Biology ReviewerCell Theory

1.All living things are structurally made up of cells.

(Matthias Scheliden, TheodorSchwann)2.The cell is the
fundamental unit of life. (enry !utrochet)".#ells come
from the division of pre$e%isting cells.
(&Rudolf 'Virchow)&oert ooze$ coined the term
cell;
*nglish +ather of MicroscopyAnton 'an eeuwenhoe$
discovered acteria and other microscopic organisms
inrainwater- studied structure of plant and animal cells- +ather
of Microscopy+rancesco &edi and aaro Spallanani
disproved Theory of Spontaneous /eneration&oert 0rown$
discovered nuclei within cells+eli% !uardin$ noted that all
living things contain a thic elly fluid (
sarcode
)Matthias Schleiden (otanist) and Theodor Schwann
(oologist)$ all plants and animalsare made up of
cellsohannes 3urine$ coined the term
protoplasm,
the living matter of the cell&udolf 'irchow$ 4omnia cellula e
cellula5 or cells come from pre$e%isting cellsouis 3asteur$
proof of 'irchow6s Theory of 0iogenesis7accharias anssen$
first compound microscope
Microscopy
ight Microscope$ image is formed y asorption of light in
the specimen and itstransmission through a set of
lensesa.0right$field$ right, lighted microscopic field.!
ar$field$ right image of the specimen against a dar
field ofview at an oli8ue anglec.3hase$contrast$ enhances

the density differences in theorganelles causing certain

structures to appear righter or darerthan the others- for
oserving living cells in their naturalconditiond.!
ifferential$interference$contrast$ contrasting righter or dare
rappearance of various organelles through technical
opticalmethodse.9mmuno$fluorescent$ certain type of protein c
an e determinedf.#onfocal$ use laser eams and special
optics for :opticalsectioning6- "!*lectron Microscope$ uses a
eam of electrons and magnetic or electrostatic fields
aslensesa.Transmission electron microscope$ a eam of
electrons is aimedthrough a very thin specimen- magnetic
fields end the eam ofelectrons.Scanning electron
microscope$ specimen is thinly coated y ametal and
then omarded with electrons+ractionation$ taes cells to
separate maor organelles for the study of their
individualfunctionsomogeniation$ disruptions of cells
Cellular Structure

Three Maor 3arts;#ytoplasm$ main metaolic life activitieslargely water- reservoir for the entry ande%it of materials in the
cell- consists of;a.A thic, semifluid aggregate of chemical
compounds (
cytosol
).9nternal memrane (
cytomembrane
)3rotein$ most aundant among the organic components of the
cytoplasm-provides materials for the growth and development of

the cell#ell memrane$ outer oundary of the cell- consists of

a doule layer of fats or lipid(
phospolipid
or
glycolipid
) with scattered proteins- differentially permeale- has
threemaor functions;a.Separates the contents of the cell
from the e%ternal environment.&egulates the passage of
materials into and out of the cellc.Allows communication
with other cells<ucleus$ :control center6 of the cell- regulates
and coordinates all the activities of thecell- consists
of;a.<ucleoplasm$ semifluid medium separated from the
cytoplasmy nuclear memrane- consists of nucleoproteins,
granules andfirils.<uclear memrane$ a doule
memrane, each a phospholipidilayer, with nuclear
poresc.<uclear pores$ pathways for the e%change of
materials etweenthe nucleus and the cytoplasmd.<ucleolus$
suspended in the nucleoplasm- composed of &<Aand
protein molecules- site where the suunits of riosomes
areformede.#hromatin$ composed of !<A- coils and
ecomes condensedinto chromosomes=rganelles in the
#ytoplasm;Mitochondria$ largest organelle in cell:powerhouse6 of euaryotic cells- sites ofcellular respirationmade up of;a.#ristae$ folds- provide more surface area for
greater cellularrespiratory productivity.Matri%$ inner
cavity into which the cristae proectc.9ntermemrane
space$ narrow region etween the inner
and outermemranes&iosomes$ sites of protein synthesis- of
two types;a.
Bound

$ attached to the endoplasmic reticulum- mae

secretoryproteins.
Free
$ suspended in the cytosol- produce proteins that arelocalied
in the cytosol!ifferent inds of protein;a.#hannel 3rotein$
allows a particular molecule>ion to cross thecell
memrane freely as it enters>e%its the cell*%. #ystic firosis