~,l~iginc];~i fl.fail:.are Q fh;u:ril soc:'htU'i care pmtte ,gell}e.ra, sl ttla:~li pel'.h::u]oa~e..

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t.T~moe; 'GallatS\ d:iIne:l'lSlU:l'JJ! mitice ~i, ating intensi tatea-de rnan]f~sta:re a unel psihoze. Evide114 isto:ria, ~i are: p&rt.ea, ei de 'l"e1iponsmJibilittlte:: discriminaree :r9mfrpiUQ.r ~i aUt:udlne& dlS"p.l-etJlt]t~m'C f~·'t;· de ei in Ung~da ,Clkla~in:t~ de 1 q.l18" ca. ~i dra'matioeLe le,yen:im.enteQon~e.Jtuti ve oedi'id§ Al'de[lh,dui 'de N<lrd to .1,94,0 Ott aup.Uoot s5 fill ro.a:rcl~eze 'CO!l1~tiil'a,tA rom§n.ea$~a. tn rest ]lls:a~ res~cimtl:nte[€:'Sltl'!rt bil1e in1:;f-epllllJ.tepo'ii.tL-c ~isi:Stem:atic1 am.pli ficat'e< (de- ambele ,pa1i:i., dat 'ceea! O~ ne intere- 13e~lza,a:e:lJm cstle mitblogi.!t ranl:a:netW(;;8. nuta~a 1mguri(Hl~ca)"

'l~:Pr~mtlllcZ!:.t .I,..aP{CZ~I.ffi:t~Y Til ~ll:'lflr~Jn~ lui [\,1'n~'an ~f;;O'g~haiQ~f!,~I: E~ gut:;iW ,ml" I "ili!i,t{;)r:f~. l:es j,l.i:fuw'J (}11i11iii!lgt~e ac;.~ (;i'g;t1.fJrs (13:1'7), l'elJrOij~,1 ~ lui Opcr'{l~ VQI;, ]:I, wP. 3 5>!1-3 E1S. LPn tYr de 'o:ri:ilon'l'<li 'ol\eshIl(L'lfi, nmotul tic) e bOll~1t~ bll Ibliol.lf~lJit\~ I:a aoeOt~~ POlN~, Cm~fi'ib!~;rw.d fa ',~UJf'i,rJ~d ~Jgtj'j.ri,{w· dhf RmoHfll!!:a, FQlnclfl~!I~~ ,,1R.~S!lII(i CJlrol I". ]1~lImlre~rri.~ 1939"

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~p~i,cU $lilU im.I',~icl~ perlco1~~ U[l~klre:iC'a o;m.rit tl!llllll:ib:i.mgjrrw~u~~ea,u~esc~] ~I, ~lU:tO p'll\:lne. @'cazii.,g~v~Jmuj~kI!T tl~ d~p~. 19'89. [ns,ncceB:ele H:[tetne .. ,~e bb~I,~t!ll gtl',it(: ~!JJL'Ob:[:ona, tree ,~J.~ pliil:l1 is,eC'(Il}d;ruJ; in f[~~{l m~oj' ameniJ.1l:tanimaghl'llfe tnrapol1: fiU cll'r~ s.e eie;re, ro~n1mj'[o;r'.s:n fit;! ~, n i:~i ~i s~ nite; di'ficull:~ li]~ :P(:l;SrIgC're. R,o,m§:n]i <!ifIa. 'Brit inG~~an;; Cia 1e,f5by-ul~:OCKI:!ilhi~r' omG~zia obstaoole :h'tel;L~!I!tion}1Je ROln~liei~ jar ircd,e~)tiSl1')juL I..mrgar amenlnt~y'Sti; Illlpa Tf&qsil'vanl:~ de tnlp.ul t~i'i.

At :tl .na:iy sa r!OI.1S]d!S,rlIm ·c~ nll$'~I:s:~'j .,~i eLC'moote ~'ceale la baza,.aces:t~j c~;nshlilcl~i: n'lhice, fIOp1!l~nda unor Geretn]m:t~ g~recu aOOCI1Llt1;, ~ml]l'Olllru1J!~ti ~ag]l'a;p~tnH"eth]'!,ni1 Jnj~ml Thln~.ilwl]i,e,~ no" tin. e~C:[Uilliv, d,e'imeg~~Jai, MitLii inQ€:pe (100]0 U:ll¢l~ Ung:ada devIne piesa C!Qm.in:al~t~, dreia i se s.ubG]"{lo~ ne;,';lz~. tQl~t1i.l ,evo]1[J:.tlil~ ~~:rnft.l'lce.sti 'n.1J,.ajQr~. tltt fa~e figl!c!.'li. de rn.~re. pl.l:t~e ~.~. QeC<lJ ee, evident! ,m] este ~ capa:biltJ, d.e<l:

SlllNJ.msn Q' o\UI:a ea ;Ro.nl~l1ia, d~ dO'uii 01'i. ,~,i l'Uula;tafe Jll.ai mti~'lsa ~i ma_i p01l~lattl.. Tt,;ll~Sll'l;'aJlliajP:re~illlt.fid e1il:£:in~Ut:aiilnpl,l1> upfi eu Ban(.ltLnI (II supmta~'Sll;p~,{Uu·a U]'Jj~dei ~i' 0 :popul.a!tie ~aLteii!.sta net IUajal'itadt ~p!tlr~f in aeesr C!l)ntext (:;11 0; e-ll,nita:l.e[U,1\t@Jia;.' Sl'I.s:o~p,tjb[L~ de au ex~:s~ dh'l allS,a[1;lb]uJ nll~o~1I1 ro.m;@ITIe,'S9t' P31l:la ~i i~to:!:ia .rom~ni~or'3: aJrnliiS sa fie OG.iiLceputa ~U fle;a fe,!~ 1h~lt sf~.lU! S('!, oed~ :pun,clul!U1fd.e wd.ei'c:: Ur.I!?;m,csa sqau :>~, nu se aiin'J:1ie.llimi~ eEl. ar pu~:a-;vantilj~ U:ngI~rla (cllestl!:l:fii p,~ctqJ:l] oOl'lJb]1.1.it..olbe.ca'.l l~tprjn Tr.!I:mdlv:aniej Sail! nQ,pOrl:~~r]J~~ d:inrtre, ll:dt!oniiler(lmii.n~~'ti· ~l ~~I]:ir~ 1Q)', 'flU ruai pok fi 1jbQ~':" d~t~c~ seI1iI1$~tate, :pn:lfe~~Ql'l~]l :dh~ n'lOl1ve .str.lct tlul'JJgll.['e~ti,'~), &.I,a~t~d. pentrn, il. uu ]J".I![~!f{le ]I! f~l;:a eudapeste~~ :Fomaniis,e ~~[Iza. de b1.il:n~rvQ~;e til. remorca Unflli'u"]ei~ deveuind (krp~ndC)I~ dytotoe...gej'lIt~:n1P]i~~ ~i :lie STH,U:l~ a0Q]Q.le~irea: din n:citologi.e pres'~lp'l.lI:fIIe GJ}Jl~o~t:i:zareatll;pt!lh~i dt des~i nul Ro:rnanie.i,' bun ~a>u rau cum Vsl,t], f:~ana illm.fi]nI,ronrnn~tij sorna.estjm(.1.rea ad'V(:l'.sitit,Um· fli ltd o smjZ~ eo-modri.. dill' eare IlU r~GMt dec~( cehl1uH, jut.en;:se politice de mo~e'llt . ,

Din pUllmul de vede:l'e al 'ldv~ltll~,ilo[:, evrei! i:l~:!lIU ~CL~1fi mn-e pl)zi~i'ec:ev~, Fllai buntL D!l1;~J 1.3% dirH1'-q l1l'l1'lan:i" p()IldYit

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1'~,i$pUl'llstu]]or IJHUl :Sfjnd;aj~ .par 11 fi aiQfiseID,li·~;i. Pu~jl1~ ~:tll{1il poe l'efeJilnla p.sl:b@Zfi .,;~i g~ne!!lSJoi1" sau f,u,ng~,~~udl j~~, 8lrfid'~r'i~ ~Dltt:$i, J~nfiud seama de :Ulptul d utliZ],; ]1] Rmuiimtn~ J1.Ii1fM)ri~ t~~oea c:Vl:e,las~1i este le1(;tC,'(~lll de: red1"UI~, numerie, Se; cmnb!na i~,l ac;~::;tc'ilZ dlm;~nsitJnll:m 1,,~uhfJti,lnlila~' a ,amt.is~mlljiijmu~tI'l, r{):" 1,'iI.lhll!lCen,~ ale lnud istodi t~lehs:i,a;~~ ~1'llr r®ccfile, C:;lI ,~] ~,f~d~ ~ ~on:idele tle'Ll~ adu§e l:rUniifinaLfilte. il~rna~i~jmjLlc ~i, in gener~~ i,lff1;uen~el s'Vreie~d ~l1. ppl:ihea lno'fitiiata"

,1_ap,Omljt1~t ist{)r.rcc dimremmanE ~i: 'evrei sunt puterni,(} mitifi cat~~ tm' ~m_b\::le. SerisQrl. Pe de (I parte, ill!!i i autQ,ri, de,re. w.dii. evwi" 1'I'lcm 111 ~vit1,Cll~a o~irntoo&Q~' n',adi~e 00 alltisel~,mism rmna~1:e§~ PIQtr.i:llil crure]fi".(i!ec'pHcl:(i., uciderea c:reditorilor le~ vntltinj i'l noiembrie 159~'j ,[l,ot deC'~,!Hli~illto:r al rob~,lhmU[llThHs OrCJifiYdm,::; @,lui Mifuai Vi~eflzlln> se eenstiurie fH]T~:i sbnp]!U ill! pOil"om 1l.lrth;rvl,,'iieSc. .. 1 se I'e:pro~~'azn upal RQn,iJ:~ni~.nell1:Gm"" ,ti:ar'ea qeta~e:ni.ei romane ¢,v:n,:::ikr[ palla {~llpa. prh1L1!iL 'fazb~~ ll1(md:iJd, atitUld][i:(ll care IT!' dl~t~,otln; 1..1[1 m'1tiR,::mli~ism fullc::iM';l'~ i:HSml!'~i~1 ee ins.i.s~~. <1supm vah.lui d~'a!ltiscr11itjsm di!~. Pl'f,:,~jma ~elui de-al. dQH~';fi il!zbQ] m.ondl,al, ma:'5t1'c:re16:r din V~i3<llllea (]fcr.~tudi legiom.re ~,igtino:c;idului'(p~r~i!:lliimplJ,ta,bilgtwer~Jgm .A~,HQlne~Cn.:I"

'Pe de alt~i parte, III ceal&ltaatJ;ml'!a~ dh'"llr,..o pe'FSpec'l:ivi'i, na,~onaHst..;rol'll~.IH'lMlBii., a~,e2@.r,'e'.B! evreilor in !;e~Qlu13] XIX ~~e:a, If.ldoo$ebi In M;tl'ldloV11~ al)n~ ea 0 adeV'i1!I:a,t~ ]n;~z;i,~ IlealCOfd[iiea e?~.ib~efui~i D.~p'r€zentfind Q luinim,a JtnafltTrd de 'prot~r.k: a oq;::mlISmliJlll'l lUlt]o.md., O:de1i!.tI.'J,1, n¥Gi ,vorbii nt~ ar p1!]t~afl de '!j,I;1'elma,l'lItig~m~tis~'l~ ooln§:I:ie:sc" 1n ce--.lpr.ive~~e :pe.Anli~oes_ctl, dl~!paJ'l:e de ,n-i fi extblintl~ e] i-a s",]vatpc eV:l:-e]~, care n;"il;~] cunoseut in Romdnia' solfl.tm' oor:ellgi{ltl1faril(,)t [or din. Ge.rmau]a' sau ehi a r din Ullg;Thri,fI" Din oohtr,1)ri se re(p['O~~IZ~ evrei lOl llLl,filUJb'OJ9~,\~rea fiIDt.a strnpllle pe .flcam<l!~'\)~n3:n.HO:f -. - m,ace.~t

... 22''C!L~?1: im~cl~,: L 'Ejnmpdtm'i'o:~ des .Jufft de R'QIi!j~«'~ii!! (l913~1.9l:rJ), Mcmlp~II.I(;)r~ 1992. ,A.ijll,QiI'LI~ C~llSldill'r~ R-enbmnhl I,J)l'lll]iT~ i.lirile de UV'lln. .Q~lIrd:l1 pl"llfe:.;ijlJd lIa~ [lIIUi~e!llhiMi1, (I,ll: f1r;~l s:i~t~lliuuid!! (p., :1:2).

Sf.ln:S,11Qfta'tle. on~ti~ a'~l'e.nda~ilbr'eweja.'p~tlIJ~ ~ c~!Uii.detoa~~ ,cl:~I,t'I)II',ima Q~m~ ;} rltstl(')@~e.i dh'l 1.907 -I dj~ §] hpSa' d..e pam-

. oHsm,; n~de'J:lI:reii1.'la 'id,ell n~~i;'ori:a]a ronwu~~~(..~. ]38:00 :rontal'~ c~t >.,;ie1'l.tuziasrmd ell 'oC1'lIl"e evreii b;JrS,M:!lb~.tl;~ ~~~ru prhnit pe ilWadiltOrii 90Vlreticf :in .iunic ] 940 OillJ-:iitifi,care al'e'pi\G. ... :i'l,lI!lil.,~:Li l!n~rip~l'e)~ dl:l~~ ICUlm ev~ij sunt fii.cu~l tn mare nJbtu"~ vino~ va~]i am~~lii de":.ln~lirf ~i al~i' :aJQgMtl, d~ ~.n~1'aittr,n~n !Jami.u:! 113-' 'lcl"u]l.l[]L In. Ro'mJlm:ia ~i de fttza tea nud rliUll.'~, a, tfu'oltii StfiJinl$te. ldee pe care ~o\1]f Cons,ti1nt;i~l D~,:1i.gfl:n .0 eXjJ:dnl1t I'm on.vmro pU'~ine ~iHpsitt detlml!n~e; ,;Gll sp.djinu~ annatei soviedDeem.l 'Ib~t a,cl.~l~i'!ictiv:i~r~ de,[jlfll1i,( C'l,l rtl!lme 11;011 rofm\r.lizt'l,te, eum 1L!-taU Al':l;IRflibinov:lci~P:al'lker.~onte ,Ra~lit~l (Ro~nn)~ NUb.aH RoFIe;r, SiLvllI,) BrucaJr1~ 'fe01M!!ri Georg.eSCu, iJls:do Ltlldics (Vasile luCi:lL) sa'tU lbtJlg.arul Jdo.riUletc. ["'"J Condncerea partid.l)llui m 1bts:t 1l10l'lOpoHz!l1i d~ ~ae~tti flloge!1?i. "23 Dep'~11'Le dea fl. per:se'cuL:a\:i,evrtii \lrE. rE!spum;-,a~aclar~ p6ntN)'I~z.l:mL1tue mes-

Ch~l1i ospi'[rdlt~~~ij ]1ornj,tv.::~ti,. ,

ReC'lJnO(1)~~e~ 'cr., este difliGil sa'jpastl)ezi d:r~p(a mafi:IJlIa ~n~l'; .. u:n dom~mLuat~~ ,[J.E:: deLica:t~i ~tat de H1arcat dell lent;a'~i 11. m:i.ln.log1'tiirii Pie de 0 ]1i:]~'!1:~~ nil ,S(,; poare 11e'ga exis:Mti,\i1 ~tIilIli iffi:t'ltisen1itism r·lIYmiilne:sc S:fitt, Jicmt.e. rind, (.lOIJ'S~t S;pU S( ~! pe plan ma~ larg, lJerceperea evreulni ea et~tltate invesUtru cu un P-Vl'!;ernie gi'ad de ,~Her[~lI~e; ll)tr-'Ull 'il:,VW'l,tai de ,a.I.tfel toat~'te IDl'g: de: hI' a'l1tisemi~h~muJful'lciar ~i viQts:;n'~ p~na Ja 0 nota de tn~e-]egere ~i ehiar dll :siL'na'~ti('l:j dm: (jl'~cmn fati'i de ui1"ct':Hlin lt" e~m(!inat Tntr~opo:!?i\I~di,$ti~}cta'-l?a~~ ~iB.l";,Q¥jll!escuj c-dti'(i11~ carea Pil·onlovatliJer~Jum. scr:i!':i~ ,ti.-e. evrei, ,s:lIUG" c~u~ 11CiSCU., eel care a vlsoa:t l~, 1941s:1l' Mortie ',scrift:orlh)1" evrei lin. s.pa~u inSemti,al MT l~:tt)ria li/emitwll ~'OJrlane~ ~u:·v.~Ztlt 1~1 e! un \::)kn'l'enl~ s:usiCc!jti,bU do a il:-llIJQgfi~i cu]W,ra, natkm:ala, dm: nu 'mal pupn. 0 mSli. i!l~(ul"t¢., CI,;D tr::clJsattttl. ]!fi1u;abUc,. cu tQitrul altele d~c~t il'Le 1.nmam.d:ui, Bl!11,~V{,1ij.nt1L nUluife.'i~!lm, 'S'.lil lJun~vQit:lt~·

~~ IOt;ijfCoI'1SIJ}I'I~,hn DrnS§li1!p l.r.tol'irr rorf~all,fto"., IMtilmu litu;Qp<I N~¥,;J.I· Bucul~ti, .1993, I?, 26 t.

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282 .lslt)ri~, #i <1flit .1;f:/ (Xm~iti1~',ttl '''Q,mIl1~(!(;'t:r;;j(;T

fcl~ii (Ie un ·:Uliitn. IUll'jnl'e a!(li ~ :ti fast r-Dmiil'l., ~vl'~1.tl m:mfinl'i!l. e'V1\e"l.!i, Wi ~tepare Q[)r~t5\afirm:a¢J: kl'1 Leml Vo~ovl.ci:",O ~,ar-<p GW'C ])roy1ii:S~) inR<l:J::nanja~ ll~ a:nH J3tl. m.l ¢ de ifn:wgi't1il1r~2'l~ eu ~lt~ ctWhl~~ ,nu putea :fi':C(l.Ile:epnb'i o repuneee ~n c.aiU.~1 11 ~90iell~;ii (Qi')jfu:lJ~ti, Xl!Jm!l.i del ti:r,;.,~.~ ,in;LJL'l,grilfril eVf:ellol'.

.Pe de aWu Pi!l:1oo~l:o<~i:e aeesre at~rujJil1Li cloc1.;lrg d.in istode~' an @Ln trI\XHUll.Une i~I;t;disp-iQzi:~;i'e rpmal,lefUlC~. A in~la{'ll1J~QC un meeanism !:<al~ a. 'filnc~i'Q!UI.t !P ffum¥~Qfie<1Za pretutilld'en] In ,~rHne\(111cIl.lsi'il1~ hralillt dovad~ probhm1Jl m1!1Jb~), .Istodlrl pl!veO!e~te c§.t de difi.ciHl este am'1!.Dl.rizsJrca nnor C9ij;nmita~i dlfc~.'U~ "pdnoiri,gilue, Ji1lib!,religj(\ ~i .culhni. S-m 'v~;~ut. !C~, sf-a 'in.t~:filpl1)t.ill Besnia.unde, prJvita, .de_;·(l~p\l:lirte; ,dfJ~[~.ta pm'1il~ mgl'ai:l'l1~. EX._t:H1l1'Sh:lll.ea p(!iPl]t;l~i,~'j evreie~t~ n1 .\),000]1.11 al x~x-reaS[! sp~t:i'[d. mmineSQ, ~i:fn special if! Mo~,i;lova ~i, l'll nH~din,1 'Llrbau,~ a fost oQ.I1siclerabiHt .E:vreil r,e,Ju'Cz@!lrap in. 1912' <!pro~:pe I 5% drnp'Opllla{i& !.lJbfJjO,~· a tiirH. In BU:Cli.lre·~ti

.erau ]3%, it'!. .[a~i aJp:ro&r'~j:t1.:m,r.t1l1e: 4:Z%, In,.~l~ {u"a~e{l.rlCl~~ dJ(Jve:t)e$ti'i]'!reg;istr~!]du~S"e ,Q corn '.'iJjmHal'~t Este gro~~ di~ !lPlJS: unde se 'I3]tue,..'1za 'j~~rag)J.r detO~cr.111ta~~. ~tsEa in fund antlselTl'itis.rn chi~J fiira evrei (t:mm\ie tlnjt]l[)lii. ~fs!izj lllRomrul,in)" F'a:pflliE!l1 silJe at di.s:fUi;loJ;u:ljJilmli ta{iJm ~1 filt1S[uuiRQlJ' :rezuna~e 'Hn. intrepa.trundG,l."Ca unor conltuJiit1i~i ,listincte j:fcblli,~ ins~ ']ib1al :fu 'fx~f.II'$f!ci~mre. Din. punct .d¢ veclel.ie' isro:r](':; .. dQMnll Jo]n.1h'1o'-~vrdes:c (\'lsle e"XipJicabH~ ttupii c1il:m,cxplic)l;1!bi]~ est~ ~] achlall1 'oomruntarll! j:sraelo~araba (~J1.ex:pHcac:, 'n.e·l[\lisemn~h.d l,a Justi:fle~'·). Dear pe Q Iinie deiottt[:l<l'eml,"C isturicit- ce Ii dj;sc~dpa. i3tb(.ke~:te· VOtOilld, ~J~:l pe romani ,t~t .~i'pe evrel -\!ie ~',o~ce ie.$l: dln m:itti[ogie. AItI,ni~nerf. mereu vmij' C!lThe>-

va p.e vif!l~; t{lmMU~ saij! evreul, ~

OJ.A:I1JtiOn..asCrI! ~I1c:\.rut.iJe slIt'll] de m.;em~flea.l)e,linia~e .mijJo~. dl~pa "'tile erl11:lJ.:%~U~~JI p:ri'ncip]u a] sticlei i)e'.itlmat~.be gQaU.

.lM Leon vc;J.~y~~i. j;jeQJrNli~NJatim~'Ilt,'Jf;ii~i ,"lJ~pl"emg ffiJt'gi~". _!;S'(W d~:\7),1'11Jm'lfJl1ltJ trl,rff;~rll:l~#i,flhulrd trrtr.:JccWa' fI~ f~~lwu1I,tf(,l (1Jr~'QI' 'Jt'J, Ild:i~ltIrn ~.!'I,! tcMIl,i1Im.il'1 I~ lICl!re~l,i. 1995. l:i. 2:Q.s.

..

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S!.nl p:ll!jm:nil'f!tiC plina!, c~:n:]: esre inS~ la .fel·il'l.all':!btlllc caZUr~ deosebirea Fnand ~idqt de ijlh~l:pretan::. Nu p6<1te fD. tLr~l1t$'" frg'l;lm'~ A!I'ljtDit1@.SCU,~ in moo di~Ce:tll~ 'laUf.:tt.n s-al Vtlta'l"m;] eVrQ.!.kl!~ Antenescu afost anflsemif faptul t[,elmie reeuneseut, Dar a tb.s;t ~U],tis.e[ni~ jl]~r-li'llm\l'lJm~ ccntaxt, e~Jn~ de. U.E~L'llen~a se eere ·]l1l1;eles.., Nu PO<lOO fl. jilll,~leGa,~a istarJ.S!. (r~ .atul1ici e:l!Lch]siv DU ]'Jfol1ne:L~ noasrre de astjzi. ~ijevidl'!l'ltl' a!t~is,@mi tiSI.Tlilll J ul A1!~,ton~~C:1l1 nu ill mer.s ~tfi\t de depautG ca antisemitismnl lui Hitler. Comln]:ila~ea eVI'~irlsQ~ din RomRoia, H~ .eea ]n~:i .liulW pfld~ & ~l~ ~. ·guP~~.vi~tu!~. Depatt~ dc' ~d:1 imp-eocabU. ¢abloul nu leSbe- ]1t.Cl 'pe dephn 1'[Irnnecaf.

Nt( poate 'fiocoli ta niei pr-olblellU\ ro]u]1::d j uea; de- evreii romS.ni lfi'primiiani d.e comunism. Ada, vina pe ceil~]I\i cs~t,e d~ n p'a-.eat:elLm obloo;l rn'OOta~eri[t I'll RmlQal1ia u~t:imilDr doocnii. lndJf'etent de roinl. jtl!(~~['It de evrei (!l'J.U de ~o ~i. fiindd -au fast '~:i ~vrc-i pers~ClW~'li)~ [-Ql!]~nii' se ua~tr sa~~i a~~~l} j sra.rj (1.10£1 pehtm'1J cafe _e;ii 5ltn~ m primul rand 'n::llpq:nsa.hlh.: ~mdllSl'!lI~!I'}l1:till co:m:m .. iism, d,~ci:1: l1'1a1 pu~il]j in ee 1,:.u·jV411~t02 il'ls:bj;m·.m'O~ Lui (d~i fliU>pOE fi 1,gIlonde ,a:dc;tifJik lnasi¥~ de dupi1i. ',~ 94i:1·~ il]~ll.!l~ SlV tile Ul10J,' int:eleo;llU11lii ¢Ie ,mn1't~)" 'In ol'lceC"lI:i prulttlll1'1l0iCIli [ .clJm ]~'I!rt] ~pUC,[lt Aceslefl fiind zise, .a( i1Mrn~] ~ncor,e~(s~ nn o,bsel'v~[n 11ond~rea S!e.mntt]ca:Uv!l a eNI\~~nor (~~ a. al~Q:t' Jn~ro(~l"!5ni) i~~, J~~ar~h~l polit!c, d~: ,pl"Q?H~al1d~ ~~'~e. repr~s:i'~me 'i1'.lepoea !fita1i[1is:t5. La incopJmla:iul,ut' '.:SO, du~ueool pa~l'il luel:nbri ai secretariatuhll protidu]ui. ~ltl1JniR:~ dmlf Gh.oo[gLuuE?~. e!a rnrl1an~ 11 n~t~ ~TIllorita(e f'a~a, d.l} "frliinorI~ari. ~~ lAl~~ Pauk:er! Vasile L~..Qa'j Teahari GoolEescu), ,F{x_l1pmeI).1IJ1 este:atfJ.t de vizJhi] in.cat istoticuF·Qnest uu :p.o:afe t!1f:]ce,pes:~~et Mo·me-oml ,.~vre'ieRC:~' ,1.11 c:6nmni~mului n~[[lfrn:e.'5C reiulti dill tn1ibir.iar~;a '31 i::~( P:ll\l]Ji ;~d ractod: qll:8i;te,nl1 p;rdOlu:mant ,:til>. rol1r1J~fie'l)C a:ip3Hidutul COIDltm1)t, c1.tnaint:e de 1911J~, depI~s~nm sp:ne· ,.{:eqtm!l, '~l uJlei"cmnul1it~li 'p.n.rIi~L atUri.d it.I.af~it:li'lH?~::aL: $l ofCrisiVtl IDllPOU'i¥l'l y~,lmii~,O~L' na;f.lon~l~ c®:raoler.llsLi:c~ pr,~l'l':l.tl,1 ffi:~ a t1IQ;\lluu regiTll,' Trebuie ie~it ~i If! ace~Hl,t~ 'pmll:nlJ~a elm

2: 84 htonie ,# mU fr~ {xms'm]~t"t W)11~'timjH!J.3C(r

1~1i1:G1Qgf:e: nu poat~ fj v;[)rhaliic:i de cul~:liiifbi~!zm:~~ r.w:!.'3Uor (]J,'l r{]~Olr~' ell. 0 1l8ltiune ['OmaM .,11wcenra!"j. uk:] de scoaterea din eou:a~ic a unui ~Clilll ]mpQill:aut de evrei em~ flU ju,cat 'LUll lul de~Jletiiig:adlrU In ls:tori;;] epodi" -Tde1l,iol::U" fi sa-.i ju~ta:!n ell ilI;ce~ea~[ 11l1ff-ati i:!,e ma~Rlli o;Ult pe Al'lt'()rlCSC:U, cil ~i p.e Ana Pauleer,

Prieterd fi (ldwtr.sarl: un j(J!C IS.l;oric

Mitologj-a Ge]ll:ilal~ of era PI; '£:;'llldei PQ]jtice"yrJ.Jn,stru~ .

,rnent de n¢pl'e~u,lt o d£lllc~ on.te orl' '.

~~la~Jlla~~:U!~9J;l~:A~~ine:Sl!D.Q.fJ_~ ,e~llf'9.n:ml:ti.t~i ~l1u-

Iin1 .. r .. u.,.,.r:". ~.-c· ~" roo .•. ,11 .. a .. p~" i~i ;a.l~)s st:j)cu l 8i1t1~ d~ PrJ.'.tI'l~i .. tr~di tJ.om~l .. i ~J de: d;~~m~'11H eredlt~n. UlT a.c:!esWpo~t© fi ,r'ev:!~u!t ~n funct!e:·

'~e circumstante, ' ,

.' Uns!eig!nent'ill~pcwtllnt~] pO'plI.ll~~·Jd :romfri1.~~ti a s,ii~rpa6:z~~ ,CUI, p~rt~a s:ii:r'bi. h1 an U ~11rliCltu11lJ:i din ,[pst:p..· IUlos:la vie, >~P'rQ~d[ihisltrlul'~ .t'e:f]eGm. in B~aJ:emiiS1Jr~ - d~l ml" e~cl~!~iv - t.l'mhl~iile ml~lot1,il!lis:~e.> ortodcrXlSOO ~,i all'~iGocidootwl~ pre.ze:llte in S()detl;Lt~a·rom~fiJ)a.flC,~'i. tn spr,iJinul aoestel' atitudini, 'ti:,at :!l€J p{lah:l dl? .exphcabiW, s-a .inVOC~tt .t:ns~~ Ctt to~rll all' argument, ~j ,1lit1J.:m;'lIe traditra,pfi@t61\li'e~ IQm:at~o~s!'i'rbe, pana'la a $;0 sus\ID.e c~ S~.rbi,~ (sau ac~uala lugQsla;\!je) ar :fi SJl1:guliUl bun ~Ciil at ]w:mi!i!Jiej {afirma~~o: Eacil:l'fi c!ti~ar de p~ed]:nt~le ::Rorll.l~hliei. Ion. Iliescu),

Oricinc QUII1Qa~te cat-de cifit:ist:oti;a lTIDQ1iurJLor r-om~~llo'"S;§['n be ~[le ~ca'll1cruln?; nu g;lmU JlI:Iiru. tom I,~a. Am m.en:!i@.al dleja op'lnia flU !'OcmainJi~,gu[itQared~pn: sarbie:x.prll'l1a:l'i1i ]];11 folelorul mmber.c,. tn perio,1li.da ch,1,;lj]js.mU]ILJ,l i!lJU,s!:Jro~1;1rig[lrj intre sitrbi] ~i 'roHt5rdi din U:rrga.rIm s~.a,u in,eih(;lgu.~fonne de' colabornre (iiloo.flitexJu.[ l111i~Gitdj n~tinnale, So porpo.aIll~().r din mrrnarhia hi:lbsburgicfl),E!;xtShlS(ld)rns:a ~i< temiiuni~ ge~emte Indeosebi de: de:pel~de:nta romfEnilor. or~Qdoc~i, de lu:itrO:PQliM sfl>:I;bern.Eic~. de ]f!I K8 rlow]t-z (i:L'ilr,e 17 83 ~i lSt?4) .. Lim 1 '84'8, rGm~.:1.~'U bi'hlitet':ii s-an rna:1'I i f'e~ ~l m~icl.!r~:i1tJ' l1npo:t[JYiI, s,fi:r:-

Romali'it Jll C~llarU 285

bilm dcefLt a u1:1gmilo:r. Ce.l't ~lS!~e>c~ eele dona state~ RQ'fn1inia ~ Serbia, <f!1' <I'Vtlt ra~O~1li.]i'i b~e in ul~iJB~ele decenli ale ~e~ ClOl~ltti. al X[X-iea ~i la lfl.ceput1Ll.t SIQColulUl!J!}s:~, .UL sih'~!hll primuh]j ;railbol m:Qn.dja'1~s~a~jun5,lli8a.1a L,~,n pas;dl;: c"O.~flict, ~rul ~:lseolclici flinG .Bfl[l~llM[,.I~~ c~I.'e a,lnb~le~rit]I;l1.'Ji!ireau &a.-.t ane;x;e.~e tn'1nJ~'~ghl1e sau tRc~ea mai mare p~tte,- in eons~c:itl:~~,! tJrlLilpe:1,e dlQe~ti au ocu.pat in 1, 9]. 8-19] 9' actualul Ba1l.1Lf!Jt mmiiheSiC. las:arnd. (l'amil"]tife nu tRcUI1[I.~ pti!etenea:se1t Chi!!:!: dacli s-a e.'Vlt[lfm'l (lo~t61,ict iEil:m.1i1~C~ s~j,utla.cll?t compromis; tm.ere<1J .t1'l d.oui f!: Banabllui, nm~a .mlt~~~um:i.Lcur· ade.v3.[.iH niei 1m.a di n P~l't]. il~ l)'Cfj(~~lcl~l :in~lib~U~~~ rebl~~lW:lllU fu,st sh"irose in ~adml M.idi lri.te:l~ger.i'j dar nu Goal" !3U Set' ci Gill 111trea.ga I,l.!gos(~vie.,. Swtui'~e r;ef.1;Uor RornHlniei au ~cQmmld~tlft g:roatnll1'i Lv~n MeStrQvig.., Dupa al dO,i1t<JJ [~2bif,)i, R{),n~il[da oOrrl'l.lnistl1 s-a r~'i:u!u:c&tp.rln d~~m;~~trea invc:r~\}n,~ta a revizioallsmlllui i.ugQ~l~.v; ,~dl~u[ TH(r~ eu SBo;uea iIlilri. care 'pi'Pu= rn s$UigG., a dev('ill:~t 0 llll:!l:gi:lile:. flm~iliarlt fu11'eisaj~1 wmib'llecsc al ,1!tl.ilo('5Q, Ap,Qi~ ~e tLlaSyra d~t~~~Jii Hd~l"ii(Jr rcl'l1lJ.~ni,;(k MQ~cova, s~a petreclUt n.o~'11Ilaliz~m~1\ l'tl~~i.Uo:r ~i ~~)~llHli :s:tr~l1:!l~ !?[pWpiefe dintre oole-dci1iJlili ~5,tl1 Dinctil!au. Tit:o-=>cl'0~tt de'C)n-

, g~ne, nu .~.5j;b - ;a deveni.fbullUlp!!i et~~1, allui OhSOirghhhDej

~~] llpai' al lui Goarl~esc1)!. .

Acestea arfi cffiteva f'e:pe,re sumare, B:fIlilJlt~tl1?a["e a inclina SP!'\;l !nnicj~ie;, da:r' sUllt~m depal't;e'"de' nmpe;?;il.ll~, des~,'itIi~ititnvoe:::aH'i de [1rol)lI,gand~. Pre de a,Uit parte, :rapOl'tll.A:rile IJ.'OEhce S~ ~,m~,~ill, n'~~iii1Ji~ln p~ is'rorilL11) lcat pe intere~~l:~ ~j. afi.111titi I,e pre-:reute, Pot fl. p'rol\lOv~te,bI]M~e.re.i@t~tGu Serbi!l ~i :fliora i-GscJie['~a trec'U.tIilui tnAr-..on sens n'l!~jidHic ~,~,cat a {O.s;l ht reru~it1ite"

Un turlos dt:lb]tJf diseurs S~ alUiCltca11d~t~voi.rba de Turoi~\. fl.e de ~~p:;rr~ejc'h.ll£d~-S"l."lt]t v~cllH fi(j~'tti IDiitunicl} c;."[relile-i~~ inva~ thlt ~i ne .. fllJ,,1. .flSIU.Pl",~t ~i I,~e care voievezii fOl,uanl i-Ull ballllL 111 repetate~ nlndi!t:lrf 1~1 Evul Medin.Pe· de a.I.~1'i prute, 'turd] au revenit ~cm~~~t.·!!J ,;mp,iu'llt n,1:~['£tlrri.~ pr"()lec~e }:!oJitiGc. I.Hs.elll'SL1- rile c-onl;nlid.iGlD:l'1] ar p'~]~a flJzion,~. (cu [)ltBit mai mnlt 1C;~~ cat

- - --- ------ - ---------- --- - -- -----

" 1>., ' "'1 1'1 ~ " '-' b~.

ismna cemuaa-a ceum; eumm.popo<ln:: 1I;JSe<1in1l1<1 ~l cOkllL.ilal".u~

nu fit!;!l~;];ib~.tiihi), dar ele .um .. l ~mi5~ in g~l1ere .oopari"lt: ~1iLl:;' vii jin7il2\~~ Ia ~cQ[llit despre adversitatcia rom.aYOmtui:.pa, jar onmenl 1 polihQl soot in evidccn~fi·tl~d~td~ pd~t~11 il~ d:~t);too ·cslie

d'ou~~~:ri ~;i pop oare ! .

C omplo't il~'IJ.}ot'i~d Rmi1xlfde~

MUuf c.:tm!cpira{td J'epwe?zinta:U!la dintre ijgll:r~~e cele ITI;ii!] ccrmm'll(il a~~:.i.J.nilg~~'~l1;)i l,oHtj.ocr'istnrk,. jllntili1"lhl1~ evi.~6li1t, ~] la 'rom~ru; ~icll]ar lIl1:onn6 ~rawtC; daJt fiiiui. ~min(ih!lcom~ p·le;;.; de c~n;fll:e as.cdiaLa:,. ea ~:i>llU'li reoent,.impll.cml ideeloglei ~i comporLiI'm:e:DrrulUl polmc comunisr, e.].] deosebireaensibile Ia lema COltll[)IotuluLdin jn~:er~.()if sal;ad~n a;fll:r,1L

An1l1C[l ~i diutr-o P'ill'OO· lit a ]ru. de v~tlJrne·l UO],jel, rom:€i:nii s-nu simtittnr Q·dilt~ tr§.(lal~i ~i'S1fb:!tl,.l~o:r disp:u~:i 6:1.l. t:reaCla (;~.~ ciirioo]o de ceea co s:e- v~dti';j 'r.l(x.~stiii tot. f~[l1~ cl~c,1]J ~f.)!]Je ~i aranjamerde obscure puso la cale.de a Itii pe seama !Ol"'. Com .. plot ·f1'I~pvlrh)(~ P.omlil~.'1~~ SiC ~nt]tul~z~ Q (mrb~ ~miftru:t5 in 1'993 ~ji~ chiar daca [ii.Uu~ e"Sl~ paIDa ]~ mm a P1;f!]" ,tlldic!ll d,ecfitcO:I]~:i~ nUlUl. e~ [~1':n:irne ij.~, Si.IM~ rept'e2!eJDUJ:Llv pentru i\). auume stare de B:pir1t .A"[ .. torillnl"~e~(;:ili evenimemele '"m':!ilOf 1941)-1947, de:Z:ln~llbrareaRQmhilej~.a ~. 940 ~i il1lUr®ll ei ulterl~,ll]'lt lin :sf~:f.~ sQvi.Qi:ie,~ Q;H censaerarsa p.i~rdlS\fii B~sm;.a~biei ~i B\lcOv]1':icl~ filndpuse, c;a~~r;I~I!I.'. sub sil:rnnl'l.ul UIlLl[ complot j[:rrema~ tiD:tlH].2-S ·iiI m~~j 11a. 1940 U~lirL.m~ Sovictici, UUg![I']ilI. ~i B!!illgar.u~ ~i-aJ~recl.lperat teriterii -pe«mr-e nu iuc;ctallU :sa. le revendice; itltr Ge:rfl'Hm:ia ~i [~ilJia ;~.IJ'sanct~OIl!lt nt.mnlb~.i,8, nHfJ1tu ~,e; p~I"li1 atunci a ¥mn~eJ ~L4"ng1ieL A fU5,t Q tr~gedi,@ n<li~:i(:maUi"~ dar de co un conlP,LoY! P'~ill~'U s.implull1lotiv c~ 11:1. ·clJh!Jn~ golftid rOl.ntl.nC:!:lsc~ :s~a furudi1cin 111 te.m~ t~Jim[llQu,d.ut

~bl- ~O~1fI SCLJ!,lu! ~l G(J~l,"~lInilir~I'.ili~ICllr, Com{JI01 rmpMNw~ .1?nmQJ\'Ii~i, 19J.~< 11)4 7, l~diHllrtl ACI!utc<miui ~1!;) .lm.lltc S·ll:Irlui Mm~ ~~~ I3l!~ur~~ti, ~ 994.

2.&7

M~~rel~ CMl,pl-at l·a.lll~r,w. fitl-a ]':ncl~hda ce~ pus In tale ]3 Ialr,1Il~·Qe: 81]llin, R©Qfi~vl:llh:iiClu,I.n::Llm, MUIl/letltel ~.p~inln!i pute:I'.!Tic rn ,eolt~tH11I.~a lD.lllfrnea;scaj ;:;;i nu numai 'i'nme(fiiHe ~lT!~iocdd,en:taJe. Gs!e;1.1ta kri antia~cid~J::l!tala cst~de ~ltf~1 U~O(f de ClGcsclff<n; .ialrn ihsbanillA trcltlafe{facc .. id(JJ:!f'uiu.L Canll1[1Jj~tii. ~utobMn[ ~i "him" sovieUcH apar ~n aceiU;;ilfll(~min.~. mal pu~in '\linoY:lllti d~c~t ip-ocdt;~d Apusc~~" rIll. tlmljCe pmJiIl'it~anjmiiInHolJ: ii.bel't.fitel '!l vjnd~lJ1e af:!ctmsMoQ~dv~i. Zm;~~mic isto-ricli oGtideptam~ ~MllJ muno]t,sa den:Ionst;r~.j,ca no a existat rl]oi un t5rg:ttl lalta 'J.1zind i],l1p~:r~irea B[J.rope~l. Ch1.~ fLc:red~t? ~lite inv·lic:at fi"ri!]wmd pf-op.enl"a:j prqp:1J~ de: Church in Itli 8'1"3[11] .in Cl(J.l'Qln.',bd~ 1944; _]h R;0mall ls, lll.lsja ~O% i.nfliIJ1~Cil~.t3. cei lal~i 10%: tu Qre.cia., R"L]si$l W%! (,ie:iL"r~ 9U%~ jnlugoglavia~R1;,]8.iar 50%) eei~~~ti.~Hl~~; it1 Ungf*ri~.;R\itda 50%, .()~iIAltj So.%;· in Bnllsar][lI~ Rusin 7)%~ .cei"lal\i2S%, A6e!;ta este dQCUml~nl;l;l:~ tdd~di, j'll·azg~lii. de Chlm::h;.~ I. pe un petic de M.r~l:e"nl. este usi:tuila:[ J,~U lU'I adC'v~~n!t ,i-lcord sec:rel.26

ill {apt" Gim.rd1:m lUce'rea cS~ .sa[ve21tloe S)e mai 'putCil s~lj¥a:

I) pmelll:m cnt de c~t ~rmlllicat:ivll ~I Oc::c:fdentulll i 1ijlt r- O l'e.6T;!UI1r<l lar~ dreschisa. in :fa:~ armatei ro~li (Ia data.aeeen ~JO:ltt~n~<1! enr dIo:Jil::ocupa~a Tn i~'tn!:gitneJ. Nu ar f~ stricat ,Rmllmnic:i ]0% pmzle1]ila oQc::iden tala> fu~:fld.1l zero 9[h A fost in· i~~djt~·~! F~r~, a mai '(forM dte,t~d C{! UngarI~t. b:1_golS.l,;:tvia ~]'cl1i:a]" Bulgaria, uncle- OQ~~d(mtul1~j .. .fe:t.'iJv:a c.f.lV:;;li'~mai 11IUh (10"1)' Pplolili"& ~;i eehoilllova:cia l)h,':i m.l,rn:lr<ll:l,I in di:flG1I·~ie). Apoi,,?iest[!: ~1II]~l]C~l 'e]mlont'l[~ in.t1ucnra. merl,\ionnm ·pdV~l iL'Iten;,8olo!ilCoiI1Qmicc. iJioUtite $Lsttiue.glc.e ale fiI;lThril.or pu~et:i> '.Il:U l'egirrmF intern. Hi Itu:i lor nom i nal i z.am. ])oa:r d~]clln! vrem sa ne ·~!'Ic.hipulm e&'i ~e:[Jtm Ciullirchill ~o.matljJ 1.1:[ nijII'.mat.~a fie 90% (;GllllLl!n!.s,~a ~i 1.0% pl'lu:Il1.1]st~,~i de(!UC!Cllll.tk:~·~ ~Occ.id.ecn~1ii :au fast naivl, ·rrrFJ iudDiala"d.ar deeenta ne obHg;fi sa II'".!oe'rco1l'.l'l a ]i'i~~e~e

1~ V&-t~~zLl~!'Ithl LrnnolG!gk ,I' d)es~h.l'(di la LC. DriiwiNi. o:p.eif;, IlP, 255-2,66.

-00 era atmici in mintea 10r . .Ei gllndem:.llll termenli elasiei • .,lleid~logi28,\j'':, ai SfGfc:lor de iullu~nt~'l.., S-al fli petrccul pe 0 $Q~1.f,i, mei hugii, in Eump" CmllIala" ee s-a 1lltflro:pbltcu Flnlanda. ~~Fhl1flndizr:l,r~a~'! tnrilor respective ~U' fir overit Uniunil Sovietice .. ~)i1nl~ia unei pUle.n'llc~ pozitii po1itire" tnilitare $i e"COVlQmice i:f~ mIl,a .• firm ca pun acs~u;ta s,~'lrLllcturHI,;: il'lJ:cl'l"Ie~i~blfii1c nermaie 'C:l]-Ocd~I,'e\l'JIm!, ~a :lliieaf~ta~e];l1 modi dnlma.l:l~. Luerurlla all eveluataltfel, im' Q~cick!ntuilI1U a pntut ~~ nlci 1.1Y - a vrut s.~, intervina, ceca C~ nu inseamna ~ns~. ell ne ~f111m in

r~lta \l111m cemplo! seu a nned val'lz,~t'i.

Cum totul se I.eagi.l., iJnagiutllill fiind neinchipuit de logic, lalu; i~i are .eehivalentul anthetic (,?'ichiar rlmat) itt Malia. YllliUi:d]\e'a Bush Gerbaciov elill ] 989 J tIl i urgu 1 micii insule medi teraneene, ar fipus CEipm.l, printr-uu nou (OI~'lP lot, jumaB Ui,,:i i de secol de;: comuni sm ~i do dmllLiOtl'~i.e a Un iln'l~i SO'VD etiee :in Enoopa Cenlral1i .. Dezintegrarea unui sistem itlcap~bU s~, mIDJi fllnrC"ione:ze ~i vu.1ull'evo]u1;ionar alI1l.i,~cliri[QT auticomunisle par a conta plea! putin in fatfJ -J'iortei arhetipale a mitt1,IIlJ~ eonsplratiei. b,l.'Ol'la ultilneijumieiiti de seeol se reduce la doua i'ntidniri: ~i se rC2:1lnl11 la sin~gma usor de, memorat 13.lta-M ah:a27•

Pentru unii, aeestea sunt episoade ale unei vrojm5,$H. genc~ role pe care ",cenalti~' ne-o pafl1"tii. Dan. Zrun111'eSC1.l a 'publical in l 9931111 vohim die cseun intlrut~,~ uici rna'! muhnicj mai pl.li,b"l d.tlcftt Rrfz'f)oi1!il1upotrivtl pop(jrt,'l~li mrlu1n .. Rol':l1~n i i ar f me:ril'JIlt sa dwil1~una di1'Ji~re ~,u[lrjlle plit:crl, ~ 1.~ knnii ~i, daca BI:;;1iz-c. au se aHa <Iwtdc.sus, virtu nu este a loll' (::lllor fliad Olllmai mcritul), el II acclcr fOl'F, vizibile S~JJ obscure, care se eoaliz~mzft! mereu pentru a-,j'1):l11pI1t::uka ... Cornplotu.1 impoq-i va Roi:1r'tiI3li" P~lrc un dat al isteriei: es'l,e crueca pe c~n~ rrebuic &5 0 pur~~m.

l~.o cnr,~C c~ ti1l'L~1 ~c!H~i.ilic~Utv: Tdlti Geol'g\f}sq,;~. Jhml,7,tia lijfl',e Ki'lra ,Yr' MalIa" J~clihlt'u ",SIl!191~". B~qcl'I'I'c~Li, 190/3,

Rr:nm~llit_'!if CeNaif' Teu'/{I.{ia impetialii

Agl;esiviUipj~i 'l.ipiSle..i. de serupule ale celOl':laL~i H se opun, in oon~liinta istorid romaneDs-oa, ijl.·~,ele.pcilllle;;i ~i ,cllnl1p~Jal"Qa anui .popOj~, a dl:n~i sililgora do:rin¥i este S'tllraiasco;;l in pace. N1[llU~HHlS.clc lrttzbo'iilie Pl.ll'iliiltc: de .:omfini .• cole l'll!\l i m,uh:e vie, torioasc, eu (OS'E i mpuse, nu .<iofi te, RCHnan:ii nu au i~c.ut

aec,(l L sl~~~i !l1Jc];~ g'l ~a s lliLl1l0~,e:asc~. sau s~, elibereze tcr~t(l1'i i -I0111§..t1e~ti St.ilijiilgale de anii..

Caracterul strict defensiv ~\I po]ilic:ii 1'O(I.'tlane$tia devenit 0- dogmil! ]11 vrcmea IXii Ceausescu, Inlatlfl-aluitHlc" ell absurda minutiozltate a paranoiei l~a~i'!lllaliS'l-comunisbej orice cu'Vant sau sinta_gma care at f putut sugera fie ~i umbra vreunui g~l1d expauslonist, A!;'1l. a aju.rls Mlhai VitOO'Zbll si nu lIlai cucereasea TrnflsilviUi'ia ~i MQldova. ei S{11e ~.une~sdi,~' .. A~f;"i a t1j!.llllschiar Burebis.ta, nmre CI.lCenlOf la vrc[tlea lu:1" s~lnu r-ac~ a'I~f:eva clec!tt sil ullifiee triburlle dacice din ElU:OPii ~ril'ram ~i fm(l~e!tic:a," Partieiparea mnJ,al1easdi la primul riizboi moncial, etiehetat dr0pt !~iltl:!.pe[.il1llist~' de istO:rJogfllfia tomt,lndsla, a urmat aceeasi lo,gicil Dadtll1 anii '50 Romania nil putea-fi mar putin imperjaHst~, ca to~i cei'la1li, ea a devenit in faza uit:Cfjoar~ protagonista unui razbol drept, ,21liUuri cle alte popoare ·SHU t5d mid (Serbia. 13,el.gl!li), c~rnflictul runiinilIld in: peria.Hst doa pl;::ntru marile puteri, Impar~i:r'e11 tn ,.,bun~·' ~i .,rat ,. corespundea '"enact ttii!J)theb,mJ.11Ll i. COm}U'l.ls'tt ~i n!'l:~io1'lalj,\lt 11l.~'(;lrusant c.~te c~ 11'.l,tabi1iractlor rai au ramas ~j al.i.a,p,l RQlu~n.i'e:i.,indl,USiiy Fr<,!ntli, qal,'t} nrmarea :$j ea eliberarea Alsa,c lei ~i Lorenei, sau lhllia, care avea fa~a' de Anstrn-Ungaria seopuri similare co cele ~le Romaniei.

Un po])crr mic ~ipa~lIic, nev'Qi~ s~. se spere: maw Q tCIll~ dominaJnta a disCUl'5Uh.l iistoric l'(lma;nesc;lii a con~tijn~ei 11,a~'onate. Modestia pe care CD asemenea vjzitmc 0 presnpcnc a gene·tat ]!]sa; pe de 11 Ita pa,rt~,. [llcviwbiIe fr(Jslrar.i ~] vise de :ma:ri~"'e, 11Fo,iectabB :f1fol il'llI~"lJn treeut illdep~rr,!lti ti e in viibor, hlS.i:s·tefl'~a

----_-----

m;t!,pr.a originilo:r romane dovedea rom5,1lHO,I:. ceea ce Octavian Gaga II exprimail: .atfU do sugestlv:

eli! sunt dill neam imllitdit,esc

Din i3r.\-ndepa.rral~"

C~ [(It l)am;filll1:~~l rotegcl El<l al ler ,odaili, ., "

Glorie de mult apu:s,a" pe cere J"nsa zlua de nl~'Hne pUtE4'1 sa

o reactuR l'iZQZEl;

Vii.tor de au!' tara noastra are

~i prevaz prin SCOQli a ei inaitare.

(D. Bolindneanu)

Ac.Qp~i'1i de i.lnagi"ll~a unci tali. mid, supti:sa, vicisitlldiniLor tstol'l~i, supra v ~~tt1i.I~L-e TIl COl'l.~tHnta rQ1~!le.asb-~~ p~ un P t~n . seeund, nostalgia uUlti marc, destit1l:, a unui vis hnperial..

~.L.m'pcriul''" rornano-bulgar •. devenit pentru unii :istorici ai sceolului a] X lX-lea' un lm]Je;riU ;lnai '[!l'Lt]t rom§;!1e~G doc:fit bu]giiresc, a avut rlflei~:i-rea de a-du-o apal'CIl'~a de reab'lllte unci mad istorii r,omine~ti tocmai pentru perieada oand izvoarele prlvitoare t~ Il'ornani som aproalJ<e mute. 0 Ij,impli translatie de la nOfc!111 hili sudul DUl1firif~ ~i '0 intrcaga f~u imI'cria:Hi r:oliliineasd, SIC inscrie in istoria lumii, Tactiea asum.arii mo~" tenrrji bizantlne merge ]'11 aeeeasi d:irec~i.e:, 0 dati d,lS:I}al1lt Biz:a.'n~lll, ro·manii. apar dre:pt nrma~k~ lui. tegitimi (ideecare dnce ]tl cmilo'~cl.l'&flluc'[ll're alni lorga, .Bizcmt dli;pit Bizan/}· Prlviad mal in urma, se dt)vede~te ca, si istoria .rtlIllPin5 t5rzie estc dOl'lli nata de elementul rOi1:'1anesc S(\U p(l-er~mSIlesc. Pentru Hasdeu, Filip Ambul devine (in ciuda numeluil) un dac, llll, fe] $i al~i impih:ati roman] .L ogica ;;J.'omilliziirii!L is.toriSii romans este 'drisa pan-a. ~i1, cap~\.t ('in seus invers latinismului, dar en accea*i tdentlficare rom1il'l-roln;rn) de I.e. Drl'ig!l:n" care des,c0l;iera ~111 ,.,n1i~Ie:niu hnpe!rI(.I.l al D.a.ciei·~;i~l1stnl,t de flU l'!r'1ll~i r~!~UU de pat.i1;11~r}(;'.i d~fu11P~'I'fJ.~;. "t]"EIIoo .. iU1i'-o~d~,ciH~ dln

cei opa;eci de it.np5.rnti :pe ,cal"~ i-a avut Roma.2.1:1 in s.ml~i't" IlU ~buie uitat episodlil.Bu.iebi,sta, 'pus tn v~11Qan~ de ]').ropaganda comU!llisUi.in jurul anului I. 9SCO~ sub conducerea Jut, s-at 00llslihlft unade:vir1},t .tmper.iu dacie, in m€lst.Il·ifde a rivaliza en Imperinl m:mru1. -:

Cu o ascmenea ereditat(:i,rnpedfil~" daca"rOlnl'11"lf.l. rom~,l1!o-bulgar~ ~.ir'OIlt5:11o-bi'z;antj~jll\f rmitD:b1J]i ar fi fost m~Ili:~], Tn co'.t1d'l~ii mai prlelniec, sa n3fa,di 'impel,-l'ud lattin:Ell lUsadJuluL UnH istorici sub l'in]3!za apa&a:t ,aceastit ·rosibilit.al'e, :pict-d:ula in catcva r,andtui dh'1 cauza invidiei §i a trfidurii. Dadt Miluri. Viteaz-lU~> scrie.AT. Laurian, ;c,lll'''{lr fi ;f!vut de a face CIl oament ca Basta, ea SlgiSnl1..lnd Rill'lCn"y! ~i C~ Jeremia Mo-. vila~ burdi erau sa. deserte ElJropa. provineiile daciene c,rnru'Sl in. eu tot:ul alm fu~iij r-om.~l\ii ~rn\l sa se ridico inCt;~ d.e at\;nlci, si st~hlllor'siBli1fl~irea:st5")~ W Hasdeu, roferind.u-se 1:1: loan VQ'i,~. eel Cnmpllt, se '~l'!.l'rim,~ ~l mai cf.ltc:gm+c,: l,;Tocmar a_tl,lnd., ]ntr-o '~tr1ri~~oaTii mmana spare unprlncipe, ~e care eumai eea nu'l1 m:l3.,g;t·ri trware 1] :~)u:hJ, apri, de a nu da 0 nHfi fata- &~ro-pei, fbndand pe Pe:1.linsuia.!ilakanlca un nOli imperiu latin.!'!~Q

Fa.pl:u~ devine ~i mai liellrHU"cabIl.atund cfmd. unii i~ii 10- cltipuie c;] ,(I·.asemetlen istorie s-a petr~cut'cu acic,vWE! in l8.8:5~ aptM!ea 130 Crll!I,atio carte destul de v(}ruminoasl'i, bli~il\data Istona eC0710miei poUriG " a com (ll'tlilHi ;i (1. ~~{U}igatizmi! Ro.man iei. Autorul ei, Romulus .Scriban (do~lo(in drept la Tenuo, avoeat, pl'o,i~~or de econemie poBli(l~, $1. comcrclmlii),; delTIol1s.ttl1

• j, • . '[. e, • ~ ·f,· . ~ td ~ .. ~ - .

p:np'lJatu.i pe care ,wm~iUWi-01r n ~~t udo eaena lulUis<l.nt

,,;"Statul eelmai avu~ din Orient ~i hw idiat de tCi'~i "ceil1]i de la cei mai annc,j p:5na La cei mai noi". Ceea ce autorulnllm~te. ft;ecvent Imperil;/ Rmnr:.iniei epare eft: un stat url'itm: in Bvul

29 Lism trnlliim~lor de ,Oiigitw II':IICO~ID I .. C. Drltgll1l~ (11). d.I;, pp. <1,6--4,7.

M8i p.~ :I.arg, .~ol !.C,l)mgl;m~ MHefl£ljl imperi.al (iJ' Dacie; I HLi.CUre'lti, 1.986. l1:9 A:r.l..:mrib'll:l" J,~'/Gj'f(l ftmrllii/7m·,ed. u. ~V,~, BIJI"CLlI'Q~I'i, 1873, p, 425. ]~ 13, Pi . Hssdeu, fO(JJJ' Vo~M cd CumpW, ln1pximer.i~.M ill G$leflilUJi de

R.ilsbei, B~iC-\Lt'~,ti, 1Jl~S, p. X](I, '

29]

292 .l~·tQrtr! ~t mtt in C()rl~tii'nt~' l'QI'nanea.w;ii

M,e-d~u. ~i inca mal mtlfiS; d.etiit statul !''O'man modern, intr-o vreme C~11d !,C~e'llt[IJI.c{lmertuhd l~l1ivel:Silll. era Mtld]te.mllia~i MOIliea Neagra" la ipin1'lii d'if,eia Jtomani,a Geupa nn loc [lllti:l'iS de la gura BUgtll.ui Ll~l'lr[ la M8nga:UEl.,~] pUl't,a UUul de doamna Ma:rj i N egre [, " .]" .. Sup nnerea ti'l:ri h)nmJlanc ~rC· tlJ:rci ,~e pl'ef~l!le Ia Scriban iit ,,;oom'iQd~rl'.q1e~L rOll1anO~QtonuU'li, care ~IT fi du;r,Elt :~i 11 :~ 51 tp,%n~ la 1877 ~ Ou alte cuvinte~ romanii ~i, t\looii ~i-a;JtI rr.npi1r~il imperiul, VllUl'lI'lll rru pon.te fi dec~t pe rniirsura: tr·e:eUlldlld, Wt imperial: "mmtmti a~id i:l" reinnoi vechiul imperiu rom~n d.cm'oent la cars: au drept, ca sueceaorii legitimi din orient ,ajmarelui Imperiu roman al Iumii toateU)1 Si cum ue afli.rllia lSS5, anul conf"etrintcj colonialo de Ia Berlin, teoreticianul Jmterl iimperiale lUln~ne'li n1.1 ui~ is! ceara ~i colouii penuu Ro.minia!

Un ,gccolm:a]~f'irziU'1 '¢§tc un istorle contitlUa sa coeheteze cu ideea iUlrpeli:flBt Ultima. desoopel.'ire lll.matet'ie lllJi'O:m.o\ll%1fia pe V]ad Tepe~ de In modes:t1]f r£tl1.g de principe rill raiH Romane~ti Ia tiUu] str!iEuc:ic de J!ntpii.mt 0:1 RasllirUu,I:t1iJJ2 Chil'lJf daca, nu esre adevarn~ .~ ,~Jij)ltriQttie~" $llrusta ajUlJgc.

Este cert ca Romliinia. a urmarit inepoca modern~ rntre~~rea ei n!l~ion~la. Aceasta llli tlliieaDll1a d ~cip.iidri Intermitente ale iluziei imperiale SI un dram de expansionism .1lI.! fHIU strecurat Til po1iti'iiuo()mjn~!I;Sc~. Po!r.u:l;erlea irnpel'jului oomano-bulga:f lri diseursul j'S'~C1jic ~e CDrlecteatii pe fa 1900 eta .0 foarre rn:c[iv~ poHtic~. b.~I.c;aniott. Este pe.rioiEidat e~r~d Rumania aspira. la rolut dcprio.oCip~Ut ]Juoore regio'l'laIl1 ~:i de arbitm al Balcanilor. Se 1n,~el~gc I'n aeest COI1~e;;t-;,t .oil guvernu~ £Omitn nu ill putut accepia in 1 ~'12-l913c:ie~:teiI unci B,ul;garii Mad, care ar f amerrn1:\at mt9iGtatea 1'Omineagdl Ro:llrd determinant a.J&ol1linj~i til eel de .. al doilea riizboi ba]oanic, ineJ1cierca. pilcH la n~ure.~H in 191;3 Ii] aHp:irea,C~H:lri]ate'j'ului

~ l .ROJtil:i Ius Bcribim, b'fmia {gc.mt(tf!~kl polftJ.r:e, Ii [J{'Jifl~n:i'liJ!tl # (1 ria~igt~~{linei R(m~dnJ~r, 'G<ll;~fi, l !HI,5, P'Jl. 7l-76.

12 Miln!~H D()gr.ll'U, Of).. aU,

.lWl'tf,clnii ~i C{$Na#i 2:930

au fo,s:l:rec~pt.\te ca o confirmate a unei ;.!'iegeln;~ni]~· r-onla: neliti (c",nsoHd:nUi $l pl'in ele:mentul remanesc din ~,a~c~rll,

si cbiRr -, i:HI puuu spera la un :mo,r:nellt da~ -"~prlD ",~n.~cl~,larea tn Albania It unui 'suver<a111l'l'rudlt eu regD na ,RorrUnj]liH)"

- TeJJdin'~f,I depa~irli strietelor 'q-onLie,re etni,c.e",s.-u manife .. "'tat ~l t.ll primol razboi mcudial, Tn~f1bl] h~c1u:~at de gu~v~r: nul reman cu 'Puteri~e'AIl.t<intei p\re\('edt~,,;a ~;{tm:cl~Im[~mall:u~:i spro ve.'it pe 0 Unie care, la nOl'd'd~ vli['Strr~a ~ure~~u.h]1 il'lll;S~, d.epii~ea C'lI vroo 2ll--30 kin actuala fnJilltle:rn wmano~Mgara~ iar spre SLId. urmaeaesnl Tisei pall~ la C\onf1:uell~:fl ~t. DUI1.1~n, 1llg[obfind Banatu! s!h'besc" Mai IDu!,t dec~t :nll~teh)' ~t~~ \' (d~?lf£~l, desuil d .• e ~r~\! de ,.~e_'fin_i9.~J~lra;~i~Liutof~iri~!~) '. ~frenUerelor 11fIt1.U'~1{!!: De la W~tN_J~~u1 .. la ~I§)i. ~c 'il~[tt a(;-altfet"nrtt-o"~ge:me{nea l1r;;ioon,ie:: in. ace~'ttl termcni se g~nd~a. in s;pocil [i'r~~nta,Unr:tliN~, 1~ dn~hl-~ depla~m:~a -fmlltierei sale fasarite(t)e pe BJn. ~i nll numat in Als~cHl, ceea ce ~[~'fi'il;~mlIUl.r ai1~lxJ'Il'eI:tLmOr tmiiarli popuhtte stIl,el de se~mani. Chlar dad. ex.isHi. p3n~, la 11 sa insule de pop:u1a\.il~ ~OlTll:lllll.ea.:.9Cii; spali,1!I11~\lend'iCBIt ar fi ~d.us R01Tliini~i 111:ai ];nul~1

-ung-uri '!,?i l'l~fbi decfit I'omilni . .. . " . ~

Mai complex se prezin;t.li cazulromao,esc m al dodoe~ raz-

hoi mondial, Telnl mJirturi'sit al Lui A:ntoll'escu. a fest remtre~ glrea RQmf~*1i,e;1 Mad, sfiI~'¢cata la 15140. eu 'toate,Mest~'" i1':1 G;;tm:pan]a din Rasa;dt~ trupele romsne n:u S~~lH)fnt la NJsttrUi. Ted:borlu1 cl.ilillIe N ~Sitl!]. ~.i 13.'Llig. (Tn:tflSl1:IS:l.tHa) a mttat s,ub, adrriinistra.t~t:Hom~[J:e!,'lsc~ .. Enn1e- fapt momeala peoctl.re Hitler a. tnlinde.a, rC:Hili'iJ5nilor l1enl:rU a-t de~erfnhm 13K r(;fi011I~eo la partea pi~dl.lt~ din Tr-at1kj,ilvania (schimb. oa:relluint::a tn~fi inyederite lui Al'i:tonescu). Orieum, "crll(,;lada impotr~,va, ball~e'V~~ ... :: luiH urmalt:a: distrug'el'ea putel.ii sQviatice' ~i indigUlreill pre.shllUl slave. ill eaz de victoric, Ro:m1illia" in mod oblectiv, ~HU' fi exdl'l~ t~l'hOril;tl ~l inf1uen~f!. FH,01ZC:rfi,ru exp£Ius.i,(Hl'iiilm se ~,e:~eralizase la sc;an't europeana (chiaf Romania ca:z5nd'LH victtn'li - in '19140). Se p~rea. tit S~ zru1iis[e~:l\e Q :~.illme nou ~ ~ii ~ in

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294 l,e;tb/ri(tjjj 1:11 U ir, c.()n~tiilit'! I'm'fra}~arJ,!ftJtr

a~'8t: cQnoo.x[, uu era ilegi.c fila cre:zi ,ca V'OO'IIs(s~ :pO<lit:@, ~i ~a;.. '(:;I.d ROmii!ll!iel (J ~rfe c~re1.a CIj_Ol'll~ exp.~'t1d -in acord Oll clirunnislnu~ 'lJilie;i,> ll'ltnlllll gen'enleH~' 0. th]stl'il['Jii 'inc;btll:mg ,~tu,mU:linal 1-iB!f ii~(Ir1:{ "id~s::t]uul Fr.)n~e] ~J: pDpu[a.~ia 'Chinei!<.

1el':ltif;~ta fn1p.~1jaU" 'b repe~, nl!1 este d.omim'ln[~,in lma-

, g~n;arul i5t0r1C!O~PQJ~;ti.c: mman~st~.~rj ,in masura ]1':1 eare f~tltasm.e~.e ei les uneori In lver1l~~" de nn j)ot fi anu[ate pr!n imrYlhJj.ct;ea 'unui tah'u u.s:1:oliogm.fic:. imp~:ejur~dle 1HIU obEgat pC: fo:m~ll1] sJ stea ll1rri tU~~ba In def'el)s.iva dedll s~ d:-v.liJ;elll!scah1. l~!itorj l ,sh-aine; TQ.ateace~Ma ~;e, ~p1 ie,;:n 111~a[)'rin istorle, nll .prln v:reHll spirit pII.'UGu.bll: al na ti,m1J.U,o:r, Es<te s~n'll~ p;1'is:t ~1 [w]:liar!;i, popo~[ie~e lrl pa..~\I]ice ~1 ag['esive~ ~i a l]Ie:~~e:z;a singurl']!l pdrn,;t c~.~egQJiej ljtlJpi:ilgti:tld~~]; poe ,(.1ej.lalp,'in ce~ de ill deua, E."lt~ de asemeuea s.imp]~st ajudey1ll[l(!cu,ful prin pi'iSwa nmn.1eior mcrnarle,de cllrept in:t~ma~O'nat .0il!Ci:l Romania .1 :pmti.m; la,l~epll,]t~l ffi~Qol1Jh.d mai mult eor.it(n(u ~~ ma:i mul~;~ il1flue~.'lt{i dyd:t a pu,tLit p.511l.1 .Ift unna ~a c<I[:Jete,.flc.eaS[tl, s-a pel:.w~ cttt i1 c~dn.1lJotml1:J] po]itio normel: to~;i plil;JC~daH n~(lt De ee tv*,'blJ.1i9[orf!itfe ~m::fi1;rille;~]>eiUtr[~ ca numai m!m§nii s~,n prom ceclZll~ mlt[~I? CllItOOSP1'e 'Burebi,stil!1 sl-ll~,s.~'M sa fie un mare cu(;erU()~; nu priu JICeaSI<ls.e' va stricaimaginea RQnla:ui:e~ ta ~f1\r~]~ul S(fco~ului al n~]ea,

Comp'ct.i#a dy(!:ptt~,.rl(jr; .lmli'U'ItiJ jr-(Jfdtet'Ij, m illtj·titiiJi

In ~oo·st punct. d¢vjfle necesarifo,<;,]arilfica;re iwreticib. Doua s~dl de a:r:gume~de au :ro)Stil'iv,~cate til [ll'o.ces.:uL de f~troC~ tnmlu'(i !}.a.tiolllli.-tl1ll!'.itofiala a ll[tin1!e:lo[' d~ui seeele: pe deo pa:rte,)ll1 crlreriu ernje ~ dreptu.1.j,namraLu san fill ,..gjnpim~\ dLlpa, cum se spuneaC4imdva~ IJ~ ell') uhi1 'pat'W, un c['i~.edl] PQlitte OOl'esp:l1tlzi5tqr l'JGiIi'figil~rn,tii]orC' l.>~lhl.le ,coI1S'ide:mte origiU~!'edl'i£ll'.1W~. islQrjc, Acestorll H s-au (~dlll:P.l ~i i)ol'i8ideJonte de erdin geopolitic. Principiile ]11 di .. :;i!t;uOe se pot 1~,1L'Ib~na, d!.rp:n

eum pot f ~I pel~ectcQ~rt(1.1d:i;ctQ:ri i. N ~:ti'lJni v~C1IT!l ap~lea2a La <l!rgtlmentc di~til1Gte,ny~)d fi.e~a~ dt'e;p:mme,j Ir.1i f§!ul ~a1ll.;) tnr:.1.tLl'ce]orl~ he. P:otrivit drep~ll.ui i sttil'iQ~regi¥ln!:!:a Il'l;l~e;tii fl.par{l:l'ica Celdei. po:tlllv:l.t oolrr.mtllr.iI e.h11ce era gecrmall.rlt ~'i

a~.E.I mni !1,Jep~l'~, ' .'

Rmllani.a mod:~rn:a &aCQ.nsh1irt in: l>:rlmul d:r!id 'poe pfin~ Cip]~l~ 'e:tlli(.h ~la1!' ~j prin 1il'l.mzal'cm~ cihu[ s-a dOV1ediL .dpQJ'~ml, SI.oe;~orhtt.e: ct:.iledi: 1rs:tqric ~i geopoilti,c. ttl cepri.vt::~le~h]lJ~ tluile s~p\~1'lioo,a~ U~.1,g~l['~~1 pih.:1l'~ ttl 1919~ p]:®C1otninocnt !I fast criterinl etuic; aeestea 1n:U flpa:rli.nu:;e:ra 'nicrodatailtum,anien s~u flrim::ipntc;:ioJ: ra;m£l11l!l, ~1'l:ltl jns~ loeui te de o ;P~j!l:lijJ~tle rnajQr.i~f:U· mIfJ,aneatc~.. in caznl Baj;latulu~ dupa, c.liH1! '~111 v~ztll, a fest e::cp~oa.tat,fa. ~trgl1menIDl l;s.to:riOj, ,'ih spdjinu[ a~i,pitil t1'ltregir P[\OV~:ildi>C11 unltate j~fO:cic<ljn,di.solubim1 inl1liferent de, PDp'ijIa~1a w,rdlomit)a,I1li:;sarbeas:e$l. a p~:r~ii 8:a]e vegtice', ,13~Wa'vlna inv]~'lJ,a. o,clubli\ ~ibo:rdan'S: &~tIJ1 ~ttlic:~ mai jnt~:u, ~ll ce p[.i.ve~1:.e h:nniitatea sa :Ndid'i:~h:]discl.jJ~.l()U rom:a~~eMca; dar ~Cdr~pl.1;a] 'l:stD:ci<;'ina:nsIl!'ribIn- ea pru1:e 1.1 MQ~dovt'ii 'pi1:na h:t: U 7'S-j ieal't pcil11i~e<:ul,\t ,_se'l1>eacdi,pe;ste..fupful d. ramfu1i] Cnl.liJ! sa.lldeVeJ.~sedi mino):ilari':tlt j'uuh'ilIlte;Jt !tardioli. Aceeal:~] 1m'bi:l13ife' de, drept etnic ~i IS.l:orio i~t.llniln ~i 111 cazul B asa,rnbici; () IILhc:ntdltrc stric,~ de:mngrafi.c~ Mf fl pus ~1I'~b semnul tUitrebiir.ii partea o-e .:OODC1 a'pI'Qvl:E1dei (judettd Hotin), ea ~i judc~el(!; dil\1i sud (Ce;baNila Alb~, ~j. lSl"JI"ItlH),. uJ'l.de rQl\lj~@ii la

i9li 8 elan mi!iotitari" In.~ca:Zli!l. DoorogcL1 mptivaH~~ indiferent d:6 urgu~.:nentel;e: o.l1clale. ~1. f'Q~n doar til subsidiar etTlic1i., respcctlv'ist:adc:~, (parte Oil l11di R:omanle$li til timpul lui M ircea celBJiWln) ~1j ell s-igU'Wl'i~i1, Il'J. 11t'lod a~t'e[111inant" g,eopo]Ujca (g1.!l'iieJ)ul1:nrii ~l ntfiTIlhll rn~WHi:m). ES0!l~almenl~ de ordin ~eQ!poLi~ic a ['Os.t ~i anexaree C~ddlal~Tt,lhd,. ca ~i re-\t€:t'l~ d]titu~~ unei frontien:'! vtsHc~J tmpinsal 1h !}ll!.'tejp~na laTisa.

Vednii Ron:l~lniGi auuzat ~i uzea:lil. d,~ arg.Ulfli~l"1m shill la_... ro" con'lbinalld tlUl~. In fcl~~'1 ~.Ol' etni'c;ul ~i isto):'lc:~~l Ohe.s~i1..u:~.ea: sf con"lJ;Ue.~p'ril;l [ilph]~ nl~~thudini:i. seGven~~iQr

- -- -- -- --

- -- --- ----- - - ------

isterice sasceptibile die a fi V11JI01.1zale. ca ~:ia.i ~noditl.c:lifjlCl:r SU1'Vefl.~,tei:n. frbli1t:i.erele li_nt'vi~tiic~ ~i m de-z(jjjrul emie !cl~:re4 gultl. h::ltre~ rl:tJFml!~tifi brutaie:, a~ cum is-au 'P,ettoom~ -!l~Ii:t[l d~l)tjri~r~'~ldephlmri de ])QPU!..11!\ie, fll tin'lpul ~i lufiff$ttol ,ach:1i de.--.aLde:ilea razboi mondial S<lU, 111<11 ,reGtm~ ih ~Bosl1i a), fle~re n.a;~Ju.ne l~i fir:e nbru:la 1~(;la]i~?'\ eaee nl.Q, se ·imhl.l],~,p'oo:['tc-r <:11 ,~bfiltiJj;l ideale{' ~ler·oI;:I~rlal~:i. Fjeoc.are canta· f5a-'~i OOf.l~oHdeLe O:ropLtlr£]e l'['Hli puFn evideute, M!oorJbIiil,lMI,'l T~'a:mtijlivani~, maghlatH ,au ajl~nS' ~ftl '!JiS"e:Zce ]a Q epQca istoridi ind~artatiii~-ill ~!j're rom:inii nu S-tII fl.. tdla:~:ai:CiDupacun1j tipsiti. fin'lip ,c]e.,~e .. ~Q']e de un stat .r'omaucsc al 'Ira:rtsilVIll"lffiei,! rOllwnii sont t.enul~i si!t o sep.~H'e, I:etr-.ospectiv, 'de .eeroana ul:1g~di, ~i de odce pIO~ i~c:~ isroli~· ~i polil.h:;tuJligllmse,> :a[nopiincl~'!() de cele (11:11,]& pdt'L~ eitrate l'Om~e: ~l if:l!regr-al1d~crintr~o.ist:orfe ge,j_lefalFo!rn~~sc-~.

in ace~a~~ ol'dl1'1e d{targllJmenre~ pe"il'.ltnl nn QbS'eTViflWlJ: 11.elRlpF.k'.i<lt sentimel1!t1d in c,01'tfl'iUn.~a!Hel],fI.tionale, dln regiu[le; pjH~lbl!(lm~ mi[i;O'1:ltW~,iima,ghi.9r~ din Tn:118,ilv~mia ~'i ~. :minQ~ l'iti~ii!,"Qn'lau:~H din -Buc!o'V·iu31· de: .Nurd. se prez:int5.tntr-o lumll'lJa 1A.."lel.'l1an~tO!fJ:re. ]n ambe[o cazl..1ri~ ]a!vDcaren. Uln11[ drep~ igl;Qr~C (aparte:ncnta g'ecli;IMa 1;l'ansi]vemie:i Ia. Ungarifl ~i a E,l].<)o'Vme-i la MDtckrv~'j .res'pec'~l:v· la Romania) uuare Cb1:m. sa ll'~aca Inaj:b.~ea vdhll,~l actnale a m.ajQri.Ui~ii ("YmTJilane~~9a "in 'lr.2m&i[l;l.llnia,)lCrninea1f:a 'Uti :Bu~!i)vi.!la. d0 l'4ord). Toate aces~~ ~~ Ce:l 'Glmificfl~'ej. pe!1~k] C~ pmce8ul de uQrmaJ]zflD;NI. rela~mor ell vecin.il ~i. de )n~6g;r~l'~e" e'l1mpeana sa au 'fie ,fl'@~tt!ll pifi'ntr~un g_ell de ConfrL"lnt~ri caj(lJC~:{lri:sHce E1LIJ;Q~)ei di¥i~~.te de le:ri~ dat pl"'ea pu~in c.oIlfotm~ pml®e;ra:td Europe unite de

~'es]giJr, 1n unsle zo,n~un.de.e~ll·Ca:m:iva·m~jo:r"tl!ri;rQlna~ nil - ell cieOS<6bii'e m ~dt'ltll:ul s~oo] - ~U p:~erd~~t i~f1 III favoarea ~~oolodaJW'~ este cazlJj.1 .13:{lsarllbiei §:i alBucQ1vit1ei, ~i lU1m~i Pl1\ in al el~m~nfill:l:IJimm~ [j~SC dm Serblil ~i J3:ld~ria" 1J,,~r~ tr~]bt1:jle 3pUS ell ~h'lce.dtl.llec:a irJI ilt~ ZQ.I'.l@,. ~i in. ~cc:la~i ul1ile,'v~i Ell ultimulul seeol, J.'OlflfiIJi[ au ~1 ci$ti.g;[l.l i~l defa'Y'lo:Ili-

rea ,.ce]arlaJ-~I". in DQI:H'o'~e.,a~ la.13:80"PQr~.I~atla romaJleasd nu dep~~6a 2$% dl~ tma!; la :roce.l1s~mal1tL1J.,.d'h~ 'f ~'30"pon(I(}[,e~ lGmall:ilordobJ;ogepj.se :riQ[6as~ ~a6$% (!:ir~~ll go~oti CfJ.,Lrnatertil~ In-edQmTn~.l"lt .!:1er-O['l'l&lliesc;i:m'P1~lln~cu ~ce~~ ta precentul romi5ni lor-din DobrQgea eobera b144 ~2%); c~CcVI]' d!ocen.i.i ~,nal taf"Zil~lj. in 1992~,Dbbl',,)g~~1 ~p;are apr.o~~p,e. p~ .alepH noom~l1]~aU'l: $)1.%' populap.e tD.l~.1,ii!lcas~iL in T:ntl1is~lv~:ni,a (Ce.ltitorme ,~c p~stoplml~]! in ausamhlul ~~I)j pottivit :reo~mSalllJ,§t:ltuikddin 1 ~ W~ roln~ijii. ;e:rn,]J! c,ota1ii cu 53,8'%'1 l.l1~ghi!j],'i.i elll 3] ,6%" i~l ie.t'lmj.lJlii 'ClJ l 0.8%. in .l93Q~ M.nWIli:i prQg.r~~ns~i;~Ja 57J<8%'j [I. 1956 Ia 65%jp~l1tn~ a ajlll!1ge-in 'Prezen:~ t~.lJp~, datele 1~.enS'a1'l'1ffl1:tllh;d d~l~ 199:2:~ Ia 73~6% t~ c§:~ti,g'ok:; ~o de.prQCi€;n:!1'e.l1c!; trei ~f'e.l'tLl!i de vea.c)~ in. timpce mag~hlrU au Qobar,it la ch~~ 21 ~k, :i~[' ge,ru']fI;t)Jlii"~bla l!J.l1ii depa~.e~c,l,;Ill pro!,cei'[~ 'aproritp'G "dispan1a:l;d ca f~;ftlj HUe 'e~nidi .. .s~u ~>:ell.'oc'lltt i[loubitl!lb:i.1 un proees de t, amzare, 'hi pro:Vli~!cH

·caI.,actel'i~~.tQdndvi1 pJ:i.ntl:-ull .. &\.ra:d.. . t . de ani,lea. tee oehl]O ..

A (Lis[}ilmt ~i arr;t1Jiul (K!:3r:nQp.ofit,c~l.l~ decaimCjli€-dstic S!I:wt[~Jk~Ul JIOm~l1.esc. La Hl95, din ~"ej Wi 4·nl'19cr~iwfi ill' C6.nsh:lll.~i, 2,."5.1 9' erau romiini, 2: 46-0 gl.'ed. i 060 buIgllri, :2 .2:Lr2· turd $] HiJar1~ S-sS evr~j etc. Astazj~ Jlom~u'lii I.'eprez..hlti 93% dn). plllpulal:ia '()!f,t1~l'llui_ La oeH.1allt'C<lpfit altarH. Titni~oaJ'd pr~~ ~en:l~l. ltl 193 ~)~ lll'l;11~toat~a stl'uctr!r:l d~m~gl'lIj;lci:gc.nuaf.li -,-. JgIY~i luaghiari -'·50%" fDm.!1.11 ~ 26,5rm .... , A~tazi" S2% dintTe tin1i~o:l:~l1is~lnJ J!,omal1:1 .. Dar ehiar ill BUCU1-e~~]i per!.Qadcilule:r]:ie1ice (potri vi t 8{)~lol'~J date ~.in I ~r3()), 20% dill PQI:Ji!.lIa~~ie em n"lc~ dee' o:(;\gb~,c 11eromiineasc:a; in l)'JeZelll97 ~($,% din ].octiitoI~,b;lapitrild gunt de 11i1[~lona.lit~te- [c:m~n~t E~cQl)~ tillm!. :pl'ezen~a II1E~BldU:I'~ u1'tl'''o seria de '~l"a~etr:;l['l$ilv:!ll1~rI,e. p:fiecu:m ~i n.l1m~UI.·[I.i er-csc§nd-,aJ ·t]ganiloJ; toloratuT1,I' etnidi

d ." •

~, . ~"'~l'.l]t ul:J1roape ,~'b11'Cl'J.nHn®f~s[!:[if (J~ I.t'lislte n1l]=:1iIJ~e pie:rzau-

dQl.-5Le Iu an:sarilblu,·u

~J Am I.~procl{l!!l ".'i;l!U::in) "C~I'crl:~:o]~ lJl p[QC(lCH~e" dim:f(,\ d~ltJogmfLQ!l: of~nUl ~II> u!1wmlml:m~e ~m~~ M ,D. ]Om':SCH, JJtjbl'fj~'C!a (n rWltff,I',d ~~r:i;luJ ,til )()(,ll.Yl.

~ ~I . . .~,

- --- -- "------- - - ----------

2,9;~ l:Slm·l-a~t mn ;,~ ,(Jf)t~:vrN11ttf rom,a~!t!,(M'e.if

ROO~011Std;i]itat'CtL 1i1n~I' ~gal'l'l,el1t~Glvoh.Qtii re~in~ ,st~t~lui n?-l~knl~d" P.1'(itut.f~tl-em~ StllltL~] na~,i:ona1 ~-a dQvei:1~t, ~smlt.l;aoor (de.~l!lnr} ill Wadcd!.ferirc ,i c.J.]'lueirode di],-~iw: 11l!l~Ff!.l[~~ echivala genocidu~ sau depQd':lrUe eu erGdarea~el1~.a ~O;lI~ llalliit!1~~n®]"J'. In Intel~ol1d l11q~fn~M)r l:OI:J,'['ne~t.i,.re~l~blll, a,e!io~ nat'ina¥llumjild EOm§nilolj m.~fam aces(om, pal:I'J;lnt acel:e~~J

~ogi:~~l'mpotrilv;ac ~m~ I I • .' I ....' II·. ~

A.\ltQcon~p~,Um;irea~ alta:! de :fiet:¥e1nta in d~ S(;,ll]['Sul .loma ~

niLor d~$p:r~·c..;i'in~i.~i. n~Hr,-e FI1 ac~aS!m prlvin~7i pjl1SttficuN s~fici~n:li~,Rorn~nihu.l p~e[id."l,t!, dar au ~j c~tigHtAllii tflij~l1ge 5:3-]' amintlm pe ge:r'm,ani) aueedat en sig:tlra!l~5mo."li mu.U. ProbiIlbii ~~'! iu.1unii.:l1dpll~s~,ui1e ~i mhrmnl'rlle, Ioma:nii au dl~t[·~tm.ai muttdet~ta1lt pierd.ut~ R~ma,Bit~tea.'~te,·ast!~i. rna] p'Lltem.i,;::,a doo;j,t aeurn un SOCQl ~i~ in f(.jlldj~J:m(ir.d~c~ mb:e ]1Ocl:a{C de st~t ~evamf~i Jl'l;gnsre~ rna]· (),m0't{;n~ diec.at tn_ ~o:~ ~.ilila[lia:: ipbBibeUcfl,. eu pi'Oc,e;ntll.i. oj i.ntparl:~m!t de 'lumor.i~a,~l.

R~n:t~ne (]esi:gur de yazut ,CUlm vali· judeca. e!lurop~ni1 m~J~J, l11U-O vi~,ro.a~e El1.mj)~ l~n:~tiit~ 1~T~c.e8.ltl d~'omtl~,enizar~ ,etrl.lCa .~~ ~IJtlhJml;fi OilfUG:t'~rlst~CIStp:ael ultimelor dou1liSecJole,

A ptC:tr'"(ll)ut'(!.r~ lno,uli{~lii

CQ:tU1.m:isPiuf'lfIatioo.aUst ~ adus a ned aparte iII ce prive-~te, r?P9lltt.d.,alli3il~l1t gl'Ccll de C()llC]!i,id".,d~nll'e· t.lro~lam::at\'ll spirit d,(![ellB:iv' al lI1tWici: ~j, [I.s;piJ[t~ifJ: spre· ~tatutld demereputere, in ce f'I'iV'e~te pri:ll!,u[ element :1l::~ e{)u~{jei, liilhu'gl a. c5zutcar~ goric: d~llCII!liIpoi l'O'rl"lal~iint! 'a1,1 p~et.ilJ,s 'nki~datll nlm.i,c din oe ll.tl le-a <i.p:lllrpn.uL hi acelasi titl'lP'fl)olit'nca, me.g.a'lorrli'!tt1hl.

&:'oec, )iJLlCtLt"~n} 1904, p., ;1]5, ~i (::€.1'(;l:!ufl'l trsr,pm °0l:·a~'lllm: C~~/~rNft'j~ 13~jC1i.l~:e~ti,. I. S~7, p • .ss:, .I~~i!tNt,<;(rmfil,r~lj~ Jr(meraf olpO:JitrldJ'i~f, R.Qll'IW!i8~ ail! .i;!) d.wer11:!;1'iit 1:9.w, pljbllmlll ~1;).s:!l~~h~M~~l~n~; vel, n, [mpriul"veria '1iIS1:~i~J!11~!~~ ril~IJ:l]:IW~I,i,~'~3g; Nr-rXm,rJNt{jr.fW[ f1OJ)~jl«NI!/.!$i .lomll1~1(]ioJ· (jlr~ '1 irt-, fJ 1:I~il'l'(!' 1992, '110] l!l1Jti I,S'lI'i~CfW'1I 1!,11!ir:d ~,I fXi'ifl!;~~l(!m.rl!i:{ r,'. JII')PJf.fr~rJrJi tBtU:lln1:~~ l], 199~,

,. Rmminii !f.l C8Ual'~f 2~19'

,iIl,r.lt1i ~~JJ~e[lm! tjhd~, i1i 'dtiar ~~ ruu~tt~ ool putim,' i'flI cchil t111'OJlI, :s~ couiere 'V'isulli.i. de dl1idre:. cui1b~,dt inr s.uoGQ'n~lientul na'G~ :t~~l~ a[i~teflt~lUl'l(!] rnceput (!C'ill1ip:t:Lli~. N~iei v~n'llJ;llil® ~i nioi ,~(!:h:o~ogia: tua se mai po!:r]ve.au,_ eu j Vist1li,llil,e.rinl. llo.mi:l'l'ia p~lte~ deveni tual'~ n1.1 p.rj u ,e~1:i I'Icle~'e! C:i l)ril'l d]cian~~i1i.) pi'~m densitstea m3iXin.1~, conferitii uuui Spa.ViLl. lim itat. e:~ nstf'eJ., 0 ,1ll1.11.1ic,i fl ftistt lr~I1.1'Sfi:g1lu;at~ 1ntarii, nl~lilj o~mlfi dlatm l .. marginea madlor ,1}llS.?i!I.uolll16 pollfico-economice ,11 dLeven:U:t'lU'l nl.~~ elen allumii.j,tj, PrpCe8,uL. ~t'Ot9uprjl~tCJt~ a mJi!~dbrlt> O~[ l~u~in I~ nivelut l1i$ICr~,u~~!J!ujj ttJ~te' Ialn:{til,e. vie~i i l'1a,iOl1ale ~:~ pr.in inev~tft'b il .. aJ pt'Qiect~feMl .tI1BCUt, tota[]l:atea":pj'ore.~ului ~stori.G.

Un lec-cheie in a.cest de:me~:s 1~;R: ocu;pat politjca ~tem,a~ Rmnfuli:. tr~bllil1;d sa ap',U'g[ ca .0 l)i'eSa .i4Thd.ispe,nEla.b]uL a ra~orrudlolr il'lttma\'ionale! indeoseb,: CIi! medi,ttol" jdea~ inl:l\e bl~)Q1U!dle rivale (NATO ~i Pacuil d_e; la Va~,~~;lVia, China ~i LIn im~~a: S,o\!ietica, Israelul ~i sr.a:oo],c m1i1bej f1ol'dnl dea!voltat ~i~u:m€la'~tre.]a .. .), J')c-ritica .d~mogrnfl.di rep[je.s.i.~u;> pnJID(l\l'~~.1Jd :nfltaUtSl.~ea em eriee plI.\ei~j m;s;rgea ]):1 ®ieeeJ)~i ,dJ.rectie: ri:tJicnwa Rominie~ i~l iewrhia Btate~.()r~,umij.,p1f~n~,IJ;!ma:tul [Qc1]]tn.iil:Of. c~1 ce pr]ve~te. ecollomi1't} RQmaJria Unt'1!1 Sa dtevi ... n1iQ mare puJOO]1e ind;tlstr.i~m ({ll!.] ebiective fanooziste pr-ecum 'pr~ten~ia ca, .pa;:ta ]a, 199{l) 95% diu produsele i'ljil~n0{l ~i . .s5. fie- de n[veillnQndlal~ i!lr rostul de c~.tcn, p:ri)CCJXle.I)f;;S~e' 111- velul ma'TI~ia~!). Prolluc:,io'l, agricoJa (fletivJi) a; atins, [t'll 198'9, 60 cl&ml!~olIlnc ~,e; VOllC, eu Il:IU mndamen~ 1ft nectar nmt~ supedot orlean::!i dt 11'l181'Q procill,d'itor. Procesul de- t:l:I:b!'Uli.'l~~~"e 'ins-crill ;im'i~i ,R1)~n~illa !JiI'inl:[1®~idle fiun~a ~ie: dat~n'm'l'Ca S:fl·l!elQr.treb!Ai~Jla lase; loc H:bet~t1nor lli~eimi detipurban, in Hlnp O(!;! l'l1lUlt mai eOorl10d,pl"1n s,im~.)h} llrcchllnal'~ Gomrl1Juele dr;v~ rieocu OJt(l~e:; i,a:[':Ujll~lcl ~ niul1Jdpj]:!

. :l'1 UiCi.ml Bui1r, ",Dsl>th1!III!1 nmre 111 Ulle:i~~ri fI.'1k:ii'''" 1111 fii(f(uri!e; w.un~" fj/lilm~l!lr l'O~litj\!'tj"'{\'t: (slib di(~~!i~1 Jtll LI!",im~l !J<Dhl), ..... oL II, 6ti~ llill'li U IIi 'II~1\· !l~U\ii l3uc~~re~ti, ~.~9f, PlD. J9~JO!,

- - -- --- - - -- - ----- ------- -------- - --- ----

100

'.

- --- --~ --- -- ----

- --- - ------

if! ee prive$te 'Pl.l~al·ell milltarli, aplicareaprillciptului .. lupt~ int~gului POPOy" precoaiza ridicarea fQI1;elor. armate forn~ne la; 'm;I efectiv cuprim !n.tr~ 4- 680 .000 ~i. 6 24$ OQO de luprAoori~$; ceea ce al' I~ 111fii~n'l!nilCI tara JndOtimla. una din treprincitla1e1e .a.Tmal~ ale IUIUii. Hate intca:eSEIllt de cansttLttit c5, flctiva nnrlpHfi,o~rre ,a o~li1.ii ~Iuii:nle a :fiQ>S't co:b ornliU '$] 'in tsw:~e. De unde, ponivit ;rrl'itologie:i traditimm.le, roJ:UiiJnii1pu~ini La nrom5i"~ all rSU$It~l),J'oape nltotcl{~{Ir!lna sa biruie fQir\~ superJQiare, acum 'logica s-a inversat, Na\lunea mn"lana~, dcsi micji, at fidis:p'U5 llltotdemJll[l de ()~ti,1'i puterniee, gt-a~i,e prlncipiU;lu] nlobiUzirii intregului PO-POii'. Din acest punet die vedere, Burebista aprocedat tntocmai lui 'Ceau~espru, eeea ce i-a per.plis s~, ridiee la liup,m 200 000 de oameni, 0 -armataeproape Ja-fel de, nnmeroa:sa 'C~, aceea ;a, [mperi u~!Ui r.0l'1l~11 (n.eve\fo~imib cirri anl'l~ sa,ta de Stnlbl) filnd flcceptat1Hara'cea ".!1i~hl:l.ica c[ilicit), I~r tnEw] Me.diu ,"potrivit Jstor.iei miU(are a pO'po1'.u.iul roman, 1'01'D'1Rl1ii ~U: fi displ1s de 120 000 pana La l40 000 de OltUl'le:fli i sub a~'i:lle,' tnexistenta atunci a uil.ei Rom.!lnii nu nare a-I fi

,'P !It''~

Sl.3l'iJenit pe (litton in.calcular~l ci::fr:e]or !.Innatej IQlnim.oj 'chiar d~,ca·o. parte dinefective apartinea 'Iranstlveniei, ell alte cuvmte regatului ungar ... Ungaria"potri'vit a:o~tora~i ealeule, nti putea riidicfI dedit 14 000 de lupti1tor];j rapottul fiind, asad~~ de 10 lal il1 f1lvna:re,a :rom~nilcr. s'e expUclf astfel vietodile d(,bandUr: de midle' (a)'{ ronlane~ dar de mati.'le arn~tlie :r'G!'OOne~ti.,l!s

in f-elui aeesta, s·paril11 romfil'D0S'C setransfigura, caplJitfulJd densita(i .neIb1hn.rite. Ceau:.~escu descoperise retsta metamor-

:» me Ceall~SC.'J,l. RtizhbfJ11 iiltieglll~i popm'lJ1mtf!il Clpi[ltlJ'&l J}ilh'iei la l'aif~i'irlJ, Dill cdc ml1l' ·wtcM Ii'n!pm·i pam; [II ~N~J,~ noastr«, LlditlU'<l Militillii, B\!l;:m~tG, 19:80,., p. 4 Of).

~~, /'gtOJ',ra mW(ar{l ~I 'Jc!JPQj't~fllf l'(mriil~, v,oJ. 11., [986" p]1. :i9..;;,j 1 (",ApbOlll'CU r~ll:! !oil)'hlJ~lJi l~lk~~i'i j llutJ:ilillt de ;c~lrc ~lt1't:gull~QI:ItI\[' n d'~,~ I~ ~rn~H'ril.fl·miQj Infp:rol>i,O~III~nte l}Ullld Il]t~ i.iql'l!: mmlil1l~,ti ~'I'I, p1J~ i'ltf! simihbudil'i,i I.i~ centluen!~ql '~llro~!(l[m ml II I1l1li:'II'l~~ ~f~ti ve'IQI' il Itl'!ilnHii,l"),

f-ozil'i:! unei t~ri miei rnma:re putere. UnU t-au crezut. P:rill'l:~e~ce-~[hl., 'b~]l Zamfi rescn, care nuezita sa afirme ca· ,;110·l.n5:nia a: W!i:t inool1.testahil, d~la Dec.laratin. din ap:riBe ] 9'64 ~I pii:rdlila Revolutia din Decembrie t9;M, a patrui~rub~'re p~li t1di. a 11llnl~ dup.m ]s:[~el (stliltul ~i emia universal d.5pao~

dit1i); SUA ~,i URSS"',,;ili' .

..

ij C(JiltJl(,lf~ (lesprtt M'mfir.li

Am vOl:bit .desl,)re ce"i.'lal\i; ~i d'e'Spre raportar,cflrominUoI" la cenalli, din perspee ti va . .rbm!hl!ea.s(}a" Ceea ce oC:(e(~ ceilalti despre l'onlii1'li: I'IU 'intra in probl,olJlat.i,ca. volumului die fatil.. N e putean penni te bel mult cateva sugestii de, ll~,tu:ra. a sllhl:illi:flcol"l'lparfl'tme ~:l disooiedUe cl(6'111i,(I~I:e di1'lt1"C jm.!I.gh'um, reC~I~tal~, i!ll'ffiLl'it ~i propri a n~p:r~ze.altal'e iii rom.fn'li]or despre '61 m~'I~.i: Ul) sondaj :.dea:to'1'iu~ n]9~dcoun'l itUl s'tu.diu ,ru.p:mfUlldat asupra ehestinnh.

Laslina Ia 0 parte Ron1~.nia dcfor.matit de COl1lunhul'l ~i de-

ta~aUi iII mod voit de civili.u):~i;a occiidenh'!ra,. ne vmll Intoarce la anii Imediat jlwmerg§tod celui de-al d,oU.earazbo] l:l.1.ol1dial~ a.!iiadarla capatul unui seeol de ~ie.1.1r reni:?.;a..,re·~ aJSQ~ de;t1ilji wnl;1nc~tL N idclll1d~ in l.11.1itre31gat sa Jstorie a.li.dtimeku ~]Qufi Vf.m:C1J~],! RC!l1.l~;nj:a :Llit.l afCJ:s,tnul.i in:lX:.grutlli en atuncl ]n oo.uc~Itl]l.eur~p"ean ~i in sistemul valorilor OlU.'Qpe;lle.

Cu 'p'li'vi.:re It.1I. t!liC~fflS'ti Derimu:.l~. do,:iscditori tlcc]del'ltali ne-l3u ltlsat. mih'lur1a lo:r: Doi autori foarte diferi.'~i: Paul Morand. un francea mondeu, eu str$::r:Ui,e: rcklupi iil mediul autohtoD" ~ Olivia ·M[J.t)ning, '0 t,fiuib:,a eng1e.zoaica, rel:!:asa ,~'i fi'lst~·ati.! .I)lutiu dispus,i 111 cellS1ecintfi d. vada.htcrurUe 'intl"-O lUrrul]i laivOo[(lbmL Prsnula publica.t tn 1935 volnmul-eseu Bucarest, cea de a. doua, .mai tdrziu, inceplnd dill 1:96Ql Q 'Prilogie Balcarl:j:c.·d, a le C~:Jleiprh¥MGI douii volume au drep t C.ad:I'UI, Rqm~rlia

3,Q,2 b;tod(j'$~' mIl i'n conftU~lt(j l'Omiiri,~\\'!~c4

R~il'(H' 193 9-l9.~'Q, C~l ¢Ijnt~:i lldve~t~ ~t4 cu s,imp~tje~ cea-

]3Jltap:u,0 aJJtipatie n,e"disi~ula.taj, jll, ,

Rt,:{m.a'I'IC!1lIbtllh'l i1ceiflSm nCl,o-tf,[viro este 1nsfi Zlcord.ul, fUI'h'o da:n~ellta'l t§'Y ce: p!'iv!e;.~t~ defill'i,rc~~ civ:ilizatie,u r!D'mii,ne~l'i in stl1e.,.'CeLal' dO'~ vT.:;dtarori J eare ,ai:tm:ln~~ri uu au nhnic c~:mun mwul :uic~lalatt (lit'! ufiu:a ;'!pan~neQlt~i,Jor I<k,clIJln!m apI,lSeail!lt):; "~ei,:m~tl~a le ~pm'e ea 0 tai"i'i ([i)ar prtlti1l1 ii'ilt~l?;r~tii ~i:vmz.a~ l(el~~rQ.p~e~~ej .0 t~litde UIa,l~gi[J:~' QU 1!]~~ fond ll1cmJ, Ijt~mun,att ,~e Pf,l~lHh¥lsm" amal.ga,m ·cJullitt de via? moderna citadiLl'la ~jd\!l S'u~::II'avie~drl rustlce, La BUCUOO~li" :oom,arolimnuzl),t Pa'lJf Mo:rat1d, allfo~l,lIohHlJl,l Fam 1f],tall)E:!;Jte cam] CD OQ,i" NicivrllUS CBe nl.nic~l.Pal;'i~·!l OHvi_a Ma(l':Ill,j~lg' tj vedepc~uct1('(l~tel'ii clreJ,)t Ul1 iel:teJii!'a:~~ unii &inh'eci ~n~.:L1i au;j;elltjci~al,~ tararu n~a.! C;O]Wa\]'J lrt'}bl:i!lcat:~ in IHl,hjc.d.eO\fa~. a. lume :fluid'"'l ne ... slgiU.ta,ul1de- ~ucru:dle.l1u prea sunt h:rate, m skdOs. Pi;:it1llru scri-

.itoml :[i'anoez~ mel1fa]i tatea cu rotul noooc.~dcntRla ,e;s:t(3: ma] cu:rijnd. 0 cal~mlt:er Lec~jo:! pe'.ca:re·rom,finta.1 0' o;:[~r~QCI~l;tlenl~,J~[)Ji: mcl~lj:tn~'mta!eQ. jt~du~'tl~~a, op[imlsQlJ:u. treoo,rea ll~p!1- saJ08t'e prm l~tofile. AIi:l~~ea~i tfifs~tl,lfj nu fac Insa dedt sa Q ir ~ te pe ,8.Cl]:'.ijtO,ll:I):\'t1 brit~~.1;i~6. ~ .. _ ..

•. P:~rutla unn~~ rain~nG t1tp~tl' ca ~omanH sm~t PgrcCij2lt\.i cii

flind altceva: (~l aceasta, l1e:pet.ahu, fl1 fa28. ]01' de m3.x~m5: inlre,. gt-:r~ etn.q~C[inii)jlm PQPo:r ~nin"iat @ Idt ~pIHt dc~~t (l~l a1 n'i[~i~ 1;!l1:l,~~lor- c©ccidentale: ;[) '<IUiunuta,.m~~l1rhi~!~ de·a. tlii TI sepa[a de sel:Q'lI,t\1Jtea r~s:~on s a.bi Bt a. ,c:~eloTta~~i. AlJ,t:01rbo:rd~ti 1 :no~t1'l sle pot bncu~: ~l :p~ntru! oecid.~w1t<l11cJlia:r ~adl nu neapa'rat fu !:eL'l~ vai(H'~~:lIl':l~ r~n:.Ifinul este i,)ahf:~'~~) este prQd.I,.l$1.11 sl ~,;(l'O·· n~t~tI!lIUlnnalt tl:P de civili~u'J~e;. In liltl:p 'qe Oe~j:dc.lli.ul se c1?f~ne~t~ C:I.O IUI~1.e)}rdcfm[t~ ~11'il?vl\?;ihiT8:t Roi~Rn]aJl[)a~in¢j d~.ll1,p@t!lya.1 UUUl spil~iu vag ,~] ilnp]1e:viz:~bll.

'," :lH [l1l'L~~ ~otfl11ld, 111,I(J1J.I~k:l. p~o!U~ P!~rj~, ,~935 ,~~ I 991J!j Olivia MaL'l'nf!~g, T'Jr.u r:'~:J~ .i'lu'Jlml1:, ,196U ~I 'J"/l!J S[uJJtl CJ~I ({I'mJU!c11i.l~lIom!lIl~I:ilc!t: .!i..fi:j}~it ~'lm;~fj ~'I r:)1't1~'r~1 d{~ni.z,rj/. Ed i.11Im If ~lh~l:i1.'~:,. BlI:CUHll~ti~ ~ 99:6l

'.

303

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1:it)!ll®Ste:a h~j Dmcl.J.UI· ~NIo. int-e~t~ p~t ·jliJr~o~as.tl'i imagine;.

De~j. mv~tLea ap1U:iV~,el tat[l~.esuh:d tOII:WU,~ -fulfls.ilvani,a ~p~w" pnr:~lr 11p]iei~ ia:[ C:Ol'.loolie Draeu La 1n:Slil~] e·~t..e un ai~.'tt)Ql:a1: m.agllia:I~,R'Omat1iia a IT\a~t~i~.Tfi~tulla 1 '91:8 'mprem.l!;t eu ~e· dwriUe dil,\f 'peste :!ll:1J.U'lp. DJ,clc'Ohl Uti ,~j.-~lr t1g~:-iit Joculnici mArpi {jjirea apIQi!lpe de h'lrh:mdElco)4ent!;lllj,ii), nie;i III Ti)et (pre~ dep1,l:rte), CM-p~~j i n ,ofe:tl\ l.;Ui cle,cpr; lOCl'l;Ulipotr,Mt ~.tei imarg~ne~a E11lro-pei":a,colo .unde' dYiIiza~i~ de ti~ .Doolcle:n.l:al Sf)

de5icM~te Fi~n~. 0 lUll'lC !t~jia·cl:li:fcl'ifi!i. J::ltpre2l~rlifiiim. 'pri:mul C61:C 'at ~Tt6ritatii: ~u1fici~li~ de ap:r'opJ,ntpentnl apuee, p.rin'cQiJ:Uragt" illtr=o' huni!1;l1 ~int1ii."!lJ.'te,mioa c.l)nfigm-:a\~ile eurioase ~i comPQfl~:I11:e:I]t-e~e nelini~tit;Qare.

'Conrn~lismul ~n gen:eral ~1 nll'::ga.Lon1;altia 'ttr.'lJi.sform.is:11i 1). l.utCe~:tJle,scu in patt:i'cul ar a.u, ad~tuektn egriia 'masl;n~ 'fttlc~ tura ]l6",'ki1i ~tpfQiecl:.a:re'a eril'il i.ma~jn;m.'. D1.IlC:a ,,;lllicul '~ar.i&~! al :!I.lilila.:f 'JCfli~-.e~l t01m~i aiiit,de .,fli.tfOl'· o(iC·ident~]i.~'Qr~ ce ~p]Pt:esie pot face- ;B.lJleUre~tH de asta:zi: un ora,~ ·dOlninat de lUI p,ala,tfiilr~onlc ~] ~lc<opt:rit (le- !fun-oaie·! De a.Rtfeil peutru otice tnrist stl'ainA:are ~e ])~~p'ecitaj 00 biettiveht p.fm,cipaLe ale unei .cii.litoovii in I~QIm:i[rit'l. stM:lt '[li!.dahll lui Ce:ml]~CSCU ~;i 'c~steiul ']y( Dnieu~a1" n~arj i.e ,s~m,b.Q1Hri ale sin.gl].iMl.m:~ii l~ln£1:ns~ti'! C'ilOi·,a ~!l.re alc.op;el.'~ l'eVoh!~iiJ.. din dcee:mbrie~ zvfic:nJrU~ brutale ~i neeontro late .. <lilie unei SQ ch;:~] inci llJea$,ezlltej",demOClI'ap:$ .origin ril1~.·~. i.n:cTo.dibilele mjn0ri;III.dc, iCOP]].isu·azii ~:l copW. 'b0Ln~vi de SlOA, .. ij~tt., i1l,l,[majciHeva teme de nahui a c,{:J'nf()l"~m l'~~jnd.ec.n~il~ vlzi~rtorullni

stritin.

VQ:lniuvQl:<t altec~teva e'xetf!,p le, aJese din z.ona n:0:n10e'llt,.

,c'onsildernm; ptl drep[. sa:ll pe ~'l:~d!reptJ' m;~li pu~in. afmc~, la V~~ lodleauttfitice,ton1il1ILe~~ti. Vi.zitand RO!.tr:':lania G.I1i;~r 'in zilele m:i1!!CI']adei din i\mie ] 99'0, .s(riith,nl.lI3I'l:l~nafl1.!e] Carr6ra: di~ mliine'lltl 'it"lif,li'es~.<i unui titan1, 'l~]d,ep~hi~lt,~i stmniu .. Prisirea 1J<l! care 0 ~l:!.llflC~. d.~flSln\C snebul "cmticr ]aUn' I ~ll'l:arh;;'lJhtD I die 'oatur~ a :a.mllHficiii. ~1"].l!ni nmlt in hnngimu dist~n~eh:: Je1.M·~e,

. ~~i .t~.l1 ex;pl'~ia fi'.apoobEi. 'C.h!.<tr,ll1 lit]~d e.seU~:ufC;:0!1Snc:ra[ unei ta'ri caN 11 u]mh;~; "r11 Rm1'l~n la; !.1dj¢~ niC'il:ifolri~~ )l~

tn ] 991 ~ un Sfl t scr] 1001" fra~;iJe.ez! Renaud C.ml,usJ l!.lh'e;I.:ld~.tcle.,inilr~n.al ell o bib1],tl~m:fie. SlJmm'a~ d<7lll' nUI~.M~s eu 111l!lto pr.ej'!J}d~,c~~i,. Q ]lJ,elu'&iu:n.e rnpitl:ij ~rill {OJ1)Je re~ill.Hlm;: tii:rii. ROJn~.lUa. 1Ul ii place, Q .s.pnne l'C:'¥petai: ~1 ~l'asat N~t 1i plaIa .o·arm~!lii. nu ili place 111S1i. niG-I 'pei.s[tjuI!.tlk:i dea.ly~,lfIic"] rmmt.ele, lue;i dm:phl.. Ceefll. ee n eiiLra(';.t®I'izea~\ pc rOl'i.1ani ar fi o rrrare j~cQ.rrrnz.ie li)il'l.~a:~~". N).l t~i.lel!nOO(; Cic-,al1fd nici propri'1.,i~oor]e .. Renm..rd C~lllltg.j ·co~tvin.s d' el 0 Clll1!Oll~~~ biue, im;earca s:a~I invewe ,~h~ oeva ~1:1 seurtul sau~j~lf1'O~l"I~hesc. 41;1

N~gi.tu~n:ieei.ifvimp.re$ii ale acesrui din Ul1:1,-l!11. ,~!UtOf pat :st~:t11i, In fLlltcUe d~i st~~rea de s:pira,~ a ,ci~lt!)r!llI.'l;lL, 'IIl("ilj!lilll'¢ s~u ilanl1l1-e" C[J,e~s~jll[}ea este tl''1sa mai seri.o[lS~ . .ind 0 darn. este vOf1b~ de Ile'J)Glc:pe~'e~l ].tomani,e,:l,. in. hi ne S~.1iJ io rH.n~ PUti11 i:l1'1iJo:rt~ j COl un '&p,a~~u de; Sen&1lri1l'1, alberHate, iI;£].U li.n aw.m:.a·c ~V! l.izaJiei

euro:pen~ l"l.:orlu!!lle.' ,

IJnln.a:t}l,laT: ·de ~¢oal~. ne <Iju~ll sa .CQ,n.1.]}lelam ideea. E]eviler u]tiu~~i, elase d.e lie-ell} ~llJC i.nfl!,i~!!l~lzl; j.,ElIl'QIp~ poHdc~ Ul i '92~'\ 4l Din nou pedo.ad 11 i~Tlerbel i!l;:ii" per,iL1f1da de ;maLU~ ritate III den1JQcra~ ei [-omill~~ti. Ro'm:n11l];!L apm"e, in:!!M, ,din p~rgpe<:'[i,v3: fr8!nC@a~ carf!ct'er~""llta IJr!!lti';lm .iregim 3uto'.(itar de ,dreap~an. Ca ~i Ungariad.'i:l rul.fe]~ ~i ::l))ir,edeosebire.'d,{\ soci~ m~iJe dcmo-c.ri}tioo ule(k:;c:-i"dMtulu~. ~a..ll11;1~I,ele ron:ul!l!.e$Li p.rezh~:tii Un~l1rillll.1,c5 de la ms~allmr'ea lin Hm~hy 111 I. 920 ~ 'Sup-usa, 'fmci diotatl!!ri del" t.ip fnsdst '~oeea C~\ in l'rCi'!~tfi~\!5pl1..US~ .1l1l!. es~ c',hia); ad!evru'.af), ~~r .£".U:im;~nla:q.'to·~-adi ·~:5en;~.\llell'l!ente

libe:rnla ~j d.en"loClraJic.itij mai l"e: .. dstenta d.adt miljoirltate.li stetelnr eMropene la asa.]tulideo:logUi]ortot<liit"ftre. QH}trasl.-u[ Unga-

. ~~ 8).]m:WUiLlc~,C['lIrot0".J~1 H.0lilm~t1iieC;'~!"~Hlire i1Jl~n", piMtf\ 11'1 La Rig/Ii

·duJc.u~ 2n99{1~ Pili I ;!i2~17J.. .

o R:~JllniJcl ·Glmnrs. ,La (j~t!;!nY! dYd H'a1i'.I7}:l~1ar.ri&~ .I.~, O. L, P1~ri~, 19%" -I! Hi.m,kl~~ ~ i"Q>, snns hl dlil;8c~ion de Robert Frn:rlll:.,~nr 'Fnii"Wtfii!l Vt1~,rl ,tlll.~li~~mw:::ll' 1:l<!;mliul!lli, BeJi'!!, P:bll'is, l!}.QSJ 11' .. I ~,



ri&-H;ol,u5:nia este bine marcat in eultnra i;stolicEI ro~1i.lllneMea,

. ,

(;11,] :lI1l~t mai i~H(;lres:rU'jt~. Qoved:ifidl,t-se: !:I~€.2'Are!fl.liljr in ace~n~j

,e~~I;!;!1:p'de., 'Gert este ca l~U Be -rcGlmoa~te ROIDiJJnieLom'di~"ie de;rrrGc;m tici1 :n.UL'llI,lliCk~t ~i tUn .ace)~:t Inu.'l.ct de \!'tjtter~ R~m~i.IJu~. $i APlIS1..1] of'ednd tUpll.ui de civH]za~.e dive-tgente.

Fa~ de .~s~mel;~~.!ll il.n~gil1!u - m.u dig,oummi'n ce mbur~ dv,epte~ .:dC~:(}l~nClate~s au neatl;e;Val'!l!.le -.n~ac,i~l' ~rolTIilim~~sc~ FU'~l!.iil:t~. claui'i. s,ensll[[ prlllc.:ipalr:.;; 'fle cwttm.d~:oom !htl'-iJJn ~lil.l~ tohmn~snl! dispJi'e'~lllitor (suntem altfel dCocllitce;i,bn~,;~i, ~n ~1U1:~ il~ai 'bine!). :tile) dj.m:p{)ird'V~" ~unl1i.ifiC:!.lr-efl ~i eXalllll1lln.lttidel.·oir de:.n'liQdemirot'e ~i eluIQPe:ni:~[ll, 0 pfivir~mfl]_ echili.bF<'Iti'i si rnai CrJtiQa .11' erea Ct.tsigl1t~rl~m' m.1li.i. m.ul'~e vm1ti :il1lne 1'101. ~i Oc.c.ident Oc,c:iden~~Hi RU ne vot cQllvinge. ca lhRomal]:ia iflte!belica 01. f.o.s'L.U~ r.egim ,autQnt:1r~ dar nici 1101 nU~l vom tora.ylnge ca a Bast lin l'egi 111 dernoemtic.·Exlstiii ~. ~e~ire din impas, ,CjIfe este: p¥obaoil ~l! mai apOOa1·'I(~ dw, adeviiicl.Ufll·~a Tn c()illsidel~l"e a amal,gflm!).llui de au~6dti;l.rjs,m ~i danQChttie ca:l'ucte:rhsl1o epQdi" in di StC1IJ~i!e. Mj Lo[ogla fi.tL'lic~ip[l!eJa':!lii in~ tr~u.'U'L regiBt:J'U d~ contra!H:le~ ~lfigul]l maniern. de ta (I a:tCrb1U.!l eS,te o. 'istod6 de· n.UE.lnte.

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