Final Research

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
College of Engineering
Computer Engineering Department
NDC Campus Sta. Mesa, Manila
Tel. No. 713-59-68
Chapter 3
PSYCHOLOGY OF HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
ADOLESCENCE
ADULTHOOD
DEATH AND DYING
Submitted to:
Dr. Evangeline M. De Jesus
Submitted by:
Camille Malaza
BSCpE 2-2
Date Submitted:
March 6, 2015
I. INTRODUCTION
Adolescence is the age when the individual becomes integrated into
society of adults. It is focused on the developing independence in
preparation for adulthood and in establishing a sense of identity. It involves
increased peer-group influence, more mature patterns of social behavior,
new social groupings and values in the selection of friends and leaders and
social acceptance. But how does a person develops from adolescence to
adulthood?
Every human undergo different stages of life, from birth to death.
These stages may be short or long depending on the humans development.
But they say that adolescence is the most critical yet exciting part of life.
Teenagers experience physical, cognitive, social and emotional changes in
the passage to adulthood. Although teenagers view themselves as grown up,
they have yet to make the dramatic changes necessary to become mature
adults. While much growth occurs, the teenage years do not have to be a
chaotic time.
Adolescents are more vulnerable to peer pressure than at any other age.
Because they are developing their own identities, adolescents try on a
number of different ways of responding, dressing and thinking, auditioning
these before their peers. The process of sifting through various identities
seem chaotic to an adult, but it's a normal part of adolescent development.
It's also necessary for the adolescent to discover who he is and what he
believes.
As a person gets old, his physical, mental, emotional, social, psychological
and spiritual aspect will change. Whatever he did when he was young will
reflect on his future. No one can say if he/she is matured because it takes
time. Maturity depends on how a person lived his life when he was young.
Experiences will be train every human.
Train up a child the way he should go, and when he is old, he will never
depart from it, a meaningful passage in the bible. The persons future will
greatly depend on how his parents raised him. If hes inculcated with values
and beliefs that lead him to righteousness, hell probably not forget it. When
the time comes that he will face death, he will not regret how he ends up but
proud and grateful even more.
II. OBJECTIVE
Cognitive
In this research we will discuss about the last three stages of human
development. By the end of this research, we will be able to list the most
common fundamental changes in thinking ability that emerge during
adolescence and we can also explain why adolescents are more capable of
creating and managing their own thoughts than a children. And lastly we will
understand how cognitive abilities change during adolescence and how it
affect risk-taking behaviors during adolescence.
Furthermore, we will able to identify the major cognitive changes that occur
in the early, middle and late adulthood. We will able to list and explain some
of the basic characteristics of Piaget's theory of cognitive development
during adulthood.
Affective
By the end of this research, we will able to resolve the social and emotional
issues that teens deal with during their adolescent years such as Establishing
an identity, autonomy and intimacy. We will then comply that during
adulthood, individual have always struggled with "identity exploration,
instability, self-focus, and feeling in-between.
Psychomotor
With this research, we will be able to handle problems and circumstances
that they may encounter, perform our roles and responsibilities as a youth
and adult and display traits, behaviour and values that will be a good
example to other people.
III. DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Wondrous- causing wonder or amazement; very beautiful or impressive.
2. Ubiquitous- existing or being everywhere at the same time;
constantly encountered.
3. Inevitable- incapable of being avoided or evaded, a situation that is
unavoidable.
4. Deleterious- causing harm or damage, harmful often in a subtle or
unexpected way.
5. ricochet- a shot or hit that rebounds one or more times off a surface,
something (such as a bullet or stone) that ricochets off a surface.
6. Predominate- to be the stronger or leading element or force, be the
strongest or main element; be greater in number or amount.
7. Susceptible- likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular
thing, capable or admitting of.
8. Chaotic- A condition or place of great disorder or confusion.
IV. RESEARCH
ADOLESCENCE
The term adolescence comes from the Latin word adolescere, which
means to grow to maturity. Adolescence describes the teenage years
between 13 and 19 and can be considered the transitional stage
from childhood to adulthood. Adolescence is a time of great change for
young people when physical changes are happening at an accelerated rate.
But adolescence is not just marked by physical changes -- young people are
also experiencing cognitive, social/emotional and interpersonal changes as
well. As they grow and develop, young people are influenced by outside
factors, such as their environment, culture, religion, school, and the media. 1
Physical Development
A teenager leaves the mind and body of a child and begins to take on the
mind and body of an adult. Perhaps the biggest event in changing from a
child to an adult is the onset of puberty, which is totally interesting,
extraordinary, and potentially very stressful.
Puberty is derived from the Latin pubertas, which means adulthood. It
is the period of sexual maturation that transforms a child into a biologically
mature adult capable of sexual reproduction, takes place over a period of
three or four years. It starts with a period of very rapid physical growth (the
so-called adolescent growth spurt) accompanied by gradual development of
the reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics (breast
1http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/psychology/psychology/developmental-psychology-age-13-to-65/
development in girls, beard growth in boys, and the appearance of pubic hair
in both sexes).2
Girls during Puberty
Every girl wants to grow up so she can finally be a woman. Becoming a
woman means going through puberty experiencing three major biological
changes that occurs between 9 and 13. The beginning of puberty usually
occurs about two years earlier in girls (average of 10.5 years) than in boys
(average of 12.5 years).
Puberty sets off a surge in physical growth, which is marked by an
increase in height that starts on average at 9.6 years. This growth spurt
begins about 6 to 12 months before the onset of breast development. 3
Puberty triggers a physiological process that results in a girls reaching
female sexual maturity, which primarily involves the onset of menarche.
Menarche is the first menstrual period; it is a signal that ovulation may have
occurred and the girl may have the potential to conceive and bear a child.
During menstruation, your estrogen will begin to rise within the first few
hours of bleeding and youll feel improved energy and mood with each
passing day. 4
In the United States, menarche occurs on average at the age of 12.5 years,
about 2.5 years after the beginning of breast development. Because of
differences in body weight, environmental chemicals, psychosocial stress,
and genes, the age of menarche varies within and across cultures and
societies.
The onset of menarche is triggered by an area of the brain called the
hypothalamus, which releases a hormone called kisspeptin that helps to
stimulate the pituitary gland to produce the hormones. These hormone
2 Noel- Hoeksema,Susan, Atkinson, Rita L, Hilgard, Ernest R., Atkinsons & Hilgard. Introduction to Psychology.
Australia; Wadsworth, Cengage Learning EMEA. 2010. pp 69
3 Rod Plotnik and Haig Kouyoumdijian. Introduction to Psycholgy. Belmont, CA : Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
2013. pp 408
Rod Plotnik and Haig Kouyoumdijian. Introduction to Psycholgy. Belmont, CA : Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
2013. pp 408
travels throughout the bloodstream and stimulate the ovaries to greatly

increase production of female hormones. 5
Estrogen is one of the major female hormones. At puberty, estrogen levels
increase levels increase eightfold, which stimulates the development of both
primary and secondary sexual characteristics. Puberty marks a major change
in the girls body as she develops female secondary sexual characteristics.
Female secondary sexual characteristics, whose development is
triggered by the increased secretion of estrogen, include growth of pubic
hair, development of breast, and widening of hips. In girls, the onset of
secondary sexual characteristics begins at 10.5 years (the range is from age
7 to age 18). 6
Early versus late maturing. Girls who are early maturing- that is, who go
through puberty early-may encounter psychological problems because they
have not yet developed the adult personality traits and social skills that are
needed for normal and healthy functioning in their newly developed adult
bodies.
To understand how puberty uniquely changes the bodies of girls and
boys, you need to understand the difference between primary sexual
characteristics and secondary sex characteristics.
Primary sexual characteristics are body structures that are specific
to each sex and are related to reproduction. For instance, males have testes
and female have ovaries. Secondary sexual characteristics are physical
characteristics other than reproductive organs that differentiate males and
females. 7
Boys during Puberty
Every boy wants to grow up so he can finally be a man. Becoming a man
means going through puberty and experiencing three major biological
5
2013. pp 408
2013. pp 408
2013. pp 408
changes that occur between ages 10 and 14. The onset of puberty in a boy
usually occurs about two years later than in a girl.
Puberty triggers an increase in physical growth, especially height,
generally at 13 to 14 years of age. The increase in height may be dramatic,
and a boy may feel strange as he discovers that he is taller than his mother
and as tall as or taller than his father. Puberty starts a physiological process
that results in a boy reaching male sexual maturity, which includes growth of
the genital organs- testes and penis- and production of sperm. The onset of
genital growth begins at around 11.5 years (the range is from age 9 to age
16) and continues for approximately three years. The production and release
of sperm begin at 12 to 14 years of age. 8
The increase in genital growth and the production of sperm are triggered by
the hypothalamus, which stimulates the male pituitary gland. The pituitary in
turn triggers the testes to increase production of testosterone by as much as
18 times more than before puberty. Testosterone, which is major male
hormone, stimulates the growth of genital organs and the development of
secondary sexual characteristics. The increased production of testosterone
triggers the development of male secondary sexual characteristics. 9
Male secondary sexual characteristics, which are triggered by the increased
secretion of testosterone, include the growth of pubic and facial hair,
development of muscles, and a change (deepening) in voice. These changes
usually occur between 12 and 16 years of age, but there is a wide range in
their development. 10
Early versus late maturing. Generally, boys who are early maturing, which
means they go through puberty earlier, are found to be more confident,
relaxed, socially responsible, popular and highly regarded by their peers. In
comparison, boys who go through puberty late are found lacking in self
confidence and self-esteem, more dependent on their parents, and less
highly regarded by peers. However, many of the psychological differences
8
2013. pp 408
2013. pp 408
10
2013. pp 408
between early- and late- maturing girls and boys decrease and disappear
with age.
Figure
1
11
Socio- emotional Development

On social concern, the interest of this age as established in Erik Eriksons
theory of identity versus role confusion. Identity versus confusion is the fifth
stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This stage occurs
during adolescence between the ages of approximately 12 to 18.
During adolescence, the transition from childhood to adulthood is most
important. Children are becoming more independent, and begin to look at
the future in terms of career, relationships, families, housing, etc. During this
period, they explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity based
upon the outcome of their explorations. This sense of who they are can be
hindered, which results in a sense of confusion (I dont know what I want to
be when I grow up) about themselves and their role in the world. 12
11
http://diligentdads.weebly.com/adolescence.html/
12
http://extension.udel.edu/factsheet/teen-social-and-emotional-development/
Adolescence is also a difficult age to get through in this society, for many
reasons. But school 50 years ago was no less required than now. One thing
that is striking compared to the past is the increase in bad behavior among
children of all ages. There is less fear of and respect for adults, more peer
power, and an widespread of foul language and bad manners. This is not due
to adolescence or schools, this is the parents' domain.
In addition, there are also five major social and emotional issues that
teens deal with during their adolescent years. These include:
1. Establishing an identity. This has been called one of the most
important tasks of adolescents. The question of who am I is not one
that teens think about at a conscious level. Instead, over the course of
time, teens begin to integrate the opinions of influential others into
their own likes and dislikes. The eventual outcome is people who have
a clear sense of their values and beliefs, occupational goals, and
relationship expectations. People with secure identities know where
they fit in their world.13
2. Establishing autonomy. Autonomy doesnt mean becoming
completely independent from others. It doesnt mean teen rebellion.
Rather than severing ties, establishing autonomy means becoming an
independent and self-governing person. Autonomous teens have
gained the ability to make and follow through their own decisions, live
by their own set of rules about right and wrong, and be less
emotionally dependent on parents. Autonomy is necessary if the teen
is to become self-sufficient in society.14
3. Establishing intimacy. Many people, including teens, equate
intimacy with sex. In fact, intimacy and sex are not the same. Intimacy
is usually first learned within the context of same-sex friendships, then
expanded in romantic relationships. Intimacy refers to close
relationships in which people are open, honest, caring and trusting.
Friendships provide the first setting in which young people can practice
their social skills with their equals. It is with friends that teens learn
13
14
how to begin, maintain, and terminate relationships, practice social

skills, and become intimate.15
4. Becoming comfortable with ones sexuality. The teen years mark
the first time that young people are both physically mature enough to
reproduce and cognitively advanced enough to think about it. Given
this, the teen years are the prime time for the development of
sexuality. How teens are educated about and exposed to sexuality will
largely determine whether or not they develop a healthy sexual
identity. Nearly half of high school seniors report being sexually active.
Many experts agree that the mixed messages teens receive about
sexuality contribute to problems such as teen pregnancy and sexually
transmitted diseases.16
5. Achievement. Our society fosters attitudes of competition and
success. Because of cognitive advances, the teen years are a time
when young people can begin to see the relationship between their
current abilities and plans and their future vocational goals. Teens need
to figure out what they want to achievewhat they are currently good
at and areas in which they are willing to strive for success.17
Cognitive Development
Cognitive development refers to how a persons perceives, thinks and gains
an understanding of his or her world through the interaction and influence of
genetic and learned factors. While physical development is easily measured
with simple tools such as a scale or a tape measure, other developmental
dimensions are more difficult to enumerate. In order to identify, describe,
and measure the cognitive moral, emotional and social aspects of adolescent
growth, a number of developmental theories have proven to be useful for
this purpose. One of those is Piagets theory of cognitive development is that
we all go through four distinct cognitive stages.
Figure 218
15
16
17
As we go through each stage, we acquire a new and distinct kind of

reasoning and thinking that is different from and more advanced than the
reasoning abilities. There are four cognitive stages in Piagets theory but we
will discuss about formal operational because it begins in adolescence.
Piaget's Formal Operational Stage of Development

According to Piaget, the adolescent years are remarkable
because youth move beyond the limitations of concrete mental operations
and develop the ability to think in a more abstract manner. Piaget used the
term "formal operations" to describe this new ability. Formal operations refer
to the ability to perform mental operations with abstract, intangible concepts
such as "justice" or "poverty" and to be able to estimate or describe the
effect of these intangible concepts. Therefore, youth can now represent in
their mind circumstances, or events that they have never seen, nor
personally experienced.19
There is also a study conducted by National Institutes of Health (NIH) project
that studied over a hundred young people as they grew up during the 1990s
showed that our brains undergo a massive reorganization between our
12th and 25th years. The brain doesn't actually grow very much during this
period. It has already reached 90 per cent of its full size by the time a person
is six, and a thickening skull accounts for most head growth afterward. But as
18
https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/human-development/
19 https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/human-development/
we move through adolescence, the brain undergoes extensive remodelling,

resembling a network and wiring upgrade.20
ADULTHOOD AND AGING
ADULTHOOD
Adulthood is the timeframe of growth when physical maturation is has been
attained and it is also considered as the critical stage of human
development during which young people leave childhood behind and take on
new roles and responsibilities. Adulthood is divided into three stages. Early
adulthood is from 18 years old to 35 years of age, middle adulthood is from
35-65 years of age, and the late adulthood or senescence ranges from 65 to
death.
Early Adulthood
The life stage called early adulthood defines individuals between the
ages of 18 and 35, who are typically vibrant, lively and healthy, and are
focused on friendships, romance, child bearing and careers. Yet they are also
experiencing serious conditions, such as violent events, depression and
eating disorders, can negatively impact young adults.
When young people reach the age of 18 they do not fall through the
gaps in the health and education system. The change follows developments
in our understanding of emotional maturity, hormonal development and
particularly brain activity.
Physical Changes
Females reach their adult heights by age 18, and, except for some
males who continue to grow in their early 20s, most have reached their adult
heights by the age of 21. However, muscles continue to gain mass especially among males, and both genders continue to add body fat. In our
30s and 40s, we usually gain weight for about 15 pounds. Primarily because
we are less active. By the late 40s there is slight decrease in a number of
physiological responses, including heart rate, lung capacity, muscle strength
and eye sight.21
20 David Dobbs Teenage Brains. National Geographic Magazine. October 2011: pp 20. Print
21 http://www.allpsychologycareers.com/
In addition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) researchers reveal in a

new, large-scale study that "normal" blood pressure at age 17 can still
predict hypertension at early adulthood and that teenage boys are three to
four times more likely to develop high blood pressure in early adulthood than
girls. During a follow-up period with these adolescents, 14 percent or 3,810
people developed hypertension.22
Socio-emotional Changes
In early adulthood, Individuals are in Eriksons intimacy versus isolation
stage. In this stage young adulthood is a time for finding intimacy by
developing loving and meaningful relationships. On the positive side, we can
find intimacy in caring relationships. On the negative side, without intimacy
we will have a painful feeling of isolation and our relationship will be
impersonal
Occurring in Young adulthood, they may have their own children and
have begun to settle down. They have generally decided and have settled
down into their chosen field of profession and work to develop and improve
their education and skills. They now take on many more responsibilities such
as a mortgage, providing a stable and secure base for their family or they
may experience stress within the workplace. Emotionally they may have
experience of death and bereavement. They have more intimate
relationships and may decide to marry; their role within the family changes
and they begin to build social networks.23
Cognitive Changes
By the end of adolescence, most people are capable of the levels of
reasoning that we would expect for normal functioning in adult society.
Although there are wide individual differences in attainment, most young
adults are able to deal with cognitive tasks in a more abstract way than
22 Lucy Wallis. Is 25 the new cut-offpoint for adulthood?. BCC news. September 23, 2013
before, and to attain solutions to problems by comparing possible

explanations24
Early adulthood is a time of relativistic thinking, in which young people begin
to become aware of more than simplistic view of right versus wrong. They
begin to look at ideas and concepts from multiple angles and understand
that a question can have more than one right (or wrong) answer. The need
for specialization results in pragmatic thinking - using logic to solve realworld problems while accepting contradiction, imperfection, and other
issues. Finally, young adults develop a sort of expertise in either education or
career, which further enhances problem-solving and capacity for creativity.25
Middle Adulthood
The ubiquitous term "midlife crisis" that many in society take for granted,
doesn't exist, according to many developmental psychology researchers, and
in fact, most people during middle adulthood are satisfied and pleased with
their lives. Developmentalists categorize this life stage as people between
ages 35 to 65, and they maintain that healthy and unhealthy lifestyles and
attitudes are the main concerns for those in this age group.26
Physical Changes
During middle adulthood, people gradually become aware of changes in their
bodies. They often experience weight gain (although they can avoid such
increases through diet and exercise). Furthermore, the sense organs
gradually become less sensitive, and reactions to stimuli are slower. But
generally, the physical declines that occur during middle adulthood are
minor and often unnoticeable. The major biological change that does occur
during middle adulthood pertains to reproductive capabilities. On average,
during their late 40s or early 50s, women begin menopause, during which
they stop menstruating and are no longer fertile. Because menopause is
accompanied by a significant reduction in the production of estrogen, a
female hormone, women sometimes experience symptoms such as hot
24
25
26
http://www.allpsychologycareers.com/
flashes, sudden sensations of heat. Many symptoms can be treated through

hormone therapy in which menopausal women take the hormones estrogen
and progesterone.27
Secondary aging, however, is the result of unhealthy behaviors, such as
smoking, drug use, unhealthy eating, alcohol abuse, obesity and lack of
exercise. Death rates for this age group remain relatively low, although the
two major illnesses that do affect the health and mortality of this age group
are heart disease and cancer: analysis from a 2006 report by the non profit
group Life Insurance Foundation for Education finds that the leading causes
of death for males ages 45-65 is heart disease, followed by cancer. For
females ages 35-64, the leading cause of death is cancer.28
In Middle adulthood, Individuals are in Eriksons Generativity versus
Stagnation stage. According to Erikson, an interest in guiding the next
generation is the main source of balance in mature adulthood. This quality,
called generativity, is expressed by caring about oneself, one's children, and
the future. Generativity may be achieved by guiding one's own children or by
helping other children. It may also be attained through productive or creative
work.
Middle adulthood is also suffering "midlife crisis. Apparently this is a
time of great emotional turmoil, anxiety, and extreme changes in behavior.
But professionals concentrating in developmental psychology characterize
this time period quite differently, and research supporting the evidence of
midlife crisis simply doesn't exist. Most middle-aged individuals say that they
are in meaningful intimate relationships, including those who have been
married for several years. For those who divorce and remarry, most report
that remarriage brings a new set of challenges. And developmentalists have
found that most people in this age group have less problems with their
children and also better relationships with their own parents. 29
27 Feldman, Robert S. Understanding Psychology, tenth edition, McGraw-Hill. 2011. 412-433
Cognitive changes
During middle adulthood, cognition begins to stabilize, reaching a peak
around the age of 35. Two forms of intelligence - crystallized and fluid - are
the main focus of middle adulthood. Crystallized intelligence is dependent
upon accumulated knowledge and experience, and grows steadily
throughout middle adulthood. Fluid intelligence is more dependent on basic
information processing skills and starts to decline even prior to midadulthood. Cognitive processing speed slows down during this stage of life,
as does the ability to solve problems and divide attention.
However, practical problem solving skills increase. These skills are necessary
to solve real-world problems and figure out how to best achieve a desired
goal.30
Late Adulthood
Late adulthood is generally considered to begin at about age 65. Physical
changes continue to occur at a fast pace, and the brain also begins to
lose neurons, resulting in memory loss and other changes. In this stage
individuals are also experiencing Eriksons Generativity versus Stagnation
stage.
Physical Change
During late adulthood, the individual approaches the end of life. The
average life expectancy of most individuals is around 80 years old - although
accidents or disease may claim lives much earlier. Vision and hearing
continue to deteriorate, and cataracts - cloudy areas of the eyes that result
in vision loss - are frequent. The brain is also beginning to lose neurons,
resulting in loss of memory and problems with cognition and thought
processes. Alzheimer's disease is an incurable disorder resulting in the loss
of mental functions, including memory, and results in despair for many who
suffer from it and their families. The other senses, such as taste, touch and
smell, are also less sensitive than they were in earlier years. The immune
system is weakened, and many older people are susceptible to sickness and
30https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/human-development/
disease. Those who did not take care of themselves during early and middle
adulthood are likely to suffer from cardiovascular and respiratory problems.31
Emotions and stability vary widely in late adulthood. Theorist Erik Erikson
(1902-1994) devised a framework for development based on psychosocial
stages, and he defined the last stage of life as a tension between integrity
and despair. Late adulthood is a time for reflecting on and reviewing how we
met previous challenges and lived our lives. On the positive side, if we can
look back and feel content about how we lived and what we accomplished,
we will have of satisfaction or integrity. On the negative side, if we reflect
and see a series of crises, problems and bad experiences, we will have a
feeling of regret and despair. 32
Cognitive Changes
In the stages of late adulthood the intellectual development within them
persons are vital. Even at the age of 65 those persons still do need their
brains to be kept active and on going and they also want to do certain
activities, maybe they still going for outings with their friends and being able
to still live and feel like they arent useless because they are getting to the
stage of being old and will maybe get slow and stop remembering
everything. Sometimes there are people that choose to stay on at their job to
maintain their intellectual stimulation.
AGING
Ageism: The untrue assumption that chronological age is the main
determinant of human characteristics and that one age is better than
another. A form of discrimination against older adults based on their age.33
31 https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/human-development/
32 Rod Plotnik and Haig Kouyoumdijian. Introduction to Psycholgy. Belmont, CA : Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
2013. pp 425
33 https://www.scribd.com/doc/24634634/Psychology-of-Adulthood-and-Aging-Notes
Gerontology: The study of aging from maturity through old age, as well as
the study of older adults as a special group. Life-span perspective: A view of
the human life span that divides it into two phases; childhood/adolescence
and young/middle/late adulthood.34
As to physical changes, biological aging is a gradual process that begins
quite early in life. Peak physical functioning occurs around 25 years of age
and gradually declines thereafter. The rate of aging is highly individualized.
The sensitivity of vision, hearing and taste decreases in the elderly (those
aged 65 and older). Height and weight decreases are also common. The risk
of chronic diseases (heart disease, stroke, cancer, etc) increases. Slower
reaction times are common. On social concerns, elderly adults are in
Eriksons stage of ego integrity versus despair. Are engaged in life review. As
to cognitive skills, a terminal decline in intellectual performance occurs in
two to three years that precede an elderly adults death. Senile dementia is
an abnormal deterioration in cognitive abilities. Alzheimers disease is a form
of dementia.35
It was in the beginning of the 20th century that the term gerontology was
think up by Elie Metchnikoff. In the 1940s, James Birren began organizing
the field of gerontology. One of his most important accomplishments was the
theory of primary, secondary, and tertiary aging.
Primary aging Normal, disease-free development during adulthood.
Secondary aging Developmental changes that are related to disease,
lifestyle, and other environmentally tempted changes that are not
unavoidable. Examples: Alzheimers and related forms of dementia.
Tertiary aging The rapid losses that occur shortly before death.
Intriguing explanations of aging are provided by four biological
theories: cellular theory, Free-radical theory, Programmed cell death theory
and Implications of the Development Forces:
1. Free-Radical Theories: Based on the idea that people are born with
a limited amount of energy that can be expended at some rate.
Metabolic process such as eating fewer calories or reducing stress

may be related to living longer.36
The bodys declining ability to adapt to stress with age may also be
a partial cause of aging.37
2. Cellular Theories:
Hayflick Limit suggests that there may be limits on how often
cells may divide before dying (shortening of telomeres [enzymes]
may be the major factor).38
Cross Linking results when certain proteins interact randomly and
produce molecules that make the body stiffer.39
Free Radicals highly reactive chemicals produced randomly
during normal cell metabolism, cause cellular damage. Antioxidants may postpone the appearance of some age-related
diseases.40
3. Programmed Cell Death Theories: The appearance of genetic
program that is triggered by physiological process, the innate ability to
self-destruct, and the ability of dying cells to trigger key processes in
other cells.41
4. Implications of the Development Forces although biological
theories are the foundation of biological forces, the full picture of how
and why we age cannot be understood without the other three forces
(psychological, sociocultural, and life cycle). 42
DEATH AND DYING
36 Rodrigo Dela Paz Tomas. Basics of Psychology. Mutya Publishing House, INC. 2014. pp 31
Have you ever wondered about your own death? How will you accept the
process of dying? Will you be able to die with integrity, or will you be gone
with despair? These questions are possibly most relevance to those who
have been told they have a terminal illness. After spending hundreds of
hours at the bedsides of people with terminal illness, Elisabeth Kubler- Ross
(1969) developed her stage theory of the psychological process involved in
accepting ones death: (own)
Denial, an attempt to deny the reality and to isolate oneself from the
event, is often the first reaction.
Anger normally follows, as the person greed the living and asks, Why
should I be the one to die?
Bargaining may occur; the person begs to God or others for more
time.
Depression.As the end nears, recognition that death is unavoidable

and that separation from family will occur leads to feelings of
exhaustion, pointlessness.
Acceptance often follows if death is not sudden, and the person finds
peace with the inevitable.
Coping with the loss of you love ones is an ultimately a deeply

personal and singular experience nobody can help you go through it more
easily or understand all the emotions that youre going through. But others
can be there for you and help comfort you through this process such as
youre family and friends. The best thing you can do is to allow yourself to
feel the grief as it comes over you. Resisting it only will prolong the natural
process of healing.
But in my own opinion, In the presence of death we must look to the
future and give thanks for our existence; our culture; our knowledge; our
peace; and our unity. That is the priceless gift of the dead and the foundation
on which we must build our hopes for their salvation, and for that of all
humanity.
V. SUMMARY
There are various stages of human development include prenatal
period, newborn, infancy and childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and death
and dying. During each stage growth and development occur in the primary
developmental domains including physical, cognitive and social emotional.
In this research, I will explain developments beyond childhood, beginning
with adolescence and then moving into the phases of adulthood early,
middle and late until death and dying.
Adolescence is the developmental period of transition from childhood
to early adulthood, entered approximately 10 to 12 years of age and ending
at 18 to 22 years of age. In this period they experience different kinds of
changes include physical, socio-emotional, and cognitive changes. On
physical changes, puberty refers to rapid physical growth that occurs with
hormonal changes that bring sexual maturity. While on social concern,
adolescents experienced Erik Eriksons theory of identity versus role
confusion and on cognitive skills, adolescents begin to enter Piagets stage of
formal operations.
In adulthood period, it is divided into three stages which is early,
middle, and late adulthood. Early adulthood is generally defined as the
period from ages 18 to 35. The aging process begins during this time and is
characterized by changes in skin, vision and reproductive capability. It is the
time where in individuals experienced Eriksons intimacy versus isolation
stage. It is also the time of establishing personal and economic

independence, a time of career and development, and a time of selecting a
mate, starting a family and rearing a child.
Middle adulthood, it is defined as the period from ages 35 to 65. Aging
speeds up during this time, and it is characterized by further vision
problems, hearing loss, and the end of reproductive capability for women,
known as menopause. On social changes, individuals are in Eriksons
Generativity versus Stagnation stage and In terms of primary mental
abilities, data depict mid-life as a relatively stable period. In fact, on most
measures, middle-aged adults perform as well as or slightly better than
younger adults.
Late adulthood is generally defined as the period from 65 on. Physical
changes continue to occur at a rapid pace, and the brain also begins to
lose neurons, resulting in memory loss and other changes. It is the time
where in individuals are in Eriksons integrity versus despair stage. In terms
mental abilities, late adulthood cognition becomes more focused, and elderly
people tend to make the most of their cognitive abilities through goalcentered use.
During adulthood, individuals are experiencing aging. The Aging
process often results in a loss of memory, deteriorated intellectual function,
decreased mobility, and higher rate of disease. Aging has four biological
theories include cellular theory, Free-radical theory, Programmed cell death
theory and Implications of the Development Forces.
In addition, Violent loss survivors often describe experiencing recurrent
imagery about their loved one's death. The Death Imagery Scale assesses 5
kinds of imagery: reenactment, rescue, revenge, reunion, and remorse. We
explored the frequency of these forms of imagery and their associations with
PTSD, depression, and/or complicated grief (CG) among 130 treatmentseeking survivors who were, on average, 3.5 years postloss. Reenactment,
rescue, and remorse imagery were most frequently endorsed, and all forms
of imagery were associated with PTSD, depression, and CG. Bereaved
parents reported more remorse and reunion imagery than others. Homicide
survivors reported more revenge imagery than suicide and accident
survivors.
It's a fact of life that we're all going to die at some point but theres a
way to accept this reality by doing this fives stage of loss and grief which is
denial and isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
VI. ACTIVITIES
1. The development of primary sex characteristics is evidenced by
a. A rapid growth in height and weight
b. Growth and development of the breast.
c. Growth and development of the ovaries.
d. Changes in the distribution of fat.
2. Define Adolescence:
a. Process or state of growing to maturity.
b. Process of growing from adulthood to old age.

c. When you get old.
d. When you are a child.
3. Who matures faster?
a. Boys
b. Girls
4. Piaget characterizes adolescent reasoning as
a. Metacognition.
b. The game of thinking.
c. Formal operational thought
d. Concrete operational thought.
5. The appearance of genetic program that is triggered by
physiological process, the innate ability to self-destruct, and the
ability of dying cells to trigger key processes in other cells.
a. Free-Radical Theories
b. Cellular Theories
c. Programmed Cell Death Theories
d. Implications of the Development Forces
6. Erik Erikson suggests that middle adulthood encompasses the
period of , where people consider their contributions to family,
community, work, and society.
a. Formal operation period
b. Identity versus Identity confusion stage
c. Integrity versus Despair stage
d. Generativity versus Stagnation
7. A broad category covering several diseases, an incurable disorder
resulting in the loss of mental functions, including memory.
a. Alzheimers Disease
b. Dementia
c. Memory loss
8. Erikson labelled the last stage of personality development, which
is characterized by a process of looking back over ones life,
evaluating it, and coming to terms with it.
a. Integrity versus Despair stage
b. Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt stage
c. Industry versus Inferiority stage
d. Identity versus Identity confusion stage
9. The study of aging from maturity through old age,as well as the
study of older adults as a special group.
a. Gerontology
b. Ageism
c. Dermatology
d. Psychology
10. Who invented the five stages of grief?
a. Erik Erikson
b. Jean piaget
c. Elisabeth Kubler- Ross
d. Plato
VI. Key to Correction

1. C
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. D
7. A
8. A
9. A
10. C
VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY/ REFERENCES

Books
1. Noel- Hoeksema,Susan, Atkinson, Rita L, Hilgard, Ernest R., Atkinsons
& Hilgard. Introduction to Psychology. Australia; Wadsworth, Cengage
Learning EMEA. 2010. 69-104
2. Feldman, Robert S. Understanding Psychology, tenth edition, McGrawHill. 2011. 412-433
3. Shaffer, David R., Kipp Katherine. Development Psychology: Child &
Adolescence, Eight Edition. Wadsworth: Cengage Learning. 2010. 214233
4. Rodrigo Dela Paz Tomas. Basics of Psychology. Mutya Publishing House,
INC. 2014. pp 27-31.
5. Rod Plotnik and Haig Kouyoumdijian. Introduction to Psycholgy.
Belmont, CA : Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. 2013. pp 408, 425.
6. Roxel A. Apruebo. General Psychology. Central Books Supply. 2013. pp

15-18.
Periodical
7. Patricia Casey. Adolescent Behavior. Los Angeles Times. May 20, 2011.
8. Staff report. Risk of hypertension in young adults revealed. Sun
Sentinel. August 3, 2010
9. Lucy Wallis. Is 25 the new cut-off point for adulthood?. BCC news. September
23, 2013
Magazine
10.
David Dobbs Teenage Brains. National Geographic Magazine.
October 2011: 20-21. Print
11.
Haas, Elson M., MD. Male Aging and Prostate Health. Total
Health. May 2014: 14-17. Print
12.
Wright, Shelli. Preparing your daughter for her first period. Total
Health, July 2014.Print
Internet
13.
http://diligentdads.weebly.com/adolescence.html
14.
http://extension.udel.edu/factsheet/teen-social-and-emotionaldevelopment/
15.
http://psychology.about.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/identityversus-confusion.htm
16.
https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundlesspsychology-textbook/human-development/
17.
http://www.allpsychologycareers.com/
18.
http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/psychology/psychology/devel
opmental-psychology-age-13-to-65/
19.
https://www.scribd.com/doc/24634634/Psychology-of-Adulthoodand-Aging-Notes
Journal
20.
Galvan Adriana, February 12,2010. Adolescent Development of
the reward system. Front. Hum. Neirosci. Volume 4, Article 6. 1-7, doi:
10.3389/neuro.09.006.2010
21.
Jenna L. Baddeley. October 8, 2014. Death thoughts and images
in Treatment-Seekers after violent loss. Front. Volume 39, Article 3, 8491, doi: 10.1080/07481187.2014.893274

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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

III. DEFINITION OF TERMS

travels throughout the bloodstream and stimulate the ovaries to greatly

Socio- emotional Development

how to begin, maintain, and terminate relationships, practice social

As we go through each stage, we acquire a new and distinct kind of

Piaget's Formal Operational Stage of Development

we move through adolescence, the brain undergoes extensive remodelling,

In addition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) researchers reveal in a

before, and to attain solutions to problems by comparing possible

flashes, sudden sensations of heat. Many symptoms can be treated through

Metabolic process such as eating fewer calories or reducing stress

Depression.As the end nears, recognition that death is unavoidable

Coping with the loss of you love ones is an ultimately a deeply

stage. It is also the time of establishing personal and economic

b. Process of growing from adulthood to old age.

VI. Key to Correction

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY/ REFERENCES

6. Roxel A. Apruebo. General Psychology. Central Books Supply. 2013. pp

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