Leccture--6

Anten
nna parameteers:
1.4.14 Impedance
I
e Bandwid
dth
Impedancce bandwidth is defined as

The symb
bols in the abo
ove equation are depicted in
i Fig. 30 bellow.

C
of im
mpedance band
dwidth
Fig. 30: Concept

hen = -10 dB
B,
Note: Wh

Hence thee impedence bandwidth

b
can
n also be speccified by the ffrequency rannge within whhich VSWR 2.

1.4.15 Effective
E
Aperture
A
c
powerr from an inccident wave aand deliver it to its
It is a meeasure of the ability of an antenna to collect
terminals..
The effective aperture (area) of a reeceiving antenna looking ffrom a certainn direction (, ) is the raatio of
the averag
ge power PL delivered to a matched load to the maggnitude of thhe average poower density Pavi of
the incideent electromaagnetic wave at the positiion of the anntenna multipplied by the normalized ppower
pattern Pav(, ) of thaat antenna.

The effecttive aperture is related to the

t directivity
y as:

A maximu
um effective area Aem can
n be defined when
w
the anteenna is receivving in its maaximum-direcctivity
direction. That is,

1.5 Co
ommunication Lin
nk and Friis
F
Tran
nsmission
n Equatioon

Fig. 31: Transmitting

T
and
a receiving antennas for derivation off Friis transmiission equatioon
The Friis transmission equation relaates the powerr received to the power traansmitted betw
ween two anttennas
o each other..
placed in the far-field of
mitting anten
nna, then the iisotropic pow
wer density att a distance R from
If Pt is thee input power to the transm
the antenn
na can be giveen by:

Wo et

Pt
4R 2

where et: efficiency of the transmittiing antenna.

mitting antenn
na, this value changes to
For a direectional transm

Wt et

Pt
Dt
4R 2

where Dt: directivity off the transmittting antenna.

nsity is receiv
ved by the recceiving antennna. In order tto find the vaalue of
Not all off the transmittted power den
that, we need
n
to consid
der the effectiv
ve aperture of the antenna and the absoorption losses in the atmospphere.
Thus the received
r
pow
wer can be exp
pressed as:

Pr AerWt
But

2
Aer e r Dr
4

So

2
PD

Pr er Dr et t t2 er et Dr Dt
Pt
R
R
4

This equation is known as the Friis Transmission Equation and it relates the power Pr (delivered to the
receiver load) to the input power of the transmitting antenna Pt. The term (/4R)2 is called the free-space
loss factor, and it takes into account the losses due to the spherical spreading of the energy by the antenna.
Friis transmission equation is the basis to find the RADAR range equation.
At this point, we are in a position to define the term effective (or equivalent) isotropically radiated power,
EIRP, a term frequently used in communication systems. It is defined as the power gain of a transmitting
antenna in a given direction multiplied by the net power accepted by the antenna from the connected
transmitter. Suppose an observer is located in the direction of maximum radiation from a transmitting
antenna with input power Pt, then

EIRP = Pt Gt .