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INFERTILITY
Failure to conceive of 1 year of unprotected sexual
contact meaning the couple is not practicing any
artificial or natural form of family planning
IF >35: investigation should begin AFTER 6 months
Classification:
1. Primary - Never had any pregnancy
2. Secondary Had been pregnant either abnormal or
normal as G1P0 (0010) or G1P1 (1001)
As long as the woman got pregnant regardless of the
outcome of the pregnancy labeled as GRAVIDITY.
Regardless of whether it is primary or secondary, it will
follow a similar pattern.
History Taking:
First visit: Ideally should be a couple,
First part: Investigative: who is at fault?
First explain: Physiology
IMPT: Correct attitude of the couple PATIENCE
The past history may give inkling, like if the
menstrual history is very erratic chances are the
woman in anovulatory. Even if by menstrual history,
I know she is anovulatory, I cannot give outright
anovulatory drugs. Why? I will make her ovulate but
if her tubes are obstructed, ovulation is useless.
General Data:
Age
Female: Fertility rate by age 30 goes down by 50%
Male: Perhaps on the 60s related to erectile
dysfunction, esp. if diabetic becoming impotent
Occupation: Male (Hot Seats, OFW gone for
several years)
HPI:
Its not about how long have you been married but
how long have you been together? How long have
you indulge in sexual activity?
What do you do to try to get pregnant?
Sexual Hx:
Frequency of sexual contact. The normal average
should be 2 3x/week due to the 72 hours lifespan
of the sperm inside the uterine cavity for continuous
supply of sperm. It must be per week because you
are actually given a day to get pregnant in a month
(time the woman ovulates). So if you have contact
day before ovulation, the sperm is expected to live
until the day of ovulation.
Problem: Dyspareunia (Sx: Endometriosis)
After sexual contact the seminal fluid has nowhere
to go except to come out from the vagina on the
premise the sperm cells have already migrated into
the uterine cavity & perhaps into the fallopian tube.
The seminal fluid is not expected to go inside the
cervix.
OFW: be discrete in asking questions. Have you had
a child with another or STID?
Menstrual Hx:
Menarche, succeeding menstruation, interval
between the cycle (28 , 28 32, 32 35)
IMPT to know: interval of the cycles to be able to
predict when ovulation will occur.
o In 28 day cycle: Expected ovulation D14
nd
because the 2 half of the cycle is more
constant due to lifespan of Corpus luteum.
o In 35 day cycle: Expected ovulation D21
Past Personal History
Thyroid Gland:
HYPO/ HYPERTHYROIDISM
Ask for PMH, Signs & Symptoms
There are 3 basic work-up for infertility:
1. Male Factor:
Semen Analysis
2. Tubal Factor: Test for Tubal Patency
3. Ovarian Factor: Documentation of Ovulation
MALE FACTOR (Semen Analysis):
Male Factor: 40% cause of infertility (Dr. PPP & PGH)
th
25% (Katz Book 6 Ed)
st
Book:
Best to examine within 2 hours
Liquefaction: 15 20 minutes after ejaculation
Sperm morphology: Kruger Criteria
TUBAL FACTOR (Tubal Patency):
History needed for tubal patency: previous
operation like appendectomy (formation of
adhesions) or endometriosis (peritubal adhesions)
PID, Thyroid Fever, TB Salphingitis
2.
3.
Preovulatory
Postovulatory
Estrogen
Progesterone
TREATMENT:
If the 3 basic workups results are normal, the treatment
may simply start by telling the couple when the RIGHT
time to have contact is/ TIMING of sexual contact.
3.
Documentation of Ovulation:
4. Serial Follicular Monitoring
Most practical (Sonographic)
In a patient with a regular cycle, try to look at the
ovary starting D12. UTZ will tell if there is a
dominant follicle which measures: 16 mm to 18.5
mm at D14. Then if at D16: < 10 mm, that will tell
that the woman must have ovulated.
If you know at what diameter the follicle will
rupture, youll be able to predict when she is going
to ovulate. A dominant follicle measuring 18 - 22
mm will most likely ovulate.
Take note of:
i.
in Size of the Dominant Follicle
ii.
Presence of the Fluid in the Cul de sac because
with the extrusion of the egg from the ovary,
there will be a leakage of the antrum folliculi
that will stay in the cul de sac.
iii.
Change in the Endometrial Lining. If the woman
ovulated in D14 15, by D16 observe the
changes in the endometrial lining from
Proliferative to SECRETORY PHASE.
5.
6.
Endometrial biopsy
The presence of secretory endometrium telling that
a woman had ovulated because a woman will never
have a secretory endometrium in the absence of
progesterone.
Serum progesterone assay
Progesterone: woman must have ovulated
1.
Family of Tamoxifen
Works if there is ENOUGH Estrogen
Will not work IF lacks E2
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Pituitary
FSH & LH
Ovarian
Estrogen & Progesterone
Easy to administer:, 50 mg - 150 mg taken on D3 D7 of the cycle per orem (worth: P280)
Do an UTZ to monitor the response
Gonadotropins
Given if with Pituitary Failure
Exogenous FSH & LH
O
1 indicated: HYPOGONADOTROPIC (Lack FSH & LH)
Administer: Parenteral (IM/SC), No oral preparation
In practice, cannot be given to any general GYNE but
only the infertility specialist because the problem is
development of OVARIAN HYPERSTIMULATION
SYNDROME wherein the ovaries grow in size.
Usually drugs for those who will undergo IVF
SE: Multi-fetal pregnancy, TWINNING
Other Notes:
OTHER FACTORS:
CERVICAL FACTOR
Character of Cervical Mucus
IF maybe laden with macrophages because of an
infection in the lower genital tract, this may be
hostile to the sperm. It will kill the sperm & none
would swim up the endometrium.
Sometimes the cervical factor is being alluded as the
cause of a woman who seems to be normal after
evaluating the 3 basic factors (Male, Tubal &
Ovarian). We may think of the wife developing
antibodies against the sperms of the husband
Test: Post-coital Test (SIM HUHNER'S TEST)
No longer used
Ask the couple to have contact at 7 am, by 10 am
retrieval of some seminal fluid from the vagina &
placed in a slide. Check whether there are still
motile sperms present
IF all the sperms are dead, most likely the cervical
factor is involved.
Treatment:
The only way is to change your husband
Try to lower the antibodies in the female by
abstinence or use condoms
Nowadays, the sperms will no longer be deposited
in the vagina but directly into the endometrial cavity
called INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION (IUI) the
seminal fluid collected will have to go to a
processing called: sperm wash or sperm swim up
which means trying to clear the seminal fluid of
debris & will only collect best sperm cells. This is
part of ART.
UTERINE FACTOR
Presence of polyp, submucous myoma
Remember after fertilization, in a few days the egg
will go down into the endometrium which is now
going to termed as the DECIDUA for implantation.
Sometimes this endometrial lining is not fertile for
implantation If this endometrium is not suitable for
implantation, no pregnancy will happen.
Test: Endometrial Biopsy
Most common problem as a Luteal Phase Defect.
PERITONEAL FACTOR
The ability of the distal end of the tube to pick up
the egg. The distal end of the tube has fimbriae
(finger like projections), when the woman ovulates
this fimbriae will detect that there is an egg
available for pick-up. So at the time of ovulation this
fimbriae will keep on moving, trying to pick the egg
termed as TUBAL PICK-UP MECHJANISM
So if there is anything here (adhesions) that the tube
cannot move, that egg will not find its place inside the
fallopian tube
CASE 9
31 year old, married G1P1 (1001), vendor, wants to be
st
pregnant. She has been married for 3 years. Her 1 child was
with another partner. Her husband is a 33 y/o, truck driver. He
also has a 10 y/o child with a previous partner. She has regular
menses. PMH: 2008 diagnosed with PID, treated as an
outpatient. PPE: Speculum: cervix pink, smooth. IE: cervix
firm, long, closed; uterus normal size: adnexa no mass/
tenderness