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Tema 5
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Definicin de cido
cido de Arrhenius es una sustancia que produce H+ (H3O+) en agua
cido de Brnsted es un donador de protones (H+)
cido de Lewis es una sustancia que acepta un par de electrones
Base de Lewis es una sustancia que dona un par de electrones
+
OH
cido base
H+
H O H
cido
N H
H+ +
H
base
+
N H
H
15.12
F B
N H
F
F
cido
base
F
F B
F
H
N H
H
15.12
A 250C
Disolucin
neutra
[H+] = [OH-]
[H+] = 1 x 10-7
pH = 7
cida
pH < 7
bsica
pH > 7
pH
[H+]
15.3
15.3
= 6.60
cido fuerte
cido dbil
15.4
15.4
Inicio 0.002 M
Final 0.0 M
0.0 M
0.0 M
0.002 M
0.002 M
0.0 M
0.018 M
0.0 M
0.036 M
15.4
HA (ac)
Ka =
[H+][A-]
[HA]
Ka es la constante de acidez
Ka
Fuerza del
cido dbil
15.5
15.5
H+ (ac) + F- (ac)
Inicial (M)
0.50
0.00
0.00
Cambio (M)
+x
+x
Equilibrio (M)
Ka =
Ka
0.50 x
x2
= 7.1 x 10-4
0.50 - x
x2
0.50
= 7.1 x 10-4
Ka << 1
0.50 x 0.50
x2 = 3.55 x 10-4
x = 0.019 M
0.50 x 0.50
0.019 M
x 100% = 3.8%
0.50 M
Menos del 5%
Aproximacin ok!
Ms del 5%
Aproximacin mala.
15.5
15.5
H+ (ac) + A- (ac)
Inicial (M)
0.122
0.00
0.00
Cambio (M)
-x
+x
+x
0.122 - x
Equilibrio (M)
x2
= 5.7 x 10-4
Ka =
0.122 - x
Ka
x2
= 5.7 x 10-4
0.122
0.0083 M
x 100% = 6.8%
0.122 M
Ka << 1
0.122 x 0.122
x2 = 6.95 x 10-5
x = 0.0083 M
Ms del 5%
Approximacin mala.
15.5
x2
= 5.7 x 10-4
Ka =
0.122 - x
ax2 + bx + c =0
x = 0.0081
HA (ac)
Inicial (M)
0.122
0.00
0.00
Cambio (M)
-x
+x
+x
0.122 - x
Equilibrio (M)
[H+] = x = 0.0081 M
pH = -log[H+] = 2.09
15.5
Grado de ionizacin =
x 100%
HA (ac)
,
2
,% x
2*4
- 2*2
5 4
2
[H+]
x 100% [HA]0 = concentracin inicial
[HA]0
H+ (ac) + A- (ac)
3
3
+x
+x
4
4
2
2
2 2
27
5
6 5
8*
2*2
15.5
[NH4+][OH-]
Kb =
[NH3]
Kb es la constante de basicidad
Kb
fuerza de la
base dbil
15.6
H+ (ac) + A- (ac)
OH- (ac) + HA (ac)
H+ (ac) + OH- (ac)
Ka
Kb
Kw
KaKb = Kw
cido dbil y su base conjugada
Kw
Ka =
Kb
Kw
Kb =
Ka
15.7
15.8
H2O
Disoluciones bsicas:
Sales derivadas de una base fuerte y un cido dbil.
NaCH3COOH (s)
CH3COO- (ac) + H2O (l)
H2O
H2O
15.10
15.10
15.10
CH3COOH (ac)
Ion comn
16.2
HA (ac)
H+
[H+]
-log
[H+]
(ac) +
A- (ac)
Ka =
Ka [HA]
=
[A-]
= -log Ka - log
[H+][A-]
[HA]
Ecuacin
[HA]
[A-]
[A-]
[HA]
[A-]
pH = pKa + log
[HA]
Henderson-Hasselbalch
pH = pKa + log
[base conjugada]
[cido]
pKa = -log Ka
16.2
HCOOH (ac)
Inicial (M)
0.30
0.00
0.52
Cambio (M)
-x
+x
+x
0.52 + x
Equilibrio (M)
Efecto ion comn
0.30 x 0.30
0.52 + x 0.52
0.30 - x
pH = pKa + log
[HCOO-]
[HCOOH]
[0.52]
= 4.01
pH = 3.77 + log
[0.30]
CH3COOH (ac)
CH3COO- (ac) + H2O (l)
16.3
16.3
[NH3]
[NH4+]
pKa = 9.25
pH = 9.25 + log
[0.30]
= 9.17
[0.36]
0.024
0.029
0.001
NH4+ (ac) + OH- (ac)
0.028
0.0
+]
0.028
=
[NH3] =
0.10
0.025
0.10
pH = 9.25 + log
[0.25]
= 9.20
[0.28]
16.3
Manteniendo el pH de la sangre
16.3
Valoraciones
En una valoracin una disolucin de concentracin se aade
gradualmente a otra disolucin de concentracin desconocida hasta
que la reaccin qumica entre ellas es completa.
Punto de equivalencia el punto en el cual la reaccin es completa.
4.7
16.4
16.4
NH4Cl (ac)
NH4Cl (ac)
16.4
inicio (moles)
0.01
0.01
HNO2 (ac) + OH- (ac)
0.0
0.0
0.05
0.00
0.00
Cambio (M)
-x
+x
+x
Equilibrio (M)
0.05 - x
[OH-][HNO2]
x2
-11
=
2.2
x
10
Kb =
=
[NO2-]
0.05-x
0.05 x 0.05
pOH = 5.98
pH = 14 pOH = 8.02
Indicadores cido-Base
HIn (ac)
[HIn]
10
[In ]
[HIn]
10
[In ]
16.5
16.5
16.5
pH y Solubilidad
Mg(OH)2 (s)
H2O (l)