History of Automobiles

The early history of the automobile can be divided into a

number of eras, based on the prevalent means of
propulsion. Later periods were defined by trends in
exterior styling, size, and utility preferences.
In 1768, the first steam-powered automobile capable of
human transportation was built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot.
In 1807, Franois Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car
powered by an internal combustion engine fueled by
hydrogen.
In 1886, the first petrol- or gasoline-powered automobile,
was invented by Karl Benz. This is also considered to be
the first "production" vehicle as Benz made several other
identical copies.
At the turn of the 20th century electrically powered
automobiles appeared but only occupied a niche market
until the turn of the 21st century
17th and 18th centuries
Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China,
built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy
for the Chinese Emperor. It was of small enough scale that
it could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly the
first working steam-powered vehicle ('auto-mobile').[3][4]

Cugnot's steam wagon, the second (1771) version

A replica of Richard Trevithick's 1801 road locomotive

'Puffing Devil'
Steam-powered self-propelled vehicles large enough to
transport people and cargo were first devised in the late
18th century. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrated his
fardier vapeur ("steam dray"), an experimental steamdriven artillery tractor, in 1770 and 1771. As Cugnot's
design proved to be impractical, his invention was not
developed in his native France. The center of innovation
shifted to Great Britain. By 1784, William Murdoch had
built a working model of a steam carriage in Redruth. The
first automobile patent in the United States was granted
to Oliver Evans in 1789, and in 1801 Richard Trevithick
was running a full-sized vehicle on the roads in Camborne.

19th century

Many vehicles were in vogue for a time, and over the next
decades such innovations as hand brakes, multi-speed
transmissions, and better steering developed. Some were
commercially successful in providing mass transit, until a
backlash against these large speedy vehicles resulted in
the passage of the Locomotive Act (1865), which required
many self-propelled vehicles on public roads in the United
Kingdom to be preceded by a man on foot waving a red
flag and blowing a horn. This effectively halted road auto
development in the UK for most of the rest of the 19th
century; inventors and engineers shifted their efforts to
improvements in railway locomotives. The law was not
repealed until 1896, although the need for the red flag
was removed in 1878.

Among other efforts, in 1815, a professor at Prague

Polytechnic, Josef Bozek, built an oil-fired steam car.
Walter Hancock, builder and operator of London steam
buses, in 1838 built a four-seat steam phaeton.

In 1867, Canadian jeweller Henry Seth Taylor

demonstrated his 4-wheeled "steam buggy" at the
Stanstead Fair in Stanstead, Quebec, and again the
following year. The basis of the buggy, which he began
building in 1865, was a high-wheeled carriage with
bracing to support a two-cylinder steam engine mounted
on the floor.

What some people define as the first "real" automobile

was produced by French Amde Bolle in 1873, who built
self-propelled steam road vehicles to transport groups of
passengers.

The American George B. Selden filed for a patent on May

8, 1879. His application included not only the engine but
its use in a 4-wheeled car. Selden filed a series of
amendments to his application which stretched out the
legal process, resulting in a delay of 16 years before the
US 549160 was granted on November 5, 1895.

Karl Benz, the inventor of numerous car-related

technologies, received a German patent in 1886.

The four-stroke petrol (gasoline) internal combustion

engine that constitutes the most prevalent form of
modern automotive propulsion is a creation of Nikolaus
Otto. The similar four-stroke diesel engine was invented
by Rudolf Diesel. The hydrogen fuel cell, one of the
technologies hailed as a replacement for gasoline as an
energy source for cars, was discovered in principle by
Christian Friedrich Schnbein in 1838. The battery electric
car owes its beginnings to nyos Jedlik, one of the
inventors of the electric motor, and Gaston Plant, who
invented the lead-acid battery in 1859.[citation needed]

The first carriage-sized automobile suitable for use on

existing wagon roads in the United States was a steampowered vehicle invented in 1871, by Dr. J.W. Carhart, a
minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in Racine,
Wisconsin. It induced the State of Wisconsin in 1875, to
offer a $10,000 award to the first to produce a practical
substitute for the use of horses and other animals. They
stipulated that the vehicle would have to maintain an
average speed of more than five miles per hour over a
200-mile course. The offer led to the first city to city
automobile race in the United States, starting on July 16,
1878, in Green Bay, Wisconsin, and ending in Madison, via
Appleton, Oshkosh, Waupun, Watertown, Fort Atkinson,
and Janesville. While seven vehicles were registered, only
two started to compete: the entries from Green Bay and
Oshkosh. The vehicle from Green Bay was faster, but broke
down before completing the race. The Oshkosh finished
the 201 mile course in 33 hours and 27 minutes, and
posted an average speed of six miles per hour. In 1879,
the legislature awarded half the prize

Automobile in 20th century

Pre WWII
Steam-powered road vehicles, both cars and wagons, reached the peak of their
development in the early 1930s with fast-steaming lightweight boilers and efficient
engine designs. Internal combustion engines also developed greatly during WWI,
becoming simpler to operate and more reliable. The development of the high-speed
diesel engine from 1930 began to replace them for wagons, accelerated by tax
changes in the UK making steam wagons uneconomic overnight. Although a few
designers continued to advocate steam power, no significant developments in
production steam cars took place after Doble in 1931.

Post-WWII
Whether steam cars will ever be reborn in later technological eras remains to be
seen. Magazines such as Light Steam Power continued to describe them into the
1980s. The 1950s saw interest in steam-turbine cars powered by small nuclear
reactors[citation needed] (this was also true of aircraft), but the dangers inherent in
nuclear fission technology soon killed these ideas.

Electric automobiles

German Flocken Elektrowagen of 1888, regarded as the first electric car of the world
See also: History of the electric vehicle
In 1828, nyos Jedlik, a Hungarian who invented an early type of electric motor,
created a tiny model car powered by his new motor. In 1834, Vermont blacksmith
Thomas Davenport, the inventor of the first American DC electrical motor, installed
his motor in a small model car, which he operated on a short circular electrified
track. In 1835, Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of Groningen, the Netherlands and his
assistant Christopher Becker created a small-scale electrical car, powered by nonrechargeable primary cells. In 1838, Scotsman Robert Davidson built an electric
locomotive that attained a speed of 4 miles per hour (6 km/h). In England, a patent
was granted in 1840 for the use of rail tracks as conductors of electric current, and
similar American patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in 1847. Between 1832
and 1839 (the exact year is uncertain) Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the
first crude electric carriage, powered by non-rechargeable primary cells.

The Flocken Elektrowagen of 1888 by German inventor Andreas Flocken is regarded

as the first real electric car of the world.

Electric cars enjoyed popularity between the late 19th century and early 20th
century, when electricity was among the preferred methods for automobile
propulsion, providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that could not be
achieved by the gasoline cars of the time. Advances in internal combustion
technology, especially the electric starter, soon rendered this advantage moot; the
greater range of gasoline cars, quicker refueling times, and growing petroleum
infrastructure, along with the mass production of gasoline vehicles by companies
such as the Ford Motor Company, which reduced prices of gasoline cars to less than

half that of equivalent electric cars, led to a decline in the use of electric propulsion,
effectively removing it from important markets such as the United States by the
1930s. However, in recent years, increased concerns over the environmental impact
of gasoline cars, higher gasoline prices, improvements in battery technology, and
the prospect of peak oil, have brought about renewed interest in electric cars, which
are perceived to be more environmentally friendly and cheaper to maintain and run,
despite high initial costs, after a failed reappearance in the late-1990s.

Internal combustion engines

1885-built Benz Patent-Motorwagen, the first car to go into production with an

internal combustion engine

The second Marcus car of 1888 at the Technical Museum in Vienna

Early attempts at making and using internal combustion engines were hampered by
the lack of suitable fuels, particularly liquids, therefore the earliest engines used gas
mixtures.

Early experimenters used gases. In 1806, Swiss engineer Franois Isaac de Rivaz
built an engine powered by internal combustion of a hydrogen and oxygen mixture.
In 1826, Englishman Samuel Brown tested his hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion
engine by using it to propel a vehicle up Shooter's Hill in south-east London.
Belgian-born Etienne Lenoir's Hippomobile with a hydrogen-gas-fuelled one-cylinder
internal combustion engine made a test drive from Paris to Joinville-le-Pont in 1860,
covering some nine kilometres in about three hours. A later version was propelled
by coal gas. A Delamare-Deboutteville vehicle was patented and trialled in 1884.

About 1870, in Vienna, Austria (then the Austro-Hungarian Empire), inventor

Siegfried Marcus put a liquid-fuelled internal combustion engine on a simple
handcart which made him the first man to propel a vehicle by means of gasoline.
Today, this car is known as "the first Marcus car". In 1883, Marcus secured a German
patent for a low-voltage ignition system of the magneto type; this was his only
automotive patent. This design was used for all further engines, and the four-seat
"second Marcus car" of 1888/89. This ignition, in conjunction with the "rotatingbrush carburetor", made the second car's design very innovative.

It is generally acknowled that the first really practical automobiles with

petrol/gasoline-powered internal combustion engines were completed almost
simultaneously by several German inventors working independently: Karl Benz built
his first automobile in 1885 in Mannheim. Benz was granted a patent for his
automobile on 29 January 1886, and began the first production of automobiles in
1888, after Bertha Benz, his wife, had proved with the first long-distance trip in
August 1888, from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back that the horseless coach was
absolutely suitable for daily use. Since 2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial Route
commemorates this event.

Soon after, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart in 1889 designed a
vehicle from scratch to be an automobile, rather than a horse-drawn carriage fitted
with an engine. They also are usually credited with invention of the first motorcycle
in 1886, but Italy's Enrico Bernardi of the University of Padua, in 1882, patented a
0.024 horsepower (17.9 W) 122 cc (7.4 cu in) one-cylinder petrol motor, fitting it
into his son's tricycle, making it at least a candidate for the first automobile, and
first motorcycle. Bernardi enlarged the tricycle in 1892 to carry two adults.

One of the first four-wheeled petrol-driven automobiles in Britain was built in

Birmingham in 1895 by Frederick William Lanchester, who also patented the disc
brake; and the first electric starter was installed on an Arnold, an adaptation of the
Benz Velo, built between 1895 and 1898.

George F. Foss of Sherbrooke, Quebec built a single-cylinder gasoline car in 1896

which he drove for 4 years, ignoring city officials' warnings of arrest for his "mad
antics."

In all the turmoil, many early pioneers are nearly forgotten. In 1891, John William
Lambert built a three-wheeler in Ohio City, Ohio, which was destroyed in a fire the
same year, while Henry Nadig constructed a four-wheeler in Allentown,
Pennsylvania. It is likely they were not the only ones.

About Mitsubishi
The Mitsubishi Group ( Mitsubishi Gurpu) (also known as the Mitsubishi Group of
Companies or Mitsubishi Companies, and informally as the Mitsubishi Keiretsu) is a
group of autonomous Japanese multinational companies in a variety of industries.

It is historically descended from the Mitsubishi zaibatsu, a unified company which

existed from 1870 to 1947 and was disbanded during the occupation of Japan
following World War II. The former constituents of the company continue to share
the Mitsubishi brand, trademark, and legacy. Although the group companies
participate in limited business cooperation, most famously through monthly "Friday
Conference" executive meetings, they are formally independent and are not under
common control. The three main companies in the group are The Bank of TokyoMitsubishi UFJ (the largest bank in Japan), Mitsubishi Corporation (a general trading
company) and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (a diversified manufacturing company)
The Mitsubishi company was established as a shipping firm by Yatar Iwasaki (1834
1885) in 1870. In 1873, its name was changed to Mitsubishi Shokai. The name
Mitsubishi () consists of two parts: "mitsu" meaning "three" and "hishi" (which
becomes "bishi" under rendaku) meaning "water caltrop" (also called "water
chestnut"), and hence "rhombus", which is reflected in the company's logo. It is also
translated as "three diamonds".

Mitsubishi was established in 1870, two years after the Meiji Restoration, with
shipping as its core business. Its diversification was mostly into related fields. It

entered into coal-mining to gain the coal needed for ships, bought a shipbuilding
yard from the government to repair the ships it used, founded an iron mill to supply
iron to the shipbuilding yard, started a marine insurance business to cater for its
shipping business, and so forth. Later, the managerial resources and technological
capabilities acquired through the operation of shipbuilding were utilized to expand
the business further into the manufacture of aircraft and equipment. The experience
of overseas shipping led the firm to enter into a trading business.

In 1881, the company bought into coal mining by acquiring the Takashima Mine,
followed by Hashima Island in 1890, using the production to fuel their extensive
steamship fleet. They also diversified into shipbuilding, banking, insurance,
warehousing, and trade. Later diversification carried the organization into such
sectors as paper, steel, glass, electrical equipment, aircraft, oil, and real estate. As
Mitsubishi built a broadly based conglomerate, it played a central role in the
modernization of Japanese industry.

In February 1921, the Mitsubishi Internal Combustion Engine Manufacturing

Company in Nagoya invited British Sopwith Camel designer Herbert Smith, along
with several other former Sopwith engineers to assist in creating an aircraft
manufacturing division. After moving to Japan, they designed the Mitsubishi 1MT,
Mitsubishi B1M, Mitsubishi 1MF, and Mitsubishi 2MR.

The merchant fleet entered into a period of diversification that would eventually
result in the creation of three entities:

Mitsubishi Bank (now a part of the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group) was founded in
1919. After its mergers with the Bank of Tokyo in 1996, and UFJ Holdings in 2004,
this became Japan's largest bank.
Mitsubishi Corporation, founded in 1950, Japan's largest general trading company
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, which includes these industrial companies:
Mitsubishi Motors, the sixth-largest Japan-based car manufacturer.
Mitsubishi Atomic Industry, a nuclear power company.
Mitsubishi Chemical, the largest Japan-based chemicals company
Mitsubishi Power Systems, a power generation division

Nikon Corporation, specializing in optics and imaging.

The firm's prime real estate holdings in the Marunouchi district of Tokyo, acquired in
1890, were spun off in 1937 to form Mitsubishi Estate, now one of the largest real
estate development companies in Japan.

General Overview
The Mitsubishi Pajero Sport has been in the market for some time now, but the burly
SUV hasnt really caught the fancy of a great deal of SUV buyers the way its rival,
Toyota's Fortuner, has. Why is that, you ask? Well, there are two issues here. Firstly,
Mitsubishi's sales and service network in India, which is nothing to write home about
when compared to its Japanese counterpart's. And, secondly, there arent many
options to choose from, as the Pajero Sport, up until a few months ago, was only
available as a four-wheel drive, manual gearbox-equipped variant.

Last winter, a few things changed when a 4x2 automatic variant was added to the
Pajero Sport line-up, at a price point lower than the manual 4x4's, and Mitsubishi's
outreach has, since then, grown by a small margin, too. So, does it warrant your
attention, SUV buyers? Yes, it would be worth the effort of finding a dealer and
giving it a look, as, at least on the showroom floor, its a slightly better package
than the Fortuner. And, the reason for that is the Pajero Sports overall fit and finish,
cabin quality and a decent mechanical package.

With the Pajero Sport 4x2 AT, there arent many changes on the inside, and quite
frankly, it didnt need any. The quality of plastics, the choice of materials, and the
leather upholstery it all feels good. Mitsubishi has, however, added a few bits like
the new, two-DIN infotainment system, and a tiny information bar on top of the
centre console, la Pajero SFX. On the outside, there are subtle changes like the
new chrome grille design, and ORVM-integrated turn indicators.

The biggest talking point, however, is the addition of a five-speed automatic

gearbox, that sends power to the rear wheels only. For now, theres no 4x4 AT, if
thats what you wanted to know. It continues to be powered by the same 2.5-litre
turbo-diesel, churning out a decent 176bhp and 350Nm of torque (50Nm less than
the 4x4). So, how good is the auto box? Well, its a decent attempt, in our books.
The gearbox isnt all that sharp or lazy, and does its job adequately. Yes, there is a
sense of leisure in the way it shifts, but it isnt disconcerting. And, if you are in the
mood for a spirited drive, you can take charge of the shifts by using the paddle
shifters placed behind the steering wheel.

However, the worrying bit is the manner in which the torque convertor works. Its an
old-school box that, has a peculiar way to save fuel. The moment you go off the
throttle, the revs take a nosedive and motor starts idling around 1200rpm. And the
feeling of having a 2.5 tonne mammoth sailing down the highway with zero
assistance from the engine (no engine braking) isnt the most reassuring one.
Talking of saving fuel, Mitsubishi claims the AT will run 11.81km to a litre of fuel,
which is slightly less than the 12.8kpl of the manual variant.

Leave that bit aside and there were a couple of things about the Pajero Sport that
impressed us, like the overall engine performance and its willingness to build speed,
the ergonomics and the ride comfort in general. There are a few things that need
attention, though: the diesel drone that filters into the cabin, excessive body roll
around corners, the spongy brake feel, and, despite having the shortest turning
radius of 5.6m, theres need for an extra lock-to-lock turn of the steering wheel,
which is annoying at times.

Overall as a product, the Pajero Sport 4x2 AT feels at par with the Fortuner
mechanically, and offers a better cabin experience by a fair margin. Priced at
23.55 lakh (ex-showroom, Delhi), the 4x2 AT is 30,000 cheaper than the 4x4
variant, and in our opinion, makes more sense than a manual. The AT offers the

much-needed convenience while driving in urban conditions, and, lets face it, you
wouldnt really miss the 4x4 tech in town. So, if thats a deal-maker for you, march
towards your nearest Mitsubishi dealer right away.

The numbers
4cyl, 2477cc, 176bhp, 350Nm, 5A, RWD, 2600kg, 70 litres, 265/65 R17 tyres,
23.55 lakh (ex-showroom, Delhi)

The verdict
Feels better built than its rivals. Is a better purchase than the 4x4 variant

Genertion of Pajero

First generation (19821991)

First generation

Overview

Also called

Mitsubishi Montero
Mitsubishi Shogun
Colt Shogun[6]
Dodge Raider

Production

19821991
Body and chassis

Body style

3-door SUV
5-door SUV (not on Raider models)

Related

Hyundai Galloper
Powertrain

Engine

2.0 L 4G63 I4
2.6 L 4G54 I4
3.0 L 6G72 V6
2.3 L 4D55 diesel I4
2.3 L 4D55T TD I4
2.5 L 4D56T TD I4

Transmission 5-speed manual

4-speed Aisin automatic
Dimensions

Wheelbase

5-door: 2,695 mm (106.1 in)

3-door: 2,350 mm (92.5 in)

Length

4,650 mm (183.1 in)

3-door: 3,995 mm (157.3 in)

Width

66.1 in (1,679 mm) & 66.6 in (1,692 mm)

Height

5-door: 74.4 in (1,890 mm)

3-door: 72.8 in (1,849 mm) & 72.4 in
(1,839 mm)

The first generation made its debut at the Tokyo Motor Show in October 1981, and was launched in
May 1982. Initially, it was a three-door, short-wheelbase model available with a metal or canvas top
and three different engines options, although more were gradually added, ending with a 3.0-liter V6
on top of the range.

Mitsubishi Pajero rear

2.0-liter 4-cylinder petrol (2000/2.0)

2.0-liter 4-cylinder turbocharged petrol (2000/2.0 Turbo)

2.6-liter 4-cylinder petrol (2600/2.6)

2.3-liter naturally aspirated diesel (2300 D/2.3 D)

2.3-liter turbocharged diesel (2300 TD/2.3 TD)

2.5-liter turbocharged diesel (2500 TD/2.5 TD)

3.0-liter V6 petrol (3000/3.0)

It was loaded with features that had previously not been seen on a Japanese four-wheel-drive car:
a turbocharged diesel engine, a front double wishbone suspension with torsion bar springs, power
steering and suspension seats. This made the Pajero a four-wheel-drive vehicle which integrated all
the amenities of a passenger car.

In January 1983, only a year following its launch, mildly tuned production Pajeros entered the world
of motor sport. The Pajero, however, failed to appeal to everyone. In Japan it was seen as a
commercial vehicle, and since it was only available in a short-wheelbase form, it didn't really appeal
to those with families.

Mitsubishi Montero LS 5-door (US)

Hence, in February 1983, Mitsubishi came out with a long-wheelbase, five-door model, to serve the
needs of a larger target market. The long-wheelbase model was available with a choice of two
different engines; a 2.0-liter turbocharged petrol (badged as "2.0 Turbo" and "2000 Turbo" in some
markets) and a 2.3-liter turbocharged diesel. It also came in Standard, Semi-High Roof and High
Roof body styles. A stripped down nine-seater version of the High-Roof variant was commonly used
in UN Peace Operations.
The long-wheelbase model also increased seating capacity to seven, with available third row seats,
which could be folded to the sides for additional trunk space or combined with second row seats to
form a bed.
The Pajero was further refined in June 1984. The turbo diesel engines now had higher power/torque
ratings, whilst the long-wheelbase models got standard four-wheel disc brakes and four-way
adjustable shock absorbers as standard equipment.

Mitsubishi Pajero Intercooler Turbo Wagon 3-door

A new flagship model was then introduced in early 1987, with two-tone paint, 15-inch light alloy
wheels, front-seat heaters, wool seat covers, genuine leather headrests, a three spoke steering
wheel and a sound system with radio/cassette. Also in 1987, a version of the Pajero/Montero
was rebadged by Dodge as the Raider, which ran through 1989.
Finally in 1988, a 3.0-liter SOHC V6 engine was made available, alongside a 2.5-liter turbo diesel
engine, with the first 4x4 intercooler. This translated to better acceleration in mid to high rev ranges.

The long-wheelbase models got a coil link suspension system for better ride comfort and off-road
ability.
It was available with a 3-door body for a short wheelbase (SWB) or a 5-door body for a longwheelbase (LWB). Engines included a 2.6 L I4 with 82 kW (110 hp/112 PS), a 3.0 L V6 with EFI and
104 kW (139 hp/141 PS) and a turbocharged 2.5 L OHC diesel I4 with 62 kW (83 hp/84 PS) or
an intercooled70 kW (94 hp/95 PS). Part-time four-wheel drive was standard on all models.
The first generation platform was later built under license by Hyundai Precision Products as
the Hyundai Galloper from 1991 to 2003, and exported to Europe for a brief time. While it used first
generation mechanicals, the Galloper's body was closer to the second generation Pajeros.
Australia
The NA series was released to Australia during January 1983 in short- (SWB) and long-wheelbase
(LWB) three-door wagon formats, with the 2.6-liter petrol or 2.3-liter turbo diesel, both mated to a
five-speed KM145 manual transmission. Brakes were ventilated front discs and rear drums. The fivedoor, high-roof LWB model was introduced in May 1984 with the same powertrain options. The fivedoor offered a including a luxury Superwagon trim.
The NB of November 1984 included a revised grille, deleted the LWB three-door body style and the
diesel engine for the remaining SWB three-door. Mitsubishi Australia released the NC series in
November 1985, introducing optional power steering, while the high-roof five-door switched to a lowroofed design.
A KM148 automatic gearbox became optional on the petrol Superwagon for the October 1986 ND
update, while the 2.5-liter turbo diesel replaced the old 2.3-liter unit. For the October 1987 NE series,
the Japanese 2.6-liter petrol was replaced with the Australian-made Astron II version. Brake
dimensions were also increased across the range.
In terms of equipment for the NE, the three-door Sports and five-door Superwagon added a limited
slip differential, front bumper overriders, a spare wheel cover, side pin striping, 16-inch chrome
wheels and optional two-tone paint over the base cars. Inside, the high-end models also received an
inclinometer, volt meter, oil pressure gauge, stereo cassette player, remote fuel filler release,
suspension driver's seat, carpeting, tweed and velour cloth trim (over tweed cloth and vinyl). [7]
September 1988's NF facelift saw the introduction of a 3.0-liter V6 engine in the top-line
Superwagon, delivering 105 kW (141 hp) and 228 Nm (168 lbft) via a five-speedV5MT1 manual or
four-speed KM148 automatic. Suspension became a three-link coil spring design at the rear; disc
brakes at the rear disc were also fitted to the V6 only.
The final NG refresh from September 1989 to April 1991 was a minor trim and equipment
readjustment. The KM148 automatic transmission was replaced by the V4AW2with lockup. High-end
NG models (i.e. not the base Commercial trim) now received chrome, truck-style side mirrors. An
intercooler was also added to the 2.5-liter turbo diesel models in 1990.

Second generation (19911999)

Second generation

Overview

Also called

Mitsubishi Pajero Field Master (Philippines)

Mitsubishi Pajero SFX (India)
Mitsubishi National Montero (Colombia)
Beijing BJ2032 Tornado (China)

Production

19912000 (up to 2008 in thePhilippines, up to

2012 inColombia)

Assembly

Sakahogi, Gifu, Japan (Pajero Manufacturing

Co., Ltd.)
Tiruvallur, Tamil Nadu, India
Bogot, Colombia
Venezuela
Beijing, China
Cainta, Rizal, Philippines

Body and chassis

Body style

3-door SUV
5-door SUV

Powertrain

Engine

4D56 2.5L TD I4
4M40 2.8L TD I4
4G64 2.4L I4
4G54 2.6L I4
6G72 3.0L V6
6G74 3.5L V6

Transmission 5-speed manual

4-speed Aisin automatic

Dimensions

Wheelbase

5-door: 2,725 mm (107.3 in)

3-door: 2,420 mm (95.3 in)

Length

186.6 in (4,740 mm) & 185.2 in (4,704 mm)

Width

19982000: 69.9 in (1,775 mm)

199297: 66.7 in (1,694 mm) & 70.3 inches
(1,786 mm)

Height

199294 5-door: 73.4 in (1,864 mm) & 74.0 in

(1,880 mm)
19952000 5-door: 73.8 in (1,875 mm) & 74.6 in
(1,895 mm)
3-door: 72.8 in (1,849 mm)

Mitsubishi redesigned the Pajeros for a second generation, which debuted in January 1991,
although exports did not commence until later in the year. Just about everything was now new and
further enhanced. A new, larger body was available in four different versions; Metal Top, Canvas Top
Convertible, Semi High Roof Wagon and High Roof Wagon (long wheelbase). The short wheelbase
models were stretched by 70 millimetres (2.8 in) and the long-wheelbase models by 30 millimetres
(1.2 in). The available engines included a 3.0-liter 12-valve SOHC (6G72) with ECI-Multi electronic
fuel injection and a 2.5-liter turbocharged diesel engine (4D56T) with an intercooler.

1997 Mitsubishi Pajero (NL) GLS wagon (Australia)

The second generation also saw the introduction of Super Select 4WD (SS4) [known as ActivTrak
4WD in some markets] and multimode ABS, which were firsts on Japanese four-wheel drives. SS4
was ground-breaking in the sense that it combined the advantages of part-time and full-time fourwheel drive with four available options: 2H (high-range rear-wheel drive), 4H (high-range full-time
four-wheel drive), 4HLc (high-range four-wheel drive with locked center differential) and 4LLc (lowrange four-wheel drive with locked center differential). Another advantage of this second generation
system is that it gave the driver the ability to switch between two-wheel drive and full-time four-wheel
drive at speeds up to 100 km/h (62 mph), whereas the first generation Pajero had to be stationary to
switch from rear-wheel drive to four-wheel drive (but not from four-wheel drive back to rear-wheel
drive). Multimode ABS, on the other hand, was equally innovative. This meant ABS would be fully
functional in all modes of SS4, as braking with a locked center differential requires completely
different braking parameters.
In July 1993, two new power plants were introduced; a 3.5-liter 24-valve DOHC with ECI-Multi and a
2.8-liter turbocharged diesel with an intercooler. A new, larger transmission and transfer case was
also part of the upgrade.

1994 Mitsubishi Pajero (NJ) GLS wagon (Australia)

1993 Mitsubishi Pajero (NJ) GLS hardtop (Australia)

In 1996 the 3.0 V6 engine was revised, staying SOHC but changing to 24v. At the same time the
ignition system was upgraded from the old distributor system to solid state coil packs. Power to
177 bhp (132 kW).
The Pajero Evolution was introduced in October 1997, which was developed in response to new
entry requirements for the Paris Dakar Rally's T3 Class. The Pajero Evolution came standard with
a 3.5-liter 24-valve DOHC V6 with Mitsubishi Innovative Valve Timing and Electronic Lift Control
(MIVEC). A new, dual plenum variable intake helped increase power and a new suspension made
the ride even smoother.
In 1998, vehicles destined for General Export and the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council countries)
received a facelift. Wider fenders, new headlights, grille, bumper, fog lights and sidesteps were all
part of the redesign. The wide fenders are often called "blister flare fenders". Driver and frontpassenger SRS airbags were made standard on models equipped with the 3.5-liter DOHC V6
engine, whilst still remaining optional on GLS models with the 3.0-liter SOHC V6. 1080 of these units
were also assembled in Iran by Bahman Khodro Group before being taken off production. An
upgraded interior wood trim was made available on 3.0-liter GLS and 3.5-liter models. A leatherwrapped or leather and wood trim steering wheel was also made available, alongside an upgraded
suspension and steering system. The 3.0-liter 12-valve SOHC engine was now available with a 24valve configuration. Models without wide fenders remained as base models (GLX), available with a
2.4-liter 16-valve DOHC engine, producing 147 hp (110 kW). The 3.0-liter 12-valve engine was
optional on these GLX models, and remained the base engine on the GLS.
The second generation was introduced on 22 January 1991 and manufactured until 1999. It retained
the two body styles, but design was rounder and more city-friendly than the previous bulky model.
The 3.0 L V6 gasoline engine was retained, now available with a 24-valve head, capable of 136 kW
(177 hp/185 PS), while the 2.5 turbodiesel's power was slightly increased to 73 kW (98 hp/99 PS). In
1993, the Pajero was slightly restyled, and larger engines were introduced, a 3.5 L V6 with 153 kW
(215 hp/208 PS) and a 2.8 L SOHC turbodiesel rated at 92 kW (123 hp/125 PS). These versions
introduced Mitsubishi's Super Select four-wheel-drive system (known as Active-Trac in the United
States), with an electronic transfer shift that could split power between both axles without the need to
stop the car. It worked at speeds up to 100 km/h (62 mph).
The first generation Pajero was also marketed as the Hyundai Galloper in Korea, Europe and GCC
Countries, while the second generation was in production elsewhere.
This model Pajero remains in production in India as the Pajero SFX; the latest generation is sold as
the Montero. In the Philippines it is marketed as the Pajero "Field Master" 4x2 with the 2.8L TD
engine, alongside the fourth generation Pajero. The 4X4 version was taken out of production in
1999. It is also still produced in Colombia fromComplete Knock Down parts (CKD), with a 2.4l 16
valve SOHC (130 PS) or 3.0l 12 valve V6 (148 PS), both engines are available as a three-door hard
top, the five-door wagon only with the 3.0-liter V6.

In Venezuela, the second generation was manufactured from 1992 to 1995 under the name of
Mitsubishi Montero, it was available in long and short wheel base. From 1996 to 2009 it name was
changed to Mitsubishi Montero Dakar, it was only available in short wheel base with 6G72 engine
and manual five-speed transmission.
In China, the second generation Pajero was manufactured 20052013 and marketed under the
name Liebao Heijinggang (- Leopaard Black King Kong, whereas can be
translated to 'cheetah' instead of 'leopard') by GAC Changfeng Motor Co. Ltd. (, a
Guangzou Automobile Group company). It was replaced by a facelifted Leopaard Q6 in 2014.

Third generation (19992006)

Third generation

Overview

Also called

Mitsubishi Montero
Mitsubishi Shogun
Mitsubishi Pajero Sfx

Production

19992006

Assembly

Sakahogi, Gifu, Japan (Pajero Manufacturing

Co., Ltd.)

Designer

Pininfarina[citation needed]

Body and chassis

Body style

3-door SUV

5-door SUV

Powertrain

Engine

4D56 2.5L TD I4
4M40 2.8L TD I4
4M41 3.2L Di-D I4
6G72 3.0L V6
6G74 3.5L V6
6G74 3.5L V6 GDI
6G75 3.8L V6

Transmission 5-speed manual

4-speed automatic
5-speed automatic

Dimensions

Wheelbase

3-door: 100.2 in (2,545 mm)

200102 5-door: 109.5 in (2,781 mm)
200304 5-door: 109.7 in (2,786 mm)
200506 5-door: 109.4 in (2,779 mm)

Length

3-door: 166.1 in (4,219 mm)

200102 5-door: 188.9 in (4,798 mm)
200306 5-door: 190.2 in (4,831 mm)

Width

3-door: 73.8 in (1,875 mm)

200102 5-door: 73.9 in (1,877 mm)
200306 5-door: 74.8 in (1,900 mm)

Height

3-door: 72.6 in (1,844 mm)

200102 5-door: 73.1 in (1,857 mm)
200304 5-door: 71.5 in (1,816 mm)
200506 5-door: 74.2 in (1,885 mm)

Designed in house the third generation Pajero hit the Japanese Domestic Market in 1999, whilst it
was made available to other markets in late 2000 as a 2001 model. The Philippines and other
developing nations received this third generation Pajero in 2003. The vehicle was completely
redesigned, inside and out and had a lower, wider stance. A lower center of gravity meant the Pajero
had better on-road handling manners and the newer body had over three hundred percent more
torsional rigidity. The biggest change to bring this about was that the Pajero utilized a unibody
construction, as opposed to the previous body-on-frame (box-ladder). This also permitted a longer
suspension stroke. The fuel tank was also relocated to between the axles for better safety. The third
generation Pajero moved one size up from mid-size to full-size SUV. On 17 May 2004 Mitsubishi
announced that they were considering shutting down the Gifu plant but decided not to after negative
feedback. The Gifu assembly plant is surrounded by Mitsubishi's other buildings in which
manufacture electronics for Mitsubishi's other divisions. The Gifu plant is known as Pajero
Manufacturing Co. and exclusively builds the full-size Pajero.
The SS4 system was also further refined, as bevel gears were replaced with planetary ones. This
meant the front-to-rear torque setting ranged from 33 to 67, with the ability to adjust to 50/50
depending on surface conditions. The system was also made fully electronic, which meant the
vehicle didn't have to be in gear to switch between drive modes. After all the upgrades, the system
was renamed to Super Select 4WD II (SS4-II).
Alongside rack and pinion steering (as opposed to the recirculating ball system on previous
generations), the Pajero also offered a choice of three transmissions; a five speed manual, a four
speed INVECS-II automatic and a five speed INVECS-II tiptronic.
An all-new 3.8-liter SOHC 24-valve V6 powerplant was also introduced on this generation. This
engine utilized an Electronic Throttle Valve (ETV), to deliver a refined cruising power with power to
spare for off-road ventures.
The third generation was introduced on 2 August 1999 and was scheduled to be replaced by the
Autumn of 2006, having been restyled in 2003. This was the most luxurious of the three generations,
moving to a more upscale segment to compete against the Land Rover Discovery, but more
importantly, to counter its home rival Toyota Land Cruiser's growth. The 3.0 L engine's power was
decreased to 130 kW (175 hp/177 PS), and the 3.5 L engine was given gasoline direct injection,
increasing power to 162 kW (217 hp/220 PS) in the Japanese market (export versions kept the
standard EFI engine, now with 149 kW (200 hp/203 PS). The 2.8 L Diesel was retained only for
developing markets, and was replaced by a new 16-valve direct injection engine, with 3.2 L and
120 kW (161 hp/163 PS).
In the North American market, the 3.5 L engine was replaced for 2003 by a more powerful 3.8 L unit,
with 160 kW (215 hp/218 PS). This engine was later made available to a few export markets such as
South America and Australia, whilst it replaced the GDI V6 in the Japanese lineup in 2005. The short
wheelbase model is not available in North America, where the Montero is the only SUV in

Mitsubishi's lineup with standard four-wheel drive. Faced with falling sales, the Montero was pulled
from the US market after the 2006 model year.

2000-2002 Mitsubishi Pajero (NM) Exceed (Australia)

Mitsubishi Pajero Exceed 3200 DI-D 2 door (Japan)

MY2001-2002 Mitsubishi Montero (US)

MY2003-2006 Mitsubishi Montero (US)

Fourth generation (2006present)

Fourth generation

Overview

Also called

Mitsubishi Pajero Super Exceed (Indonesia)

Mitsubishi Montero (North America)
Mitsubishi Shogun

Production

2006present

Assembly

Sakahogi, Gifu, Japan (Pajero Manufacturing

Co., Ltd.)

Body and chassis

Body style

3-door SUV
5-door SUV

Powertrain

Engine

4M40 2.8L TD I4
4M41 3.2L Di-D I4
6G72 3.0L V6
6G74 3.5L V6
6G75 3.8L V6

Transmission 5-speed manual

4-speed automatic
5-speed automatic

Dimensions

Wheelbase

5-door: 2,780 mm (109.4 in)

3-door: 2,545 mm (100.2 in)

Length

5-door: 4,900 mm (192.9 in)

3-door: 4,385 mm (172.6 in)

Width

200709: 1,895 mm (74.6 in)

2010present: 1,875 mm (73.8 in)

Height

200709 5-door: 1,900 mm (74.8 in)

200709 3-door: 1,880 mm (74.0 in)
2010present 5-door: 1,890 mm (74.4 in)
2010present 3-door: 1,840 mm (72.4 in)

Curb weight

2385 kg (5-door)

Van version of fourth generation Pajero (Vietnam)

20112014 Mitsubishi Pajero

Interior

The fourth generation was introduced at the Paris Motor Show on 30 September 2006 (although
some[who?] would argue that it was not a new generation at all, but simply a makeover of the existing
vehicle, which has been around since 1999). New interior and exterior styling were accompanied by
enhanced safety with dual-stage SRS front airbags as well as new side-impact and curtain airbags.
The Super-Select 4WD II system was retained, complemented by an improved Active Stability &
Traction Control (ASTC) system and electronic brakeforce distribution. With skid plates, heavy
weight components and 8.7 inches (220 mm) of ground clearance the vehicle retains its reputation
as one of the toughest and most capable 4x4s.[12]
The engines were upgraded with the 3.2 L diesel gaining Common Rail technology, a DPF for
cleaner emissions and producing 125 kW (167 hp/170 PS) and the 3.8 L V6 gaining MIVEC variable
valve timing to boost power to 184 kW (247 hp/250 PS). Both engines meet new Euro IV emissions
standards. The 3.0 L V6 is retained for the Japanese and GCC markets.
From 2009, the 3.0L V6 engine was dropped in the GCC markets, and was replaced by a 3.5L V6
engine, rated for 141 kW (189 hp/192 ps) and 306 Nm torque. Further enhancements to the 3.2L
Turbo Diesel in the 2011 model year saw the power and torque increased to 147 kW/197 hp/200 PS
and 441Nm respectively. Engine meet new Euro V emissions standards. The 3.8L petrol engine
remained at 184 kW and 329Nm (using 95RON fuel). There is also a panelled Van version available
in markets where such a model can be registered at a lower tax rate.
For the 2010 model year the Pajero gained a Rockford acoustic sound system and two interior color
options, black and beige, in some markets.
For 2012, this model has been minimally restyled and given an improved monocoque body and
suspension.
For the 2015 model year Pajero has received an updated front fascia with a revised grille, LED
daytime running lights and a new spare tire cover. The interior design of the model is also slightly
updated and it includes the metallic trim, the new piano black accents for the VR II, the wood grain
trim for the Exceed and Super Exceed and the additional sound deadening material. The engines
will be carried over and they will include the 3.0-liter 6G72 V6, the 3.5-liter 6G74 V6, the 3.8-

liter 6G75 V6, the 2.8-liter four-cylinder turbo diesel 4M40, and the 3.2-liter 4M41 common rail fourcylinder turbo diesel.

Next generation[edit]
In October 2014 Mitsubishi announced that the next generation Pajero will have a plug-in
hybrid version, which is scheduled for market launch in 2018, together with the conventionally
powered Pajero.[13] A futuristic, full-size crossover concept provides a glimpse at the brand's new
design language applied to a large SUV. The Concept GC-PHEV features bold, muscular styling, a
powerful yet highly efficient 335 horsepower supercharged MIVEC V-6 engine/electric motor plug-in
hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) drivetrain, an 8-speed automatic transmission, Mitsubishi's Super AllWheel Control (S-AWC) full-time all-wheel drive and advanced next-generation high-tech features. [14]
During the 2015 Tokyo Motor Show, Mitsubshi president and chief operating officer, Tetsuro Aikawa,
hinted that the butch off-roader's race was all but run, despite confirming that the company's future
was in SUVs rather than conventional passenger cars. He confirmed that the current-model Pajero
itself no spring chicken would continue in production for some time, but refused to rule out that the
full-sized off-roader would be missing from Mitsubishi's longer term plans.

The legacy of Mitsubishi Motors in India.

Mitsubishi Motors automotive tradition goes back to 1917 when its Model A, Japans first seriesproduction automobile, was introduced. Over the next two decades the company developed
amongst others, Japans first diesel engine, its first large-sized bus (the Fuso series), its first fourwheel drive passenger car prototype, and its first diesel-powered truck. In early 1960s,the Mitsubishi
500 met the need of family motoring. This was followed by the four-seater micro-compact two-stroke
air-cooled 359cc engine Minica, which is still around, the Colt -a larger family car and the Galant.
Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (MMC) was formed in 1970 to focus on the automotive industry. By
the end of the decade Mitsubishi vehicles were picking up honours both at home and abroad,
including South Africas 1977 Car of the Year (the Galant) and 1979 USAs Pick-up of the Year
(the L200). In 1982 the Pajero/Montero was launched, an unique 44. Quite incredibly, just a few
months later in the Paris-Dakar rally, it took honours in the Production Class and the Marathon
Class, as well as the Best Team award. Two years later it won outright and a legend was born.
Mitsubishi vehicles also began to make their mark in World Rally Championships.The Shogun
became a global best-seller, winning 44 of the Year awards in Britain, France, Australia, Spain
and West Germany. And it was not alone on the honours list Galants, Colts, Lancers and L200s
were all being honoured worldwide.
In 1990 MMC introduced the worlds first Traction Control System, followed by Super Select 4WD
and Multi-mode ABS in 1991 and INVECS in 1992. Commercial production of the Libero electric car
began in 1994 whilst 1996 saw the development of the GDI engine.Mitsubishis strength in the
motor-sport 44 heritage was demonstrated by a record breaking 12th victory in the 2007 Dakar rally
its seventh successive victory.

The Indian distribution was ensured with the formation of The Chennai Car Plant, a technical
collaboration between the Mitsubishi Motors Corporation Japan and Hindustan Motors Limited in
1998. Several memorable vehicles loved by the Indian market, have been introduced by Mitsubishi
from the effortless power of the Pajero Sport AT to the rugged luxury of the Monteros & Outlanders.
We pride ourselves on not only making vehicles, but also memories.
Since April 2014, Hindustan Motor Finance Corporation Ltd (HMFCL) operates as an independent
company who now manufactures & markets the Mitsubishi brand products in India

The different types of Air Intake

There are many types of aftermarket air intake systems that range
from simple and inexpensive to elaborate. In the scope
of this article, we'll examine the different types of air
intakes, what they do, and look at a few specific product
examples of each. But in short, performance air intake
setups increase airflow into your engine - boosting
combustion and creating more horsepower and torque
that you can actually feel. Their relatively low cost and
easy installation (bolt-on in most cases) keeps them in
popular demand by car enthusiasts that own everything
from 1.5-liter turbo motors to big block V8 engines.
Packing more air into your engine allows more fuel to be
burned without altering the optimum air-to-fuel mixture
that produces peak power. Known as the stoichiometric
air/fuel ratio, the actual ratio at which an engine
operates most efficiently is 14 parts air to one part fuel.
Keeping air and fuel at this ratio as supplies of both are
increased means more forceful explosions in the pistons
and more power to the wheels. If more fuel was to be
pumped into an engine without a corresponding
increase in air, you wouldn't notice much difference except for a smell of extra fuel going out the exhaust
pipe unburned.

The easiest way to improve airflow to your engine is to

replace your stock air filter with a performance air filter. Such
filters usually use cloth or synthetic material instead of
paper to trap particulates. These materials may be more
expensive, but the payoff comes as they allow air to
pass through easier, without compromising filtration
effectiveness that's critical to long engine life. Airflow can
also be increased by using a larger air filter, but the size
of replacement air filters is inherently limited by the
amount of room inside the OEM factory air box.
An easy solution to this is to remove your vehicle's stock
air intake tube and replace it with a freer-flowing air
intake assembly that features a larger-diameter tube
connected to an air filter that's conical in shape. Most
factory air intake tubes are compromised by awkward
bends and internal sound baffles created to reduce
noise under the hood. While this contributes to a quietersounding engine, airflow and power are also
suppressed.
Aftermarket air intake tubes rectify these issues with
smoother interior surfaces, less restrictive bends, larger
overall tube diameters, and air filters with filtering
material that's not as restrictive to airflow. In the scope
of this article, we'll discuss the basic types of
performance-enhancing air intake assemblies: "Cold
Air", "Ram Air", and "Short Ram" styles. We'll also
reference examples of each in order to help you make a
more informed purchase.

Cold Air Intake Systems

By positioning the air filter in a location that's further away from the engine, cold air intakes are able to draw cooler, denser air
and produce more power in the combustion chamber.

Cold Air intake assemblies feature a longer tube with

an air filter positioned on the front end. Because this filter is
mounted further away from the engine block itself, it can
draw air that's actually cooler in temperature. The filter is
often positioned near the front corner of the vehicle or
even directly behind a bumper or grille. Many cold air intakes
feature heat shields that completely surround the air
filter, or partially surround it and seal more completely
against the hood when it's closed. The benefit of
drawing in cooler air is that it's denser and packed with
more oxygen - allowing more fuel to be burned evenly
for increased power. In fact, engineers estimate for
every 10 degrees cooler the air is, power increases by 1
percent.
Because positioning an air filter behind a grille or below
a bumper makes it vulnerable to water during extremely
wet weather, many cold air systems are available with
an extra "pre filter" (found in Product Options) that's

designed to provide extra protection against splash-up

from the road. When used in dusty conditions, it can
also extend the filter cleaning or replacement interval by
blocking much of the dirt from entering the main air filter.

The Weapon-R Neo-Ti

Secret Weapon Air Intake.

In our section, you'll find a huge selection of cold air

intakes for a variety of cars and trucks. Of note, we've got
Weapon-R's stylish Neo-Ti Secret Weapon Air Intake with aluminum
tubing in blue/pink hues inspired by the look of heated
metal. For owners of Jeep Wranglers and classic 19842001 Cherokees, Jeep specialist Rugged Ridge offers the
aluminum Air Intake Kit with heat shield. Owners of Subarupowered vehicles (including the Scion FR-S) may
appreciate the choices of powder coat finish on Perrin
Performance's aluminum Cold Air Intake along with sound
tuning designed to accentuate boxer engine exhaust
notes.

The AEM Dual Chamber

Air Intake System creates multiple-frequency sound waves that charge the system with more air than conventional setups.

And if you've got an older GM muscle car from 1967-72,

AirAid's Performance Airboxallows you to build a custom airbox
in the right or left corner of your engine compartment. It
includes a conical filter and specially-shaped mounting
bracket that serves as a heat shield/air dam. For Hondas,
Acuras, and other imports, AEM's aluminum Dual Chamber Air
Intake System features tubing that abruptly changes diameter
halfway. This design creates multiple-frequency sound
waves that charge the system with more air than
conventional setups.

For those who need the

flexibility of non-rigid tubing for custom applications, K&N's Apollo Cold Air Induction System features plastic tubing and a
conical air filter with protective heat shield.

We've got cold air intakes where the air filter is

completely sealed in its own box to keep dirt and hot air
even more isolated. For pickups that see use in areas of
heavy dust, RBP's Air Intake w/ Donaldson's Powercore Filtration and
Voltant's CAI Kit feature a patented style of air filter
(licensed by Donaldson) with a fluted internal design that
catches more dust without being restrictive to airflow.
There's also aFe's plastic Stage 2 Si Cold Air Intake, K&N's
aluminum 77 Series Hi-Flow Performance Air Intake Kit in larger sizes for
4x4s with big engines and more room under the hood,
and Corsa's plastic Air Intake System for performance cars.

The Injen Evo Series Cold

Air Rotomolded Induction System is one of several cold air induction assemblies with air boxes that feature built-in gauges that
show condition of the filter.

If you prefer a cold air intake with a replacement air box that has
a green-yellow-red needle gauge to tell you the condition
of the air filter, take a look at the Injen plastic Evo Series Cold Air
Rotomolded Induction System or the AEM Brute Force HD Diesel Air Intake
System for diesel-powered vehicles. AEM also offers an
aluminum Brute Forcecold air intake without airbox that's
geared toward larger gasoline engines found in 4x4s and
late model fuel-injected muscle cars. aFe's plastic Momentum
HD Cold Air Systemfeatures a clear window to view the filter, but
eliminates the gauge for those seeking a lower overall
price.

The AEM Hybrid Air Intake

System is designed for older Hondas that have had engine swaps performed.

If you've got an older Honda dating back to 1988 and

have swapped a more powerful Honda or Acura engine
into it, AEM has created the aluminum Hybrid Air Intake
Systemjust for you. It's custom-designed so you don't need

to cut up a system for a stock vehicle in order to fabricate

one that will fit yours. In the Product Options page, you'll
be asked which one of many possible engine codes
you've swapped into your Honda. Then, you'll receive a
custom-crafted intake system that fits like OEM
equipment - with all the performance enhancements cold
air intakes are known for.

AEM's aluminum
Electronically Tuned Air Intake System is equipped with a built-in electronic module communicates with your vehicle's mass
airflow (MAF) sensor.

And when it comes to high-tech, AEM's

aluminum Electronically Tuned Air Intake Systemoffers the unique
distinction of having a built-in electronic module that
adjusts your vehicle's mass airflow (MAF) sensor. This
way, the MAF sensor will correctly read the greater
amount of air flowing through the larger-diameter intake
instead of becoming confused and triggering a check
engine light on.

Short Ram Air Intakes

Many short ram air intakes

such as the Injen SP Series shown here feature multiple air filters and tubes to provide increased air flow.

Like cold air assemblies, "short ram" air intake systems

also replace the factory intake tube, air filter, and air filter
box (sometimes) with larger-diameter tubing and freerflowing filtration. However, they feature shorter air tubes
that keep the filter closer to the engine. The air they draw
in won't be as cool as cold air intakes, but they do offer
the advantage of fitting in tighter spaces in cramped
engine compartments.

The HPS Short Ram Air

Intake with Heat Shield.

For fans of Asian and American compact performance

cars, we've got the Injen aluminum IS Series, Agency Power

aluminum Short Ram Air Intake Kit, and the DC Sports

aluminum Short Ram Intake System short ram intakes. And if
you've got a turbo-engine Subaru, check out Perrin
Performance's aluminum Short Ram Air Intake that's available in
red or black textured powdercoat finish. Or if you've got a
Honda or Toyota from the 1990s or later, HPS's Short
Ram Air Intake is available with or without a heat shield for
the air filter.

The Weapon-R Secret

Weapon Air Intake System.

For these vehicles as well as other makes and models,

we've got the Weapon-R aluminum Secret Weapon Air Intake
System, Injun aluminum SP Series Short Ram Intake System, and the
AEM aluminum Short Ram Air Intake System that's available for
select 4x4 models.

Ram Air Intakes

Another method of channeling cooler air into the engine

is the "ram air" intake design. In this setup, a longer tube
scoops up air from high-pressure areas at the front of

the vehicle. But unlike cold air intakes which have the air
filter positioned at the front of the tube, ram air
assemblies have air filters mounted in a traditional
location back by the engine. Ram air intakes may be
equipped with additional pre-filters at the front for
protection against splash-up and dust from the road.

The Weapon-R Dragon Air Intake System is available with optional ram air kit (right). This flexible tubing section turns this cold
air intake into a ram air intake.

The Banks Ram Air Intake

System includes a replacement air box that completely encases the air filter.

Examples we offer are the Weapon-R aluminum Dragon Air

Intake System which can be configured to a ram air setup with
an optional flexible tubing section that lets you run it

wherever you need to in order to reach behind the

vehicle's grille, behind an air scoop in the front bumper, or
other location. The Banks polyethylene Ram Air System
features an air filter that's completely encased in a
protective housing that replaces your factory airbox. A
window in the housing allows easy inspection of the air
filter's condition.

Throttle Body Spacers

Finally, while not an air intake system, another way to

improve engine airflow is with a throttle body spacer that installs
between the throttle body and intake manifold. Once in place,
interior baffles create turbulence as incoming air passes
through the throttle body. As this turbulent air arrives
inside engine cylinders, it serves to atomize the fuel
charge more completely - improving combustion and
increasing engine efficiency. We've got throttle body
spacers from aFe, AIRAID, Jet, and Taylor Cable.

Custom Air Intake Systems

AIRAID's U-Build It Intake

System includes a performance air filter, a cut-to-fit air intake tube, and all necessary hardware and connectors to create a custom
system.

Everyone, regardless of vehicle, can benefit from an

aftermarket air intake system. Even if you've got a hot
rod, custom car, or a rare model that no one makes air
intake components for, we've still got you covered. For
example, AIRAID's universal U-Build It Intake System includes a
performance air filter, an air intake tube you cut to fit, and
all the necessary hardware and connectors to create a
custom system that will fit any engine like a glove

MITSUBISHI PAJERO MAINTENANCE

SCHEDULE
The following maintenance intervals are based on the assumption of a vehicle which works under
normal conditions, meaning, if you are a rally driver and do the Paris-Dakar every Monday, you may
want to have an other maintenance plan
One more thing we assume is that you are going to do most of the work yourself, that will reduce the
maintenance cost and you will know your Pajero much better.
Weekly basis:

Check engine oil level

Check transmission oil level

Check clutch and brakes fluid level

Check power steering fluid level

Check tires visually for defects and check their pressures.

Check engine coolant level

Check the battery for corrosion

Once a year or 10,000 km:

Change engines oil and filter (1)

Replace air filter if used in dusty area

Inspect coolant hoses

Inspect brake hoses

Inspect brakes discs and pads, replace if necessary.

Rotate tires

Inspect ball joints and steering components for grease leaks

Inspect drive shafts boot for tears and grease leaks

Grease the propeller shafts joints.

Adjust the valves (diesel engines only)

Check the differential oil level

Check the transfer oil level

Check the engine driving belt replace if needed (dry/cracked)

Inspect fuel system

3.2 diesel engine

Every 2 years or 25,000 km (which ever comes first):

Change automatic transmission lubricate and filter

Change manual transmission lubricate.

Change transfer oil

Change differentials oil

Drain, wash and refill the cooling system (with new coolant)

Inspect spark plug cables

Replace air filter

Every 5 years or 100,000 km (which ever comes first):

Replace timing belt (if any)

Replace spark plugs

Replace spark plugs cables

The above maintenance plan is for a normal/light use. If you drive a lot under severe conditions, you
may want to reduce that intervals by half.
(1) Choosing the right engine oil viscosity depends on the weather in your area. For most areas,
SAE 15W-40 will do the job (fits temp range from 0C to 50C), if you live in area where the temp is
below 0, then you may consider SAE 10W-30, fits -20C to 40C or SAE SW-30 which works from -35
to 15C
Engine oil capacity:
V6 petrol engine: 4.9 liters.
2.8L diesel: 7.5 liters
3.2L diesel: NM/NP: 7.5L NS/NT: 9.8L
(2) Auto transmission fuild:
Capacity: NL: 8.5L, NM/NP 9.3L, NS: 9.7L, NT:10.9L
Type: NL: Dexron 2
NM, NP, NS, NT: Diamond ATF SP 3 or equivalent.
(3) Manual transmission fluid: 3.2liters of SAE 80/90W GL-5 gear lubricant
(4) Transfer case oil: 2.8 liters of 75W-85W GL-4 gear oil
(5) Differential lubricant:

Standard: SAE 80/90W GL-5 gear oil

Limited Slip: LS 90 (usually you will have a sticker on the diff if you have the LSD one)

Capacity:

Front: 1.2 liters

Rear: 1.6 liters