Ferrite or alpha iron (α-Fe) is a materials science term for iron, or a solid solution with iron as

the main constituent, with a body centred cubic crystal structure. It is the component which gives
steel and cast iron their magnetic properties, and is the classic example of a ferromagnetic
material.
Practically speaking, it can be considered pure iron. It has a strength of 280 N/mm2[citation needed] and
a hardness of approximately 80 Brinell.[1] Ferrite can be strictly defined as a solid solution of iron
in body-centered cubic (BCC) containing a maximum of 0.03% carbon at 723 °C (1,333 °F) and
0.006% carbon at room temperature.
Mild steel (carbon steel with up to about 0.2 wt% C) consist mostly of ferrite, with increasing
amounts of pearlite (a fine lamellar structure of ferrite and cementite) as the carbon content is
increased. Since bainite (shown as ledeburite on the diagram) and pearlite each have ferrite as a
component, any iron-carbon alloy will contain some amount of ferrite if it is allowed to reach
equilibrium at room temperature.

Iron-carbon phase diagram, showing the conditions under which ferrite (α) is stable.
In pure iron, ferrite is stable below 910 °C (1,670 °F). Above this temperature the face-centered
cubic form of iron, austenite (gamma-iron) is stable. Above 1,390 °C (2,530 °F), up to the
melting point at 1,539 °C (2,802 °F), the body-centred cubic crystal structure is again the more
stable form of delta-ferrite (δ-Fe).
Only a very small amount of carbon can be dissolved in ferrite; the maximum solubility is about
0.02 wt% at 723 °C (1,333 °F). This is because carbon dissolves in iron interstitially, with the
carbon atoms being about twice the diameter of the interstitial "holes", so that each carbon atom
is surrounded by a strong local strain field. Hence the enthalpy of mixing is positive
(unfavourable), but the contribution of entropy to the free energy of solution stabilises the
structure for low carbon content. 723 °C (1,333 °F) also is the minimum temperature at which
iron-carbon austenite (0.8 wt% C) is stable; at this temperature there is a eutectoid reaction
between ferrite, austenite and cementite.
Ferrite may refer to:
 • Ferrite, iron or iron alloys with a body centred cubic crystal structure.
• Ferrite magnets (e.g. Fe3O4 or BaFe12O19), ferrimagnetic ceramic materials used in
magnetic applications.
• Ferrite beads, components placed on the end of data cables to reduce interference.
• Calcium aluminoferrite, Ca2(Al,Fe)2O5, a mineral found in cements
Ferrites are a class of chemical compounds with the formula AB2O4, where A and B represent
various metal cations, usually including iron. These ceramic materials are used in applications
ranging from magnetic components to microelectronics.
Ferrites are a class of spinels, materials that adopt a crystal motif consisting of cubic close-
packed (FCC) oxides (O2-) with A cations occupying one eighth of the tetrahedral holes and B
cations occupying half of the octahedral holes. The magnetic material known as "ZnFe" has the
deceptively simple formula ZnFe2O4, with Fe3+ occupying the octahedral sites and half of the
tetrahedral sites. The remaining tetrahedral sites in this spinel are occupied by Zn2+.[1]

Contents
[hide]
• 1 Properties
○ 1.1 Soft ferrites
○ 1.2 Hard ferrites
• 2 Production
• 3 Uses
• 4 References
• 5 External links
• 6 Manufacturers
• 7 Sources

[edit] Properties
Ferrites are usually non-conductive ferrimagnetic ceramic compounds derived from iron oxides
such as hematite (Fe2O3) or magnetite (Fe3O4) as well as oxides of other metals. Ferrites are, like
most other ceramics, hard and brittle. In terms of the magnetic properties, ferrites are often
classified as "soft" and "hard" which refers to their low or high coercivity of their magnetism,
respectively.
[edit] Soft ferrites
Ferrites that are used in transformer or electromagnetic cores contain nickel, zinc, or manganese
compounds. They have a low coercivity and are called soft ferrites. Because of their
comparatively low losses at high frequencies, they are extensively used in the cores of switched-
mode power supply (SMPS) and RF transformers and inductors. A common ferrite, chemical
symbol MnZn, is composed of the oxides of manganese and zinc.
[edit] Hard ferrites
In contrast, permanent ferrite magnets (or "hard ferrites"), which have a high remanence after
magnetization, are composed of iron and barium or strontium oxides. In a magnetically saturated
state they conduct magnetic flux well and have a high magnetic permeability. This enables these
so-called ceramic magnets to store stronger magnetic fields than iron itself. They are the most
commonly used magnets in radios. The maximum magnetic field B is about 0.35 tesla and the
magnetic field strength H is about 30 to 160 kiloampere turns per meter (400 to 2000 oersteds).
(Hill 2006)
[edit] Production
Ferrites are produced by heating an intimate mixture of powdered precursors pressed into a
mold. During the heating process, calcination of carbonates occurs:
MCO3 → MO + CO2
The oxides of barium and strontium are typically supplied as their carbonates, BaCO3 or SrCO3.
The resulting mixture of oxides undergoes sintering. Afterwards the cooled product is milled to
particles smaller than 2 µm in order to produce Weiss domains in the size of one particle. Next
the powder is pressed into a shape, dried, and re-sintered. The shaping may be performed in an
external magnetic field, in order to achieve a preferred orientation of the particles (anisotropy).
Small and geometrically easy shapes may be produced with dry pressing. However, in such a
process small particles may agglomerate and lead to poorer magnetic properties compared to the
wet pressing process. Direct calcination and sintering without re-milling is possible as well but
leads to poor magnetic properties.
Electromagnets are pre-sintered as well (pre-reaction), milled and pressed. However, the
sintering takes place in a specific atmosphere, for instance one with an oxygen shortage). The
chemical composition and especially the structure vary strongly between the precursor and the
sintered product.
[edit] Uses
Ferrite cores are used in electronic inductors, transformers, and electromagnets where the high
electrical resistance of the ferrite leads to very low eddy current losses. They are commonly seen
as a lump in a computer cable, called a ferrite bead, which helps to prevent high frequency
electrical noise (radio frequency interference) from exiting or entering the equipment.
Early computer memories stored data in the residual magnetic fields of hard ferrite cores, which
were assembled into arrays of core memory. Ferrite powders are used in the coatings of magnetic
recording tapes. One such type of material is iron (III) oxide.
Ferrite particles are also used as a component of radar-absorbing materials or coatings used in
stealth aircraft and in the expensive absorption tiles lining the rooms used for electromagnetic
compatibility measurements.
Most common radio magnets, including those used in loudspeakers, are ferrite magnets. Ferrite
magnets have largely displaced Alnico magnets in these applications.
It is a common magnetic material for electromagnetic instrument pickups, because of price and
relatively high output. However, such pickups lack certain sonic qualities found in other pickups,
such as those that use Alnico alloys or more sophisticated magnets.
 Ferrite is dedicated to the design and manufacture of state-of-the-art microwave heating
systems and components unmatched in the industry. Our aptitude in the management of hig
power microwave technologies is invaluable in providing the most reliable and cost effective
cooking, batch tempering, and drying systems in the world. In addition, we are the world's
leading provider of high power circulators, isolators, couplers, phase shifters, filters, and loa
for industrial, for radar, for medical, for high energy physics and broadcast requirements. We
are expert in precision high power microwave heating systems for engineered wood product
manufacturing. Our activities in broadcast applications such as high power television antenn
transmission lines, etc. have achieved extraordinary results everywhere. We have extensive
case histories in the customization of systems and the application of components. In food, in
space, in recycling waste--in broadcast technology and wood products manufacturing--in
industrial microwave systems and high power components--We're the leader.

Senatorial Candidate Jeanne Shaheen Tours Ferrite. Views

New High Power Microwave Technology for Environmental
and Energy Applications.

Former Governor and current candidate for U.S. Senate

Shaheen toured Ferrite facilities for a second time and m
management. During the visit, Ferrite showcased the ro
power microwave technologies that support environmen
friendly processing for food, coal, ethanol, and sludge w

Ferrite’s Municipal and industrial wastewater treatment s

raise biosolids to EPA standards while reducing process
disposal costs. These systems eliminate excess water w
reducing transportation costs and lowering landfill “tip” fe
Ferrite
has also developed new microwave based high-efficienc
dewatering and pathogen elimination systems for residu
by-products used for ethanol production and cattle feed
processing.
 Thank you for visiting us at the 20
MTT-S International Microwave
Symposium/
Exhibition in Atlanta, GA and The
European Particle Accelerator Co
(EPAC 08) in Genoa, Italy.

We enjoyed the opportunity to meet with so many of you and w

forward to working with you in the future. If there is anything we can assist you with, please do
hesitate to contact Mark Fitzgerald at 800-854-1466 or via email: markf@ferriteinc.com.

Ferrite Introduces ImageWave™ Technology, Greatly Improvin

Performance in High Power Microwave Systems and Applicat

In our latest development in high power microwave technolo

industrial processing, The Ferrite Company introduces Imag
a continuous drying and dewatering system that establishes
performance levels for power, control, and energy efficiency
within reduced space requirements.

The ImageWave™ is specifically designed to more efficient

and direct microwave energy into the product to deliver grea
uniform heating by using a single-mode high power microw
energy that feeds directly into the product and then reflects
back with minimal wasted energy.

For more information and product presentation call 800.854

or 603.881.5234.
Ferrite Continues its Advancement in the High Energy Physic
Field.

Solidifying its place as the world’s premier

supplier of high power microwave devices,
Ferrite was recently awarded a contract by
the Spanish and Catalan governments to
supply the circulators for the ALBA
synchrotron, a facility being constructed
in Cerdanyola del Valles, near Barcelona.

Current Mission to Mars Highlights Ferrite’s Contribution

to the Future of Space Exploration.
RF communications to the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit are being
channeled through NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) – part of its
Deep Space Network. Ferrite has been supplying JPL with the high power
circulators used in this system since Ferrite first designed them for this
application in 1984. With this most recent mission to Mars, Ferrite tech-
nology continues to be a part of history. In addition, Ferrite's contribution to
this program has not only helped secure the future of space exploration
funding in the United States, but also solidified Ferrite’s position in the world
as the leading manufacturer of high power Ferrite devices.

We've Changed Our Address. Please Note.

Ferrite has moved into new, greatly expanded facilities to accommodate our growing research,
development, manufacturing, and administrative activities. Please note: The Ferrite Company, I
165 Ledge Street, Nashua, NH 03060. Our telephone numbers remain the same. 800-854-1466
603-881-5234. Fax 603-881-5406. Email customerservice@ferriteinc.com.

Link to Burch Hy
Link to RF Tech
 Home Systems R & D Components Transmitters Sales Service Distributors Reaching Fer
©2007 The Ferrite Company • 165 Ledge Street, Nashua, NH 03060 • 800-854-1466 • 603-881-523
customerservice@ferriteinc.com

Standard Stock Ferrite Magnets

Rectangular Magnets Disc Magnets

Ring Magnets

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General Information
Ferrite magnets are sintered permanent magnets composed of Barium or Strontium
Ferrite. This class of magnets, aside from good resistance to demagnetization, has
the popular advantage of low cost.
Ferrite magnets are very hard and brittle, and require specialized machining
techniques. Moreover, they should be machined in an unmagnetized state. We are
equipped to machine these materials to specifications.
Anisotropic grades are oriented in the manufacturing direction, and must be
magnetized in the direction of orientation. Isotropic grades are not oriented and can
be magnetized in any direction, although some degree of greater magnetic strength
will be found in the pressing dimension, usually the shortest dimension.
Due to their low cost, Ferrite magnets enjoy a very wide range of applications, from
motors and loudspeakers to toys and crafts, and are the most widely used
permanent magnets today.

Ceramic resonator
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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 This article has multiple issues. Please help improve the article or
discuss these issues on the talk page.
• Its introduction provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar
with the subject. Tagged since August 2007.
• It needs to be expanded. Tagged since January 2007.

Contents
[hide]
• 1 Description
• 2 Packages
• 3 Applications
• 4 See also
• 5 External links
• 6 References

[edit] Description
A ceramic resonator is an electronic component that can produce oscillation at a specific
frequency when combined with other appropriate components. It consists of a voltage variable
capacitor that acts in some ways like a quartz crystal. Ceramic resonators are made of high-
stability piezoelectric ceramics, generally lead zirconium titanate (PZT) which functions as a
mechanical resonator. When voltage is applied, its piezoelectric "vibration behavior" causes an
oscillating signal. The thickness of the ceramic substrate determines the resonance frequency of
the device.
[edit] Packages
A typical ceramic resonator package has either two or three connections. They come in both
surface mount and through-hole varieties with a number of different footprints. The oscillation
takes place across two of the pins (connections) and the third pin (if present) is connected to
ground.[1][2]
[edit] Applications
Ceramic Resonators can be seen in many circuit boards as they can be used as the source of the
clock signal for digital circuits such as microprocessors where the frequency accuracy is not of
prime importance. [3]
Ceramic resonators are also likely to be found in timing circuitry for a wide array of applications
such as TVs, VCRs, automotive electronic devices, telephones, copiers, cameras, voice
synthesizers, communication equipment, remote controls and toys. A ceramic resonator is often
used in place of quartz crystals as a reference clock or signal generator in electronic circuitry
because of its lower cost and smaller size. It is used on circuits where frequency specifications
aren't highly critical (quartz has a 0.001% frequency tolerance, while PZT has a 0.5% tolerance).