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79

APPENDICES
Appendix A - Calculation for Weight of Surfactants
80

40w
100 w

For weight of HTAB and SS surfactants,

i) w = 4 wt.%,

ii) w = 8 wt.%,

iv) w = 16 wt.%

iii) w = 12 wt.%,
x

40(12)
100 (12)

5.45

v) w = 20 wt.%,
x

40(20)
100 (20)
10

For weight of SM surfactant,

i) w = 1 wt.%,

iv) w = 4 wt.%

ii) w = 2 wt.%,
x

iii) w = 3 wt.%,

40(3)
100 (3)
1.24

v) w = 5 wt.%,
x

= 81

40(5)
100 (5)
2.11

Appendix B Sample of PE/Cell/SM5

82

Appendix C Data of Stabilization Torque and Temperature

Stabilization Torque (Nm)
Biocomposites with addition of HTAB
83

0 wt.%

4 wt.%

8 wt.%

12 wt.%

16 wt.%

20 wt.%

Processing 1

18.485

14.015

13.255

Processing 2

19.805

13.935

13.105

12.285

13.36

17.975

13.495

15.225

17.775

Processing 3

18.855

15.97

13.585

13.785

15.31

16.145

Processing 4

17.085

13.91

14.25

13.83

17.395

19.41

Average

18.5575

14.4575

13.54875

13.34875

15.3225

17.82625

Biocomposites with addition of SS

0 wt.%

4 wt.%

8 wt.%

12 wt.%

16 wt.%

20 wt.%

Processing 1

18.485

14.605

15.455

17.24

19.185

20.415

Processing 2

19.805

15.055

15.675

17.26

19.37

20.525

Processing 3

18.855

15.85

16.235

17.495

19.405

20.6

Processing 4

17.085

15.975

15.685

17.455

19.22

20.54

Average

18.5575

15.37125

15.7625

17.3625

19.295

20.52

Biocomposites with addition of SM

0 wt.%

1 wt.%

2 wt.%

3 wt.%

4 wt.%

5 wt.%

Processing 1

18.485

18.1

17.29

15.79

14.95

10.385

Processing 2

19.805

18.965

16.48

15.835

14.755

11.095

Processing 3

18.855

16.775

17.695

16.305

14.645

11.28

Processing 4

17.085

17.305

18.135

15.98

14.305

10.945

Average

18.5575

17.78625

17.4

15.9775

14.66375

10.92625

8 wt.%

12 wt.%

16 wt.%

20 wt.%

Stabilization Temperature (C)

Biocomposites with addition of HTAB
0 wt.%

4 wt.%

84

Processing 1

168.7

167.3

158.5

158.4

159.9

160.7

Processing 2

167.6

164.2

159.5

159.2

161.2

164.7

Processing 3

168.3

159.7

159.1

158.4

159

163.7

Processing 4

169.6

159.7

159.1

159

160.2

163.9

Average

168.55

162.725

159.05

158.75

160.075

163.25

Biocomposites with addition of SS

0 wt.%

4 wt.%

8 wt.%

12 wt.%

16 wt.%

20 wt.%

Processing 1

168.7

162.2

161.5

165

168.4

170.7

Processing 2

167.6

162.4

162.6

164.7

168.2

170.8

Processing 3

168.3

162.5

163.2

164.6

168.3

170.8

Processing 4

169.6

162.3

163

164.6

168.5

171.2

Average

168.55

162.35

162.575

164.725

168.35

170.875

Biocomposites with addition of SM

0 wt.%

1 wt.%

2 wt.%

3 wt.%

4 wt.%

5 wt.%

Processing 1

168.7

166.5

164.4

163.1

161.8

157.4

Processing 2

167.6

166.7

164.7

162.6

161.3

158.1

Processing 3

168.3

165.3

165.8

163.1

161.2

158.3

Processing 4

169.6

168

165.5

163.1

161.1

158.3

Average

168.55

166.625

165.1

162.975

161.35

158.025

Appendix D Data of Tensile and Impact Test

Formula of Average

85

Formula of Standard Deviation

= mean of properties
= standard deviation
i)

xi = value of the properties

N = number of samples

Control sample ( 0 wt.% of surfactant)

Tensile strength
(Mpa)

Modulus

Tensile Extension
(mm/mm)

Impact Strength
(kJ/m2)

2.814

207.07

1.575

3.7

2.401

213.696

1.058

3.64

2.54

197.012

1.48

3.61

2.69

264.372

1.254

3.54

2.604

279.213

1.42

3.53

2.739

227.928

1.253

3.51

2.6

218.31

1.383

3.48

2.635

224.212

1.546

3.77

2.555

254.143

1.867

3.76

10
Averag
e

2.516

255.552

1.362

3.74

2.609

234.151

1.42

3.628

0.118

27.328

0.22

0.11

Tensile Extension
(mm/mm)

Impact Strength
(kJ/m2)

0.925

3.85

Sample

Standard Deviation

(MPa)

Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, HTAB

ii) 4 wt.% of HTAB

Sample

Tensile strength
(MPa)

Modulus

2.571

229.805

(MPa)

86

2.527

235.797

0.879

3.72

2.662

248.589

0.872

3.66

2.457

229.305

0.865

3.63

2.809

242.905

0.833

3.61

2.937

275.839

0.839

3.59

2.787

241.246

0.734

3.55

2.564

228.432

0.825

3.41

2.874

276.721

0.85

3.29

10
Averag
e

2.799

277.442

0.858

3.11

2.699

248.608

0.848

3.542

0.164

20.405

0.049

0.217

Tensile strength
(MPa)

Modulus

Tensile Extension
(mm/mm)

Impact Strength
(kJ/m2)

3.48

243.783

0.933

3.65

3.279

262.964

0.925

3.64

3.218

280.561

0.858

3.56

3.386

318.488

0.817

3.54

2.754

277.783

0.775

3.5

2.652

246.549

0.75

3.5

3.086

272.837

0.749

3.49

2.738

253.833

0.744

3.44

3.037

274.034

0.717

3.41

10
Averag
e

3.444

285.499

0.717

3.31

3.107

271.633

0.798

3.504

0.306

21.881

0.081

0.103

Standard Deviation

iii) 8 wt.% of HTAB

Sample

Standard Deviation

(MPa)

iv) 12 wt.% of HTAB

87

Sample

Tensile strength
(MPa)

Modulus

Tensile Extension
(mm/mm)

Impact Strength
(kJ/m2)

3.456

347.479

0.833

3.29

3.679

291.934

0.775

3.23

3.653

265.035

0.892

3.23

2.904

242.327

0.755

3.21

2.81

267.606

0.683

3.21

3.187

290.078

0.757

3.12

2.96

290.178

0.783

3.05

3.397

335.826

0.741

3.02

3.456

347.479

0.833

2.99

10
Averag
e

3.228

256.766

0.671

2.98

3.273

293.471

0.772

3.133

0.307

38.142

0.068

0.115

Sample

Tensile strength
(MPa)

Modulus

Tensile Extension
(mm/mm)

Impact Strength
(kJ/m2)

2.9

272.564

0.535

2.877

292.548

0.55

2.95

3.098

291.482

0.483

2.94

2.88

302.644

0.508

2.87

3.082

280.532

0.533

2.86

2.799

257.854

0.642

2.85

2.73

288.994

0.525

2.84

3.058

288.228

0.571

2.76

2.627

251.029

0.574

2.65

10
Averag
e

3.035

307

0.716

2.65

2.909

283.288

0.564

2.837

0.16

18.126

0.069

0.119

Standard Deviation

(MPa)

v) 16 wt.% of HTAB

Standard Deviation

(MPa)

vi) 20 wt.% of HTAB

88

Sample

Tensile strength
(MPa)

Modulus

Tensile Extension
(mm/mm)

Impact Strength
(kJ/m2)

2.812

277.600

0.619

2.520

2.892

301.658

0.512

2.460

2.870

270.325

0.533

2.380

2.640

369.499

0.475

2.310

2.730

210.923

0.533

2.220

2.885

248.409

0.450

2.160

2.753

315.661

0.367

2.100

2.742

226.665

0.610

2.090

2.938

335.452

0.408

2.040

10
Averag
e

2.653

218.984

0.609

2.010

2.792

277.518

0.512

2.229

0.104

52.916

0.087

0.180

Sample

Tensile strength
(MPa)

Modulus

Tensile Extension
(mm/mm)

Impact Strength
(kJ/m2)

2.375

180.748

0.983

3.730

2.367

192.394

0.797

3.700

2.425

219.528

0.892

3.670

2.591

229.587

0.900

3.600

2.482

196.538

0.869

3.200

2.641

246.924

0.882

3.190

2.293

228.674

0.839

3.140

2.260

194.323

1.017

3.130

2.012

177.714

1.000

3.010

10
Averag
e

2.210

214.234

0.908

2.990

2.365

208.066

0.909

3.336

0.186

23.099

0.071

0.301

Standard Deviation

(MPa)

Sodium Stearate, SS
vii) 4 wt.% of SS

Standard Deviation

(MPa)

viii) 8 wt.% of SS
89

Sample

Tensile strength
(MPa)

Modulus

Tensile Extension
(mm/mm)

Impact Strength
(kJ/m2)

2.418

197.515

0.800

3.430

2.310

205.276

0.783

3.280

2.455

209.974

0.900

3.180

2.519

200.905

0.842

3.090

2.271

194.594

1.093

3.000

2.172

220.897

0.900

2.980

2.251

193.733

0.783

2.940

2.246

200.960

0.733

2.940

2.287

202.333

0.832

2.930

10
Averag
e

2.521

210.643

0.793

2.920

2.345

203.683

0.846

3.069

0.124

8.323

0.101

0.175

Sample

Tensile strength
(MPa)

Modulus

Tensile Extension
(mm/mm)

Impact Strength
(kJ/m2)

2.570

194.093

0.508

3.390

2.472

177.066

0.975

2.910

2.320

214.918

0.540

2.900

2.268

194.070

0.733

2.860

2.121

183.586

0.637

2.750

2.570

194.093

0.508

2.720

2.161

201.088

0.567

2.720

2.113

183.218

0.675

2.680

2.153

203.241

0.741

2.670

10
Averag
e

2.403

217.798

0.683

2.620

2.315

196.317

0.657

2.822

0.181

13.322

0.142

0.223

Standard Deviation

ix)

(MPa)

12 wt.% of SS

Standard Deviation

(MPa)

90

x)

16 wt.% of SS

Sample

Tensile strength
(MPa)

Modulus

Tensile Extension
(mm/mm)

Impact Strength
(kJ/m2)

2.361

185.517

0.617

3.110

2.550

225.746

0.492

2.940

2.340

186.297

0.651

2.930

2.654

200.741

0.608

2.910

2.211

187.065

0.584

2.830

2.182

186.953

0.585

2.680

2.449

185.845

0.655

2.530

2.468

207.239

0.517

2.500

1.946

196.579

0.578

2.390

10
Averag
e

1.780

181.512

0.550

2.360

2.294

194.349

0.584

2.718

0.271

13.685

0.053

0.262

Sample

Tensile strength
(MPa)

Modulus

Tensile Extension
(mm/mm)

Impact Strength
(kJ/m2)

1.860

215.373

0.434

2.950

2.062

214.646

0.467

2.770

1.961

208.662

0.417

2.750

2.083

206.236

0.542

2.710

1.861

204.660

0.492

2.690

2.243

201.489

0.450

2.510

1.982

191.785

0.500

2.380

2.216

186.631

0.667

2.340

2.459

175.973

0.576

2.260

10
Averag
e

1.388

137.093

0.408

2.250

2.012

194.255

0.495

2.561

0.287

23.663

0.081

0.245

Standard Deviation

(MPa)

xi)20 wt.% of SS

Standard Deviation

(MPa)

91

Sorbitan Monostearate, SM
xii) 1 wt.% of SM

Sample

Tensile strength
(MPa)

Modulus

Tensile Extension
(mm/mm)

Impact Strength
(kJ/m2)

1.996

227.310

1.719

4.290

3.199

240.145

1.718

4.280

2.208

264.016

1.368

4.260

2.281

201.687

1.659

4.240

2.114

192.814

1.650

4.180

2.876

245.887

1.809

4.170

2.953

208.165

1.631

4.150

2.482

196.234

1.600

4.110

2.945

180.225

1.597

4.100

10
Averag
e

2.545

184.722

1.492

3.990

2.560

214.120

1.624

4.177

0.413

28.533

0.124

0.095

Sample

Tensile strength
(MPa)

Modulus (MPa)

Tensile Extension
(mm/mm)

Impact Strength
(kJ/m2)

2.848

249.264

1.276

4.530

2.504

185.571

1.755

4.500

2.035

282.945

1.725

4.410

2.517

236.595

2.133

4.360

2.454

161.754

1.683

4.250

1.977

148.126

1.675

4.230

2.044

181.296

1.508

4.120

3.137

247.044

1.490

4.070

2.288

195.455

2.006

4.120

10

2.045

194.201

1.442

3.900

Standard Deviation

(MPa)

xiii)2 wt.% of SM

92

Averag
e

2.385

208.225

1.669

4.249

0.387

43.396

0.259

0.202

Sample

Tensile strength
(MPa)

Modulus
(MPa)

Tensile Extension
(mm/mm)

Impact Strength
(kJ/m2)

2.366

167.515

2.089

4.600

2.350

162.961

2.108

4.490

2.715

229.491

1.675

4.440

2.825

234.253

1.592

4.420

1.689

269.222

1.575

4.400

2.253

141.029

2.251

4.400

2.160

166.676

1.392

4.380

2.535

265.145

1.383

4.370

2.146

188.788

1.350

4.350

10
Averag
e

2.090

200.554

1.281

4.330

2.313

202.563

1.670

4.418

0.329

44.912

0.355

0.079

Tensile strength
(MPa)

Modulus (MPa)

Sample

Tensile Extension
(mm/mm)

Impact Strength
(kJ/m2)

1.828

211.289

1.608

4.680

1.956

192.958

1.602

4.670

2.197

175.927

2.183

4.590

1.663

192.179

1.533

4.580

2.102

225.719

1.533

4.550

1.960

187.410

1.505

4.530

1.807

176.996

1.433

4.500

2.616

221.143

1.967

4.490

Standard Deviation

xiv)3 wt.% of SM

Standard Deviation

xv)4 wt.% of SM

93

2.107

182.748

2.023

4.480

10
Averag
e

2.306

194.193

1.842

4.450

2.054

196.056

1.723

4.552

0.276

17.606

0.260

0.078

Sample

Tensile strength
(MPa)

Modulus

Tensile Extension
(mm/mm)

Impact Strength
(kJ/m2)

1.914

204.887

1.327

4.400

1.865

192.176

1.650

4.390

1.809

162.035

1.867

4.360

1.963

181.457

1.557

4.310

1.817

156.880

1.891

4.280

1.914

161.541

1.836

4.270

2.276

217.088

1.742

4.260

1.778

185.131

1.683

4.240

2.122

182.918

1.666

4.200

10
Averag
e

2.149

224.316

1.660

4.200

1.961

186.843

1.688

4.291

0.167

23.271

0.166

0.073

Standard Deviation

xvi)5 wt.% of SM

Standard Deviation

(MPa)

94

BIODATA OF STUDENT
AHMAD KHUZAIRI BIN SUDARI was born on 18 th of January 1990 in Johor Bahru.
He received the B.Eng.Tech degree in Polymer from University Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (UniKL MICET), in
year 2013. Currently, he is a lecturer in School of Mechanical Engineering at
Technology Park Malaysia College, Kuala Lumpur. He had enrolled as a M.Sc. in
Biocomposites Technology student in Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products
(INTROP) since September 2013, and also working part time as a research assistant
under supervision of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Edi Syams Zainudin and Dr Ahmad Adlie bin
Shamsuri. His current research interest includes Polymer Science and Technology, and
Composite Technology.

95

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Sudari, A. K., Shamsuri, A. A., Zainudin, E. S., & Tahir, P. M. (2015). Exploration on
compatibilizing effect of non-ionic, anionic and cationic surfactants on
mechanical, morphological and chemical properties of high density
polyethylene/low density polyethylene/cellulose biocomposites. Journal of
Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 130. doi: 10.1177/ 0892705715614064

96

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