Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
202.
Anuradha Ranjan Kumari, I/C Programme Co-ordinator, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Indian Institute of
Vegetable Research, Malahana, Post Office, Bankata Mishra, Deoria-274 506 (Uttar Pradesh)
203.
Chandra Kumar Singh, Subject Matter Specialist (Agronomy), Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Tawang-790 104 (Arunachal Pradesh)
204.
205.
Kaushal Arvindbhai Prajapati, Subject Matter Specialist (Animal Science),Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Kheda 387 411 ( Gujarat)
206.
Laxmipriya Pradhan, Scientist, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Keonjhar, Orissa University of Agriculture
and Technology, Bhubaneswar - 751 001 (Odisha)
207.
Manoj Kumar Singh, Subject Matter Specialist (Horticulture), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, East Kameng
790 102 (Arunachal Pradesh)
208.
Nilesh Biwalkar, Assistant Professor (Soil and Water Engineering), Department of Soil and Water
Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 001(Punjab)
209.
Pankaj Prakash Patil, Scientist ( Plant Protection), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dhule-424 001
(Maharashtra)
210.
Rakesh Thakur, Extension Specialist (Veterinary/Animal Science), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mandi
at Sundernagar-175 019 (Himachal Pradesh)
211.
Sandeep Kumar, Subject Matter Specialist (Plant Protection) Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jaunpur,
Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad-224 229
(Uttar Pradesh)
212.
Soibam Peter Singh, Senior Research Fellow, ICAR- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Hayuliang 792 104
(Arunachal Pradesh)
213.
Somendra Nath, Subject Matter Specialist (Agronomy) Krishi Vigyan Kendra,Jaunpur, Narendra
Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad-224 229 (Uttar Pradesh)
214.
Tara Shankar Mishra, Subject Matter Specialist (Horticulture),Krishi Vigyan Kendra, West
Kameng-790 114 (Arunachal Pradesh)
215.
Tarun Kumar Das, Subject Matter Specialist (Agricultural Extension) Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
ICAR, Tura, West Garo Hills, Meghalaya-794 104 ( Meghalaya)
216.
Vikramsinh Ingale, Ph.D Scholar, Dept. of Agricultural Process Engineering, Mahatma Phule
Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri- 413 722 (Maharashtra)
217.
Vipul Manohar Vasave, Scientist ( Animal Science and Dairy Science), Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Dhule-424 001 (Maharashtra)
102
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00001.5
An on farm research entitled Assessment of Sulphur Oxidising Bacterial (SOB) inoculums on groundnut
yield was conducted during 2014-2015 to improve the sulphur availability to groundnut which in turn
directly contribute to higher pod yield. The technologies compared in this study were farmer friendly and
cost effective. The field experiment was laid out in five replications at five locations with three treatments
in Aranthangi block of Pudukkottai district. The treatments were T1: Farmers Practice i.e. No application
of sulphur nutrition, T2: Gypsum application at flowering stage @ 400Kg/ ha and T3 : Seed treatment with
Sulphur Oxidising bacterial inoculums @ 1kg/ha and Rhizobium @ 1kg/ha and soil application of SOB @ 5kg/
ha on 45 DAS + Gypsum 400kg/ha. The results revealed that the treatment T3 recorded significantly higher
yield (2109.6 kg/ha) compared with T2 (2012.6 kg/ha) and T1 (1962.4 kg/ha) with more number of pods per
plant (39.4), shelling percentage (71.8 %), higher benefit to cost ratio (BCR) and improved soil sulphur content
after the harvest of the groundnut crop. Hence it was inferred that under micro level situation, use of sulphur
oxidising bacterial inoculums certainly improve soil sulphur nutrition that result in sustainable higher yield.
Key Words: Groundnut, Soil sulphur, SOB, Rhizobium, Gypsum, Pod yield.
INTRODUCTION
of the microbial inoculums into solid carrier, groundnut. The farmers were provided with CO6
which provides a convenient base for packing and groundnut seeds @70 kg, SOB @ 1.2 kg, gypsum
facilitates application and use of the product.
@ 160 kg and Rhizobium @200g to lay out T2 and
Most Sulphur containing minerals are metal T3. The T1 laid out by farmers themselves during
sulphides and the best known is perhaps pyrite. The kharif 2014 i.e. July II to IV week.
seed treatment and soil application improved the plants enhancing more number of pods. The shelling
seed vigour, germination, crop establishment, more percentage was also found higher in the harvested
number of pods and yield.
groundnut pods of T3 followed by T2 and T1.
It was observed that the gross cost variation
Yield, Shelling percentage and Benefit cost ratio
among
the treatments T1 and T2, T3 was meagre
The data (Table 1) clearly showed that the
mean yield in treatment T1 recorded significantly while net returns recorded wide variations due
lowest (1962.4 kg/ha) followed by T2 ( 2012.6 kg/ to increase in yield of groundnut pods in T2 and
ha) and T3 (2109.6 kg/ha). In treatment T1, pod T3. The net returns per hectare for the treatments
yield was lowest obviously for the reason that no T1, T2 and T3 were Rs.26,880/-, Rs.34,726/- and
sulphur nutrition was provided to groundnut crop Rs.37,948/-, respectively with highest net returns
neither as seed treatment nor soil application. In T2 in T3. Further, the benefit cost ratio (BCR) for the
yield recorded was the second highest wherein one treatments T1, T2 and T3 were 1.84, 1.97 and 2.06,
time soil application of gypsum was applied at peak respectively. Hence T3 was proved to be better than
flowering stage and sulphur was made available other treatments in terms of yield and BCR.
These findings were in line with Anandham and
during pod initiation and development stage. The
major reason for T3 to record highest mean yield Sridar (2001) who used sulfur oxidizing bacteria
was due to combined effect of sulphur nutrition pellets (25106 CFU/g) at three different doses, viz.,
by seed treatment with SOB and Rhizobium and 20 kg, 40 kg and 60 kg ha-1 along with Rhizobium
soil application of SOB and gypsum. The Sulphur application as seed treatment and found that 60 kg
Oxidizing Bacterial (SOB) inoculums increased pellets ha-1 with Rhizobium application produced the
the vigour of seeds and soil sulphur availability to
Table 1. Growth and yield parameters of Groundnut under different treatments.
Parameter
T1
T2
T3
SEd
CD
Plant height (cm)
75.4
62.4
66.2
1.2
2.4
Days taken for 50% flowering
37.0
35.0
35.0
0.9
1.8
Number of pods /plant
29.0
33.4
39.4
0.9
1.8
Yield (kg/ha)
1962.4
2012.6
2109.6
19.1
38.5
Shelling (%)
68.4
70.2
71.8
0.4
0.9
Gross returns (Rs)
32,000
35,800
35,800
Gross cost (Rs)
58,880
70,526
73,748
Net Return (Profit) (Rs. / ha)
26,880
34,726
37,948
Benefit Cost Ratio
1.84
1.97
2.06
Table 2. Status of soil sulphur content before and after the groundnut crop.
Sr.
Replication
Soil sulphur before
Soil sulphur after harvest Percent increase in
No
sowing (ppm)
of crop (ppm)
soil sulphur ( %)
1
R1
6.49
7.63
17.6
2
R2
6.40
7.19
12.3
3
R3
6.44
7.41
10.3
4
R4
6.39
7.16
12.1
5
R5
6.37
6.78
6.4
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 1-4
REFERENCES
CONCLUSION
It was concluded that the treatment T3 performed Sakal R, Sinha R B, Singh A P, Bhogal N S and Ismail M
D (2000). Influence of sulphur on yield and mineral
well by giving higher yield (2109.6 kg/ha compared
nutrition of crops in maize and wheat. J Ind Soc Soil Sci
with T2( 2012.6 kg/ha) and T1(1962.4 kg/ha) with
48: 32529.
more number of pods per plant, higher BCR and Varin S, Cliquet J B, Personeni E, Avice J C, Lemauvielimproved soil sulphur content after the harvest of the
Lavenant S (2010). How does sulphur availability modify
N acquisition of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) J Exp
groundnut crop. T3 was found significantly higher
Bot 61(1): 225-234.
in comparison with T1 and T2 for growth and yield
Accepted on 18/03/2016
parameters viz., plant height, number of pods per Received on 22/12/2015
plant, days taken for 50 per cent flowering, mean
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00002.7
A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2013, 20 and 20 at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sri Muktsar
Sahib (Punjab), to find out the best suitable variety of rice for the area. PR 111, PR 114, PR 121, PR 122,
PR 123 and PR 124 were the six different varieties tested under this experiment. Fifty Per cent flowering
was earlier in variety PR 124 as compared to PR 111, PR 121 and PR 123 and was statistically at par
with PR 114 and PR 122. However, among days taken to maturity, variety PR 111 matured earlier (139)
and statistically differ from PR 121 (141), PR 124 (141.5) and PR 123 (143.7), PR 114 (145) and PR 122
(146.3). Variety PR 121 produced higher number of effective tiller (447.3/m2), which was statistically at
par with PR 122 (441.7/m2) and PR 114 (435.3/m2) but significantly superior from PR 111 (414/m2), PR
123 (413.3/m2) and PR 124 (412.5/m2). Higher grain yield was recorded with variety PR 121 (79.3 q/
ha), which was statistically at par with PR 124 (78.5 q/ha), PR 122 (77.3 q/ha) and PR 123 (77 q/ha) but
was significantly superior from PR 111(68.5 q/ha), PR 114(71.5 q/ha). The varieties PR 121 and PR 124
produced higher yield and also matured in less time. So these two varieties are best suitable for the area.
Key Words: Short duration, Tillers, Rice, Variety, Yield,
INTRODUCTION
105
101
103
100
PR 114
PR 121
PR 122
PR 123
PR 124
96
99
99
100
96
97
99
100
108
104
100
99
3.03
97.5
99.7
103.3
103.0
99.0
98.0
144
147
145
143
140
142
143
146
145
140
139
141
144
146
145
140
138
1.4
141.5
143.7
146.3
145.0
141.0
139.0
101.8
103.2
98.8
102.2
103.6
2013
100.3
105.3
106
103.7
99.3
101
2014
142
140
146
147
-
PR 114
PR 121
PR 122
PR 123
PR 124
CD (p=0.05)
133
PR 111
2013
113
128
115
137
114
125
2014
154
146
150
140
158
153
2015
NS
133
140
137
139
138
137
Average
24.7
26.1
25.5
24.6
24.2
2013
24.6
23.8
24.4
24.6
24.8
23.4
2014
25.2
25.1
23.8
24.6
24.5
24.1
2015
NS
24.9
24.5
24.8
24.9
24.6
23.9
Average
112
104
111.7
105.3
101.3
99.7
2015
Table 2 Effect of different varieties on grain yield and yield contributing characters.
Variety
No of grains /panicle
1000 grain wt (g)
CD (p=0.05)
98
PR 111
Variety
Table 1 Effect of different varieties on duration, plant height and effective tillers.
78.0
75.5
76.0
70.6
65.0
2013
NS
106.2
103.7
107.0
102.6
100.9
Average
101.4
412
422
460
460
452
412
413
426
444
434
455
422
78.8
75.8
83.3
85.5
72.0
76.5
2014
78.3
77.3
73.3
76.0
72.0
64.0
2015
402
421
412
435
410
6.2
78.5
77.0
77.3
79.3
71.5
Average
68.5
18.6
412.5
413.3
441.7
435.3
447.3
Average
414.0
Effective tillers/m2
pH (1:2)
Kharif
2013
8.1
Kharif
2014
7.95
Kharif
2015
8.2
EC (dS m-1)
0.932
0.938
0.912
OC (%)
0.20
0.24
0.22
P (kg/ha)
15.2
17
14.0
K (kg/ha)
626.0
710
640
Sandy loam
Sandy
loam
Sandy
loam
Parameter
Soil texture
REFERENCES
produce any significant effect on the number of Mantri N, Patade V, Penna S, Ford R and Pang E (2012).
Abiotic stress responses in plants: present and future. In:
grains per ear and 1000 grain weight (Table 3).
Ahmad P, Prasad MNV (eds.) Abiotic stress responses
CONCLUSION
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00003.9
Weather is an uncontrolled and important factor, the effect of which on banana is difficult to quantify under the
field experiments. Phenological studies of the banana crop based on the meteorological data of last 30 years (1980
- 2009) was subjected for the correlation analysis and evaluated. The study indicated that the rainfall, relative
humidity had positive correlation with the bunch weight but negative correlation with temperature. Significantly
negative correlation of bunch weight was recorded with wind velocity, evaporation and sunshine hours.
Key Words: Cavendish banana ,Rainfall, Temperature, Relative humidity, Wind velocity, Evaporation,
Sunshine hours, Correlation.
INTRODUCTION
Badgujar et al
has been worked out and tested its significance as attributes correlated positively. The days for
per methods suggested by Panse and Sukhatme flowering and harvesting recorded significantly
(1985).
positive correlation with maximum temperature.
Bunch weight recorded very week and negative
correlation with maximum temperature. All plant
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
growth attributes were recorded non- significant
Rainfall
The correlation coefficients of the weather correlation with minimum temperature. Out of 10
parameters with the plant parameters are depicted attributes, pseudo stem height and girth, number of
in Table 1. The average annual rainfall of this area fingers per bunch, finger length and girth and bunch
is 735 mm and the average rain fall of 30 years was weight recorded negative correlation, however rest
recorded as764.1 mm. It was found that all the plant were positively correlated. These results were in
attributes were non- significantly correlated. Only agreement with the findings of Pillai et al (1996)
two attributes viz. days for flowering and harvesting and Kothawade et al (1985).
were negatively correlated whereas rest of attributes
recorded positive correlation with rainfall. Rain fall
recorded positive but week correlation with bunch
weight. Similar results were reported by Pillai et al
(1996).
Relative humidity
The average humidity of 30 years at morning
and evening was 88.11 and 40.6 per cent,
respectively. All the plant attributes except number
of leaves, days to flower and days to harvest
recorded a negative correlation with morning
Temperature
The average maximum temperature of 30 relative humidity and for rest of the attributes it
years was 34.7 0C. Out of 10 attributes studied, was positive. The days to flowering and harvesting
five attributes exhibited negative correlation exhibited the significant negative correlation with
with maximum temperature whereas rest of the morning humidity. Relative humidity at evening
Table 1. Correlation coefficient of climatic parameters with banana.
Banana Attributes Annual Temperature (0C)
Relative
rainfall
Humidity
(mm)
(per cent)
Max
Min
Morn. Even
Plant height (cm)
0.10 (- ) 0.08 (- )0.17
0.16
0.45*
Plant girth (cm)
0.32
0.06 (- )0.03
0.28
0.35
No. of leaves/ plant
0.01
0.10
0.24 (- )0.20 (-)0.20
No. of hands/bunch
0.27 (- )0.22
0.04
0.18 (-)0.01
No. of fingers/
0.26 (- )0.29 (- )0.13
0.27 (-)0.20
bunch
Days to flower
(- )0.15
0.38*
0.28 0.47** 0.48**
Days to harvest
(-) 0.20
0.40*
0.18 0.53**
0.46*
Finger length (cm)
0.08
0.07 (- )0.22
0.09 0.64**
Finger girth (cm)
0.15 (- )0.06 (- )0.33
0.23
l.41*
Bunch weight (Kg)
0.13
-0.01 (- )0.26
0.29 0.47**
10
Wind
Pan
Velocity Evapora(km/hr)
tion
(mm)
Sunshine
Hours
0.50** (-)0.51**
(-)0.40* (-)0.42*
0.61**
0.53**
(-)0.40* (-)0.45*
0.47** (-)0.57**
(-)0.34
(-)0.24
0.25
(-)0.21
(-)0.22
0.61**
0.58**
0.70**
0.67**
0.54** (-)0.41*
0.64** (-)0.60**
0.63** (-)0.56**
0.54**
0.48**
(-)0.35
(-)0.46*
-0.37*
Evaporation
The average evaporation of thirty years was 10.6
mm. All the growth and yield parameters of banana
REFERENCES
have been significantly influenced by evaporation.
Borges A L, Soura L da S and Alves E L (2000). Banana, In Z
The number of leaves, days for flowering, and
J M Cordeiro (ed). Banana.
harvesting were recording positive correlation;
however it was negative for the rest of the attributes. Bhattacharyya R K and Madhava Rao V N (1965). Influence
of meteorological parameters on the cropping of banana
Similar results were reported by Pillai et al (1996).
grown under soil covers and soil moisture regimes.
Banana News letter 8 :7-8 ( August)
Sunshine hours
Sunshine hours were also recorded significant Kothawade D V, Mahajan P R , Sanghvi K U and Patil D
R (1985).Effect of leaf area on the growth and yield of
positive impact on days for flowering and harvesting
basrai banana. South Indian Hort 33(2):122-123.
however, it was significantly negative for finger
Panse V G and Sukhatme P V (1985). Statistical methods for
girth and bunch weight. Bunch weight and finger
agricultural workers. ICAR, New Delhi (IV Edition)
girth was negatively correlated with sunshine hours. Pillai P Balakrishna, Venugopalan K, Keshava Rao A V R
CONCLUSION
Accepted on 23/03/2016
11
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00004.0
The engineering properties of Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica L or Emblica officinalis G ) fruits are pre
requisites in designing the equipments for handling, storage and processing of the aonla fruits. It is essential
to determine the relevant characteristics of such fruits but this kind of properties appeared to be lacking in
the literature. Hence this study was undertaken to determine some physical and mechanical properties such
as size, shape, roundness, sphericity, volume, density, surface area and penetration force for the design of
pricking machine for aonla fruits. The fruits of four Aonla cultivars namely Chakaiya, Kanchan, Krishna
and Francis were used for this study. The fruits were cleaned with water to remove all dirt adhering to the
fruits and the experiments were conducted at room temperature. All physical and mechanical parameters
were studied for 10 fruits from each cultivar. The Fresh fruits were randomly selected for determination of
physical properties. The shape of the Aonla fruits were found to be ranging from round to prolate. The size
of the fruits was characterized using length, breadth and thickness i.e. major, intermediate & minor axis of
Aonla fruits. The average volume of the fruits ranged from 31.565 to 42.809 cm3 and the average sphericity
ranged from 0.954 to 0.995 whereas the range of the rolling resistance found to be 12.51 to 21.990. The
range of fruit size was observed to be 3.10 to 4.47 cm. It was also observed that the volume was higher for
the variety Francis with 42.809 cm3 followed by Kanchan, Krishna and Chakaiya with 37.565, 31.565 and
27.513 cm3, respectively. The maximum value of volume was found in Francis (84.245 cm3) and minimum
in Chakaiya (31.115 cm3). The rolling resistances of the Aonla fruits of Chakaiya, Kanchan, Krishna and
Francis varieties were found to be 19.167, 18.890, 16.384 & 14.653, respectively. The maximum value
of the rolling resistance was found in Chakaiya variety (21.990) and minimum in Francis variety (12.310).
The penetration force required to penetrate into the fruits of Kanchan, Chakaiya, Krishna and Francis
varieties of Aonla was found to 37.62, 26.29, 21.98 and 19.35 N, respectively. The maximum penetration
force was found in Kanchan variety because of more compactness of the fruit and minimum in Francis variety.
Key Words: Aonla, Physical properties, Mechanical properties, Cultivars.
INTRODUCTION
12
Ingale et al
13
Sfc
Weight
(gm)
Length
(mm)
Breadth
(mm)
CHAKAIYA
Mean
Max
Min
Sd
CV
Mean
Max
Min
Sd
CV
Mean
Max
Min
Sd
CV
Mean
Max
Min
Sd
CV
25.196
28.689
16.267
3.933
0.156
29.644
32.916
24.845
3.198
0.108
30.241
36.527
22.280
4.965
0.164
37.315
42.969
32.790
4.063
0.109
37.721
39.510
34.680
1.686
0.045
38.733
41.100
36.080
1.835
0.047
39.463
41.880
35.630
2.171
0.055
41.706
45.170
39.520
1.886
0.045
37.233
39.010
34.410
1.668
0.045
38.272
41.500
35.680
1.988
0.052
38.908
41.720
34.360
2.387
0.061
43.782
63.170
39.420
7.062
0.161
KANCHAN
KRISHNA
FRANCIS
14
Thickness
(mm)
33.825
38.500
24.990
5.200
0.154
36.317
39.500
31.110
2.921
0.080
34.880
41.300
29.760
3.986
0.114
38.633
42.600
34.290
2.992
0.077
Size
(mm)
36.130
38.766
31.011
2.362
0.065
37.750
40.622
34.380
2.168
0.057
37.651
41.499
33.151
2.417
0.064
41.194
44.663
37.662
2.295
0.056
Sphericity
(%)
0.958
1.020
0.880
0.054
0.056
0.974
0.995
0.940
0.016
0.017
0.954
0.996
0.904
0.037
0.039
0.988
1.108
0.944
0.046
0.047
Volume
(cm3)
27.513
31.115
21.500
3.461
0.126
29.906
37.063
24.077
4.434
0.148
31.565
38.168
22.025
5.320
0.169
42.809
84.245
32.155
15.440
0.361
Rolling
Resistance
(degree)
19.167
21.990
17.450
1.183
0.062
17.144
18.890
15.420
1.063
0.062
16.384
18.890
14.360
1.714
0.105
14.653
16.590
12.510
1.104
0.075
Ingale et al
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
15
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00005.2
The investigation entitled was carried out in Ludhiana city. An interview schedule was prepared for the
purpose of collection of data for design development from leftovers and solid waste. For collection of data 90
respondents between the age group of 17-25 years were selected through purposive random sampling technique
from three colleges of Ludhiana city. The results of the study revealed that majority of the respondents were
between 17-21 years of age group and were higher secondary, belonged to nuclear families and had monthly
family income ranged between Rs. 25,001/- to Rs.50,000/-. Another interview schedule was prepared to study
the cost effectiveness of the developed jewellery. For this purpose same sample of ninety respondents were
selected and developed jewellery were shown to them. All the jewellery sets were highly appreciated on the
basis of wear ability, colour combination, overall impact and appearance. Majority of the respondents rated
all the jewellery sets as very good. The quoted prices of the jewellery sets were found to be adequate there
by 15.74 to 66.67 per cent profit can be earned by making jewellery developed leftovers and solid waste.
Key Words: Design, Jewellery, Leftovers, Miniatures, Solid waste.
INTRODUCTION
16
Kaur et al
Table 1. Preferences of the respondents on the basis of color combination for developed
jewellery.
(n=90)
Jewellery code
Order of preference
WMS
Ranks
A2 (Buttons)
I
32 (35.5)
II
17 (18.9)
III
40 (44.4)
IV
1 (1.1)
2.88
III
B1 (Textured sheets)
C1 (Small bulbs)
26 (28.8)
28 (31.1)
3 (3.3)
37 (41.1)
8 (8.9)
24 (26.7)
53 (58.9)
1 (1.11)
2.02
3.02
VIII
I
D2 (Toothpicks)
E1 (Bottle caps)
6 (6.6)
16 (17.7)
23 (25.5)
38 (42.2)
61 (67.7)
29 (32.2)
--7 (7.8)
2.38
2.70
VI
V
F1 (Plastic bottles)
G1 (CDs)
21 (23.3)
17 (18.8)
49 (54.4)
44 (48.8)
9 (10.0)
23 (25.6)
11 (12.2)
6 (6.7)
2.88
2.80
III
IV
H2 (Pistachio shells)
27 (30.0)
4 0 (44.4)
20 (22.2)
3 (3.4)
3.01
II
I1 (Cardboard)
28 (31.1)
3 (3.3)
4 (4.5)
55 (61.1)
2.04
VII
J1 (Wires)
26 (28.8)
3 (3.3)
8 (8.9)
53 (58.8)
2.02
VIII
17
Table 2. Preferences of the respondents on the basis of appearance for the developed jewellery
(n=90)
Jewellery code
Order of preference
WMS
Ranks
A2 (Buttons)
I
6 (6.7)
II
9 (10.0)
III
17 (18.9)
IV
58 (64.4)
1.58
VIII
B1 (Textured sheets)
9 (10.0)
44 (48.8)
8 (8.9)
29 (32.2)
2.36
III
C1 (Small bulbs)
14 (15.6)
41 (45.5)
8 (8.9)
27 (13.0)
2.47
D2 (Toothpicks)
5 (5.6)
2 (2.2)
20 (22.2)
63 (70.0)
1.43
IX
E1 (Bottle caps)
7 (7.8)
13 (14.4)
32 (35.5)
38 (42.2)
1.87
IV
F1 (Plastic bottles)
8 (8.9)
10 (11.1)
29 (32.2)
43 (47.7)
1.81
G1 (Ds)
11 (12.2)
18 (20.0)
4 (4.5)
56 (62.2)
1.80
VI
H2 (Pistachio shells)
17 (18.9)
36 (40.0)
6 (6.7)
31 (34.4)
2.43
II
I1 (Cardboard)
12 (53.3)
3 (3.4)
30 (33.3)
45 (50.0)
1.80
VII
4 (4.5)
1 (1.1)
15 (16.6)
70 (77.7)
1.32
J1 (Wires)
Kaur et al
the jewellery A2 made from buttons as very good Assessment of cost effectiveness of the developed
while it rated as good by 13.4 per cent and only 8.9 jewellery
In the case of Jewellery A2 made from left over
per cent respondents considered it to be fair.
buttons
the cost price was Rs.215/- and majority of
As regards to jewellery B1 developed from
textured sheets, it was considered very good by 80 the respondents preferred to buy it for Rs.255/- with
per cent of the respondents followed by 15.6 per the profit of 18.6 per cent (Table 3).
19
Jewellery A2 developed
from left buttons
Jewellery E1 developed
from plastic bottles
Jewellery B1 developed
from textured sheets
Jewellery C1 developed
from small bulbs
Jewellery D2 developed
from toothpicks
Jewellery F1 developed
from bottle caps
Jewellery G1 developed
from CDs
Jewellery H2 developed
from pistachio shells
Jewellery I1 developed
from cardboards
20
Jewellery J1 developed
from wires
Kaur G et al
Table 3. Opinion of respondents regarding the suitability of cost price and average selling price
of the Jewellery developed.
(n=90)
Jewellery code
Cost price
(Buttons)
A2
(Textured sheets)
B1
(Small bulbs)
C1
(Toothpicks)
D2
(Bottle plastic)
E1
(Bottle caps)
F1
(CDs)
11G1
(Pistachio shells)
H2
(Cardboard)
I1
(Wires)
J1
*Significant at 5 per cent,
Z-value
Percent Profit
215
Average selling
price
255.0
7.89*
18.6
210
252.0
4.76*
20.0
222
286.0
9.61*
28.8
72
106.0
3.28*
47.2
54
85.0
0.57*
57.4
108
125.0
3.35*
15.7
84
133.0
8.23*
58.3
132
171.0
5.75*
29.5
48
80.0
8.51*
66.6
60
100.0
7.19*
66.6
CONCLUSION
Accepted on 25/04/2016
21
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00006.4
A study was conducted to assess the use of various inputs by farmers in the cultivation of spring maize and
its impact on yield obtained as compared to the recommendations made by the research institutes. The data
suggested that farmers in Kapurthala district mainly opt for spring maize hybrids namely DKC 9108, 31Y45,
Dow 2244 and P 1844 and achieved an average gross return of Rs 70,104 to Rs.76,860/ha. It was observed
that farmers were applying urea in recommended dose but the time of application was different than the
recommendations. As per recommendations, urea needs to be applied in three equal splits during basal,
vegetative and tasseling stage. While, farmers were applying 75 per cent urea only during vegetative stage
and 24 per cent during tasseling stage. In case of DAP, 63 per cent of farmers were adding higher quantity
of phosphorus fertilizer than the recommended dose. Insecticide application was not adopted by 32.3 per
cent of the farmers, simultaneously herbicide application was not adopted by 50 per cent farmers and only
29 per cent farmers applied insecticide and herbicide both in their fields. It was also observed that grain
yield of spring maize during spring 2015 was reduced to 11.9 per cent as compared to spring 2014 season.
Key Words: Spring, Maize, Hybrids, Fertilizer, Insecticides, Pesticides, Sowing time, Yield.
INTRODUCTION
22
Manan et al
Farmers
Area covered
Number Per cent Hectare Per cent
Dhilwan
20
15.6
134.8
26.8
Nadala
12
9.4
104.8
20.9
Sultanpur 42
32.8
109.2
21.7
Kapurthala 54
42.2
153.6
30.6
128
100.0
502.4
100.0
Total
23
Area
covered
(%)
47.0
19.8
19.3
13.9
DKC 9108
31Y45
Dow 2244
P 1844
Average number of
days taken for
maturity (days)
110
111
121
113
Farmers
covered
(%)
56.3
21.9
4.7
17.1
Average
Yield (q/ha)
90.0
79.3
85.3
73.8
Selling
Price
(Rs/q)
854.0
884.6
832.3
935.0
Gross Returns
(Rs/ha)
76,860
70,104
70,995
69,003
% Farmers
% Area covered
Yield (q/ha)
Rate (Rs/q)
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
P 1864
4.8
2.3
100.8
PMH 1
0.8
0.2
70.0
31 Y 45
48.0
19.8
52.1
21.9
DKC 9108
46.4
47.0
45.4
Dow 2244
19.3
P 1844
13.9
Days taken to
harvesting
2014
2015
2014
953.3
1100.0
96.0
79.3
851.8
56.3
96.2
90.0
4.7
17.1
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
121.5
83.4
95,087
115.0
60.8
77,000
884.6
122.2
111.0
79.9
71.4
81,361
70,105
855.0
854.0
121.5
110.0
80.6
81.8
81,842
76,860
85.3
833.3
121.0
70.5
71,081
73.8
935.0
113.0
65.3
69,003
24
Manan et al
Basal dose
1.1
2.6
0.0
0.0
0.9
At Tasseling
31.4
18.5
22.6
24.7
24.3
Yield (q/ha)
79.8
82.3
84.3
25
Yield of spring
maize (q/ha)
Rate(Rs/q) of
spring maize
Potato
421.5
82.8
869.6
72,003/-
Other than
potato
226.5
78.5
902.5
70, 846/-
Yield (q/ha)
80.3
83.5
84.8
Table 9. Adoption of insecticide and herbicide application and net returns from spring maize
Insecticide
applied
No
Once
Twice
Thrice
26
Herbicide applied
Percent area basis
Yes
No
21.0
12.3
26.9
35.5
0.2
2.2
1.9
0.0
50.0
50.0
Manan et al
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Received on 15/12/2015
Accepted on 26/03/2016
27
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00007.6
A field experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2013 to 2014, at Amritsar in split plot design
having three potato varieties (Kufri Frysona, Kufri Chipsona 1 and Kufri Surya) in main plot and four
fertility levels (F1; 187.5 kg N/ha [N 93.7kg (planting) + N 93.7kg (earthing)] + 62.5 kg P2O5 + 62.5
kg K2O /ha soil application; F2 ; 187.5 kg N/ha [N 84.7kg (planting) + N 84.7 kg (earthing) + 2 foliar
spray (2 % urea) at 60 and 80 days after planting] + 62.5 kg P2O5 + 62.5 kg K2O /ha; F3; 270 kg N/
ha [N 135 kg (planting) + N 135 kg (earthing)] + 62.5 kg P2O5 + 90 kg K2O /ha; F4; 270 kg N [N
126 kg (planting) + N 126 kg (earthing) + 2 foliar spray (2 % urea) at 60 and 80 days after planting]
+ 62.5 kg P2O5 + 90 K2O kg/ha.) in sub plots with three replications. French fry grade (FFG) tuber
yield was significantly higher in F1 than F3, F4 and F2. Tuber dry matter and French fry color were in
highly acceptable range throughout the fertility treatments. Significantly more number of Chip grade (4575mm), processing grade (>45mm), total and French fry grade tubers (>75mm) were noticed in Kufri
Chipsona 1 and Kufri Surya, respectively. Kufri Surya and Kufri Frysona produced significantly higher
FFG tuber yield, whereas chip grade tuber yield was significantly highest in Kufri Chipsona1 (18.8 t/
ha). Tuber dry matter was significantly higher in Kufri Frysona and Kufri Chipsona1 than Kufri Surya.
Key Words: Processing, Varieties, Nitrogen levels, French fry grade tubers, Processing attributes.
INTRODUCTION
28
Sandhu et al
29
Table 1. Effect of fertilizer management and varieties on growth and graded tuber number of potato (Pooled data of two years)
Treatment
Emergence
(%)
Fertilizer Management
F1
F2
F3
F4
SEm+
CD (0.05)
Varieties
Kufri Frysona
Kufri Chipsona 1
Kufri Surya
SEm+
CD (0.05)
French fry
grade
(>75 mm)
Total
94.5
94.9
95.1
94.9
0.6
NS
99.0
81.0
87.3
82.1
4.4
13.0
200.3
218.2
202.8
225.6
10.1
NS
299.3
299.2
290.1
307.7
11.1
NS
169.3
164.5
161.1
171.3
10.4
NS
468.6
463.7
451.2
478.9
18.0
NS
94.2
95.2
94.7
0.5
NS
92.7
58.6
110.6
7.2
28.4
203.1
263.7
168.5
5.5
21.5
295.8
322.3
279.1
8.8
34.3
169.1
199.3
131.2
7.7
30.2
464.9
521.6
410.3
16.0
63.2
Tuber yield
Different fertility levels did not show significant
change in tuber yield recorded under different size
categories. Except chip grade tubers, yield of all
others categories was slightly higher in F1 (Table
2). Nitrogen application at the rate of 187.5 kg/ha
seems to be sufficient to potato crop throughout the
growing period leaving no scope for improvement
of tuber yield under different categories either by
higher rate or by foliar spray of nitrogen. These
results corroborate the findings of Kumar et al
(2007a) and Kumar et al (2012).
30
Processing quality
Tuber dry matter is an important parameter from
processing point of view because it determines the
recovery of final fried products. Tuber dry matter
was slightly higher in treatment F4 (21.2%) than
other three fertility level (Table 2) whereas, variety
Kufri Frysona exhibited significantly more tuber
dry matter (23.1%) than Kufri Chipsona 1 (21.8%)
and Kufri Surya (17.8%) which may be ascribed
to their genetic make-up (Kumar and Kang, 1998).
Tuber dry matter content already reported to be
significantly influenced by nitrogen levels (Kumar
et al 2007a) as well as varieties (Kumar et al 2007b).
Sandhu et al
Table 2. Effect of fertilizer management and varieties on graded tuber yield and processing quality
of potato at harvest (Pooled data of two years)
Treatment
French fry
grade
(>75 mm)
Fertilizer management
12.35
F1
11.13
F2
11.97
F3
10.90
F4
SEm+
0.57
CD (0.05)
NS
Varieties
Kufri Frysona
12.60
Kufri Chipsona-1
7.70
Kufri Surya
14.45
SEm+
0.92
CD (0.05)
3.62
Chip
grade (4575 mm)
Total
Tuber dry
French
matter
fry colour
(%)
14.21
15.04
14.32
15.53
13.85
NS
26.56
26.17
26.29
26.43
0.76
NS
4.22
3.92
3.91
3.81
0.25
NS
30.78
30.08
30.20
30.23
0.89
NS
21.0
20.3
21.0
21.2
0.55
NS
1.84
1.80
1.78
2.01
0.17
NS
13.85
18.79
11.67
0.50
1.95
26.46
26.49
26.12
0.80
NS
3.99
4.79
3.11
0.13
0.53
30.45
31.28
29.24
0.89
NS
23.1
21.8
17.8
0.42
1.67
1.88
1.82
1.81
0.17
NS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Received on 22/01/2016
Accepted on 26/04/2016
31
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00008.8
Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) are one of the most perishable horticultural produce with high nutritional
value and short shelf life usually 1-3 days at ambient temperature. The market acceptance of mushroom
is mainly affected by its colour and firmness. In the current study, experiments were carried out to
evaluate the effect of storage conditions on firmness ofminimally processed mushrooms. Mushrooms
were packed in polythene bags (a) 100 gauge (b) 200 gauge (c) 300 gauge (with and without macroperforations)and stored at (i) 13C (ii) 18C (iii) 24C (iv) 41 C (refrigeration temperature) and (v)18C (deep freezer). It was observed that the samples packed in 200gauge polythene bags and stored
at refrigeration temperature had a longer shelf life due to delayed deterioration in the firmness when
compared to mushrooms stored at13,18 and 24C.The mushrooms stored at deep freezer (-18C) showed a
different trend as the firmness increased significantly due to phase change of water present in the produce.
Key Words: Button Mushroom,Packaging, Shelf life, Temperature.
INTRODUCTION
32
Statistical Analysis
Experiments were arranged in completely
randomized design and each composed of three
replicates. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
computed using statistical program for social
sciences (SPSS 13.0) and the differences at P0.05
was considered significant.
Initial
200 gauge
AP
MP
SAP
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.12
2.6
2.82
AP
MP
SAP
4.05
4.05
4.05
2.72
2.62
2.62
AP
MP
SAP
4.95
4.95
4.95
4.35
4.15
4.35
300 gauge
CD
0.54
0.34
NS
0.43
NS
NS
0.87
0.61
NS
33
Table 2. Effect of packaging material on the firmness of the mushrooms on the 12th day at Refrigeration Temperature (4 1 C)
Parameter Initial
200 gauge 300 gauge 400 gauge Packaging
Shelf
CD
Material
Life(d)
AP
4.95
3.6
3.85
3.36
0.66
1.17
0.87
MP
4.95
2.41
2.23
2.03
0.19
1.47
0.61
SAP
4.95
3.25
2.93
2.90
NS
1.23
NS
AP (Atmospheric Pressure), MP (Macro Perforations), SAP (Sub Atmospheric Pressure)
At refrigeration temperature the quality
no effect on the mushroom softening (Beecher et
al 2001).The condensation rather depends upon the of mushrooms on the 12th day of storage was
water uptake during cultivation and storage at RH comparable to the 3rd day at room temperature
so the data for that period is reported. Maximum
90-95 per cent (Table 1).
At 18C the effect of packaging material was non- firmness was retained by mushrooms packed
significant for both the samples stored in polythene in 300 gauge followed by those packed in 200
bags with macro perforations and samples packed gauge and 400gauge, respectively at atmospheric
in polythene bags at sub atmospheric conditions. conditions. Similarly, the loss in firmness was
Minimum loss of firmness of 32 per cent was higher at higher temperature when compared
observed for mushrooms stored in polythene bags to refrigeration temperature. Similar trend was
recorded by Zivanovic et al (2000) and it could
200gauge, in comparison to the control (41.6%).
be attributed to protein and polysaccharide
At 24C, the effect of packaging material with degradation, hyphae shrinkage, central vacuole
macro perforations was non-significant. Minimum disruption and expansion of intercellular space at
loss of 14.2 and 14.4 per cent was recorded for the pileal surface. The mushrooms packed under sub
samples packed in 200 and 300 gauge at atmospheric atmospheric conditions had a non-significant effect
pressure while the control recorded a loss of 41.8 on the packaging material. Comparing the firmness
per cent. The mushrooms packed in 200gauge at different room temperatures (13, 18, 24C) and
at atmospheric pressure retained the maximum the refrigerated temperature, it was observed that
firmness. With the increase in temperature the the firmness decreased in comparison to fresh
gradient increased resulting in the transfer of water mushrooms but the deterioration of the samples
from the mushrooms to the surroundings. As the stored at refrigeration temperature was delayed
temperature increases the loss of water increases (Table 2).
and the texture deteriorated at a fast pace. Similar
A reverse trend was recorded for the samples
results of water loss and senescence have been
stored
in the deep freezer. Due to low temperature
reported by Nerya et al (2006).
Table 3. Effect of packaging material on the firmness of the mushrooms on the 8th day at Deep Freezer (-18C)
Parameter
AP
MP
SAP
Initial
3.35
3.35
3.49
200 gauge
5.03
5.3
4.39
300 gauge
5.53
5.5
4.3
400 gauge
5.25
5.31
5.25
CD
0.87
NS
0.47
35
36
Received on 06/07/2015
Accepted on 27/04/2016
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00009.X
To study the effect of Probiotic ( Saccharomyces cervisiae) supplementation in pre-ruminant (0-3 months
age) buffalo calves, twenty buffalo calves were divided into two groups of ten calves each according
to their body weight. One group was the control while the other group was supplemented with bacteria
Saccharomyces cervisiae -containing Probiotic @ 15g/calf/d in milk for a period of two months under field
condition. Fortnightly growth rate of calves revealed that the effect of Saccharomyces cervisiae was more
effective (P<0.01) during first month of supplementation but could not sustain in the second month. Never
the less, probiotic supplementation led to an overall improvement (P<0.05) in the growth rate of buffalo
calves. It also helped in preventing occurrence of diarrhea and reduced mortality during early stage of life.
Key Words: Saccharomyces cervisiae, Probiotic, Buffalo calves, Growth performance.
INTRODUCTION
37
Sharma et al
Table 1. Effect of probiotic supplementation on average body weight gain of buffalo calves.
Group
Birth wt
(kg)
1st
fortnight
(kg)
2nd
Fortnight
(kg)
ADG at
1 month
3rd
Fortnight
(kg)
4th
Fortnight
(kg)
T1 (Control)
T2 (Probiotics)
30.9
30.2
32.8
33.2
36.6
37.9
187g/d
257 **g/d
41.6
42.9
45.8
47.1
Overall
ADG at
2 month
(g)
247g/d
281*g/d
CONCLUSION
38
Received on 15/03/2016
Accepted on 30/04/2016
39
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00010.6
Women empowerment is a process in which women gain greater share of control over resources
material, human and intellectual and financial resources and control over decision making in the home,
community, society, nation and to gain power. Economic independence is one of the means to empower
the women. This study was undertaken in five blocks of Bhadrak district of Odisha comprising 150
numbers of respondents. The study revealed that, among various income generating activities, the extent of
involvement of farm women in agro-processing (Rank I) then vegetable cultivation, mushroom cultivation,
backyard poultry rearing, dairy farming, Goat farming , Craft making and vermin- composting etc.
Promotion of income generating activities in rural areas not only enhance national productivity, generate
employment but also help to develop economic independence, personal and social capabilities farm
women. Economic empowerment, improved standard of living, self confidence, enhanced awareness, sense
of achievement, increased social interaction, engagement in political activities, increased participation
level in meeting, improvement in leadership qualities, involvement in solving problems related to
women and community, decision making capacity in family and community are the positive outcome.
Key Words: Empowerment, Economic independence, Farm women, Income generating activities.
INTRODUCTION
40
Pradhan et al
Very Much
48
42
32
30
28
27
25
15
Extent of Involvement
Much
54
60
54
55
46
45
42
32
Little
48
48
64
65
76
78
83
103
Extent of Involvement
Mean Score
2.0
1.96
1.77
1.76
1.68
1.66
1.61
1.41
Rank
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
Activity
Agro-processing
Mushroom cultivation
Vegetable cultivation
Backyard poultry farming
Dairy farming
Goat farming
Craft making
Vermi-composting
Score
300
294
265
264
252
249
242
212
41
Economic Parameter
1
Self Confidence
2
Food habit
3
Decision on Expenditure
4
Family Standard
5
Decision making in financial aspect
6
Helping in family finance
7
Saving
Average mean score was 1.96
Extent of Empowerment
Score
Mean Score
345
2.30
307
2.04
295
1.96
288
1.92
280
1.86
278
1.85
265
1.76
Rank
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Social Parameter
Score
1
2
3
4
5
328
282
281
270
283
Extent of achievement
Mean Score
+ / - than average
2.18
+
1.88
1.87
1.80
1.89
-
Rank
I
II
III
V
IV
Maximum Obtainable Score was 4.5 and Average Mean Score was 1.92
42
Pradhan et al
CONCLUSION
Accepted on 30/04/2016
43
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00011.8
A study on evaluation of eight year old eight sapota cultivars viz. Kalipatti, PKM 1, PKM 2, PKM
Hy 7/1, Cricket Ball, CO 1, CO 2 and Kirti Bharti was carried out under National Agriculture
Research Project, Ganeshkhind, Pune. The study revealed that the cv. PKM 1 was found vigorous
in growth by showing maximum East-West spread (3.77 m), North- South spread (3.96 m). The
average number of fruits/tree/ yr (523.5) and fruit yield (46.2 kg ) was recorded in cv. PKM 1 whereas
the average fruit yield of other cultivars ranged between 2.16 kg/tree/yr for Cricket Ball to 24.0 kg/
tree/yr for (PKM 2). It was noticed that maximum fruit weight (99.3 g) was found in cv. PKM 2,
however, the varietal differences for fruit diameter and number of seeds/fruit were non-significant.
Key Words : Sapota, Varieties, Yield, Quality.
INTRODUCTION
44
Table 1. Growth and yield performance of different Sapota cultivars under Pune conditions.
Sr.
Cultivar
No.
Plant
height
(m)
Trunk
girth
at 30
cm
(cm)
Plant
Plant
Fruit
Fruit Av.
fruit
dia.
(cm) weight.
(g)
No. of Yield
fruits
tree-
(kg
tree-1)
No. of Shape of
( Brix) Seeds fruit
TSS
o
fruit-1
Kallipatti
3.6
34.3
3.8
3.7
5.8
4.8
83.2
140.2 12.1
19.7
1.7
Oval
PKM 1
4.0
34.7
3.8
3.9
5.3
5.5
88.3
523.5 46.2
14.5
2.7
Oval
PKM 2
3.5
32.1
3.5
3.5
6.4
4.5
99.3
261.2 24.0
16.1
2.3
Oblong to
oval
PKM HY
7/1
4.4
38.7
3.3
3.3
5.8
3.9
66.5
217.7 14.7
16.8
1.0
Long oval
Cricket
Ball
3.3
28.0
2.3
1.9
5.2
4.8
74.3
28.7
2.2
18.5
1.7
Round
CO 1
3.3
32.5
3.1
2.8
4.7
4.8
82.1
41.0
3.3
18.2
1.7
Long oval
CO 2
3.8
32.8
3.6
3.4
4.9
4.9
85.1
40.3
3.4
15.4
2.7
Ovate
round
Kirti
Bharti
3.4
29.0
3.0
3.4
5.0
7.5
83.9
39.5
3.2
18.6
2.7
Egg shape
S.E.
0.16
1.80
0.16
0.19
0.15
0.81
3.64
7.05
0.89
0.22
0.44
C.D. at
5%
0.47
5.18
0.47
0.54
0.44
N.S.
10.49
20.34
2.58
0.69
N.S.
45
Received on 03/02/2016
46
Accepted on 24/04/2016
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00012.X
ABSTRACT
An investigation to evaluate the effect of heading back and pinching on growth and yield parameters of Guava (Psidium
guajava L.) under high density plantation was carried out at experimental orchard, Department of Horticulture, CCS
Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the year 2013-14. There were two treatments i.e. heading back and pinching.
Heading back at the level of 150, 175 and 200 cm was done in the month of March and compared with control (no
heading back). Pinching i.e. no pinching, one pinching (last week of June), two pinchings (last week of June and July)
and three pinchings (last week of June, July and August) were done on the headed back plants. The study revealed that
all the treatments were effective in increasing the growth characters, however, heading back at the level of 200 cm and
two pinchings were found most effective in increasing the growth characters i.e. number of sprouts per shoot, flowering
intensity, fruit setting, number of fruits/plant and yield over control and other treatments. Plant height, plant spread and
tree volume were significantly reduced by various heading back treatments, however, the effect of different numbers of
pinching was found non significant in altering the plant height, spread and volume.
Key Words: Heading back, Pinching, Growth, Yield, High density plantation, Guava
INTRODUCTION
47
Saini et al
Table 1. Effect of heading back and pinching on number of sprouts per shoot of guava under high
density plantation.
Pinching
Heading back
Control
150 cm
175 cm
200 cm
Mean
No
Pinching
One
pinching
Two
pinchings
Three
pinchings
2.00
2.36
2.20
2.65
2.30
2.20
2.38
2.55
2.40
2.38
2.26
2.35
2.67
2.76
2.51
2.03
2.25
2.63
2.55
2.37
H x P - NS
Mean
2.12
2.34
2.51
2.59
whereas, Dubey et al (2001) in guava reported that affected by the interaction of heading back levels
25 per cent pruning intensity produced maximum and pinching numbers. Increase in shoot length
number of sprouts per shoot as compared to control. with increase in pruning level was also reported by
Mohammed et al (2006) in guava.
Shoot length
There was marked increment in shoot length Plant height
Plant height decreased significantly with
per branch of guava hybrid Hisar Safeda due to
severe pruning (heading back at 150 cm) and increasing severity of heading back (Table 3).
least shoot length was found in control (Table 2). Minimum plant height was found with severe
This increase in shoot length may be attributed to heading back (150 cm) and maximum plant height
the reserve food material in the main scaffolds or was recorded with control (no heading back). It
branches due to which new growth was put forth might be due to the fact that pruned trees were
just after the heading back. In present study, shoot unable to make up the loss of growth caused by
length decreased with increasing numbers of severe pruning in this short period. Numbers of
pinchings. This decrease in shoot length may be due pinchings and its interaction with different levels
to overcome of apical dominance and emergence of heading back were found non significant in
of lateral shoots. Shoot length was significantly altering the plant height of guava. Similar findings
Table 2. Effect of heading back and pinching on shoot length (cm) of guava under high density
plantation.
Pinching
Heading back
Control
150 cm
175 cm
200 cm
Mean
No
Pinching
One
Pinching
Two
pinchings
Three
pinchings
Mean
25.80
49.40
48.10
36.30
39.90
23.10
45.20
40.10
30.70
34.78
21.20
42.30
38.00
32.90
33.60
20.80
41.20
36.20
27.50
31.43
22.73
44.53
40.60
31.85
H x P 1.37
Table 3. Effect of heading back and pinching on plant height (m) of guava under high density
plantation.
Pinching
No
One
Two
Three
Mean
Pinching
Pinching
pinchings
pinchings
Heading back
Control
5.47
5.33
5.27
5.24
5.33
150 cm
3.18
2.95
3.00
2.95
3.02
175 cm
3.73
3.63
3.60
3.37
3.58
200 cm
3.73
3.83
3.83
3.68
3.77
Mean
4.03
3.94
3.93
3.81
CD at 5%: Heading back (H) - 0.14,
H x P - NS
49
Saini et al
Table 4. Effect of heading back and pinching on plant spread (m) of guava under high density
plantation
Pinching
Heading back
Control
150 cm
175 cm
200 cm
Mean
CD at 5%:
No
Pinching
One
Pinching
Two
pinchings
Three
pinchings
Mean
5.58
3.70
4.05
4.42
4.44
5.45
3.40
4.10
4.51
4.37
5.32
3.43
4.22
4.45
4.35
5.30
3.55
4.14
4.34
4.33
5.41
3.52
4.13
4.43
H x P - NS
Table 5. Effect of heading back and pinching on tree volume (m3) of guava under high density
plantation.
Pinching
Heading back
Control
150 cm
175 cm
200 cm
Mean
CD at 5%:
50
No
Pinching
One
Pinching
Two
Pinchings
Three
Pinchings
Mean
89.81
33.01
42.19
48.93
53.48
86.55
29.64
42.36
51.54
52.52
79.15
28.53
40.64
51.29
49.90
75.87
28.15
44.15
50.01
49.55
82.84
29.83
42.34
50.44
H x P - NS
Table 6. Effect of heading back and pinching on flowering intensity (flowers/m) of guava under
high density plantation
Pinching
Heading back
Control
150 cm
175 cm
200 cm
Mean
CD at 5%:
No
Pinching
One
Pinching
Two
Pinchings
Three
Pinchings
Mean
58.0
72.3
90.7
98.0
79.8
62.3
77.0
94.0
105.3
84.7
68.0
83.3
103.0
110.0
91.1
64.7
83.0
99.3
108.7
88.9
63.3
78.9
96.8
105.5
H x P 1.86
51
Saini et al
Table 7. Effect of heading back and pinching on fruit setting (%) of guava under high density
plantation.
Pinching
Heading back
Control
150 cm
175 cm
200 cm
Mean
CD at 5%:
No
Pinching
One
Pinching
Two
pinchings
Three
Pinchings
Mean
76.8
80.8
84.8
88.6
82.8
77.8
81.5
85.3
88.7
83.3
77.9
85.5
85.5
90.7
84.9
77.9
81.8
85.9
89.2
83.7
77.6
82.4
85.4
89.3
H x P - NS
Fruit yield
Yield was affected significantly by all the
heading back levels as well as by pinching numbers
(Table 9). Regarding level of heading back, plants
headed back at 200 cm level registered the highest
yield. In case of pinching numbers, trees pinched
twice (June and July) gave maximum yield. The
better effect of heading back on the yield per plant
may be ascribed to production of shoots conducive
to flowering and fruiting. The yield in severe heading
back was lower due to reduced number of fruits. In
unpinched plants yield is poor due to shading effect
of close planting. A similar observation was also
reported by Sahay and Singh (2001) and Mehta et
al (2012) in guava.
Table 8. Effect of heading back and pinching on number of fruits per plant of guava under high
density plantation.
Pinching
Heading back
Control
150 cm
175 cm
200 cm
Mean
CD at 5%:
52
No
Pinching
One
Pinching
Two
pinchings
Three
pinchings
Mean
146.0
163.7
178.3
194.3
170.6
153.0
173.3
188.3
197.3
178.0
156.3
190.3
194.0
212.3
188.3
155.2
189.4
190.3
208.1
185.8
152.6
179.2
187.8
203.0
H x P 7.09
Table 9. Effect of heading back and pinching on fruit yield (kg/tree) of guava under high density
plantation.
Pinching
Heading back
Control
150 cm
175 cm
200 cm
Mean
CD at 5%:
No
Pinching
One
Pinching
Two
pinchings
Three
pinchings
Mean
12.89
13.79
14.55
17.77
14.75
14.07
15.26
15.80
19.09
16.06
15.86
15.99
16.50
22.16
17.63
14.88
15.87
16.54
21.03
17.08
14.43
15.23
15.85
20.01
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
H x P - NS
Received on 07/02/16
Accepted on 26/04/2016
53
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00013.1
Eighty five trainees were imparted training on mushroom cultivation by conducting two vocational training
courses. In order to evaluate these training prgrammes, present study was undertaken to find out knowledge
gain by the participants and suggestions from the trainees in order to bring improvement in the coming training
courses. It was found that majority of respondents joined the training course to adopt mushroom cultivation
as an occupation and only 10.5 percent joined training course just to get certificate of training. Maximum
gain in knowledge (94.1% and 92.9%) was observed for diseases of mushrooms, its prevention and variety
of mushrooms, respectively. More emphasis on practical classes, supplying of printed material and wide
publicity were three suggestions given by the participants for bringing improvement in future programmes.
Key Words: Mushroom cultivation, Training, Gain in knowledge.
INTRODUCTION
Socio-economic profile
The participants differed in age, education,
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A questionnaire was formulated comprising of occupation and landholding. The data (Table 1)
general information, background of participants, showed that the age of participants was between
*Corresponding Authors Email : kulvirkaur70@pau.edu
54
Kaur Kulvir
(n=85)
Frequency
Percent
50
16
19
58.8
18.8
22.4
11
7
67
12.9
8.2
78.8
2
4
17
30
3
21
8
2.3
4.7
20.0
35.3
3.5
24.7
9.4
46
14
7
9
9
54.1
16.5
8.2
10.6
10.6
18
15
25
15
9
3
21.2
17.6
29.4
17.6
10.6
3.5
55
Reasons
To adopt mushroom growing as an enterprise
To learn about mushroom growing techniques for self consumption
Just to know about mushroom growing
To get certificate of training course
To establish linkage with university
To teach fellow farmers about mushroom growing
Number
54
11
5
9
4
2
Percentage
63.5
12.9
5.9
10.6
4.7
2.4
Table 3. Gain in knowledge after acquiring training with respect to different operation .
Sr.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
56
Parameter
Pre-evaluation
(%)
Variety of mushrooms
7.0
Nutrients present in mushroom
24.7
Diseases prevented by nutrients present in mush17.6
room
Knowledge about identification of usable and non
49.4
usable mushrooms
Diseases of mushrooms and its prevention
5.9
Cost and income from mushroom
21.1
Method of compost making
8.2
Preparation of mushroom seed
3.5
Method of preparation of casing
9.4
Storage and harvesting mushroom
25.9
Value addition to mushroom
31.8
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 54-57
n=85
Post-evaluation (%)
100.0
100.0
96.5
Gain in
knowledge
93.0
75.3
77.9
100.0
50.6
100.0
90.6
96.5
94.1
97.6
100.0
100.0
94.1
69.5
88.3
90.6
88.2
74.1
68.2
Kaur Kulvir
Suggestion
Give more importance to practical classes
Supply printed informatic materials
Give wide publicity on mushrooms
Help to get financial assistance
Increased duration of training
Organize training at different out stations of the university
Frequency
54
49
40
39
27
13
Ranking
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
satisfactory in all aspects. The reason behind stress on increase in duration of training.
the satisfactory gain in knowledge might be well
educational background of participant also having
CONCLUSION
keen interest of participants.
It can be concluded from the study that good
conduct of training provide trainees needed
Suggestions given by the trainees
information and guidance to start and flourish any
The suggestions offered by the trainees for enterprise. Mushroom growing is such an enterprise
further improvement of the training course were in which requirement of land is not a big issue so
presented in table 4. The results showed that even landless farmers can augment their income
more importance to practical classes, supply of through mushroom cultivation.
printed materials and wide publicity on mushrooms
were the main suggestions as more than 40 per
REFERENCES
cent participants viewed that by applying these Rachna, Goel R and Sodhi G P S (2013). Evaluation of
suggestions, trainees might got knowledge
vocational training programmes organized on mushroom
farming by Krishi Vigyan Kendra Patiala. J Krishi
regarding required information for mushroom
Vigyan 2(1): 26-29.
growing with more satisfaction level that would be
beneficial to start and flourish mushroom enterprise Suharban K, Rahman O and Nair M C (1991). An evaluation
of mushroom cultivation course. Indian Journal of
in future. Besides these suggestions, 39 per cent
Extension Education 27(3-4): 118-121.
of the respondents felt that financial assistance by
Accepted on 25/04/2016
government should be provided for mushroom Received on 30/01/2016
growing and 27 per cent respondents also gave
57
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00014.3
The study was conducted in tribal areas of Garo Hills, Meghalaya during 2013 to evaluate the knowledge
attitude and practices of different tribal farmer community towards scientific horticulture. A total of 150
tribal respondents, 30 each from Rabha, Hajong, Koch, Banai and Garo tribal area were selected randomly.
The selected respondents were interviewed with the help of a semi structured interview schedule. It was
found that majority (48%) of the respondents have primary level of education. 83.3 per cent of the farmers
cultivate in their own land except Banai tribe where almost 50 per cent of the respondents cultivate on
leased land. 70.7 per cent of the respondents have annual income between Rs. 30,000/- to Rs. 60,000/from main source. Eighty four per cent of the respondents have farming experience between 3-9 years
and above 12 years. It was also revealed that 96 and 81.3 per cent of the respondents have land under
vegetables cultivation and orchard is less than 0.4 ha, respectively. In the study area it was found that 49.3
per cent of the respondents have farming as primary occupation and majority (68%) of the respondents
have poor level of knowledge and neutral attitude towards modern horticulture, respectively. It was also
found that education, source of land and farming experience were negatively correlated with knowledge
level which was mainly because with higher education, respondents loose interest in farming and their
involvement in farming reduces and thus knowledge level in horticulture comes down. Results of the
study revealed that knowledge, attitude and cultivation practices level were considerably low among
almost all the tribes though it varied from one community to other living in a same geographical area.
Key Words: Tribal Farmers, Knowledge level, Attitude, Practices, Scientific farming, Adoption.
INTRODUCTION
58
Samajdar et al
Koch (Rajbongshi)
Koch (Rajbongshi) community can be found
in entire parts of present Assam, West Bengal,
Kishanganj in Bihar, Meghalaya and country
Nepal and Bangladesh. It is a tradition for Koch
Rajbongshi to go for hunting in a group. Usually
every house has a mango , Jackfruit and a small
kitchen garden, a small pond where they keep fish.
Koch Rajbonshi people have their ancient tradition
of treatment which is not very well known to the
modern world and even not known to Ayurveda
Characteristics of different tribes
Medicine Scientists. Majority of them depend on
Rabha community
cultivation of paddy and vegetables and rearing of
Horticulture is also the main occupation of the cattle and poultry for their food security.
Rabha community. Earlier they used to practice
shifting cultivation but later on they shifted to Banai
The Banai is a sub-tribe of the Koches is regarded
settled cultivation. Besides horticulture they also
engaged in forest based activities and handloom as a tribe of India. The Banai was mentioned in the
weaving. Basically the Rabha women are engaged census report of 1891 which states about the subin weaving since the early ages. In the ancient period communities of the Koches. The term Dasgaya
when these Rabha tribes used to dwell in the forests, actually refers to the areas on the southern tract of
maximum of them practice shifting cultivation. Garo Hills of Meghalaya and includes the villages
Apart from these, the Rabha people are also Batabari, Kapasipara, Gasuapara, Jatrakona,
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 58-65
59
Frequency Percent
Educational status
Less Than 3
4
2.7
Majority of the respondents (48.7%) have
Above 3 & below 9
63
42.0
primary level of education where as only 0.6 per cent
Above 9 & below12
20
13.3
of the respondents have higher secondary onwards
Above 12
63
42.0
(Table1). It was evident that maximum number
Total
150
100
of respondents had primary status of education in
case of Garo, Hajong, Banai and Rabha where as
Marital status
in Koch tribe, there are less number people having
The data (Table 3) revealed that 94.0 per cent of
primary education but literate people are more. Only
the respondents were married where as 3.3 and 2.0
one respondent had higher secondary onwards but
per cent were single and divorced, respectively.
number of people who does not have even primary
Table 1. Distribution of the Tribes according to their Education status.
Tribes
Garo
Hajong
Banai
Rabha
Koch
Total
60
No formal
Education
Literate
6
2
12
0
8
28 (18.7%)
4
1
0
2
10
17 ( 11.3%)
Education Status
Primary
Secondary Education
Education
18
15
13
20
7
73 (48.7%)
2
12
5
8
4
31 ( 20.7%)
Higher
Secondary
onwards
0
0
0
0
1
1 (0.6%)
Samajdar et al
Frequency
5
141
1
3
150
Percent
3.3
94.0
0. 7
2.0
100
Frequency
Percent
106
18
13
4
4
5
150
70.7
12
8.7
2.7
2.7
3.3
100
Age
Marital Status
Education
Source of Land
Farming Experience
Yearly income from Main source
Area under Vegetables
Area under Orchard
0.089
-0.123
-0.211**
0.566**
-0.327**
-0.103
0.058
0.016
61
Tribes
Garo
Knowledge Level
Hajong
Banai
Total
Rabha
Koch
Poor
Number
Average
Number
10 (6.7)
2 (1.3)
2 (1.3)
4 (2.7)
5 (3.3)
23 (15.3)
Good
Number
0 (0.0)
4 (2.7)
7 (4.7)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
11 (7.3)
0 0.0%
1(0.7)
12 (8.0) 0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
13 (8.7)
Practice
Tribes
Garo
Hajong
Banai
Rabha
Koch
Poor
Count
28 (18.7)
12 (8.0)
121 (80.7)
Average
Count
0 (0.0)
16 (10.7)
7 (4.7)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
23 (15.3)
Good
Count
1 (0.7)
1 (0.7)
1 (0.7)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
3 (2.0)
Very Good
Count
1 (0.7)
1 (0.7)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (0.7)
3 (2.0)
62
Total
Samajdar et al
Correlation
Coefficient (r)
-0.013
-0.055
0.091
0.174*
-.487**
-0.086
0.129
0.082
1
150
Correlation
Coefficient (r)
-0.052
-0.014
0.072
0.018
-0.124
-0.089
-0.018
0.045
1
150
63
Model
B
1
(Constant)
AGE(X1)
Marital Status(X2)
Education(X3)
Farming Experience(X5)
Unstandardized
cients
Std. Error Beta
48.713
3.056
-8.784
-1.006
28.394
-7.048
1.238
-0.826
1.356
15.91
2.184
3.883
1.423
4.681
1.659
7.28
3.482
1.121
0.103*
-0.152*
-0.051
0.438**
-0.342*
0.012
-0.019
0.084*
N
30
30
30
30
30
150
Mean Rank
49.55
105.12
122.78
43.90
56.15
KAP
Level
82.113
4
0.000
0.000a
Sig.
95% Confidence
Interval
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
0.000
0.020
CONCLUSION
Samajdar et al
REFERENCES
65
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00015.5
A field study to evaluate the effect of foliar application of potassium sources at various concentration
and spray schedule on sweet orange cv. Jaffa was undertaken at experimental orchard, Department of
Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the year 2013-14. The results revealed
that the foliar application of potassium nitrate @ 2 and 4 per cent and potassium sulphate at 1.5 and 3.0
per cent improved nitrogen and potash content of leaf over control (water spray) irrespective of spray
schedule. Phosphorus content of leaf was not influenced due to K sources at various concentrations.
Spray schedule did not affect the nutritional status of the leaf. There was an increase in fruit yield with
the increase in K doses of KNO and KSO. The maximum yield (74.76 kg/plant) was recorded with
the application of KNO at 4 per cent. Fruit yield was found the highest with three sprays of K in the
last week of April, May and August but at par with two sprays in the last week of April and August.
Key Words: Sweet orange cv. Jaffa, Foliar application, K sources, Leaf NPK, Yield
INTRODUCTION
66
Vijay et al
Table 1. Effect of foliar application of potassium and spray schedule on nitrogen content (%) in
leaves of sweet orange cv. Jaffa.
Treatments
Spray schedule
Mean
T : KNO 2 %
S
1.62
S
1.60
S
1.62
1.61
T : KNO 4 %
1.65
1.65
1.67
1.66
T : KSO 1.5%
1.60
1.62
1.59
1.60
T : KSO 3%
1.60
1.60
1.58
1.59
1.51
1.55
1.50
1.52
1.60
1.60
1.59
Spray Schedule (S)= NS, Treatments (T) = 0.08 , SxT= NS
Spray schedule
Mean
T : KNO 2 %
S
0.15
S
0.15
S
0.16
0.15
T : KNO 4 %
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.15
T : KSO 1.5%
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.15
T : KSO 3%
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.15
Spray Schedule(S) = NS, Treatments(T) = NS, SxT= NS
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 66-69
67
Table 3. Effect of foliar application of potassium and spray schedule on potassium content (%) in
leaves of sweet orange cv. Jaffa.
Treatments
T : KNO 2 %
T : KNO 4 %
T : KSO 1.5%
T : KSO 3%
T : Control (water spray)
Mean
CD at 5%
Spray schedule
Mean
S
S
S
1.26
1.22
1.31
1.26
1.42
1.36
1.43
1.40
1.18
1.17
1.31
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.30
1.27
1.10
1.17
1.17
1.15
1.24
1.24
1.30
Spray Schedule (S) = NS, Treatments (T)= 0.09, S xT= NS
Table 4. Effect of foliar application of potassium and spray schedule on yield (kg/plant) of sweet
orange cv. Jaffa
Treatments
Spray schedule
Mean
T : KNO 2 %
S
71.24
S
67.91
S
72.34
70.50
T : KNO 4 %
76.90
71.05
76.32
74.76
T : KSO 1.5%
67.88
66.12
68.79
67.60
T : KSO 3%
69.71
69.05
70.47
69.74
65.21
64.60
65.66
65.16
70.19
67.75
70.72
Spray Schedule(S) = 2.32 , Treatments (T) = 3.45, SxT= 5.62
Fruit yield
Yield increased significantly with all potassium
treatments over control and there was an increase in
fruit yield with an increase in K doses of KNO and
KSO, irrespective of spray schedule (Table 4).
Vijay et al
K in the last week of April and August was found Jackson M L (1967). Soil chemical analysis. Prentice Hall of
India, New Delhi.
better than that in the month of May and August but
at par with 3 sprays in the month of April, May and Krauss A and Jiyun J (2000). Strategies for improving
balanced fertilization. International Potash Institute,
August.
Basel, Switzerland.
REFERENCES
Received on 08/02/2016
Accepted on 28/04/2016
69
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00016.7
Paddy straw management in combine harvested paddy fields is a major problem in paddy-wheat rotation.
A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of tractor operated paddy straw mulcher in combine
harvested paddy field. Effective field capacity of the tractor operated paddy straw mulcher was 0.32 ha/h at
forward speed of 2.64 km/h. Average fuel consumption for the machine was 5.88 l/h. The percent chopped
straw size by paddy straw mulcher up to 10 cm was 83.44 %. No or very little straw accumulation was
observed in operation of spatial no till drill for direct drilling of wheat after the operation of paddy straw
mulcher. Average grain yield for treatment T1 (Paddy straw mulcher + wheat sowing with spatial no-till
drill) was 2.39 and 0.33% less than T2 (paddy straw chopper-cum-spreader + wet mixing with rotavator +
no till drill) and T3 (clean field + disc harrow + cultivator x 2 + planter + traditional seed drill) respectively
whereas the cost of operation for treatment T1 was 24.38 and 23.55% less than T2 and T3 respectively.
Key Words: Direct seeding, Paddy straw mulcher, Straw management, Wheat sowing.
INTRODUCTION
70
Verma et al
ground wheel due to the presence of loose straw Description of tractor operated paddy straw
and non-uniform depth of seed placement due to mulcher
The tractor operated paddy straw mulcher
frequent lifting of the implement under heavy trash
consisted of a rotary shaft mounted with blades
conditions (Shukla et al 2002).
Recently, a new machine named paddy straw named as flails for chopping the paddy straw. The
mulcher has been introduced in Punjab. The function working width of the machine was 1600 mm.
of mulcher is to cut the standing stubbles and loose Diameter of the rotary shaft was 200 mm. Total 18
straw of paddy left after combine harvesting and flail blades were mounted on the rotary shaft in spiral
the press wheel fitted on the machine presses the form. The shape of the flail blades was Inverted
chopped straw and makes a layer of chopped straw Y type. The power from the tractor PTO to the
which serves as mulch for the field. The present machine gear box was supplied through universal
work was conducted to study the performance of shaft. Power to the rotary shaft was supplied through
tractor operated paddy straw mulcher in combine belt and pulley from the shaft passing through the
harvested paddy field and to evaluate the wheat gear box. The gear box had a gear ratio of 6:9 and
sowing technologies under different paddy residue the diameter of the drive pulley was 225 mm. A
cylindrical press roller was provided at the rear of
conditions.
machine. Diameter of the press roller was 160 mm
and length of the press roller was 1600 mm. Brief
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Table 1. Specifications of tractor operated paddy straw mulcher.
Sr. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Parameters
Specification
Type of machine
Power source
Overall dimensions
Length, mm
Width, mm
Height, mm
Diameter of the rotary shaft, mm
Number of spirals on shaft
Number of flails / spiral
Flail spacing, mm
Shape of flail
Press roller dimensions (DxL), mm
Depth adjustment settings
Transmission
Gear ratio
Diameter of drive pulley, mm
Type of pulley
Number of pulleys
71
Evaluation Procedure
The field experiments for the evaluation of
the tractor operated paddy straw mulcher were
carried out at Research Farm of Department of
Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, Punjab
Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Tractor of 50
hp was used for operating the machine during the
experiment. A view of tractor operated paddy straw
mulcher in operation is shown in Fig.4. Paddy
variety PR-111 was chopped with a tractor operated
paddy straw mulcher. Paddy field conditions after
combine operation are given in Table 2.
72
Parameter
Moisture content, % (wb)
Height of standing stubble, cm
Length of loose straw, cm
Straw load (standing stubble +
loose straw), t/ha
Observation
48.4-53.1
41-50 (Av. 43.66)
33-64 (Av. 55.16)
10.39
Verma et al
73
Parameter
Observation
1.6
0.32
2.64
5.88
13.90
35.21
18.66
15.67
16.56
Table 4. Straw accumulations during operation of spatial drill in paddy straw mulcher operated
field.
Furrow opener
Weight of clogged
paddy residue, gm
SD
CV
1
119.7
2
91.4
3
118.5
4
134.6
5
84.5
6
128.8
7
35.5
8
55.0
9
129.9
122.1
1.02
74.18
0.81
214.05
1.8
80.06
0.59
31.08
0.36
134.82
1.04
41.63
1.16
26.23
0.47
124.66
0.95
Parameter
Treatment
T2
T1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
74
20.6
36.6
51.2
70-99 (82.06)
58-70 (64)
10-13 (11.5)
47-67 (55.75)
41.5-45.5 (43)
3850-4550
(4183.33)
3541
28.1
40.5
55.6
67-95(79.18)
52-68 (60)
6-11(10)
40-61(51.92)
40.5-46(42)
3900-4350
(4285.87)
4683
T3
28.6
42.6
56.1
82-97 (92.25)
60-79 (68.8)
9-12 (10.77)
39-76(58.16)
42-43.5(42.75)
3850-4275
(4197.33)
4632
Verma et al
REFERENCES
CONCLUSION
Received on 21/02/2016
Accepted on 30/04/2016
75
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00017.9
The present investigation was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm of Narendra Deva University
of Agriculture and Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Faizabad for two years. Twenty one
treatment combinations comprised of three levels of fertility (N120P60K60 kg ha-1, N150P75K75 kg ha-1 and
N180P90K90 kg ha-1) with seven hybrids viz. (SHP 01, SHP 02, SHP 03, SHP 04, SHP 05, SHP 06 and
NDRH 2) were executed in split plot design keeping fertility levels in main plot with four replications.
The soil of experimental plot was silty loam in texture with low in organic carbon and nitrogen, medium
in phosphorus and high in potassium. The crop received normal recommended agronomic practices
and plant protection measures. The highest grain and straw yield was recorded with N180P90K90 kg ha-1,
which remained at par with N150P75K75 kg ha-1 but significantly superior over N120P60K60 kg ha-1. Hybrid
SHP 04 registered significantly higher values of grain, straw yield and nutrient uptake components over
hybrids SHP 01, SHP 02, SHP 03, SHP 05 and SHP 06 and was found at par with NDRH 2 during
both the years. The interaction effect of the fertility levels and rice hybrids was found non significant
increase in grain yield of hybrid SHP 04 (71.37 q ha-1). The highest net return of Rs. 45,082/- and Rs.
54,495/- and B:C ratio of 1.69 and 1.96 was recorded with SHP 04 fertilized with N180P90K90 kg ha-1.
Key Words: Grain yield, Nutrient uptake, Fertility levels, Hybrid rice.
INTRODUCTION
Field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Effect of fertility levels on grain and straw yields
Grain and straw yield increased with increase in
Research Farm of Narendra Deva University of
*Corresponding Authors Email: snathkvkjnp82@gmail.com
*Subject Matter Specialist (Agronamy), KVK, Jaunpur
**Subject Matter Specialist (Plant Protection) KVK, Jaunpur
***Programme Coordinator, KVK, Jaunpur
76
Nath et al
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
2nd year
Potassium
1 year
2nd year
1 year
2 year
120.74
137.21
142.30
1.89
126.05
144.56
148.40
1.67
21.12
24.56
25.25
0.34
21.78
25.44
25.96
0.33
135.14
169.55
177.47
2.59
137.32
175.47
181.53
2.40
6.56
5.77
1.19
1.14
8.95
8.30
123.91
135.29
133.23
158.62
134.09
109.44
150.84
2.92
129.29
138.57
138.47
161.66
139.12
123.95
153.79
2.86
22.61
22.85
23.90
28.36
24.13
19.17
26.61
0.83
23.04
23.56
24.23
29.14
24.64
21.35
26.73
0.79
149.87
159.11
162.66
187.09
164.79
132.96
178.54
3.12
152.09
159.87
165.76
191.12
167.50
147.37
182.79
3.07
9.14
NS
8.62
NS
2.52
NS
2.48
NS
9.42
NS
9.25
NS
st
nd
1 year
st
st
Fertility levels
N120P60K60
N150P75K75
N180P90K90
SEm
CD (P=0.05)
Hybrids
SHP 01
SHP 02
SHP 03
SHP 04
SHP 05
SHP 06
NDRH 2
SEm
CD (P=0.05)
FxV
Table 2 Available NPK (kg ha-1) in soil after crop harvest as affected by fertility levels and various
rice hybrids
Treatment
Nitrogen
1 year
2nd year
st
Phosphorus
1 year
2nd year
st
Potassium
1 year
2nd year
st
Fertility levels
N120P60K60
N150P75K75
N180P90K90
SEm
CD (P=0.05)
Hybrids
SHP 01
SHP 02
SHP 03
SHP 04
SHP 05
SHP 06
NDRH 2
SEm
CD (P=0.05)
FxV
190.70
205.70
211.80
3.70
12.81
208.53
200.15
204.11
192.91
208.07
222.64
171.73
5.41
15.34
NS
193.20
209.10
215.20
4.27
14.76
211.72
203.21
207.23
195.86
211.25
227.21
174.36
5.90
16.72
NS
17.90
20.00
21.30
0.40
1.39
20.46
19.45
19.83
18.70
20.27
21.70
17.69
0.51
1.45
NS
18.10
20.30
21.60
0.41
1.43
21.57
19.74
20.14
19.03
20.53
22.05
16.94
0.58
1.65
NS
225.70
236.30
248.20
4.30
14.89
258.50
233.71
223.34
210.27
257.96
272.82
200.53
6.36
18.04
NS
228.30
240.20
252.10
3.46
11.99
262.03
237.10
226.80
213.53
261.49
276.78
203.44
6.63
18.79
NS
77
Nutrients uptake
Nutrient (NPK) uptake increased with increase
in fertility levels. On an average, highest values of
uptake of 145.35 kg N, 25.60 kg P and 179.5 kg K
ha-1 was recorded with N180 P90 K90 kg ha-1, which was
21.95 kg N, 4.15 kg P and 43.27 kg K more than that
of lowest fertility level of N120 P60 K60 kg ha-1 (Table
2). The differences between both the higher fertility
Economic returns
levels were non-significant. Dwivedi et al (2006) and
Highest net return of Rs. 45,082/- and Rs.
Fageria (2005) also reported an increase in available
54,495/- was recorded with N 180 P 90 and K 90 kg
Table 3. Grain yield, straw yield and harvest index as influenced by fertility levels and hybrid rice
Treatment
Grain yield
(q ha-1)
1st year
2nd year
Straw yield
(q ha-1)
1st year
2nd year
Harvest Index
(%)
1st year
2nd year
Fertility levels
N120P60K60
N150P75K75
N180P90K90
SEm
CD (P=0.05)
Hybrids
SHP 01
SHP 02
SHP 03
SHP 04
SHP 05
SHP 06
NDRH 2
SEm
CD (P=0.05)
FxV
78
56.72
63.71
65.36
1.32
57.62
64.50
67.54
1.17
67.34
73.77
74.83
1.50
67.72
75.72
75.91
1.41
45.75
46.31
46.64
0.00
45.98
46.41
46.69
0.00
4.56
4.05
5.17
4.89
NS
NS
58.93
61.14
62.35
71.37
60.56
52.46
66.70
1.78
59.68
61.54
62.84
72.01
61.13
57.86
67.48
1.70
69.12
72.30
74.04
81.34
69.23
60.82
76.98
2.04
69.53
71.84
74.25
81.93
69.82
66.71
77.75
1.99
46.07
45.79
45.72
46.72
46.65
46.32
46.42
0.00
46.15
46.08
45.83
46.81
46.68
46.45
46.46
0.00
5.06
NS
4.81
NS
5.79
NS
5.63
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
Nath et al
Gross Returns
(Rs./ha)
st
1 year
2nd year
50,070
59,244
51,990
61,084
53,053
62,449
60,566
71,393
53,924
63,634
44,555
57,409
54,088
63,925
55,161
65,276
56,812
67,420
57,492
68,878
67,939
80,671
59,350
70,239
48,986
63,194
59,665
71,675
57,637
68,318
59,782
704,29
60,943
719,84
71,672
823,34
62,111
733,60
51,251
661,89
63,172
752,05
Net Returns
(Rs./ha)
st
1 year
2nd year
25,751
33,675
27,670
35,515
28,734
36,880
36,246
45,824
29,604
38,065
20,236
31,840
29,768
38,355
29,696
38,557
31,347
40,700
32,027
42,159
42,475
50,351
33,885
43,520
23,521
36,474
34,201
44,955
31,048
40,479
33,192
42,590
34,353
44,145
45,082
54,495
35,521
45,521
24,661
38,349
36,582
47,365
2nd year
1.32
1.39
1.44
1.79
1.49
1.25
1.50
1.44
1.52
1.57
1.88
1.62
1.36
1.68
1.45
1.53
1.59
1.96
1.64
1.38
1.70
ha-1 with hybrid SHP 04 which was closely followed Dwivedi A P, Dixit R S, Singh S P and Kumar I I (2000).
Response of hybrid rice to N, P and K levels (in) extended
by other hybrids fertilized with N150 P75 and K75 kg
summaries of National Symposium on Agronomy:
-1
ha against lowest net return of Rs. 20,236/- and
Challenges and Strategies for the New Milleneium, held
Rs. 31,840/- obtained with SHP 06 fertilized with
during 15-18 November 2000 at Gujrat Agricultural
N120, P60 and K60 kg ha-1, respectively. The highest
University Campus, Junagarh, p. 38.
B:C ratio of 1.69 and 1.96 was obtained with hybrid Fageria N K and Baligar V C (2005). Enhancing nitrogen use
SHP 04 at N 180, P 90, K 90 (Table 4).
efficiency in crop plant. Advances in Agronomy 88: 97185.
CONCLUSION
It was concluded that for obtaining higher yield Ohm H, Kalyal SK and Dhiman SD 1996. Response of rice
hybrid PMS 2 A/IR 31802 to seedling vigour and nitrogen
and monitory benefit from rice, hybrid SHP 04 may
levels in Haryana, India. Int. Rice Res Notes 21: 47-48
be adopted with a fertilizer dose of 180 kg N, 90 kg
Singh K K, Singh K, Singh C S and Singh R, (2005). Nitrogen
P2O5 and 90 kg K2O ha-1 under irrigated conditions
nutrition in rice a review. Crop Research 29 (2): 330-336.
of Uttar Pradesh.
REFERENCES
Received on 20/02/2016
Accepted on 29/04/2016
79
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00018.0
The study was carried out during 2011-14 at farmers fields of 7 agency mandals of East Godavari District
of Andhra Pradesh. Front Line Demonstration on maize crop was conducted on an area of 100 ha with
active participation of 250 farmers with improved technologies composed of DHM 117 variety and
integrated crop management (deep ploughing + seed treated with thiram 75% WP @ 3g/kg seed). The
results revealed that maximum mean grain yield 85.3 q/ha with an increase in 75.6 per cent over local
check (64.6 q/ha). Improved technologies of maize recorded progressively increased average grain yield
during four years of study, from 62.0 to 85.3 q/ha. The extension gap can be bridged by popularizing
package of practices of maize including improved variety (DHM 117), use of optimum seed rate, balanced
nutrition and recommended plant protection measures. Improved technologies gave higher net return of Rs.
67,925/-ha with benefit cost ratio 3.87 as compared to local check (Rs. 63,543/-ha, benefit cost ratio 3.82).
Key Words: Maize, Yield, Improved technology, Benefit cost ratio.
INTRODUCTION
80
Swaroopa et al
Table 1. Comparison between demonstrated package and existing farmers practice of maize
production
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Intervention
Farming situation
Variety
Seed treatment
Time of Sowing
Method of Sowing
Seed rate
Fertilizer dose
Plant protection
Weed management
Demonstrated package
Rabi
DHM 117
Seed treated with thiram 75% WP@3g/kg
15th to 30th October
Line sowing with proper crop geometry
18 to 20 kg/ha
100:50:40 (NPK kg/ha)
Need based application of carbofuran 3G@10
kg/ha to protect against stemborer
Atrazine @2.5kg/ha as pre-emergence, Paraquat 2.5l/ha as post-emergence followed by
one hand weeding at 30 days after sowing
Farmers practice
Rainfed
Local
Nil
1st to 10th November
Broadcasting
20-25kg/ha
100:40:0
Nil
One hand weeding at 3035 days after sowing
Parameter
Number of cobs/plant
No. of Kernel rows
Length of cob (cm)
1000 grain wt (g)
Demonstration
2
18-20
18.5-21.5
220.5-248.0
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 80-82
Farmers practice
1
15-18
16.0-20.5
186.0-210.5
81
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
Mean
Gross returns
(Rs/ha)
IP
FP
87,500 83,000
92,000 86,000
95,000 89,000
91,500 86,000
Net returns
(Rs/ha)
IP
FP
64,100 61,200
68,875 63,550
70,800 65,880
67,925 63543
B:C ratio
IP
3.73
3.97
3.92
3.87
FP
3.8
3.83
3.84
3.82
Grain Yield
(q/ha)
IP
FP
84.0
62.0
87.0
68.0
85.0
65.0
85.3
64.6
Similarly, 1000 grain weight was also high (220.5248.0 g) under demonstration compared to the
farmers practice (186-210.5g) which ultimately
resulted in higher grain yield of 85.3q/ha.
On an average, maize grain yield under front
line demonstration was higher by 32 per cent as
compared to farmers practices (64.6 q/ha) (Table
3). The results indicated that the demonstration has
given good impact in terms of yield and income.
The higher productivity of maize under improved
technologies was due to the sowing of latest high
yielding crop variety and adoption of improved
nutrient and pest management techniques. Similar
results have been reported earlier by Jeengar et al
(2006) and Dhaka et al (2010).
REFERENCES
Economical analysis
Dhaka B L, Meena B S and Suwalka R L (2010). Popularization
It can be inferred that conductance of
of Improved Maize Production. Govt. of Rajasthan.
demonstrations on new technologies help the
Agricultural Statistics Rajasthan. Directorate
of
farmers in increasing the farm income. The net
Economics and Statistics, Government of Rajasthan,
Jaipur. pp. 37-42.
returns under the FLD plots (Rs. 67,925 /ha)
increased by 6.8 per cent over the farmers practice Jeengar K L, Panwar P and Pareek O P (2006). Front line
demonstration on maize in Bhilwara District of Rajasthan.
(Rs. 63543/ha). During the years, 2011-12, 2012-13
Current Agriculture 30 (1-2): 115-116.
and 2013-14, the benefit cost ratios were recorded
Singh P, Vijaya D, Chinh N T, Pongkanjana A, Prasad K S,
as 3.73, 3.97 and 3.92, respectively.
CONCLUSION
82
Accepted on 30/03/2016
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00020.9
The depth wise soils of sorghum- wheat farming system from different locations were analyzed
to find the physico chemical and biological properties like bulk density, pH, EC, CEC, organic carbon,
macro- micronutrients and bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. The pH of soil samples varied from 7.9 to
8.7 and range of electrical conductivity of 1:2 soil water extraction was 0.139 to 0.347 d Sm-1 at 25 0C.
None of the soil was found in saline category. CEC of soil varied from 9.21 to 18.25 c mol (p+) kg-1 and
was positively and significantly correlated with clay content. The organic carbon content which declined
with soil depth varied from 2.4 to 7.5 g kg-1 soil. Organic carbon was correlated positively and highly
significantly with available nitrogen, total nitrogen, positively with available P, K, micronutrient and
microbial biomass carbon and negatively with bulk density and CEC in all the cropping sequences soil.
The available nitrogen ranged between 41.25 to 107.49 kg ha-1. It decline with soil depth. The available
phosphorus and potassium ranged between 4.48 to 14.84 and 68.30 to 325.00 kg ha-1and declined with
increasing soil depth. Among the different cationic micronutrients with exception of zinc the availability
of rest micronutrients was in sufficiency range. In some case the availability of zinc was in deficient
range. DTPA extractable Cu ranged from 0.075 to 1.983, Fe 2.221 to 8.474, Mn 0.408 to 5.551 and
Zn 0.107 to 1.232 mg kg -1 soil. The availability of these micronutrients declined with increase in soil
depth. Except Mn and available potassium others nutrients were significantly and positively correlated
with organic carbon. The biological properties of soil, the range of bacteria varied from 2.0x 102 to 6.5x
108, fungi 1.0x 102 to 8.6x 104 and actinomycetes 1.0x 102 to 8.0x104 count g-1 soil. Microbial biomass
carbon 75 to 400 g g-1 soil and dehydrogenase activity 10 to 90 g TPF g-1day-1. All the microbial
population, microbial biomass carbon and dehyrogenase activity declined as the soil depth increases.
Key Words: Sorghum-wheat, Physico-chemical ,Biological properties.
INTRODUCTION
83
Kumar et al
Recently stagnation or declining tread in ricewheat productivity at same location has been
reported (Singh et al 1992) which may be associated
with declining in soil organic matter content and
other edaphic factors. On the other hand, crop
residue in machine harvested area are being burnet
to clear the field for planting the next crop. This
practice results in loss of valuable organic matter
and nutrients particularly nitrogen and sulphur and
caused environmental problem. Further, continuous
cultivation of same crop on same field by the
farmers coupled with inadequate replenishment on
nutrients from the external sources has led to severe
depletion of soil available nutrients in this area. Soil
characterization in relation to evaluation of fertility
status of the soil of an area or region is an important
aspect for sustainable crop production because of
imbalance and inadequate fertilizer use efficiency
of chemical fertilizer has declined tremendously
under intensive cropping system in recent year
(Chandra et al 2008).
Information on soil fertility status of macro and
micro nutrients of the study area in not available,
therefore, present study was carried out to evaluate
the soil fertility status of sorghum wheat cropping
system of Meerut and Bulandshar districts of Uttar
Pradesh. An attempt was also made to correlate soil
available nutrients content with other soil properties.
The soil samples of 0-15, 15-30 and 3045 cm depth were collected from four different
locations of Meerut and Bulandshar districts under
sorghum wheat cropping sequence with the
help of auger and stored in plastic box. Collected
samples were air dried in shade, crushed gently
with a wooden roller and pass through 2.0 mm
sieve to obtain a uniform representative sample.
The processed soil samples were analyzed for
physico chemical properties using standard
method for pH and electrical conductivity (1:2
soil water suspensions), organic carbon (Walkley
and Black, 1934), available nitrogen (Subhiah and
Asija, 1956), available phosphorus (Olsen et al
84
Phosphorus
In sorghum- wheat cropping sequence the
available phosphorus (P) in surface (0-15 cm) and
sub surface soil (15-30 & 30-45cm) varied from
5.33 to 14.84, 4.48 to 10.94 and 4.36 to 10.45 kg
ha-1, respectively. Available P was found to be
maximum14.84 kg ha-1 in Khetanpur and minimum
5.33 kg ha-1 in Nagli Isha, Meerut in surface soil
(0-15 cm) while in sub surface soil 30-45cm) the
highest available nitrogen 10.45 kg ha-1 in Khetanpur
and minimum 4.36 kg ha-1 in Nagli Isha, Meerut.
kg ha-1. The highest available P was observed in the
surface soil and decrease with increasing depth. It
might be due to the confinement of crop cultivation
to the rhizosphere and supplementing the depleted
P by external sources. The lower P content in sub
surface soil could be attributed to the fixation of
released phosphorus by clay minerals (Leelavathi
et al 2009).
Potassium
In sorghum - wheat cropping sequence the
available potassium (K) in surface (0-15 cm) and
sub surface soil (15-30 & 30-45cm) varied between
97.19 to 307.12, 68.3 to 312.83 and 79.38 to 325.00
kg ha-1, respectively. Available K was found to
be maximum307.12 kg ha-1 in Khanpur, Meerut
and minimum 97.19kg ha-1 in Nagli Isha, Meerut
in surface soil (0-15 cm) while in sub surface soil
30-45cm) the highest available nitrogen 325.00 kg
ha-1 in Khanpur, Meerut and minimum 79.38 kg
ha-1 in Nagli Isha, Meerut.kg ha-1. The available
K was higher in surface soil and it declined with
increasing soil depth.
Micronutrients
Copper
The DTPA extractable Cu in sorghum - wheat
cropping sequence varied from 0.763 to 1.983 mg
kg-1 soil in surface (0-15cm) while 0.483 to 1.323
and 0.075 to 1.110 mg kg-1 in sub surface soil (1530 & 30-45cm), respectively. All the soil sample in
sorghum-wheat farming system were found to be
sufficient in available Cu content by considering
85
Kumar et al
Kalapuri (B)
Depth
(cm)
0-15
15-30
30-45
Khetanpur
0-15
(B)
15-30
30-45
Nagli Isha
0-15
(M)
15-30
30-45
Khanpur (M) 0-15
15-30
30-45
Mean
0-15
15-30
30-45
pH
EC
(dSm-1)
CEC(cmol(p+)
kg-1)
BD
mg/m3
O.C.
g/kg
8.5
8.7
8.6
7.9
8.0
8.4
8.0
8.1
8.1
8.0
8.4
8.6
-
0.347
0.307
0.292
0.263
0.160
0.144
0.184
0.144
0.139
0.145
0.152
0.153
0.234
0.190
0.182
12.52
12.00
12.60
11.21
9.21
9.21
15.31
10.01
16.00
16.13
16.56
18.25
13.89
11.96
14.01
1.33
1.35
1.36
1.35
1.38
1.40
1.35
1.38
1.45
1.30
1.32
1.33
1.33
1.35
1.39
4.8
3.2
2.6
5.8
4.2
2.4
4.9
3.8
3.3
7.5
4.5
2.4
5.75
3.92
2.67
Available macronutrients
N
P
K
(kgha-1)
(kgha-1)
(kgha-1)
90.84
13.26
115.70
84.93
10.94
105.30
67.22
10.09
114.30
86.14
14.84
125.55
80.61
10.82
86.94
50.32
10.45
88.20
5.33
97.19
97.06
83.40
4.48
68.30
79.38
80.40
4.36
107.49
10.33
307.12
8.75
312.83
88.97
41..25
6.68
325.00
95.38
10.94
161.39
84.77
8.74
143.34
59.79
7.89
151.72
Table 2. DTPA extractable micronutrient (mg kg-1) at various soil depths under Sorghum wheat
cropping sequence
Locations
Kalapuri (B)
Khetanpur (B)
Khanpur (M)
Mean
Depth
(cm)
0-15
15-30
30-45
0-15
15-30
30-45
0-15
15-30
30-45
0-15
15-30
30-45
0-15
15-30
30-45
Fe
mgkg-1
8.474
7.049
6.101
3.512
3.105
2.970
4.613
4.257
3.277
5.771
5.891
2.221
5.592
5.075
3.642
Available micronutrients
Mn
Cu
mgkg-1
mgkg-1
5.551
0.871
4.027
0.799
3.475
0.323
1.982
0.763
1.669
0.483
1.570
0.075
1.952
0.837
1.373
0.677
0.408
0.587
2.095
1.983
1.877
1.323
1.688
1.110
2.895
1.113
2.261
0.820
1.785
0.523
Zn
mgkg-1
0.543
0.336
0.261
0.776
0.613
0.381
1.232
0.357
0.270
1.163
0.265
0.107
0.928
0.392
0.254
87
Kumar et al
Kalapuri (B)
Khetanpur (B)
Khanpur (M)
Mean
Depth,
Bacteria
cm
(Count g-1soil),
0-15
15-30
30-45
0-15
15-30
30-45
0-15
15-30
30-45
0-15
15-30
30-45
0-15
15-30
30-45
4.9106
5.610
5.3102
4.7106
4
6.5104
5.6102
7.0106
8.0104
7.0102
9.0106
5.0104
4.8102
6.4106
6.2104
5.6102
Fungi
(Count
g-1soil),
1.7104
1.5102
1.2102
1.6104
1.6102
1.2102
1.7104
1.8102
1.5102
2.0104
1.9102
1.7102
1.75104
1.70102
1.40102
Actinomycetes
(Countg1
soil),
2.0104
1.8102
1.4102
2.0104
1.9102
1.5102
1.8104
1.5102
1.0102
2.2104
1.2102
1.0102
2.0104
1.6102
1.2102
Microbial
biomass
carbon
g g-1 soil
293
153
79
218
160
85
220
150
78
198
155
75
219.75
154.5
79.25
Dehydrogenase
activity
mg TPF g-1 soil
62
25
10
75
28
13
65
21
12
62
18
10
65.55
23.00
11.25
CONCLUSION
Received on 26/2/2016
Accepted on 28/04/2016
89
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00019.2
The study was conducted in Salempur and Bhatpar Rani Blocks of Deoria district in Uttar Pradesh to
ascertain women participation in vegetable production. 120 houses having land for vegetable cultivation
were selected. 60 rural women from 60 houses selected from each block. Female respondents from each
house were interviewed. The data were collected personally through structured interview schedule. Data
collected included the extent of participation and decision making of women in various activities of vegetable
production. Study revealed that in vegetable cultivation various intervention points are addressable. Women
were involved in operations such as cleaning of land, sowing of seed, transplanting of vegetable nursery, hoeing
and weeding, scaring of birds and rodents, harvesting and processing of vegetable and storage of seed. Non
participation of women in various operations was due to more fatigue, requirement of more muscle power,
lack of knowledge and awareness with respect to decision making. It was observed that women played only
supportive role and less participation of women in decision making could be attributed to customs, traditions,
social barrier, their illiteracy, ignorance and less participation in extension programmes. Women education,
technical training and adequate extension facilities can create a positive impact leading to a better tomorrow.
Key Words: - Rural women, Participation, Vegetable production.
INTRODUCTION
90
Kumari et al
2.
3.
4.
Activities
Land preparation
Ploughing
Cleaning of field
FYM application
Forming ridges and furrows
Pre sowing and sowing operations
Seed treatment
Sowing of seed
Plant treatment
Raising vegetable nursery
Nursery after care
Transplanting of vegetable nursery
Intercultural operations
Irrigation
Hoeing and weeding
Fertilizer application
Pesticide and weedicide application
Scaring of birds rodents and animals
Harvesting and post harvesting operations
Vegetable harvesting
Storage of seed
Marketing
Vegetable processing
Frequency
Per cent
0
120
0
0
0.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
26
120
0
29
68
120
21.7
100.0
0.0
24.2
56.7
100.0
19
120
64
13
120
15.8
100.0
53.3
10.8
100.0
120
8
28
120
100.0
6.7
23.3
100.0
91
Parameter
Age
2.
3.
Type of
family
Caste
4.
Education
5.
Main occupation
6.
Annual
income
7.
Land Holding
Categories
Young (< 25 years)
Middle (26-50years)
Old (>50 years)
Nuclear
Joint
General
OBC
Schedule caste
Schedule tribes
Illiterate
Primary
Middle and above
Agriculture
AH
Agriculture +AH
Service
Low (belowes 10,000)
Medium(Rs 10,000- 30,000)
High (above Rs 30,000)
Landless
Marginal (<1hecture)
Small (<1-2hecture)
Frequency
54
96
30
114
66
12
115
49
4
98
53
29
39
16
116
9
16
115
49
28
86
66
Percentage
30.0
53.3
16.7
63.3
36.7
6.7
63.9
27.2
2.2
54.4
29.4
16.2
21.7
8.9
64.4
5.0
8.9
63.9
27.2
15.6
47.8
36.6
92
Operations
Frequency
Land selection
Selection of crops to be grown
Method of cultivation
Selection of farm machinery and its implementations
Varietal selection
Fertilizer selection and application
Choice of irrigation
Sale of vegetable produce
Storage of seed
Vegetable processing
22
25
11
9
20
7
32
39
74
108
(N=120)
Per cent
18.3
20.8
9.2
7.5
16.7
5.8
26.7
32.5
61.7
90.0
Kumari et al
livestock production play a major role for their selection (16.7%), method of cultivation (9.2%),
subsistence in such type of rural area.
selection of farm machinery and its implements
(7.5 %) and lowest (5.8%) in fertilizer selection
Participation of women in vegetable production and application. The study further revealed that
activities
women has played only supportive role. Less
The data (Table 2) indicated that different involvement of women in decision making could
activities performed by female were cleaning of be attributed to customs, traditions, social barrier
land, sowing of seeds, transplanting of vegetable and illiteracy, ignorance and less participation in
nursery, scaring of birds, rodents and animals and extension programmes. These findings were in
harvesting. In vegetable processing, cent percent conformation of Baba et al (2010) for their study in
women showed their participation. These findings Jammu Kashmir.
were in agreement with those reported by Baba et al
(2010) for the study in Jammu Kashmir. Above fifty
CONCLUSION
per cent of women involved in nursery management
The study showed that in vegetable production
and fertilizer application while 24.2 and 21.7 per on commercial scale, women participation
cent participated in raising vegetable nursery and was found more prominent in sowing of seed,
seed treatment, respectively.
transplanting of vegetable nursery, hoeing and
Non participation of women in ploughing, weeding, scaring of birds and rodents, vegetable
forming ridge and furrows was due to hard labour harvesting and processing. With respect to decision
and in plant protection, due to lack of awareness making, women played only supportive role.
and knowledge. Similar case has been reported Women education, technical training, adequate
by Srivastava and Singh (2011) for their study in extension facilities for women can create a positive
Ballia. Non participation in various agricultural impact leading to a better tomorrow.
activities was due to drudgery faced in operations
REFERENCES
by farm women.
Baba S H, Bilal A, Zargar, Ganaie, S A, Yousuf, Shoaib and
93
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00021.0
The adverse effects of agriculture on environment are direct and indirect in nature. Direct effects are due
to the overuse of chemical fertilisers and pesticides. Globally India ranks third in fertiliser consumption
compared to other countries. The consumption of chemical fertilisers in Kerala is also high with respect
to other states. To study the overuse of chemical fertilisers in the state, among six crops selected, rubber
and banana cultivators used overdose of chemical fertilisers and under use of organic manures and lime
compared to other crops. The overuse of NPK fertilisers compared to suggested dose as contrast to very
low NPK soil fertility status in the rubber plantations is a paradox in the agriculture sector of Kerala.
Key Words: Chemical fertilisers, Suggested dose, Actual dose used, Agricultural sector.
INTRODUCTION
94
Karunakaran N
Year
1980-81
1983-84
1986-87
1989-90
1992-93
1995-96
1997-98
1999-00
2004-05
2006-07
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
Percentage increase
over 1980-81
Source: - Computed from (i) Statistics for planning (various issues), Department of Economics and Statistics,
Govt. of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram. (ii) Economic Review (various issues), State Planning Board, Govt. of
Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram. (iii) Agricultural Statistics At a Glance (2014), Department of Agriculture and
Cooperation, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 94-98
95
Suggested and Actual Application of Chemical Fertilizers in the Agricultural Sector of Kerala
Table 2. Estimated NPK chemical fertiliser consumption in Kerala and in Kasaragod district
Sr. No.
Karunakaran N
Coconut
Arecanut
Rubber
Banana
Cashewnut
1.500
0.700
0.700
0.600
0.700
N (kg/ha)
61
0.400
0.136
0.105
0.322
0.100
P(kg/ha)
74
0.900
0.120
0.477
0.610
0.500
K(kg/ha)
28
1.065
0.194
0.192
0.470
0.200
NPK (kg/ha)
163
2.365
0.450
0.774
1.402
0.800
Organic ma2500
25
nure(kg/ha)
( 2) Average actual application of fertilisers
Lime (kg/ha)
250
0.500
24
10
10
10
0.200
0.250
NPK (kg/ha)
0.400
175
Organic manure
1250
20
10
2
2
2
(kg/ha)
Unit of suggested dose and actual used doses of Fertilisers is Kg per hectare for paddy and Kg per plant for
Coconut, Arecanut, Rubber, Cashewnut and Banana.
Source: - Soil fertility card, District Panchayath, Kasaragod and primary data.
97
Suggested and Actual Application of Chemical Fertilizers in the Agricultural Sector of Kerala
Table 4. Difference between suggested and actual applications of Fertilisers to various crops in the
Kasaragod District.
Crops
Item
Lime
Deviation (in
%)
NPK total
Paddy
Coconut
Arecanut
Rubber
Banana
Cashewnut
(-) 50.00
(-) 1.00
(-) 0.500
(-) 16.67
(-) 66.67
(-) 71.43
(-)
0.700
(-) 100.00
(+)
12.00
(+)
7.36
(-)
1250
(-) 50.00
(-) 0.365
(-)
0.05
(-) 11.11
(-)
0.350
(-)
58.33
(+)
1.598
(+)
113.98
(-)
8.00
(-)
80.00
(-)
0.700
(-)
100.00
(+)
0.200
(+)
25.00
(-)
8.00
(-)
80.00
Deviation (in
(-) 15.43
%)
Organic ma(-) 5.00
nure
Deviation (in
(-) 20.00
%)
Source: - Calculated from Table. 3.
(-)
14
(-) 58.33
(+)
1.226
(+)
158.40
(-)
8.00
(-)
80.00
REFERENCES
CONCLUSION
98
DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00022.2
Short Communication
INTRODUCTION
Number of trainings
01
03
02
02
02
02
Participants
20
150
104
62
58
57
99
Thakur et al
2007
4,488
8,08,431
Backyard
10,492
2,54,498
2012
Commercial
32,581
8,49,978
Total
43,073
11,04,476
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Designation
please
contact
the
editorial
office
at
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Mufeed S (1998). Evaluating employee performance: A successful instrument for human resource
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Washington, DC.
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Barnabas A P and Lakshmiswaramma M (1980). Assessment of Evaluation system for Rural
development. In: Monitoring and Evaluation of Rural Development: Some Asian Experiences.
(eds Kuldeep Mathu and Inayatulloah) Kuala Lumpur U.N. Asian and Pacific Development Centre.
Pp: 121-22.
Bray R A (1994). The leucaena psylid. In: Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture
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