Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.

2011, 3 (2): 117130

Safety monitoring and stability analysis of left abutment slope of

Jinping I hydropower station
Shengwu Song, Dewen Cai, Xuemin Feng, Xiaopeng Chen, Dikai Wang
Chengdu Hydroelectric Investigation and Design Institute, China Hydropower Engineering Consulting Group Corporation, Chengdu, 610072, China
Received 19 November 2010; received in revised form 6 May 2011; accepted 15 May 2011

Abstract: Safety monitoring and stability analysis of high slopes are important for high dam construction in high mountainous
regions or precipitous gorges. In this paper, deformation characteristics of toppling block at upper abutment, deforming tensile
rip wedge in the middle part and deep fractures are comprehensively analyzed based on the geological conditions, construction
methods and monitoring results of left abutment slope in Jinping I hydropower station. Safety analyses of surface and
shallow-buried rock masses and the corresponding anchorage system are presented. The monitoring results indicate that the
global stability of the large wedge block in the left abutment is effectively under control, and the abutment slope is stable in a
global sense. After the completion of excavation, the deformations of toppling block at the top of the slope and deep fracture
zone continue at a very low rate, which can be explained as rock mass creep. Further monitoring and analysis are needed.
Key words: Jinping I hydropower station; left abutment slope; safety monitoring; analysis and evaluation; stability analysis

Introduction

Jinping I hydropower station is located at the border

of Yanyuan and Muli counties in Sichuan Province,
China. It is built on the Yalong River as a controlling
cascade hydropower station in the middle and
downstream of the main stem. The project consists of
concrete double-curvature arch dam, diversion tunnels
on the right bank, flood discharge and energy
dissipation structures. The arch dam is 305 m in height,
the highest one under construction in the world. The
total reservoir capacity is 7.76 109 m3 at a normal
water level of 1 880 m, and the annual regulating
reservoir capacity is 4.91 109 m3.
The dam site is located in the region composed of
precipitous gorges and sharply incised valley. Relative
height difference of slopes can reach up to 1 0001 700 m,
with a declination of 3090. The entire right bank
and two thirds of the downstream left bank are hosted
2
, which predominantly consists of
on rock group T2-3z
marble with schist interbeds. Above the elevations of
Doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1235.2011.00117

Corresponding author. Tel: +86-13908092641;

E-mail: sshengwu@chidi.com.cn

1 8201 900 m, the rocks in the left bank mainly

3
consist of metasandstone and slate of group T2-3z
.
Complex geological structure, together with variable
strata and stress-relief disturbance, has affected the
stability of rock masses on both sides of the river. The
left bank slope, with ridges and gutters around, is cut
by bedding planes that have a stride towards the
hillside, with inclinations of 5570.
The total height of excavated slope on the left
abutment is approximately 530 m (at the elevation of
1 5802 110 m), and the maximum horizontal
excavation depth is 130 m (at the elevation of 1 730 m).
The maximum excavation width is 350 m, and the total
excavation volume reaches 5.50 106 m3. As far as
concerned, the left abutment slope is one of the
hydropower projects with the largest excavation scale
in rock engineering. What is worse, the geological
condition is considerably complex and the stability
situation is not encouraging. Excavation of the left
abutment slope started in September 2005, and the dam
crest (at the elevation of 1 885 m) excavation was
completed in June 2007. The excavation continued and
advanced to the concrete cushion foundation platform
(at the elevation of 1 730 m) in August 2008, and the
whole slope project was completed when the dam
foundation in the riverbed (at the elevation of 1 580 m)

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Shengwu Song et al. / J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2011, 3 (2): 117130

was excavated in August 2009 (Fig.1). During

construction, systematic studies and analyses of slope
stability and corresponding reinforcement measures
had been reported [114]. Based on the fruitful works,
some ideas and issues of high slope engineering are
presented from the perspectives of safety monitoring
and stability analysis in this paper.

2 105 m

1 960 m

1 885 m

1 730 m

1 580 m

Fig.1 Appearance of excavation for the left abutment slopes of

Jinping I hydropower station.

Design of slope monitoring system

2.1 Engineering geological conditions

The dam site is located 2 km west of Jinping
Mountain fault, the southeast branch of closed Santan
Syncline formed during Indosinian epoch (normal
wing). The rock mass in this region is strongly
influenced by the geological and tectonic
discontinuities, and faults, dikes, interbeds and joint
fissures are fully developed.
The host rock of the left abutment slope is
predominantly composed of metamorphic rock (group
T2-3z), and a little lamprophyre dyke (X) invading into
it later can be found, which is mostly weakly to
strongly weathered, loosened, broken, and vulnerable
to water. They are greatly affected by stress relief or
unloading.

The rocks in the left abutment have an attitude of

N030E and a strike of NW2545. NENNE
fractures in the slope are largely scaled and they are most
developed among the faults, such as faults f5, f8, f2 and
lamprophyre dyke (X), with attitudes of N30
50E/SE6080, and fractured zones of 13 m in
width. The secondarily developed fractures have a
strike of NEEEW, represented by fault f42-9 with an
attitude of EW/S4060. There are mainly 3 sets of
joints and fissures developed in rock masses: (1) N15
35E, NW3045, bedding fissures; (2) SNN30E,
SE6080; and (3) N5070E, SE5080.
Generally, the left abutment slope is characterized
by a large unloading depth, wide aperture of unloading
fissures and complex unloading types, including
shallow unloading and deep unloading. Before
excavation, the horizontal depth of strong unloading
zone in the slope is 70100 m, with those of shallow
and deep unloading zones more than 200 and 250300 m,
respectively.
Deep fractures above the elevation of 1 900 m are
strongly developed in the slope of dam left abutment.
25 deep fractures with considerably large scale have
been recorded according to the in-situ investigations in
3 adits. These deep fractures are mainly developed
inside the fault f5. The maximum horizontal depth is
greater than 330 m, and the width of relaxed rock zone
of single fracture is 1020 m. The fractures are mainly
of extension type, and an average dislocation of 510
cm (the maximum is 30 cm) can be found in some
hanging walls of fractures. Fractures are not filled or
just filled with a few rock blocks or breccia, and they
are generally developed from existing small faults.
Deep fractures below the elevation of 1 900 m in the
dam left abutment slope are slightly developed. Only
27 deep fractures are found according to the
investigations in 17 adits. These deep fractures are
usually small-scale and scattered. They are mainly
developed between the horizontal depth of 80140 m,
and the average width of relaxed rock zone of single
fracture is 26 m (the maximum is 12 m). The inner
surfaces of the fractures are fresh and mostly not filled.
The fractures are also of extension type, and the
dislocation movement is rarely found.
The attitudes of deep fractures can be classified into
two sets predominately: N3070E/SE 5075 and
N030E/SE 5065. The preferential attitude of
deep fractures is commonly the same as the direction
of faults in the dam site.
According to the classification methods of slope
structures [1214], the left abutment slope can mainly

Shengwu Song et al. / J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2011, 3 (2): 117130

119

be categorized in three types: consequent toppling

block, wedge with two sliding surfaces (Fig.2) and
massive slope structure.
2 100
S62E

Elevation (m)

2 000

Excavation outline

f42-9
1 900

Dam crest (1 885 m)

f8
Sandy slate

1 800

f5

Marble
1 700

100

200

300

400

Distance (m)

Fig.2 Large wedge block with two sliding surfaces in the left
abutment slope (exploration line II1).

2.2 Slope treatment

The strike of crane-rail platform slope above the
elevation of 1 960 m on the left bank is predominantly
N28E. The top elevation of this slope is 2 0502 100 m,
with a maximum height of 90140 m. 24 berms are
arranged on the surface of the slope with a ratio of
1:0.50.
Two berms with a slope ratio of 1:0.50, at the
elevations of 1 945 and 1 915 m, respectively, are
designed in the slope between the elevations of 1 885
1960 m. The strikes of its northern section, middle
section and southern section are N54E, N2238E
and nearly SN, respectively.
A huge bell-mouth-shaped topography is formed
after the slope excavation below the elevation of 1 885 m
on the left abutment. A berm, 15 m in height, is set on
the slope surface. The strike of upstream slope is
nearly SN, with a slope ratio of 1:0.45. The strike of
spandrel slope is NENEE, and that of downstream
slope is NWNWW, with a slope ratio of 1:0.50.
According to the design, the reinforcement of
surface slope and shallow-buried rock masses is
considered. The materials used are listed as follows: (1)
shotcrete with a total volume of 24 009 m3; (2) 54 140
rock bolts (6 or 9 m in length); (3) 3 558 anchors (12 m
in length and a spacing of 2.5 m 2.5 m); and (4) 4 068
prestressed anchor cables (grades of 2 000 and 3 000

kN). The shotcrete is 20 cm in width. The bars

employed in the shotcrete have a diameter of 10 mm
and a spacing of 15 cm 15 cm. Long bolts are
installed in the berms of slope. The spacing of concrete
grid beams is 4 m 4 m with a cross-section of 60 cm
80 cm. The lengths of the prestressed anchors are 40,
60 and 80 m, respectively. They can penetrate through
the controlling discontinuities in rock masses to ensure
the global stability of the slope.
In addition, reinforcement of deep-seated slope is
also conducted by using concrete shear galleries, which
are implemented along the fault f42-9, and concrete
replacement of lamprophyre dyke (X) inside the slope
is also considered. Three key concrete shear galleries
are located at elevations of 1 883, 1 860 and 1 834 m,
respectively, with a cross-section of 9 m 10 m.
2.3 Monitoring schemes
2.3.1 Issues of slope stability and monitoring
After excavation, the overall stability of the left
abutment slope is approximately controlled by the
large wedge block (Fig.2). Boundary surfaces of fault
f42-9, lamprophyre dyke (X) and tensile fracture zones
SL44-1 should all be monitored systematically. The rock
masses outside the fault f5 and the shallow-buried (or
surface) rock masses (080 m in depth) are loose and
broken. Thus, local instability of rock masses may be
encountered. The issues of toppling and raveling of
shallow-buried blocks have attracted great attentions,
and the loose and broken rock masses should be
reinforced comprehensively and systematically. The
construction process and effect of safety controlling
should be verified by monitoring. The problem
whether the deep fractures continue to deform (Fig.3)
during construction needs to be solved. Furthermore,
the long-term stability of the slope induced by the deep
fractures and the unfavorable effects on the resistant
block of left abutment and arch dam should be
concerned, and field monitoring and analysis are
needed.
III1

PD42

f42-9

III1

1 929.32
200.00

IV2

f42-9

III2

PD44

Exploration line II1

1 930.79
203.80

Deep fractured zone

IV2

IV1

Unit: m

Fig.3 Distribution of deep fractures in the left abutment (profile

at the elevation of 1 930 m).

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Shengwu Song et al. / J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2011, 3 (2): 117130

In this paper, emphasis is put on the monitoring of

the left abutment slope, i.e. the large wedge block and
the deep fractures, followed by shallow-buried or/and
localized blocks in slope surface.
2.3.2 Monitoring layout
Monitoring is implemented for four types of
facilities in the left abutment, i.e. slope surfaces,
shallow-buried rock masses, deep rock masses and
special structures. Monitoring items are primarily
focused on slope deformation, followed by anchor
loads and mechanical behaviors of structures. The most
commonly used monitoring instruments include
ground
observation
platform,
graphite
pole
convergence meter, anchor cable dynamometer and
multi-point extensometer. Comparative monitoring at
both sides of faults, dykes and deep fractures is taken
into account when the overall performance of the slope
is monitored (Table 1).
Table 1 Distribution of monitoring instruments on the left
abutment slope.
Position
Slope
surface

Monitoring
item
Deformation

Monitoring object
Surface rock
mass

Monitoring location
Slope surface
Toppling blocks of

Shallowburied
slope

Rock mass
displacement and

Consequent
toppling blocks

slope above the elevation

of 2 000 m

anchor cable/bolt
load

crane-rail platform

Massive
rock

Small localized blocks

and shallow-buried rock
mass outside large wedge
Large deformation

Displacement of

Large wedge

tensile block at the

boundary planes

block

elevation of 1 800
2 020 m

Large
wedge
block

Three shear key galleries

Mechanical
behavior of
structures in
galleries

Shear key and

replacement
galleries

along the fault f42-9, two

replacement galleries in
the fault f5, and three
replacement galleries
in lamprophyre dyke (X)

Deep fractures

PD42 and PD44

Three curtain grouting

Deep
rock

0280 m deep in adits

Displacement

Resistance block

galleries at the depth

of 0330 m

mass

Four consolidation
Dam foundation

grouting galleries at the

depth of 0330 m

Anchorage system is adopted mainly for the

reinforcement of slope at a depth of 080 m, as well as
the local stability of blocks. Observation platforms are
arranged on the slope surface. There are 3 and 8

monitoring sections above and below the elevation of

1 960 m, respectively. They are distributed with a
uniform spacing along the strike of slope. Anchor load
tensiometers are installed on 5% of total anchors
randomly. Bolt are arranged with multi-point
extensometers to mutually verify the monitoring
results.
Monitoring of deep rock mass is to understand the
overall and long-term stability of slope. Two or three
monitoring sections perpendicular to the slope surface
are arranged, with the main cross-section at 0+26.
Monitoring instruments are installed at 5 layers of
galleries (i.e. adits PD44 and PD42 at the elevation of
1 930 m, two drainage galleries at the elevation of
1 915 m, and three curtain grouting galleries at the
elevations of 1 885, 1 829 and 1 785 m, respectively).
Elevation difference between galleries is 3060 m. The
depth of monitored rock mass is usually more than 100 m,
and the maximum is 330 m. The monitoring locations
cover deep fractures, dykes and faults in rock masses.
The instruments for the monitoring of deep rock
masses include graphite pole convergence meter,
displacement across valley (DAV) measuring line,
leveling point and sliding micrometer.
Instruments are installed in the resistant rock block
of the foundation treatment galleries to monitor the
mechanical behavior of local structures. Two or three
monitoring sections are adopted: three key concrete
shear galleries along the fault f42-9, two concrete
replacement galleries of the fault f5, and three of the
lamprophyre dyke (X). The monitoring instruments for
those positions include stress and strain meters for
reinforced concrete structure and deformation meters
for surrounding rock.

3 Monitoring results of slope surface

deformation and analysis
Five rows of observation platforms are arranged
along berms above the elevation of 1 885 m (height of
dam crest), with an elevation difference of around 30 m
between adjacent rows and a horizontal spacing of
3050 m. Geodetic method is adopted and the
controlling points on the right bank are used as base
points during construction. Horizontal displacement is
observed by angular intersection method, with an
accuracy of 2 mm. Elevation difference is observed
and modified by triangle elevation network. The
controlling network is checked every six months, and
the observation is carried out twice per month at each

Shengwu Song et al. / J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2011, 3 (2): 117130
2 180

100

2 060
1 940

80
60

1 820

40
1 700

20101228

20100221

20090417

20080611

20070806

20060930

20051124

1 580

Date
(a) At the elevation of 2 0392 118 m.
160

TPL1
TPL4
TP7

TPL2
TP3
TP8

TPL3
TP5

2 060

120

1 940
Excavation outline

100
80

1 820

60
40

Elevation (m)

Displacement (mm)

140

1 700
1 580

20101206

20100410

20090813

20081216

20080420

20061227

20060501

20070824

20

Date
(b) At the elevation of 2 020 m.

Note: Operation period is 20 months.

100

60

TPL9
TPL5
TPL14

TPL8
TPL11
TPL15

2 060

TPL7
TPL12
TPL16

1 940

Excavation outline

1 820

40

20110523

20110103

20100816

20100329

20091109

20090622

20090202

1 580
20080915

0
20080428

1 700

20071210

20

Elevation (m)

TPL10
TPL6
TPL13

80
Displacement (mm)

From Table 2, it can be observed as follows:

(1) Deformation of measuring points at the same
elevation is almost simultaneous, and the deformation
rate at different elevations during operation period
keeps constant, implying that the deformation of the
slope surface is uniform generally. Thus, the
deformation mechanism of the slope is the same.
(2) The slope above the elevation of 2 000 m is
characterized by toppling blocks. During slope
excavation, the deformation rate of shallow-buried
rock masses in the slope is slightly larger than that of
deep rock masses, with the features of toppling and
raveling.
(3) In excavation period, the deformation rate is
closely related to the excavation process. After
excavation, the displacement rate is decreased by
30%40%. It shows that the excavation of slope is the
main reason that causes the surface deformation.
(4) The orientation of the horizontal resultant
displacement is ES4077, with an average angle of
57. And its inclination approaches the upstream free

TP12-2
TP15-1

20

Table 2 Surface deformation characteristics of monitoring

points on the left abutment.
Horizontal
Increasing rate
Excavation Number of displacement (mm)
(mm/month)
Position
period monitoring
(month)
points Average Maximum Excavation Operation
period
period
Slope
40.8
7
95.4
113.58
1.76
1.09
surface
Elevation
23.7
9
55.6
93.30
1.4
0.9
of 2 020 m
Elevation
15.8
7
35.6
41.52
1.16
0.94
of 1 990 m
Elevation
14.7
5
32.4
44.61
1.4
0.9
of 1 960 m
Elevation
15.8
5
29.0
36.67
0.49
of 1 915 m
Elevation
16.6
4
45.4
61.89
1.72
1.29
of 1 885 m
Below the
elevation
6
15.2
19.64
1.06
of 1 885 m

TP1
TP2
TP13-1
TP14-1
Excavation outline

Elevation (m)

120

Displacement (mm)

monitoring point. Observation began in December

2005, and monitoring points were rearranged
successively according to their elevations, generally 60 m
above the excavation face of slope. The excavation and
support of left abutment slope were completed in mid
May 2009. Then, the left abutment slope was put into
operation.
3.1 Slope above the elevation of 1 960 m
The deformation characteristics of monitoring points
on the left abutment are shown in Table 2, and the
time-history curves of the horizontal deformation of
monitoring points above the elevation of 1 960 m are
shown in Fig.4.

121

Date
(c) At the elevation of 1 9601 990 m.

Fig.4 Time-history curves of horizontal displacements for the

monitoring points outside opening line.

face. The direction of slope deformation is consistent

with the dip of fault f42-9, lamprophyre dyke (X) and
sandstone slate layer, with a tendency along the
structural planes.
From the above analyses, the deformation rate in the
slope decreases greatly after excavation, and
excavation unloading is one of the main reasons

122

Shengwu Song et al. / J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2011, 3 (2): 117130

causing deformation of slope. However, the

deformation of the toppling blocks above the elevation
of 2 000 m is still increasing slowly so far, which
should be concerned.
3.2 Slope below the elevation of 1 960 m
Few measuring points below the elevation of 1 960 m
were considered during excavation. The displacement
time-histories of these points are shown in Fig.5. It can
be observed that the deformation of these measuring
points in operation period is almost simultaneous, and
the horizontal resultant displacement is towards the
upstream free face with an average angle of ES44.

60

TPL46
TPL49
TPL19
TPL34

TPL47
TPL22
TPL28

TPL45
TPL21
TPL20
TPL32

TPL48
TPL24
TPL33

2 060
1 940

Excavation outline

1 820

40

20110523

20110103

20100816

20100329

20091109

20090622

1 580

20090202

20080915

1 700

20080428

20

Elevation (m)

80

20071210

Displacement (mm)

100

Date

Fig.5 Time-history curves of horizontal resultant displacements

at various points at the elevation of 1 960 m.

A protuberant triangle block with two free faces is

formed at the top of downstream dam crest at the
elevation of 1 885 m because of cutting of the outer
gully terrain and slope excavation. This block is
disadvantageous to the slope stability. At the end of
2009, grouting reinforcement at the elevation of 1 829 m
caused cracking of surface rock and triangle block,
affecting the rock masses at the depth of 3040 m.
Fortunately, the deformation of surface slope is
arrested simultaneously because of the completion of
grouting. The measuring points TPL33 and TPL34
located in this area showed a displacement increment
of 20 mm in a short time. In later construction process,
in order to prevent further deformation of slope, the
improved controlling measures of grouting for dam
foundation and automatic monitoring methods have
been effectively considered.
3.3 Brief summary
The monitoring results show that deformation of
slope is mainly characterized by the integrity and
synchronicity of rock mass deformation. Direction of
slope deformation is consistent with the dip of
structural planes and rock layers, towards the upstream
free face. Deflection angle of deformation at the

elevation of 1 960 m is slightly small because of the

strike of spandrel slope.
During construction period, the deformation is
mainly controlled by excavation of slope. There is a
significant continuous deformation in operation period,
which can be explained by rock mass creep (different
from rock creep), and it is closely related to slope
structure and geological conditions. Further studies on
the deformation mechanism of rock mass creep are
needed.

4 Deformation analysis of shallowburied rock mass

Shallow-buried and surface rock masses, including
toppling rock mass, unloaded ripping rock mass with a
strike towards the river and other locally unstable
blocks, are needed to be reinforced by anchorage
system. Monitoring instruments mainly include
multi-point extensometer and cable load cells.
4.1 Deformation of local blocks during construction
The monitoring depth of multi-point borehole
extensometer (MPBX) is considered to be 5085 m,
5 m deeper than the fixed end of anchors. Results of
these MPBXs mainly reflect the deformation of local
blocks during construction.
Figure 6 shows the layout of monitoring platform
and MPBXs for shallow-buried and surface rock
masses, where 47 sets of MPBXs are arranged in total.
The statistics of orifice displacement is shown in Table 3.
It indicates that the orifice displacement varies from
2.5 to 21.1 mm, 80% of which is less than 5 mm, and
no continuous deformation is observed in rock masses.
4.1.1 Block deformation at the elevation of 1 960 m
12 sets of MPBXs were arranged in the slope above
the crane-rail platform. The orifice displacement varies
from 3.0 to 21.0 mm, but those of MD3 and MD11
are relatively large.
The MD3 is located at the elevation of 1 990 m
inside the berm, with a monitoring depth of 48.7 m
(Fig.7(a)). In the early period of excavation,
deformation of upper segment (018 m deep) increases
rapidly to about 10.4 mm, accounting for 50% of total
displacement. It is an evidence of blocks toppling and
deforming along the fissure fLLI4 perpendicular to the
slope free face. As excavation continues, deformation
gradually develops, shifting from surface to deep rock
masses. The deformation of lower segment (1831.2 m
deep) begins to increase, but tends to converge soon
after timely support of slope.

Shengwu Song et al. / J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2011, 3 (2): 117130

TP12-1 TP12-2
Dangerous rock
supporting area #23

2 050

TP2
TPL3

TP1

TPL2
TPL6
TPL7

PD44

TPL20

L2A

M13
1 885

M14
TPL19
TPL26
TPL27
TPL36

TPL46

TPL47
M15
TPL55

TPL54
M24
M25

TPL45

TPL15

L2C

M7

M5

TPL70

1 915

M9

TPL33

TPL43
TPL51

f5

TPL58

M18

M20 M19
M21

TPL35

TPL34

TPL66

1 730

TPL68

M10

M12

TPL65

1 870

TPL52

Yalong River
River direction

SL44-1 (SN)

TPL25

TPL50

M27

TPL61

TPL24

M2
f42-9

TPL57

Left cushion block foundation

TPL69

M1

TPL42

M2
M7 TPL56
M3
TPL48
M8 TPL64
M4

TPL17

1 945

M1 TPL32

TPL49

M6

TPL16

M3
M4

TPL31
TPL41

TPL63

M17

TPL23

M6

M11

TPL62

M26

TPL53
TPL60

TPL40
PD54

f42-9 M16

TPL37

PD42

TPL30

TPL29

TPL38

M23

M9

M11

M14
M22

M8

TPL22

TPL39
M13

TPL28

M15

M10

1 915

M12

M5

1 945

TPL21

TPL12

TPL14

TPL13

Left reviewing stand

TPL18

TP10
MD12

Left crane-rail platform

1 960

TP9

TPL11

MD7
LL 0+000.00

MD1

MD11

1 990

1 990

TPL8

2 020

TPL4
TPL10

MD6 TPL9

1 990

MD4
TPL5

TPL1
Drainage tunnel No.3
Lamprophyre dyke X
TP8
MD10

MD5

2 020

MD3

MD9

2 050

TP5
2 020

TP3

MD2

TP6
MD8 TP7
2 080

Drainage tunnel No.2

Road No.8

TP15-1

TP13-1
TP14-1
Dangerous rock
supporting area #2

1 885
Left dam crest platform

123

TPL44

TPL59

TPL67

M: multipoint extensometer
TP: observation platform

Fig.6 Layout of monitoring platform and MPBX for shallow-buried and surface rock masses (unit: m).
Table 3 Statistics of orifice displacement obtained by MPBXs.
Orifice displacement (mm)

Elevation (m)

Average

Maximum

Minimum

>1 960
1 9601 885

3.3
5.2

21.0
15.8

3.0
1.2

<1 885

4.2

17.2

0.8

fLLIII5
2 020 m
3(5)
T2-3z

11 mm
4 mm

gLLI2

3(4)
T2-3z

fLLI4

48.7 m 31.2 m 18.0 m

gLLI1

2 020 m
gLLII4
8.5 mm

5.6 mm 5.2 mm

21 mm
MD3
1 990 m

48.7 m

MD11

31.2 m 18.0 m
IV2

(a) MD3.

3(4)
T3-2z

(b) MD11.

Fig.7 Displacement distribution of MPBXs MD3 and MD11.

1 990 m

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Shengwu Song et al. / J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2011, 3 (2): 117130

The MD11 is also located at the elevation of 1 990 m

inside the berm, with a depth of 48.7 m (Fig.7(b)). It
was arranged for small-scale wedge blocks incised by
the fissures gLLII4 and fLLIII5 and excavation free
face. The orifice displacement is 8.5 mm, and the depth
of deformed rock mass is less than 20 m. After support
of slope, the deformation begins to converge.
4.1.2 Connection block deformation of slope at the
elevation of 1 8851 960 m
15 sets of MPBXs were installed in the connection
slope at the elevation of 1 8851 960 m, with a depth
of 68.789.5 m, 5 m deeper than the fixed end of
anchors. MPBXs M5 and M7 can reflect typical blocks
deformation, which are briefly described as follows.
The M5 is located at the elevation of 1 945 m inside
the berm, with a depth of 89.5 m (Fig.8(a)). There are
small-scale blocks incised by the lamprophyre dyke
(X), consequent fissure XLB5 and excavation free face,
with a depth of about 30 m. Deformation of monitoring
points varies significantly, most of which occurs in the
depth of 052.0 m where the lamprophyre dyke (X)
and fissure XLB5 go through. The deformation is
commonly 5.2 mm, accounting for 71% of the total.
Deformation of this segment has a close relation with
excavation process, but these small blocks tend to be
stable after excavation.

1 959 m
7 mm
M5
1 945 m

2 mm
89.5 m

67.0 m

52 m

Table 4 Statistics of anchor load variation in the left abutment

slope.

(a) M5.

1 915 m
T23(3)
3z

Percentage of

Number of

Percentage of

prestress loss (%)

<0
05

dynamometers
27
97

the total (%)

15.2
54.5

510

42

23.6

>10

12

6.7

15.1 mm
1.9 mm

68.7 m

The M7 is located at the elevation of 1 885 m (dam

crest) inside the berm, with a depth of 68.7 m
(Fig.8(b)). There are small-scale blocks incised by the
lamprophyre dyke (X) and small fault fLB11, with a
depth of around 30 m. Deformation mainly occurs in
the depth of 031.2m outside the lamprophyre dyke
(X), with a value of 12.8 mm, accounting for 81% of
the total. Deformation of this segment comes to
converge gradually after excavation.
4.1.3 Deformation of spandrel groove slope below the
elevation of 1 885 m
For monitoring purpose, 30 sets of MPBXs were
installed in spandrel groove slope on the left abutment.
Monitoring results show that bigger orifice
displacements occur at the points M 42 C3L , M 74 C3L ,
4
4
4
M10
C3L , M14
C3L and M16
C3L , with values of
13.8, 10.3, 17.12, 15.4 and 16.3 mm, respectively.
Monthly variation of displacement in this area is
mostly less than 1.00 mm, with a slightly increasing
trend.
4.2 Anchor load monitoring of shallow-buried rock
mass
As shown in Table 4, 210 load dynamometers in
total were installed in the left abutment slope. Of these
dynamometers, 178 worked normally. The measuring
results (see Table 4) indicate that prestress loss
happens in most anchors (151 dynamometers). It
should be noted that there are prestress increases in 27
anchors, most of which are located around the hanging
wall of the lamprophyre dyke (X) and fault f42-9. The
load increasing percentage is less than 10%, within a
normal range.

31.2 m

4.3 Deformation of large wedge blocks

M7
1 885 m

(b) M7.

Fig.8 Displacement distribution of MPBXs M5 and M7.

4.3.1 MPBXs
There are 16 sets of MPBXs going through the
lamprophyre dyke (X), 3 of which reflect the relative
displacement more than 5 mm at the two sides of the
lamprophyre dyke (X) (Table 5). 4 sets of MPBXs go
through the fault f42-9, and only 2 of them reflect the

Shengwu Song et al. / J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2011, 3 (2): 117130

Table 5 Relative displacements of MPBXs through structural

planes in large wedge blocks.
MPBX

Elevation
(m)

Monitoring
Relative
segment (m) displacement (mm)

M4

1 886.2

052.0

M5

1 946.2

052.0

4.7

M7

1 886.2

031.2

12.7

M7C3L

1 823.0

2139

7.3

8.3

Structural
plane
X and f42-9
X
f42-9

relative displacement more than 5 mm at the both sides

of the fault f42-9. The maximum relative displacement
of the two sides of the two weak structural planes is
12.7 mm.
4.3.2 Anchor loads
19 sets of anchor dynamometers with increasing
prestress were distributed around the exposure position
of the lamprophyre dyke (X) and fault f42-9, 6 of which
were within 20 m of outcrop of the lamprophyre dyke
(X) and 6 were within 20 m of outcrop of the fault f42-9.
The monitoring results show that after slope
excavation, certain deformation of rock masses occurs
along the lamprophyre dyke (X) and the fault f42-9.
4.3.3 Working performance of concrete shear galleries
and replacement structures
The deformation and joint aperture between
concrete and rock mass in concrete shear galleries and
replacement galleries along the lamprophyre dyke (X)
and the fault f42-9 are all small. Only few parts of
concrete structure bear a large stress, and the average
stress in reinforced steel bar is about 20 MPa.
4.4 Brief summary
During construction of slope, deformation of some
shallow-buried block structures (2030 m underground)
has been observed, which reflects the deformation
characteristics of corresponding slope structures. Slope
support has been implemented timely, thus, no large
systemic deformation is reported and no block has the
risk of instability so far.
The sliding surfaces and the exposed boundary of
the large wedge block have no significant deformation,
which implies that the slope is generally stable at
present.

5 Deformation analyses of deep rock

masses
5.1 Graphite pole convergence meter
Monitoring instruments in deep fractures in the left
abutment slope were installed in adits PD42, PD44,

125

PD54 and drainage gallery at the elevation of 1 915 m,

including graphite pole convergence meter and
deformation observation platform (Table 6).
Table 6 Arrangement of monitoring instruments in deep
fractures.
Adit

Instrument

Elevation (m)

Stake number

PD42

ID42S1, ID42S2, LPD42

1 929.32

0+37.00

PD44

ID44, ID44X, LPD44

1 930.79

053.00

PD54

LPD54

1 824.7

053.00

PDJ1

LPDJ1

1 917

0289.00

Note: (1) Stake number means distance from dam axis (m), downstream as
positive. (2) ID represents graphite pole convergence meter, and L
represents observation line of displacement across valleys.

From in-situ investigations, we know that:

(1) The main hole of adit PD42 is 200 m long and its
branch hole is 185.25 m long. After slope excavation,
93 m of main hole is remained. Two graphite pole
convergence meters, ID42S1 and ID42S2, were set in
each hole (Fig.9). The total deformation of two holes is
4.1 and 12.7 mm in 31 months, respectively, most of
which occurs in exposed segment of 35.264.6 m
along the fault f42-9 (Fig.10). Monthly deformations of
this segment before and after excavation and during
operation period are 1.0, 0.5 and 0.2 mm, respectively.
Compared with the monthly deformation before
excavation, the decreasing rates after excavation and
during operation period are 50% and 80%, respectively,
tending to converge.
III1
III1

ID42S1

PD42

f42-9

1 929.32
200.00

IV2

ID42S2

III2

f42-9

ID44
ID44X
IV2

IV1

1 930.79
PD44
203.80

Unit: m

Fig.9 Arrangement of graphite pole convergence meters in the

adits PD42 and PD44.

(2) The main hole of adit PD44 is 202 m long. Two

graphite pole convergence meters, ID44 and ID44X,
were arranged in parallel (Figs.10(b) and (c)).
Observing durations are 37.1 and 26.4 months,
respectively, with a total deformation of 44.9 and 18.0
mm, respectively. The deformation in the segment of
76.4152.0 m in deep fracture zone accounts for 80%
of total deformation (Fig.11). The monthly deformations

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Shengwu Song et al. / J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2011, 3 (2): 117130

2 000

and during operation are 58% and 79%, respectively,

tending to converge (Table 7).

3(5)
T2-3z

1 959.36 m

f42-9

PD42

0+4.5

0+19.6

0+93.0

1 900

Table 7 Displacements in the segment of 0+76.4152.0 in adit

PD44.

12.7

11.3 11.2

0+35.2

0.3 2.1 4.7

3(4)
T2-3z

0+49.4

1 925

0+64.6

1 950

0+77.2

Elevation (m)

1 975

1 929.32 m
200.00 m
1 885 m

50

200

150

100
Distance (m)
(a) ID42S1.

3(5)
T2-3z

IV2
IV2

1 970

44.0

41.5

0+12.7

0+52.0

IV2

0+76.5

0+122.5

1 895

0.3

0+151.1

1 920

5.0

0+185.3

1 945

f42-9

IV2

150

100

50

200

250

Distance (m)
(b) ID44.
3(5)
T3-2z

1 895

III1

IV2
f42-9

150
100
Distance (m)

50

0+12.7

0+32.2

0+47.2

0+61.6

0+76.4

0+91.4

0+106.5

0+122.3

16.018.4 18.6 18.4 18.0

9.3 10.8 13.0
1 930.79 m
1.1 1.5 2.7 6.1
PD44
203.80 m
0+137.0

1 920

IV2

IV2

0+170.1

III2

0+184.8

1 945

0+202.0

1 970

0+152.0

1 995
Elevation (m)

7.9

7.0

25.1

6.7

4.8

ID44X

3.5

8.4

6.1

ID44X (76.4152 m)

3.5

8.4

6.1

Monthly displacement (mm)

Excavation to the
Excavation to the Excavation
elevation of 1 730 m elevation of 1 580 m completion

ID44

2.3

1.0

0.5

ID44 (76.4152 m)

1.9

0.8

0.4

ID44X

1.8

1.0

0.5

ID44X (76.4152 m)

1.8

1.0

0.5

III1

IV2

200

250

(c) ID44X.

Fig.10 Displacement distribution at various measuring points in

the adit PD44 (unit: mm).

of ID44 in this segment before and after excavation

and during operation period are 1.9, 0.8 and 0.4 mm,
respectively. Compared with the monthly deformation
before excavation, the decreasing rates after excavation
ID42
ID44

46.0

1 870

ID44X

1 810

Excavation outline

20110216

1 570

20100820

2.0

20100221

1 630

20090825

10.0

20090226

1 690

20080830

22.0

20080303

1 750

20070905

34.0

Elevation (m)

58.0

Displacement (mm)

30.0

ID44 (76.4152 m)

Adit

1 930.79 m
PD44
203.80 m

Total displacement (mm)

Excavation to the
Excavation to the Excavation
elevation of 1 730 m elevation of 1 580 m completion

ID44

44.9

22.0
III2

0+202.0

Elevation (m)

1 995

Adit

Date

Fig.11 Time-history curves of orifice displacements obtained by

graphite pole convergence meters in the adit PD44.

5.2 Observation of DAV

By observation of DAV, the distance variation
between the two adits at the same elevation in the same
section of both valleys can be monitored, and thus, the
relative displacement of two valleys can be calculated.
Geodetic measurement method is adopted and
observation accuracy reaches 1 mm. By this simple
method, total relative displacement of two valleys can
be gained before the monitoring and controlling
network in dam site is completed. Deformation of each
bank can be decomposed by taking advantages of
observation points in deeper part of adits, and the
distance variation between observation points in adits
can be used as comparison and verification of the
results obtained by graphite pole convergence meters.
According to exploration conditions of adits, 4
observation lines for DAV, LPD42, LPD44, LPD54 and
LPDJ1 (Fig.12), were set. Two types of observation
points were set as follows: points across valleys and
points in the adits. Total displacement can be observed
at points across valleys, and the deformation in deep
fractured rock masses can be observed at measuring
points in the adits.
5.2.1 Deformation analysis in the left abutment slope
Observation results of DAV show that the total
displacement in adits of two valleys is equal to that
across the river.
(1) The observation line for DAV in the adit PD42 is
at the elevation of 1 930 m. The observed displacement
in the depth of 180.0 m in the adit PD21 on the right
bank is 1.8 mm, and the contractive displacement

Shengwu Song et al. / J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2011, 3 (2): 117130

27.2 TPY08 Hangs upside

25.8 TPY05 down body
25.0 TPY03

PD55-1
PD54 line
PD42-2 73.6
PD42-1 35.2
PD21-3 PD21-2 PD21-1
PD42 (1 930 m)
PD21 (1 930 m)
PD42 line 1.8
2.3
TPL5 35.2 TP11
TPL4
TPL3
TPL2
TPL1
PD44 (1 930 m)
3.6 17.7 23.6 23.3 PD44 line
11.3 PDJ1-2 PDJ1-1
TPL19 PDJ1 line 5.2 PDJ1 (1 930 m)
5.6

2 000

Elevation (m)

PD54 (1 827 m)

Fig.12 Distribution of DAV in the left abutment slope (unit:

mm).

3(5)
T2-3z

1 975
1 959.36 m

f42-9

1 950
1 925

23.2 mm
TP42-2
1 929.32 m
PD42
200.00 m

TP42-1

3(4)
T2-3z

1 900

0+1.50

Right bank

and the tensile relaxation of these structural planes is

the primary reason that causes deformation. The
displacement distribution in this deep segment of LPD42
is shown in Fig.13(a).

0+80.3

TPLD1
Drainage tunnel (1 829 m)
PD54-1
78.7
PD54-3 PD54-2 28.4

Yalong River

Left bank

127

1 885 m

X
50

100
Distance (m)

150

200

(a) LPD42.

1 945

III2

2.3 mm

1 920

0+202.1

0+152.7

17.7 mm

1 895
1 870

TPL

0+97.8

TPL

23.6 mm

TPL
IV2

TPL

23.0 mm

0+9.50

IV2

IV2

0+52.2

3(5)
T2-3z

1 970
Elevation (m)

across the river is 73.6 mm. These values indicate that

the displacements mainly occur in the adit PD42 on the
left bank.
(2) The observation line for DAV in the adit PD44 is
at the elevation of 1 930 m. The observed displacement
in the depth of 202.1 m in the adit PD44 on the left
bank is 23.3 mm, and the contractive displacement
across the river is 35.2 mm. The deformation
difference of 11.9 mm between them is exactly the
value of the corresponding points on the right bank,
which is verified by the results of adjacent points in the
adit on the right bank.
(3) The observation line for DAV in the adit PD54 is
at the elevation of 1 824.7 m. The observed
displacement in depth of 238.3 m in the adit PD54 on
the left bank is 28.4 mm, and the contractive
displacement across the river is 78.7 mm. The
deformation difference between them should be the
value of the corresponding points on the right bank,
which is verified by results of adjacent points in the
adit on the right bank.
(4) The observation line for DAV in adit PDJ1 is at
the elevation of 1 824.7 m, upstream Pusiluo trench.
The observed displacement in the adit PD54 on the
right bank is 5.2 mm, implying the slight surface
deformation of slope. The deformation across the river
(11.3 mm) comes from the surface measuring points on
the left bank.
5.2.2 Deep deformation distribution on the left bank
Observed displacement between the observation
piles in adits on the left bank reflects the deformation
of surrounding rocks.
The monitoring depth of the adit PD42 is 80.3 m,
with a total deformation of 23.2 mm. The fault f42-9 and
the lamprophyre dyke (X) go through this segment,

1 930.79 m
PD4
203.80 m
TPL
IV2

III1
0

50

10

150
Distance (m)

200

250

(b) LPD44.

Fig.13 Displacement distributions of LPD44 and LPD42 in the left

abutment slope.

The monitoring depth of the adit PD44 is 202.1 m,

with a total deformation of 23.0 mm. The displacement
distribution in segments of LPD44 is shown in Fig.13(b).
The displacement in the segment of 152.797.8 m is
14.1 mm, accounting for 61.3% of total displacement.
It is related to deep fractures, SL44-4SL44-63,
developed in this segment. The displacement of
TPL3TPL4 (segment of 97.851.2 m) is around 6.0
mm, accounting for 26.0% of total displacement. It is
related to deep fracture SL44-3 and small faults such
as f44-5 developed in this segment. These two segments
are both located in deep fractured zone, and the
observed displacement is consistent with the results
obtained by the graphite pole convergence meters in
the same adits.
5.2.3 Characteristics of time-dependent deformation in
the left abutment slope
The monitored and measured displacements across
valleys in different periods of time are compared
(Fig.14).

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Shengwu Song et al. / J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2011, 3 (2): 117130

PD44 (convergence meter)

Excavation outline

1 870

11.0

1 630

5.0

1 570

20090226

20110216

1 690

20100820

27.0

20100221

1 750

20090825

43.0

20080830

1 810

20080303

59.0

20070905

Displacement (mm)

75.0

PD42 (convergence meter)

PD44DAV

Elevation (m)

PD42DAV

Date

Fig.14 Time-history curves of monitored and measured

displacements across valleys.

(1) Excavation and construction periods

During excavation and construction periods, the
displacement rate in adits on the left bank is 1.77 mm
per month, but the displacement rate across the river is
4.04 mm per month. The displacement rate in adits on
the right bank is actually 0.39 mm per month.
(2) Operation period
After completion of construction, the displacement
rate in adits on the left bank is 0.58 mm per month,
decreasing by 67.2% against that in the construction
period. However, the displacement rate across the river
is 1.59 mm per month, decreasing by 60% of that in
the construction period. The displacement rate on the
right bank is somewhat smaller.
5.3 Brief summary
The monitoring results of DAV and graphite pole
convergence meters in deep rock masses of the adits
can be verified with each other. It indicates that
deformations in deep fractures and surrounding
structural planes are slowly increasing, and they are
related to and consistent with the deformation of
surface rock masses.

6 Evaluation and understanding of

slope stability
Based on the monitored data above, evaluation and
understanding of slope stability in the left abutment
can be achieved and summarized as follows:
(1) The maximum deformation of toppling rock
block in the upper slope is 113.58 mm, with an
increasing rate of 0.91.09 mm per month. The
average deformation of surface rock masses in
construction period is 2867 mm, with an increasing

rate of 1.02.6 mm per month. In operation period, the

rate decreases by 0.60.9 mm per month, or 30%40%.
During construction period, the deformation of
measuring points at the same elevation keeps
synchronized, and the deformation of points at
different elevations during operation period has the
same tread, with an inclination to the upstream free
face. It shows the consistent and integrated
deformation features in the slope.
(2) The average deformation of shallow-buried and
surface rock masses in anchorage zone is less than 4
mm, the maximum is 21 mm, and it tends to converge.
Among the total 178 anchor cables, prestress loss is
observed in 85 of them, with a loss rate less than 10%,
and it also tends to converge. The boundaries of the
large wedge, lamprophyre dyke (X) and fault f42-9,
demonstrate a fairly small relative deformation
(generally 0.33.7 mm, few points reaching 12 mm),
and the stresses of anchor cables going through these
planes increase slightly by 3%10%. The monitored
physical quantities in concrete shear galleries and
replacement galleries show a slight variation, and the
deformation of rock masses and the stresses of anchor
cables around these structures are convergent, which
indicate that cables and shear galleries have effective
functions on the slope stability.
It can be observed from the above monitoring results
that the deformation of the large wedge block has been
effectively controlled after support and reinforcement,
and the slope keeps stable in a global sense. After
excavation, the deformation of toppling rock mass at
the top of the slope has a continuous slow increase, but
the deformation rate is decreasing, which shows that
the slope tends to converge.
(3) There is a relaxation deformation of deep
fractured rock masses during excavation period to a
certain extent. The monitoring results of graphite pole
convergence meters and DAV are consistent with each
other, with a monthly deformation of 1.02.3 mm
during excavation and 0.20.5 mm after excavation.
The monthly deformation of DAV in the segment
across the river is 4.04 mm during excavation period
and 1.59 mm after excavation. The monthly
deformation of deep fractures in adits PD12, PD22 and
PD28 at the ridges IV and VI is 0.10.8 mm. The
results indicate that, after excavation, the deformation
rate is decreasing, but it does not tend to converge
entirely.

Shengwu Song et al. / J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2011, 3 (2): 117130

7 Conclusions and discussion on rock

mass creep
Based on monitoring results and stability analyses,
the following conclusions for the slope stability of left
abutment can be drawn:
(1) During slope construction, the short-term
deformation occurs in some local surface of shallow
blocks and some triangle blocks cut by topography and
excavation faces. With monitoring and supporting
measures, deformation has tended to be convergent and
the blocks keep stable so far. The local instability of
the slope is avoided.
(2) The global stability of the left abutment slope
mainly depends on the stability of the large wedge
blocks. The deformation of exposed boundaries of the
large wedge block is very small. Variations in
deformation and stress in concrete shear galleries and
replacement structures in the potential bottom sliding
planes, i.e. fault f42-9 and lamprophyre dyke (X), are
also small. There is no obvious difference in surface
deformations of two sides of the large wedge block.
From the monitoring results, judgment can
comprehensively be made that the large wedge block is
stable, and the left abutment slope keeps stable on the
whole.
(3) Long-term deformation and stability of slope are
mainly presented in the sense of continuous
deformation increasing, as the creep of deep rock
masses with deep fractures, and consequently the
surface deformations of the slope have not been
convergent. This issue about the slope stability needs
further study.
Tan and Kang [15] brought forward the concept of
rock mass creep for the rock mass deformation at dam
foundation. They pointed out that rock mass creep
mainly included relaxation deformation of structural
planes such as faults, dykes and joints, and long-term
rock mass deformation might still be the results of
unloading excavation. Rock mass deformation of the
left abutment slope in Jinping I hydropower station
continues to increase with time after excavation. Thus,
it is believed that the slope has the characteristics of
rock mass creep. Similar behavior of rock mass creep
in the Huangtupo slope of the Three Gorges project,
Yangtze River, China, has been observed and analyzed
by Deng et al. [16], and studies on the rheological

129

properties and long-term stability of rock masses in the

high slopes of the shiplock in the Three Gorges project
have also been conducted by Xu et al. [17]. These
findings suggest that time-dependant deformation and
long-term stability of rock masses slopes are closely
related to rock mass creep, and the characterization and
rheological parameters of rock masses deserve
intensive concerns and further studies.
The monitoring results show that deformation of the
left abutment slope has characteristic of integrity.
During operation period, no obvious deformation of
blocks in shallow-buried and surface rock masses has
been observed, and the deformation of slope mainly
comes from deep rock masses, which refers to the
associated developed structural planes, such as faults,
dykes and deep fractures. And the deformation is
characterized as large scale and long duration.
Unloading excavation may induce the long-term
deformation of slope, which can be explained by rock
mass creep in hard rock area with high geostresses.
The deformation feature indicates that stress
redistribution due to unloading excavation needs a long
period of time.
Owing to the deformation of abutment slopes, which
points to the arch dam and will impose adverse effect
on the operation safety of the dam, further study on the
interaction between resistant rock block and arch dam
should be carried out.
References
[1]

Song Shengwu, Gong Manfu, Lei Chengdi. Study on stability of high

rock slope in hydropower engineering in valley area. Chinese Journal
of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2006, 25 (2): 226237 (in
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[2]

Zhou Zhong, Gong Manfu, Lei Chengdi. Research on stability of slope

at left abutment of Jinping I hydropower station. Chinese Journal of
Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2006, 25 (11): 2 2982 304 (in
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