Filipinos

6/24/2016
FilipinosWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Filipinos
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Filipinos(Filipino:MgaPilipino)areanationandethnicgroup
nativetothePhilippinesthatshareacommonFilipinoculture
andspeakoneofthePhilippinelanguages.Accordingtothe
2015Census,therewere100,981,437inthePhilippines[32]and
about10millionlivingoutsidethePhilippines.[33]
Filipinos
MgaPilipino
WhileFilipinoisthenationallanguageand,alongwithEnglish,
oneofthetwoofficiallanguages,therearearound180
languagesanddialectsspokeninthePhilippinesbytheir
respectiveethnicgroups,thevastmajorityofthembelongingto
theAustronesianlanguagefamily,withCebuanoandTagalog
havingthegreatestnumberofnativespeakers.[34][35][36]
TheFilipinoidentity,withitsAustronesianroots,wasdeveloped
withChinese,SpanishandAmericaninfluences.
ThePhilippineswasaSpanishcolonyfor333years,settinga
foundationforcontemporaryFilipinoculture.UnderSpanish
rule,mostoftheFilipinopopulaceembracedRoman
Catholicism,yetrevoltedmanytimesagainstitshierarchy.
AlmostallFilipinosadoptedSpanishsurnamesfromthe
Catlogoalfabticodeapellidospublishedin1849bythe
Spanishcolonialgovernment.[37]Asneitherpastgovernments
northemodernPhilippineStatisticsAuthorityaccountforthe
racialbackgroundofanindividual,theexactpercentageof
FilipinoswithSpanishancestryisunknown.
Contents
1 Names
2 History
2.1 Prehistory
2.2 Precolonialperiod(to1521CE)
2.3 Hispanicsettlementandrule(15211898)
2.4 Latemodern
3 Historiccastesystem
4 Originsandgeneticstudies
5 Languages
6 Religion
7 Diaspora
8 Seealso
9 References
10 Publications
11 Externallinks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos
NationalflagofthePhilippines
Totalpopulation
c.112millionworldwide[1]
Regionswithsignificantpopulations
Philippines100,981,437[2]
UnitedStates
3,416,840[3]
SaudiArabia
1,066,401[4]
UnitedArabEmirates
700,000[5]
Canada
662,600[6]
Malaysia
636,544[7]
Japan
305,972[8]
Australia
224,725[9]
UnitedKingdom
203,035[4]
Mexico
200,000[10]
Qatar
195,558[4]
Italy
165,783[11]
Kuwait
139,802[4]
HongKong
130,810[12]
Spain
115,362[13]
Israel
70,000[14]
SouthKorea
63,464[15]
NewZealand
40,347[16]
Lebanon
35,000[17]
PapuaNewGuinea
25,000[18]
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Names
Useoftheterm"Filipino"startedduringtheSpanishcolonial
periodandtheoriginaldefinitionwas"apersonofSpanish
descentborninthePhilippines"(apersonofAustronesian
ancestryandnotofSpanishdescentwascalledan"Indio").[37]
Thisoriginalusageisnowarchaicandobsolete.
ThenameFilipinowasderivedfromtheterm"lasIslas
Filipinas"("thePhilippineIslands"),[38]thenamegiventothe
archipelagoin1543bytheSpanishexplorerandDominican
priestRuyLpezdeVillalobos,inhonourofPhilipIIofSpain
(Spanish:FelipeII).Thelackoftheletter"F"inthepre1987
Philippinealphabet,Abakada,hadcausedtheletter"F"tobe
substitutedwith"P".Uponofficialadoptionofthemodern,28
letterFilipinoalphabetin1987,thenameFilipinowaspreferred
overPilipino.
AnumberofFilipinosrefertothemselvescolloquiallyas
"Pinoy"(feminine:"Pinay"),whichisaslangwordformedby
takingthelastfourlettersof"Filipino"andaddingthe
diminutivesuffix"y".Theterm,althoughinpopularusageis
stillconsideredbysomeFilipinosasaracialslurand
derogatory.[39]
OthercollectiveendonymsfortheFilipinopeopleinclude:
"PatriaAdorada"(Spanishfor"Fatherland")aspopularizedby
JoseRizalthroughhispoem"Miltimoadis","Bayang
Pilipino"(Tagalog:"Filipinonation")orthemorepoetic
"SambayanngPilipino"(aformalterminTagalogmeaning
"one/entireFilipinonation").
History
Prehistory
Germany
20,589[19]
Netherlands
16,719[20]
Nigeria
16,000[21]
Sweden
13,000[22]
Ireland
12,791[23]
Austria
12,474[24]
Norway
12,262[25]
China
12,254[26]
Switzerland
10,000' [27]
Kazakhstan
7,000[28]
Palau
7,000[29]
Greece
6,500[30]
Turkey
5,500[31]
Languages
Filipinoandotherlanguages(Tagalog,Cebuano,
Hiligaynon,Ilocano,Bicolano,Waray,
Kapampangan,Pangasinan,English,Spanish,
Hokkien,otherPhilippinelanguages)
Religion
PredominantlyRomanCatholicism.
MinorityothersareIslam,Protestantism,
Buddhism,IglesianiCristo,Traditionaland
Philippinefolkreligions
Relatedethnicgroups
TaiwaneseAboriginesIndonesiansMalaysians
PacificIslandersOtherAustronesianPeoples
In2010,ametatarsalfrom"CallaoMan",discoveredin2007,wasdatedthroughuraniumseriesdatingasbeing
67,000yearsold.[40]
Priortothat,theearliesthumanremainsfoundinthePhilippineswerethoughttobethefossilizedfragmentsofa
skullandjawbone,discoveredinthe1960sbyDr.RobertB.Fox,ananthropologistfromtheNationalMuseum.[41]
Anthropologistswhoexaminedtheseremainsagreedthattheybelongedtomodernhumanbeings.Theseinclude
theHomosapiens,asdistinguishedfromthemidPleistoceneHomoerectusspecies.
The"TabonMan"fossilsareconsideredtohavecomefromathirdgroupofinhabitants,whoworkedthecave
between22,000and20,000BCE.Anearliercavelevelliessofarbelowthelevelcontainingcookingfire
assemblagesthatitmustrepresentUpperPleistocenedateslike45or50thousandyearsago.[42]Researcherssay
thisindicatesthatthehumanremainswerepreMongoloid,fromabout40,000yearsago.Mongoloidistheterm
whichanthropologistsappliedtotheethnicgroupwhichmigratedtoSoutheastAsiaduringtheHoloceneperiod
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andevolvedintotheAustronesianpeople(associatedwiththeHaplogroupO1(YDNA)geneticmarker),agroup
ofMalayoPolynesianspeakingpeopleincludingthosefromIndonesia,thePhilippines,Malaysia,Malagasy,the
nonChineseTaiwanAboriginals.[43]
Fluctuationsinancientshorelinesbetween150,000BPand17,000BPconnectedtheMalayArchipelagoregion
withMaritimeSoutheastAsiaandthePhilippines.ThismayhaveenabledancientmigrationsintothePhilippines
fromMaritimeSoutheastAsiaapproximately50,000BPto13,000BP.[44]
AJanuary2009studyoflanguagephylogeniesbyR.D.GrayattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles
publishedinthejournalScience,suggeststhatthepopulationexpansionofAustronesianpeopleswastriggeredby
risingsealevelsoftheSundashelfattheendofthelasticeage.Thiswasatwoprongedexpansion,whichmoved
norththroughthePhilippinesandintoTaiwan,whileasecondexpansionprongspreadeastalongtheNewGuinea
coastandintoOceaniaandPolynesia.[45]
TheNegritosarelikelydescendantsoftheindigenouspopulationsoftheSundalandmassandNewGuinea,pre
datingtheMongoloidpeopleswholaterenteredSoutheastAsia.[46]MultiplestudiesalsoshowthatNegritosfrom
SoutheastAsiatoNewGuineashareaclosercranialaffinitywithAustraloMelanesians.[46][47]Theywerethe
ancestorsofsuchtribesofthePhilippinesastheAeta,Agta,Ayta,Ati,Dumagatandothersimilargroups.Today
theycomprisejust0.03%ofthetotalPhilippinepopulation.[48]
ThemajorityofpresentdayFilipinosareaproductofthelongprocessofevolutionandmovementofpeople.[49]
Afterthemassmigrationsthroughlandbridges,migrationscontinuedbyboatduringthemaritimeeraofSouth
EastAsia.TheancientracesbecamehomogenizedintotheMalayoPolynesianswhichcolonizedthemajorityof
thePhilippine,MalaysianandIndonesianArchipelagos.[50][51]
Precolonialperiod(to1521CE)
Sinceatleastthe3rdcentury,variousethnicgroupsestablishedseveral
communities.Thesewereformedbytheassimilationofvariousnative
Philippinekingdoms.[48]SouthAsianandEastAsianpeopletogetherwith
thepeopleoftheIndonesianArchipelagoandtheMalayPeninsula,traded
withFilipinosandintroducedHinduismandBuddhismtothenativetribes
ofthePhilippines.MostofthesepeoplestayedinthePhilippineswhere
theywereslowlyabsorbedintolocalsocieties.
Apencilsketchdepictingthe
Maharlikacouple.
Manyofthebarangay(tribalmunicipalities)were,toavaryingextent,
underthedejurejurisprudenceofoneofseveralneighboringempires,
amongthemtheMalaySrivijaya,JavaneseMajapahit,Brunei,Malacca,
IndianChola,Champa,andKhmerempires,althoughdefactohad
establishedtheirownindependentsystemofrule.Tradinglinkswith
Sumatra,Borneo,Java,MalayPeninsula,Indochina,China,India,Arabia,
andJapan.Athalassocracyhadthusemergedbasedoninternationaltrade.
Evenscatteredbarangays,throughthedevelopmentofinterislandand
internationaltrade,becamemoreculturallyhomogeneousbythe4thcentury.HinduBuddhistcultureandreligion
flourishedamongthenoblemeninthisera.
Intheperiodbetweenthe7thtothebeginningofthe15thcenturies,numerousprosperouscentersoftradehad
emerged,includingtheKingdomofNamayanwhichflourishedalongsideManilaBay,[52][52][53]Cebu,Iloilo,[54]
Butuan,theKingdomofSanfotsisituatedinPangasinan,theKingdomofLuzonnowknownasPampangawhich
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specializedintradewithmostofwhatisnowknownasSouthEastAsia,andwithChina,JapanandtheKingdom
ofRyukyuinOkinawa.
Fromthe9thcenturyonwards,alargenumberofArabtradersfromtheMiddleEastsettledintheMalay
ArchipelagoandintermarriedwiththelocalMalay,Bruneian,Malaysian,Indonesian,andLuzonandVisayas
indigenouspopulations.[55]
Intheyearsleadingupto1000CEtherewerealreadyseveralmaritimesocietiesexistingintheislandsbutthere
wasnounifyingpoliticalstateencompassingtheentirePhilippinearchipelago.Instead,theregionwasdottedby
numeroussemiautonomousbarangays(settlementsrangingissizefromvillagestocitystates)underthe
sovereigntyofcompetingthalassocraciesruledbydatus,rajahsorsultans[56]orbyuplandagriculturalsocieties
ruledby"pettyplutocrats".StatessuchastheKingdomofMaynilaandNamayan,theDynastyofTondo,the
ConfederationofMadyaas,theRajahnatesofButuanandCebuandthesultanatesofMaguindanaoandSulu
existedalongsidethehighlandsocietiesoftheIfugaoandMangyan.[57][58][59][60]Someoftheseregionswerepart
oftheMalayanempiresofSrivijaya,MajapahitandBrunei.[61][62][63]
Bythe15thcentury,ArabandIndianmissionariesandtradersfromMalaysiaandIndonesiabroughtIslamtothe
Philippines,whereitbothreplacedandwaspracticedtogetherwithindigenousreligions.Beforethat,indigenous
tribesofthePhilippinespracticedamixtureofAnimism,HinduismandBuddhism.Nativevillages,called
barangayswerepopulatedbylocalscalledTimawa(MiddleClass/freemen)andAlipin(servants&slaves).They
wereruledbyRajahs,DatusandSultans,aclasscalledMaginoo(royals)anddefendedbytheMaharlika(Lesser
nobles,royalwarriorsandaristocrats).[48]TheseRoyalsandNoblesaredescendedfromnativeFilipinoswith
varyingdegreesofIndoaryanandDravidian,whichisevidentintoday'sDNAanalysisamongSouthEastAsian
Royals.ThistraditioncontinuedamongtheSpanishandPortuguesetraderswhoalsointermarriedwiththelocal
populations.[64]
Hispanicsettlementandrule(15211898)
ThearrivalofPortugueseexplorerFerdinandMagellanin1521beganaperiodof
Europeancolonization.DuringtheperiodofSpanishcolonialismthePhilippines
waspartoftheViceroyaltyofNewSpain,whichwasgovernedandcontrolledfrom
MexicoCity.EarlySpanishsettlersweremostlyexplorers,soldiers,government
officialsandreligiousmissionariesborninSpainandMexico.MostSpaniardswho
settledwereofAndalusianancestrybuttherewerealsoCatalan,Moorishand
Basquesettlers.ThePeninsulares(governorsborninSpain),mostlyofCastilian
ancestry,settledintheislandstogoverntheirterritory.Mostsettlersmarriedthe
daughtersofrajahs,datusandsultanstoreinforcethecolonizationoftheislands.
TheGinooandMaharlikacastes(royalsandnobles)inthePhilippinespriortothe
arrivaloftheSpanishformedtheprivilegedPrincipala(nobility)duringthe
Spanishperiod.Inthe16thand17thcenturies,thousandsofJapanesetradersalso
migratedtothePhilippinesandassimilatedintothelocalpopulation.[65]
OurLadyofPeafrancia,a
RomanCatholicimage
enshrinedinNaga,
CamarinesSur,and
veneratedthroughoutthe
Bicolandiainsoutheastern
Luzon.
AsapartoftheSevenYears'War,BritishforcesoccupiedManilabetween1762
and1764.However,theonlypartofthePhilippineswhichtheBritishheldwasthe
SpanishcolonialcapitalofManilaandtheprincipalnavalportofCavite,bothof
whicharelocatedonManilaBay.ThewarwasendedbytheTreatyofParis(1763).
AttheendofthewarthetreatysignatorieswerenotawarethatManilahadbeen
takenbytheBritishandwasbeingadministeredasaBritishcolony.Consequently,
nospecificprovisionwasmadeforthePhilippines.Insteadtheyfellunderthe
generalprovisionthatallotherlandsnototherwiseprovidedforbereturnedtotheSpanishEmpire.[66]Many
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IndianSepoytroopsandtheirBritishcaptainsmutiniedandwereleftinManilaand
somepartsoftheIlocosandCagayan.TheonesinManilasettledatCainta,Rizal
andtheonesatthenorthsettledatIsabela.Mostwereassimilatedintothelocal
population.
ThearrivaloftheSpaniardstothePhilippinesattractednewwavesofimmigrants
fromChina,andmaritimetradeflourishedduringtheSpanishperiod.TheSpanish
recruitedthousandsofChinesemigrantworkerscalledsangleystobuildthe
colonialinfrastructureintheislands.ManyChineseimmigrantsconvertedto
Christianity,intermarriedwiththelocals,andadoptedHispanizednamesand
customsandbecameassimilated,althoughthechildrenofunionsbetweenFilipinos
andChinesethatbecameassimilatedcontinuedtobedesignatedinofficialrecords
asmestizosdesangley.TheChinesemestizoswerelargelyconfinedtotheBinondo
areauntilthe19thcentury.However,theyeventuallyspreadallovertheislands,
andbecametraders,landowners,andmoneylenders.
Atotalof110ManilaAcapulcogalleonssetsailbetween1565and1815,during
thePhilippinestradewithMexico.Until1593,threeormoreshipswouldsetsail
annuallyfromeachportbringingwiththemtherichesofthearchipelagotoSpain.
Europeancriollos,mestizosandPortuguese,FrenchandMexicandescentfromthe
Americas,mostlyfromLatinAmericacameincontactwiththeFilipinos.Japanese,
IndianandCambodianChristianswhofledfromreligiouspersecutionsandkilling
fieldsalsosettledinthePhilippinesduringthe17thuntilthe19thcenturies.
GabrielaSilangledarevolt
duringtheSevenYears'War.
WiththeinaugurationoftheSuezCanalin1867,SpainopenedthePhilippinesfor
internationaltrade.EuropeaninvestorssuchasBritish,Dutch,German,Portuguese,
Russian,ItalianandFrenchwereamongthosewhosettledintheislandsas
businessincreased.MoreSpaniardsarrivedduringthenextcentury.Manyofthese
Europeanmigrantsintermarriedwithlocalmestizosandsomeassimilatedwiththe
indigenouspopulation.
Latemodern
Typicalcostumeofa
Principalafamilyofthelate
19thcentury.Exhibitinthe
VillaEscuderoMuseum,San
Pablo,Laguna,Philippines.
AfterthedefeatofSpainduringtheSpanishAmericanWarin1898,Filipino
general,EmilioAguinaldodeclaredindependenceon12JunewhileGeneral
WesleyMerrittbecamethefirstAmericangovernorofthePhilippines.On10
December1898,theTreatyofParisformallyendedthewar,withSpaincedingthe
PhilippinesandothercoloniestotheUnitedStatesinexchangefor
$20million.[67][68]AfterthePhilippineAmericanWar,theUnitedStatescivilgovernancewasestablishedin1901,
withWilliamHowardTaftasthefirstAmericanGovernorGeneral.[69]AnumberofAmericanssettledinthe
islandsandthousandsofinterracialmarriagesbetweenAmericansandFilipinoshavetakenplacesincethen.Due
tothestrategiclocationofthePhilippines,asmanyas21basesand100,000militarypersonnelwerestationed
theresincetheUnitedStatesfirstcolonizedtheislandsin1898.Thesebasesweredecommissionedin1992after
theendoftheColdWar,butleftbehindthousandsofAmerasianchildren.[70]Thecountrygainedindependence
fromtheUnitedStatesin1946.ThePearlS.BuckInternationalFoundationestimatesthereare52,000Amerasians
scatteredthroughoutthePhilippines.Inaddition,numerousFilipinomenenlistedintheUSNavyandmadecareers
init,oftensettlingwiththeirfamiliesintheUnitedStates.Someoftheirsecondorthirdgenerationfamilies
returnedtothecountry.
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Followingitsindependence,thePhilippineshasseenbothsmallandlarge
scaleimmigrationintothecountry,mostlyinvolvingAmerican,European,
ChineseandJapanesepeoples.AfterWorldWarII,SouthAsianscontinued
tomigrateintotheislands,mostofwhichassimilatedandavoidedthelocal
socialstigmainstilledbytheearlySpaniardsagainstthembykeepingalow
profileand/orbytryingtopassasSpanishmestizos.Thiswasalsotruefor
theArabandChineseimmigrants,manyofwhomarealsopostWWII
arrivals.MorerecentmigrationsintothecountrybyKoreans,Persians,
Brazilians,andotherSoutheastAsianshavecontributedtotheenrichment
ofthecountry'sethniclandscape,languageandculture.Centuriesof
migration,diaspora,assimilation,andculturaldiversitymademost
Filipinosacceptingofinterracialmarriageandmulticulturalism.
Philippinenationalitylawiscurrentlybasedupontheprincipleofjus
sanguinisand,therefore,descentfromaparentwhoisacitizenofthe
RepublicofthePhilippinesistheprimarymethodofacquiringnational
citizenship.BirthinthePhilippinestoforeignparentsdoesnotinitself
conferPhilippinecitizenship,althoughRA9139,theAdministrative
NaturalizationLawof2000,doesprovideapathforadministrative
naturalizationofcertainaliensborninthePhilippines.Filipinosofmixed
ethnicoriginsarestillreferredtotodayasmestizos.However,incommon
parlance,mestizosareonlyusedtorefertoFilipinosmixedwithSpanishor
anyotherEuropeanancestry.Filipinosmixedwithanyotherforeign
ethnicitiesarenameddependingonthenonFilipinopart.
DevoteesflocktotheBasilicaMinore
delSantoNioduringthenovena
masses.
Historiccastesystem
ThehistoryofracialmixtureinthePhilippinesoccurredonasmallerscale
DevoteesinsidetheBascilicadel
thanotherSpanishterritoriesduringtheSpanishcolonialperiodfromthe
SantoNioinCebuCity.
16thtothe19thcentury.Acastesystem,likethatusedintheAmericas
(SpanishAmerica),existedinthePhilippines,withsomemajordifferences.
TheindigenouspeoplesofthePhilippineswerereferredtoasIndiosandNegritos.
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Term
Definition
Negrito
indigenouspersonofpureNegritoancestry
Indio
indigenouspersonofpureAustronesianancestry
Moros
indigenouspersonofIslaminfaithlivingintheArchipelagoofthePhilippines
Sangley/Chino
personofpureChineseancestry
Mestizode
Sangley/Chino
personofmixedChineseandAustronesianancestry
Mestizode
Espaol
personofmixedSpanishandAustronesianancestry
Tornatrs
personofmixedSpanish,AustronesianandChineseancestry
Insulares/Filipino personofpureSpanishdescentborninthePhilippines
Americanos
personofCriollo(eitherpureSpanishblood,ormostly),Castizo(1/4NativeAmerican,3/4
Spanish)orMestizo(1/2Spanish,1/2NativeAmerican)descentborninSpanishAmerica
("fromtheAmericas")
Peninsulares
personofpureSpanishdescentborninSpain("fromtheIberianpeninsula")
Peopleclassifiedas'blancos'(whites)weretheinsularesor"Filipinos"(a
personborninthePhilippinesofpureSpanishdescent),peninsulares(a
personborninSpainofpureSpanishdescent),Espaolmestizos(aperson
borninthePhilippinesofmixedAustronesianandSpanishancestry),and
tornatrs(apersonborninthePhilippinesofmixedAustronesian,Chinese
andSpanishancestry).Manilawasraciallysegregated,withblancosliving
inthewalledcityofIntramuros,unChristianizedsangleysinParan,
ChristianizedsangleysandmestizosdesangleyinBinondo,andtherestof
the7,000islandsfortheindios,withtheexceptionofCebuandseveral
otherSpanishposts.Onlymestizosdesangleywereallowedtoenter
Intramurostoworkforwhites(includingmestizosdeespaol)asservants
andvariousoccupationsneededforthecolony.Indiowasageneralterm
appliedtonativeAustronesians,butasalegalclassification,itwasonly
appliedtothosewhoembracedRomanCatholicismandAustronesianswho
livedinproximitytotheSpanishcolonies.
PeoplewholivedoutsideofManila,Cebu,andthemajorSpanishposts
MarceloAzcrragaPalmero,theonly
wereclassifiedassuch:'Naturales'wereCatholicAustronesiansofthe
SpanishprimeministerofInsulares
lowlandandcoastaltowns.TheunCatholicNegritosandAustronesians
descent.
wholivedinthetownswereclassifiedas'salvajes'(savages)or'infieles'
(theunfaithful).'Remontados'(Spanishfor'situatedinthemountains')and
'tulisanes'(bandits)wereindigenousAustronesiansandNegritoswhorefusedtoliveintownsandtooktothehills,
allofwhomwereconsideredtoliveoutsidethesocialorderasCatholicismwasadrivingforceinSpanish
colonialseverydaylife,aswellasdeterminingsocialclassinthecolony.PeopleofpureSpanishdescentlivingin
thePhilippineswhowereborninSpanishAmericawereclassfiedas'americanos'.Mestizosandafricanosbornin
SpanishAmericalivinginthePhilippineskepttheirlegalclassificationassuch,andusuallycameasindentured
servantstothe'americanos'.ThePhilippinebornchildrenof'americanos'wereclassifiedas'Ins'.ThePhilippine
bornchildrenofmestizosandafricanosfromSpanishAmericawereclassifiedbasedonpatrilinealdescent.
ThetermnegritowascoinedbytheSpaniardsbasedontheirappearance.Theword'negrito'wouldbe
misinterpretedandusedbyfutureEuropeanscholarsasanethnoracialterminandofitself.BothChristianized
NegritoswholivedinthecolonyandunChristianizedNegritoswholivedintribesoutsideofthecolonywere
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classifiedas'negritos'.ChristianizedNegritoswholivedinManilawerenot
allowedtoenterIntramurosandlivedinareasdesignatedforIndios.A
personofmixedNegritoandAustronesianancestrywereclassifiedbased
onpatrilinealdescentthefather'sancestrydeterminedachild'slegal
classification.Ifthefatherwas'negrito'andthemotherwas'India'
(Austronesian),thechildwasclassifiedas'negrito'.Ifthefatherwas'indio'
andthemotherwas'negrita',thechildwasclassifiedas'indio'.Personsof
Negritodescentwereviewedasbeingoutsideofthesocialorderasthey
usuallylivedintribesoutsideofthecolonyandresistedconversionto
Christianity.
Thislegalsystemofracialclassificationbasedonpatrilinealdescenthadno
parallelanywhereintheSpanishruledcoloniesintheAmericas.Ingeneral,
asonbornofasangleymaleandanindioormestizodesangleyfemalewas
classifiedasmestizodesangleyallsubsequentmaledescendantswere
mestizosdesangleyregardlessofwhethertheymarriedanIndiaora
mestizadesangley.Adaughterborninsuchamanner,however,acquired
thelegalclassificationofherhusband,i.e.,shebecameanIndiaifshe
marriedanindiobutremainedamestizadesangleyifshemarrieda
mestizodesangleyorasangley.Inthisway,achinomestizomale
descendantofapaternalsangleyancestorneverlosthislegalstatusasa
mestizodesangleynomatterhowlittlepercentageofChinesebloodhehad
inhisveinsorhowmanygenerationshadpassedsincehisfirstChinese
ancestorhewasthusamestizodesangleyinperpetuity.
However,a'mestizadesangley'whomarriedablanco('Filipino','mestizo
deespaol','peninsular',or'americano')keptherstatusas'mestizade
sangley'.Butherchildrenwereclassifiedastornatrs.An'India'who
marriedablancoalsokeptherstatusasIndia,butherchildrenwere
classifiedasmestizodeespaol.
Amestizadesangleywomanina
photographbyFranciscoVanCamp,
c.1875.
WatercarriersinIloilo,1899.
Amestizadeespaolwhomarriedanotherblancowouldkeepherstatusas
mestiza,butbecameanIndiaifshemarriedanindio(whichwouldforce
hertopaytheindiotaxrate).Butherstatuswillneverchangefrommestizadeespaolifshemarriedamestizode
espaol,Filipino,orpeninsular.
Onthecontrast,amestizo(desangleyorespaol)man'sstatusstayedthesameregardlessofwhomhemarried.Ifa
mestizo(desangleyorespaol)marriedafilipina(womanofpureSpanishdescent),shewouldloseherstatusasa
'filipina'andwouldacquirethelegalstatusofherhusbandandbecomeamestizadeespaolorsangley.Ifa
'filipina'marriedan'indio',herlegalstatuswouldchangeto'India',despitebeingofpureSpanishdescent.
ThesocialstratificationsystembasedonclassthatcontinuestothisdayinthePhilippineshasitsbeginningsinthe
Spanishcolonialareawiththiscastesystem.
Thesystemwasusedfortaxpurposes.Indiospaidabasetax,mestizosdesangleypaidtwicethebasetax,sangleys
paidfourtimesthebasetax,andtheblancosorwhites(Filipinos,peninsulares,mestizosdeespaol,andtornatrs)
paidnotax.Negritoswholivedwithinthecolonypaidthesametaxrateastheindios.
TheSpanishcastesystembasedonracewasabolishedafterthePhilippines'independencefromSpainin1898,and
theword'Filipino'expandedtoincludetheentirepopulationofthePhilippinesregardlessofracialancestry.
Originsandgeneticstudies
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The
AsketchofaTypicalimageof
FilipinawithAustronesian
features.
MigrationoftheAustronesianpeoplesandtheirlanguagesbasedon
archeologicalstudies.
majorityofFilipinosareAustronesians,a
linguisticandgeneticgroupthatincludes
otherethnicitiesfrommaritimeSoutheastAsia,Madagascar,andthePacificislands.[71]Thecurrentpredominant
theoryonAustronesianexpansionholdsthatAustronesianssettledthePhilippineislandsthroughsuccessive
southwardandeastwardseabornemigrationsfromtheNeolithicAustronesianpopulationsofTaiwan.[72]Other
hypotheseshavealsobeenputforwardbasedonlinguistic,archeological,andgeneticstudies.Theseincludean
originfrommainlandSouthChina(linkingthemtotheLiangzhucultureandtheTapengkengculture,later
displacedorassimilatedbytheexpansionofSinoTibetanpeoples)[73][74]aninsituoriginfromtheSundaland
continentalshelfpriortothesealevelriseattheendofthelastglacialperiod(c.10,000BC)[75][76]ora
combinationofthetwo(theNusantaoMaritimeTradingandCommunicationNetworkhypothesis)which
advocatesculturaldiffusionratherthanaseriesoflinearmigrations.[77]
ThemostfrequentlyoccurringYDNAhaplogroupamongmodernFilipinosisHaplogroupO3M122,whichis
foundwithhighfrequencyinpopulationsfromEastAsia,SoutheastAsia,andPolynesia.Inparticular,thetypeof
O3M122thatisfoundfrequentlyinFilipinos,OP201(xM7,M134),isalsofoundfrequentlyinother
Austronesianpopulations,especiallytheBatakTobafromSumatraandthePolynesians.[78]HaplogroupO1aM119
(labeledas"HaplogroupH"inthisstudy)isalsocommonlyfoundamongFilipinosandissharedwithother
Austronesianspeakingpopulations,especiallythoseinTaiwan,westernIndonesia,andMadagascar.[79][80]After
the16thcentury,thecolonialperiodsawtheinfluxoflimitedgeneticinfluencefromEuropeansandother
populationsfromtheAmericas,Oceania,andAsia.AccordingtoageneticstudydonebytheUniversityof
California(SanFrancisco),FilipinospossessmoderateamountsofEuropeanDNAcomingfromtheSpanish
settlers.[81]
DentalmorphologyprovidescluestoprehistoricmigrationpatternsofthePhilippines,withSinodontdental
patternsoccurringinEastAsia,CentralAsia,NorthAsia,andtheAmericas.Sundadontpatternsoccurinmainland
andmaritimeSoutheastAsiaaswellasOceania.[82]FilipinosexhibitSundadonty,[82][83]andareregardedas
havingamoregeneraliseddentalmorphologyandhavingalongerancestrythanitsoffspring,Sinodonty.
Languages
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AustronesianlanguageshavebeenspokeninthePhilippinesfor
thousandsofyears.Accordingtoa2014studybyMarkDonohueof
theAustralianNationalUniversityandTimDenhamofMonash
University,thereisnolinguisticevidenceforanorderlynorthto
southdispersaloftheAustronesianlanguagesfromTaiwanthrough
thePhilippinesandintoIslandSoutheastAsia(ISEA).[75]Many
adoptedwordsfromSanskritwereincorporatedduringtheIndian
culturalinfluencestartingfromthe5thcenturyBC,incommonwith
itsSoutheastAsianneighbours.Startinginthesecondhalfofthe
16thcentury,Spanishwastheofficiallanguageofthecountryforthe
morethanthreecenturiesthattheislandsweregovernedthrough
MexicoCityonbehalfoftheSpanishEmpire.Inthe19thandearly
20thcenturies,SpanishwasthepreferredlanguageamongIlustrados
andeducatedFilipinosingeneral.Significantagreementsexist,
however,ontheextentSpanishusebeyondthat.Ithasbeenargued
thatthePhilippineswerelesshispanizedthanCanariesandAmerica,
withSpanishonlybeingadoptedbytherulingclassinvolvedincivil
andjudicialadministrationandculture.Spanishwasthelanguageof
onlyapproximatelytenpercentofthePhilippinepopulationwhen
Spanishruleendedin1898.[84]Asalinguafrancaorcreolelanguage
ofFilipinos,majorlanguagesofthecountrylikeChavacano,
Cebuano,Tagalog,Kapampangan,Pangasinan,Bicolano,
Hiligaynon,andIlocanoassimilatedmanydifferentwordsand
expressionsfromCastilianSpanish.
ItshouldbenotedthatChavacanoistheonlySpanishbasedcreole
languageinAsia.It'svocabularyis90percentSpanish,andthe
remaining10percentisamixtureofpredominantlyPortuguese,
Nahuatl(MexicanIndian),Hiligaynon,andsomeEnglish.
ChavacanoisconsideredbytheInstitutoCervantestobeaSpanish
basedlanguage.[85]
Theindigenous,nativePhilippinelanguages
spokenaroundthecountrythathavethe
largestnumberofspeakersinaparticular
regionwithTagalogbeingthelargest.Note
thatonregionsmarkedwithblackdiamonds,
thelanguagewiththemostnumberof
speakersdenotesaminorityofthe
population.
Insharpcontrast,anotherviewisthattheratioofthepopulationwhich
spokeSpanishastheirmothertongueinthelastdecadeofSpanishrulewas
10%or14%.[86]Anadditional60%issaidtohavespokenSpanishasa
secondlanguageuntilWorldWarII,butthisisalsodisputedastowhether
thispercentagespoke"kitchenSpanish,"whichwasusedasmarketplace
linguacomparedtothosewhowereactualfluentSpanishspeakers.[86]
In1863aSpanishdecreeintroduceduniversaleducation,creatingfree
publicschoolinginSpanish,yetitwasneverimplemented,evenbeforethe
UniversityofSantoTomas,Founded
[87]
adventofAmericanannexation. Itwasalsothelanguageofthe
on28April1611byarchbishopof
PhilippineRevolution,andthe1899MalolosConstitutionproclaimeditas
ManilaMigueldeBenavides,itisthe
the"officiallanguage"oftheFirstPhilippineRepublic,albeitatemporary
oldestextantuniversityinAsia.
officiallanguage.Spanishcontinuedtobethepredominantlinguafranca
usedintheislandsbytheeliteclassbeforeandduringtheAmerican
colonialregime.FollowingtheAmericanoccupationofthePhilippinesandtheimpositionofEnglish,theoverall
useofSpanishdeclinedgradually,especiallyafterthe1940s.
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AccordingtoEthnologue,thereareabout180languagesspokeninthe
Philippines.[88]The1987ConstitutionofthePhilippinesimpose
Filipino[89][90]asthenationallanguageanddesignates,alongwithEnglish,
asoneoftheofficiallanguages.Regionallanguagesaredesignatedas
auxiliaryofficiallanguages.TheconstitutionalsoprovidesthatSpanishand
Arabicshallbepromotedonavoluntaryandoptionalbasis.[91]
OtherPhilippinelanguagesinthecountrywithatleast1,000,000nativeand
indigenousspeakersincludeCebuano,Ilocano,Hiligaynon,Waray,
UniversidaddeSta.IsabelFounded
Kapampangan,Chavacano(Spanishbasedcreole),NorthernBicol,
on1867throughtheroyalorderof
Pangasinan,SouthernBicol,Maranao,Maguindanao,Kinaraya,Tausug,
QueenIsabellaIIofSpain.
Surigaonon,Masbateo,Aklanon,andIbanag.The28lettermodern
Filipinoalphabet,adoptedin1987,istheofficialwritingsystem.Also,
languageofeachethnicityhasalsotheirownwritingscripts,whicharenolongerusedandsetofalphabets.[92]
Religion
MostFilipinostoday(over90%)areChristians,witharoundeightyseven
percentofthepopulationprofessingRomanCatholicism.Thelatterwas
introducedbytheSpanishbeginningin1521,andduringtheir377year
colonizationoftheislands,theymanagedtoconvertavastmajorityof
Filipinos,resultinginthePhilippinesbecomingthelargestCatholiccountry
inAsia.TherearealsolargegroupsofProtestantdenominations,which
eithergreworwerefoundedfollowingthedisestablishmentoftheCatholic
ChurchduringtheAmericanColonialperiod.TheIglesianiCristois
currentlythesinglelargestindigenouschurch,followedbyUnitedChurch
ofChristinthePhilippines.TheIglesiaFilipinaIndependiente(alsoknown
astheAglipayanChurch)wasanearlierdevelopment,andisanational
churchdirectlyresultingfromthe1898PhilippineRevolution.Other
ChristiangroupssuchastheVictoryChurch,[93]JesusMiracleCrusade,
Mormonism,Orthodoxy,andtheJehovah'sWitnesseshaveavisible
presenceinthecountry.OthernativeinhabitantsfollowIslam,forminga
largeminority.IslaminthePhilippinesismostlyconcentratedin
southwesternMindanaoandtheSuluArchipelagowhich,thoughpartofthe
Philippines,areveryclosetotheneighboringIslamiccountriesofMalaysia
andIndonesia.TheMuslimscallthemselvesMoros,aSpanishwordthat
referstotheMoors(albeitthetwogroupshavelittleculturalconnection
otherthanIslam).
Historically,ancientFilipinosheldanimisticbeliefsthatwereinfluencedby
HinduismandBuddhism,whichwerebroughtbytradersfrom
neighbouringAsianstates.IndigenousgroupsliketheAetaareAnimists,
whileIgorotandLumadtribesstillobservetraditionalreligiouspractises,
oftenalongsideChristianityorIslam.
ImageofOurLadyofLaNavalde
Manila(Spanish:NuestraSeoradel
SantsimoRosariodeLaNavalde
Manila),whichislinkedtoseveral
navalbattlesofSpainagainstDutch
forcesinvadingthePhilippines.
GoodFridayobservanceinBarangay
(barrio)SanPedroCutud,inSan
Fernando,Pampanga,Philippines.
Asof2013,religiousgroupstogetherconstitutinglessthanfivepercentof
thepopulationincludedHinduism,Buddhism,SeventhdayAdventists,
UnitedChurchofChrist,UnitedMethodists,theEpiscopalChurchinthePhilippines,AssembliesofGod,The
ChurchofJesusChristofLatterdaySaints(Mormons),andPhilippine(Southern)Baptistsandthefollowing
domesticallyestablishedchurches:IglesianiCristo(ChurchofChrist),PhilippineIndependentChurch
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(Aglipayan),MembersChurchofGodInternational,andTheKingdomof
JesusChrist,theNameAboveEveryName.Inaddition,thereareLumad,
whoareindigenouspeoplesofvariousanimisticandsyncreticreligions.[94]
Diaspora
Therearecurrentlymorethan10millionFilipinoswholiveoverseas.
FilipinosformaminorityethnicgroupintheAmericas,Europe,
Oceania,[95][96]theMiddleEast,andotherregionsintheworld.
ManilaGoldenMosqueprayerhall
Thereareanestimated3.4millionAmericansofFilipinoancestryinthe
UnitedStates,andmorethan300,000Americancitizensinthe
Philippines.[97]AccordingtotheU.S.CensusBureau,immigrantsfromthe
PhilippinesmadeupthesecondlargestgroupafterMexicothatsought
familyreunification.[98]
FilipinosmakeupabouthalfoftheentirepopulationoftheNorthern
MarianasIslands,anAmericanterritoryintheNorthPacificOcean,anda
largeproportionofthepopulationsofGuam,Palau,theBritishIndian
OceanTerritory,andSabah.[96]
Seealso
Philippines
DemographicsofthePhilippines
EthnicgroupsinthePhilippines
Philippinenationalitylaw
ListofrulersofthePhilippines
ListofFilipinos
ListofFilipinoathletes
ListofFilipinoactors
FilipinomigrantworkersinVictoria
ParkinHongKong.
ListofFilipinoactors
ListofFilipinoactresses
OverseasFilipinos
Philippinecuisine
Philippinemusic
Philippinecinema
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