Project8 Info

QAQC Numbe
QAQC Numbe
Basic Info
Basic Info
Basic Info
Project name
Those interviewed Organization of interviewees
Green Village Credit
Huang Yaqin
TNC China
China Rural Energy
Enterprises Development
(CREED)
1
Jengi Initiative
Leonard Usongo
WWF Central African

Regional Programme
Office (CARPO)
Northern Savannah
Project
Leonard Usongo
WWF CARPO
Coastal Forest
Programme
Leonard Usongo
WWF CARPO
Campo Ma'an Project

Kudu Zombo Program
Leonard Usongo
WWF CARPO
Malpai Borderlands New

Mexico Bootheel
Robert M. Findling
TNC
Lassen Foothills Project
Rich Reiner
TNC
Laguna Madre
Sonia Najera
TNC
Cork Oak Landscapes

Programme
Nora Berrahmouni
WWF Mediterranean
Florida Ranchlands
Environmental Services
Project (FRESP)
Sarah Lynch
WWF
Bering Sea Program
Steve MacLean
TNC
10
11
National Parks Program

(China)
Jerry Chen
TNC
Alternative Energy
Program
Wang Shuwen
TNC China
Community Based
Natural Resource
Management
Chris Weaver
WWF
Gladden Spit Reserve
Julianne Stockbridge
TNC
12
13
14
15
Oyster Habitat
Enhancement at
Woodard Bay
(submerged lands)
Betsy Lyons
TNC
Oyster Habitat
Enhancement at Frye
Cove
Betsy Lyons
TNC
Green River
Richard Kessler
TNC
Roanoke River Project
Sam Pearsall
TNC
16
17
18
19
The Southern Forests

Project
William J. Ginn
TNC
Virginia Coast Reserve
Barry Truitt
TNC
Santa Fe Watershed
Ecosystem Service
Laura McCarthy
TNC
20
21
22
Laojunshan Conservation Yanfang (Angela) Cun
Education Pride
Campaign
TNC
Misool Raja Ampat

Marine Protected Area
TNC
23
24
Obed Lense
Maricaban Conservation
Trust Fund
Ricardo Sandalo
WWF
25
Economic Instruments for Dr. T R Manoharan
Managing Forest
Ecosystem Services in
India
WWF-India
Durmitor National Park

Project
WWF-MedPO
26
27
Alessandro Badalotti
Guatemala Water Fund
Esteban Brenes
Virginia Reyes
WWF-Central America
Daly River Catchment
Stuart Blanch
WWF-Australia
EPWS (Equitable
Payment for Watershed
Services)
Christine Wulandari
WWF
Atlantic Forest PES
Michael Becker
WWF-Brasil
28
29
30
31
Apo Reef Natural Park
John Manul
WWF-Philippines
Puerto Galera Visitors

Fee
Johnjoe Cantos
WWF-Philippines
Puerto Galera Upland

Fee
Johnjoe Cantos
WWF-Philippines
Mondi Wetlands Project

and
Working for Wetlands
David Lindley
WWF-South Africa
32
33
34
35
Auction for Landscape

Recovery
Cheryl Gole
WWF-Australia
Great Ruaha Water

Programme
Petro Masolwa
WWF-Tanzania (WWFTPO)
Equitable Payments For

Watershed Services
Ed Tongson
WWF
36
37
38
Wise Use of Wetlands

Catherine Traynor
Through Cloth Production
WWF
Woodland Watch
(Northern Agricultural
Region)
Chris Curnow
WWF-Australia
Healthy Ecosystems
(Avon)
Chris Curnow
WWF-Australia
39
40
41
Lake Bogoria Integrated

Catchment Management
Programme (LBICMP)
Fabian Musila
WWF-EARPO
Seaturtle Bycatch
Miguel Jorge
WWF
Smart Fishing Initiative
Miguel Jorge
WWF
42
43
44
Bazaruto Marine Natural

Resource Management
Project
Meneses Roberto
WWF-Mozambique
Coordination Office
(MCO)
Wetlands Alliance
Yumiko Yasuda
WWF-Greater Mekong
45
46
Natural Eco-Tourism in Xe Paul Eshoo
Pian National Protected
Area
47
WWF
Lore Lindu National Park
Achmad Rizal
TNC
Marine Conservation
Programs in Komodo
National Park
Dewa Gede Raka

Wiadnya
TNC - Coral Triangle

Center
48
49
Biodiversity Conservation Barney Long
Corridors Initiative
50
WWF - Greater Mekong

Programme
Kofiau Raja Ampat

Rein Gosal Paat
TNC
Caddo Lake Preserve &

Ecological Flows
Ryan Smith
TNC
Tresor Rainforest
Reserve
Dominiek Plouvier
WWF - Guianas
51
52
53
Tubbataha Reefs Natural Marivel Dygico

Park (TRNP)
WWF - Philippines
Community-Based
Carlos Drews
Conservation of Marine
Turtles and Other Natural
Resources on Chiriqu
Beach
WWF
Abatement of egg
poaching in a Pacific
leatherback nesting site,
Junquilla Beach
WWF
54
55
56
Carlos Drews
Improving Natural
Resources Use on the
Eastern Side of
Udzungwa Mountains
National Park
Zakiya M. Aloyce
WWF - Tanzania
Liverpool Plains Land

Management
David Walker
The Liverpool Plains Land

Management Committee
Eastern Africa Coastal

Forests Ecoregion
Program (EACFE)
John Y. Salehe
WWF - EARPO
57
58
59
Matumbi Hills Forest

Landscape Restoration
Project
Isaac Malugu
WWF - Tanzania
60
Indus For All Programme Ali Dehlavi
WWF - Pakistan
Sustainable Rattan
Harvest and Production
WWF
61
62
Thibault Ledecq
Conservation and
Sustainable Use of the
Marine and Coastal
Biodiversity of the
Bismarck-Solomon Seas
(PNG)
Luanne Losi
WWF
Conservation and
Sustainable Use of the
Marine and Coastal
Biodiversity of the
Papua, Indonesia
Creusa Hitipeuw
WWF
Model of Sustainable
Community - Kashima
City
Naobi Okayasu
WWF Japan
63
64
65
Addressing water
pollution in the Tri An
reservoir and the lower
Dong Nai
Jacob Fjalland
WWF
Development of
Quirimbas National Park
Sean Nazerali
WWF - SARPO
Advance Sustainable
Fisheries in Cuba
Jose L. Gerhartz
WWF - Canada
66
67
68
East Usambara Forest

Peter Sumbi
WWF - Tanzania
69
Securing and Establishing Mark E. Grindley
Sustainable Management
of Forest Assets for
Ethnic Minorities in
Quang Tri Province
WWF - Vietnam
Conserving the Duck

River
TNC
70
71
Sally R. Palmer
Living Rhone
Dani Heusser
WWF - Switzerland
Sierra de Lacandon
National Park
Rudy Herrara
TNC - Guatemala
72
73
Biodiversity Conservation Bas van Helvoort
Corridors Initiative
(Cambodia: Eastern
Plains Biodiversity
Corridor)
74
WWF - Greater Mekong
Kwale District Forest

Project
Elias Kimaru
WWF - Kenya
Community-Based
Natural Resources
Management in Niassa
Reserve
Papucides Ntela
WWF Mozambique
75
76
Donsol Community Based Ruel Pine
Ecotourism Development
Project
77
WWF-Philippines
Sungai Lesan Protection

Forest (Lesan River)
Niel Makinuddin
TNC Indonesia
Designing an EcoCorridor for the

Carpathians
Michael Baltzer
WWF
One Europe More Nature Michael Baltzer
WWF
Lower Danube Green

Corridor
WWF
78
79
80
81
Michael Baltzer
Community Interest for

Tri Agung
Environmental Services in
Indonesia
WWF
Mafia Island Marine Park Jason Rubens
WWF
Maya Forest
TNC
82
83
84
Ann Snook
Living Waters: Integrated Eugenio Barrios

Watershed Management
Program
WWF Mexico
Podocarpus Water Fund
Silvia Benitez
TNC
Paute Watershed Fund

(Cades National Park)
Silvia Benitez
TNC
Upper Mississippi River
David Braun
TNC
85
86
87
88
Delaware River Basin

Program NY (formerly
Neversink Program)
George Schuler
TNC
Guaraquecaba
Fernando Veiga
Environmental Protection Giba Tiepolo
Area - Carbon project
TNC
Cosumnes River
Jaymee Marty
Ramona Swenson
Mike Eaton
TNC
Quito Water Fund
Silvia Benitez
Pablo Lloret
TNC
FONAG
89
90
91
93
Ecological ICMS
Fernando Veiga
Giba Tiepolo
TNC
Water law
Fernando Veiga
Giba Tiepolo
TNC
Forest cover
Fernando Veiga
Giba Tiepolo
TNC
Municipal PES scheme

Brazil
Fernando Veiga
Giba Tiepolo
TNC
Skagit Floodplain (Fisher Molly Ingraham

Slough)
TNC
95
96
97
98
99
West Eugene Wetlands
Eric Wold
Ed Alverson
City of Eugene, Park and

Open Space Division
TNC
Rio Blanco Watershed

Carbon Sequestration
Project
Nestor Sanchez
TNC
Rio Bravo Carbon

Sequestration Project
Alejandro Martinez
TNC
alejandro_martinez@tnc.
org
La Amistad/Banano and
Bananito Streams
Felipe Carazo
100
102
103
107
TNC
Illinois River
Jim
Jason
Tharran Hobson
TNC
Catskills
Alan White
TNC
Pawcatuck Borderlands
Kevin Essington
Nick Napoli
Rick Pace
TNC
EcoAsset Markets
Highlands
Tom Wells
TNC
Sierra de las Minas
Oscar Nunez
Fundacion Defensores de
la Naturaleza
TNC
111
112
113
114
115
Noel Kempff Mercado

Climate Action Project
Joerg Seifert-Granzin
Fundacion de Amigos de
la Naturaleza (FAN)
TNC
Agroforestry
Fernando Veiga
GIba Tiepolo
TNC
Midwest Reforestation
John Shuey
TNC
Bayou Pierre Carbon

Project
Richard Martin
TNC
116
117
118
119
Penobscot River
Tom Rumpf
TNC
Lower Mississippi River
Lee Moore
TNC
Amboro-Carrasco
Conservation Unit
Cole Genge
TNC
Atitlan Volcanoes
Jorge Cardona
TNC
121
122
123
124
Cuatro Cienegas national Hernando Cabral

Wildlife Refuge
TNC
Eduardo Avaroa Reserve Cole Genge
TNC
Pacaya-Samiria National
Reserve
Sandra Isola
TNC
Shellfish Restoration
Network
Rob Brumbaugh
TNC
126
127
129
135
Emas/Cerrado
Glauco Freitas
TNC
Bahia Kino
Jorge Torre
COBI (Comunidad y
Biodiversidad)
Chiapas Coastal
Watershed
Alejandro Hernandez
TNC
154
158
159
Basic Info
Date of interview
9 July, 2007
Basic Info
Main Project Contact
Huang Yaqin
Xia Zuzhang (point
person)
Basic Info
Project location
China
Basic Info
Project ecoregion
Northwest Yunnan
July 9, 2007
July 17, 2007
Leonard Usongo
Cameroon
Western Congo Basin
July 17, 2007
Christophe Bene Bene
Cameroon
Northern Sudanian
Savanna
July 17, 2007
Dr Atanga Ekobo
Cameroon
Southwest and Littoral

Cameroon
July 17, 2007
Leonard Usongo
Cameroon
Ocean and Ntem Valleys
24 July, 2007
Robert M. Findling
North America
Apache Highlands
24 July, 2007
Rich Reiner
North America
Sacramento/Central
Valley
24 July, 2007
Sonia Najera
Gulf coast of Texas and

Mexico's state of
Tamaulipas
Gulf Coast
16 July, 2007
Nora Berrahmouni
Spain, Portugal, Morocco, SW Mediterranean

Tunisia
July 17, 2007
Sarah Lynch
North America
Lake Okeechobee
watershed
26 July, 2007
Steve MacLean
North America
Bering Sea
11 July, 2007
Jerry Chen
China
North Western Yunnan
17 July, 2007
Wang Shuwen
China
Laojun Mountain, Meili

Mountain, Shangri-la
Gorge, Lashi Lake
1 August 2007
Chris Weaver
Namibia
Namibia
1 August 2007
6 August 2007
Juilanne Stockbridge
Belize
Belize Barrier Reef
7 August, 2007
Betsy Lyons
North America
South Puget Sound

(Henderson Inlet)
7 August, 2007
Betsy Lyons
North America
Puget Sound
14 August, 2007
Richard Kessler
North America
South Central Kentucky

Green River Watershed
17 August, 2007
Sam Pearsall
North America
Atlantic Slope, Roanoke

River Basin
18 October, 2007
William J. Ginn
Alabama, Arkansas,
Florida, Georgia,
Louisiana, Mississippi,
North Carolina, South
Carolina, Tennessee,
Virginia, Wisconsin
Southern United States
17 August, 2007
Barry Truitt
North America
Virginia Coast
7 August, 2007
Laura McCarthy
North America
Southern Rockies
22 August, 2007
Angela Cun
China
Laojunshan Mountain
Range
28 August, 2007
Obed Lense
Indonesia
Papua
4 August, 2007
Ricardo Sandalo
Philippines
Sulawesi Marine
29 August, 2007
6 September, 2007
T R Manoharan
India
Eastern Himalaya and

Western Ghats
10 September, 2007
Alessandro Badalotti
Montenegro
Dinaric Alps,
Mediterranean
29 August, 2007
Esteban Brenes
Guatemala
Mesoamerican Caribbean
Reef
10 September, 2007
Stuart Blanch
Australia
Northern Territory
Australia
10 September, 2007
Tri Agung Rooswiadji
Indonesia
West Kalimantan and

East Nusa Tenggara
13 September, 2007
Michael Becker
Brasil
Atlantic Rainforest
13 September, 2007
John Manul
Philippines
Sulu-Sulawesi Marine
13 September, 2007
Johnjoe Cantos
Philippines
13 September, 2007
Johnjoe Cantos
Philippines
17 September, 2007
David Lindley
South Africa
South Africa
18 September, 2007
Cheryl Gole
Australia
Southwest Australia
18 September, 2007
Petro Masolwa
Tanzania
Southwestern Tanzania
(river connected to
Miombo and E. African
Marine ecoregions)
24 September, 2007
Ed Tongson
Philippines
Sulu-Sulawesi
23 August, 2007
Catherine Traynor
South Africa
None Reported
19 August, 2007
Chris Curnow
Australia
Southwest Australia
19 August, 2007
Chris Curnow
Australia
Southwest Australia
2 September, 2007
Fabian Musila
Kenya
Rift Valley Lakes
1 Ocotober, 2007
Moises Mug
Peru, Ecuador, Costa

None Reported
Rica, Panama, Mexico,
Columbia, Guatemala, El
Salvador
1 October, 2007
Miguel Jorge
Global
Global
3 October, 2007
Meneses Roberto
Mozambique
East African Marine
4 October, 2007
Yumiko Yasuda
Robert Mather
Lao PDR, Cambodia,

Vietnam, Thailand
Greater Mekong
4 October, 2007
Paul Eshoo
Lao PDR
Mekong River
6 September, 2007
Achmad Rizal
Indonesia
Central Sulawesi
28 August, 2007
Dewa Gede Raka

Wiadnya
Indonesia / Nusa
Tenggara Timur
Lesser Sunda Marine
8 October, 2007
Barry Long
Vietnam
Lao
Greater Anamites
27 August, 2007
Rein Gosal Paat
Indonesia
Papua
9 October, 2007
Ryan Smith
Texas, USA
South Central Plains
10 October, 2007
Dominiek Plouvier
French Guiana
Guianan Moist Forest
10 October, 2007
Marivel Dygico
Philippines
Sulu-Sulawesi Seas
11 October, 2007
Claudia Ruiz
Panama
Caribbean Marine
10 October, 2007
Claudia Ruiz
Costa Rica
Caribbean Marine
22 August, 2007
Zakiya M. Aloyce
Tanzania
Eastern Arc Montane

Forests
1 October, 2007
David Walker
Australia
None Reported
18 October, 2007
John Y. Salehe
Kenya, Tanzania, and

Mozambique
Eastern Africa Coastal

Forests
16 October, 2007
Isaac Malugu
John Y. Salehe
Tanzania
East African Coastal

Forests
20 October, 2007
Ali Dehlavi
Pakistan
Lower Indus Basin
22 October, 2007
Thibault Ledecq
Lao PDR
Cambodia
Vietnam
Mekong River
23 October, 2007
Luanne Losi
Papua New Guinea
Bismark Solomon Seas
29 October, 2007
Creusa Hitipeuw
Luanne Losi
Papua
Solomon Seas
18 October, 2007
Naobi Okayasu
Japan
Ariake Sea
9 October, 2007
Jacob Fjalland
Viet Nam
Southern Anamites
28 October, 2007
Sean Nazerali
Mozambique
Eastern African Coastal

Forest and Marine
1 November, 2007
Jose L. Gerhartz
Cuba
Caribbean Sea
1 November, 2007
Peter Sumbi
John Salehe
Tanzania

Forests
4 November, 2007
Mark E. Grindley
Vietnam
Greater Mekong
7 August, 2007
Leslie Colley
Sally R. Palmer
Tennessee, USA
Interior Low Plateau
5 November, 2007
Dani Heusser
Switzerland
Alps
12 November, 2007
Rudy Herrara
Guatemala
Maya Forest
12 November, 2007
Bas van Helvoort
Cambodia
Lower Mekong Dry Forest
6 November, 2007
Elias Kimaru
Kenya

Forests
6 November, 2007
Papucides Ntela
Mozambique
None Reported
8 October, 2007
Ruel Pine
Philippines
29 August, 2007
Niel Makinuddin
Indonesia
None Reported
18 September, 2007
Michael Baltzer
Romania
Carpathian Mountains
18 September, 2007
Michael Baltzer
Romania
Carpathian Mountains
18 September, 2007
Michael Baltzer
Romania
Ukraine
Moldavia
Bulgaria
Lower Danube
10 September, 2007
Tri Agung
Lombok (west
Kalimantan), Eastern
Nussa Tengara (Timor),
Kapuas Hulu (Borneo)
Indonesia
5 September, 2007
Jason Rubens
Tanzania
Eastern African Marine
2 August, 2007
Ann Snook
Mexico
None Reported
16 September, 2007
Eugenio Barrios
Mexico
Chihuahua Desert
Pacific coast Dry Forest
Durango and Nayarit
8 August, 2007
Silvia Benitez
Ecuador
None Reported
8 August, 2007
Silvia Benitez
Ecuador
None Reported
29 November 2006
None Reported
Iowa
North America
None Reported
29 Nov 2006
George Schuler
New York
North America
North Atlantic freshwater

ecoregion
29 Nov 2006
16 Feb 2007
None Reported
Brazil
South America
None Reported
7 Nov 2006
None Reported
California
North America
None Reported
30 Nov 2006
Silvia Benitez
Pablo Lloret
Ecuador
South America
Northern Andean Paramo

Eastern Cordillera Real
Montane Forest
North Western Andean
Montane Forest
29 Nov 2006
16 Feb 2007
None Reported
Brazil
South America
None Reported
29 Nov 2006
16 Feb 2007
Fernando Veiga
Brazil
South America
None Reported
29 Nov 2006
16 Feb 2007
None Reported
Brazil
South America
None Reported
29 Nov 2006
16 Feb 2007
None Reported
Brazil
South America
None Reported
10 January 2007
Molly Ingraham
Washington
North America
North Cascades
11 January 2007
12 January 2007
None Reported
Oregon
North America
Willamette Valley/Puget
Trough/Georgia Basin
(WPG)
14 February 2007
None Reported
Dominican Republic
Central America
None Reported
13 Feb 2007
None Reported
Belize
Central America
Maya Forest
14 May 2007
None Reported
Costa Rica and Panama

Central America
None Reported
22 January 2007
None Reported
24 January 2007
Illinois
North America
None Reported
New York
North America
Allegheny Plateau
25 January 2007
23 January 2007
None Reported
Connecticut
Rhod Island
North America
Lower New England;

North Atlantic Coast
26 January 2007
None Reported
New Jersey
North America
Lower New England;

Northern Piedmont
14 February 2007
None Reported
Guatemala
Central America
None Reported
15 February 2007
None Reported
Bolivia
South America
None Reported
16 Feb 2007
None Reported
Brazil
South America
None Reported
7 March 2007
None Reported
Indiana
Ohio
North America
Interior Low Plateau

North Central Till Plain
16 March 2007
None Reported
Louisiana
North America
Upper West Gulf Coastal

Plain
22 March 2007
None Reported
Maine
North America
North Atlantic Temperate

Coastal Rivers
20 March 2007
None Reported
Lower Mississippi Valley

North America
None Reported
30 May 2007
None Reported
Bolivia
South America
the Bolivian Yungas and

Southwest Amazon
Forest and also Wet Puna
and Bolivian Montane Dry
Forest
16 May 2007
None Reported
Guatemala
Central America
None Reported
3 July 2007
None Reported
Mexico
Central America
Chihuahuan desert
30 May 2007
None Reported
Bolivia
South America
None Reported
21 May 2007
None Reported
Peru
South America
None Reported
2 April 2007
None Reported
Throughout US
North America
None Reported
21 May 2007
None Reported
Brazil
South America
23 May 2007
Jorge Torre
Baja California Sur
Marianne Kleiberg (TNC) Mexico
Central America
None Reported
15 June 2007
None Reported
None Reported
Mexico
Central America
Tropical Grassland
Savanna
Basic Info
Start date
Oct 2004
Basic Info
Basic Info
Expected project length
Project category
July 2009
Ecosystem services
Basic Info
Interview type
By phone
1998
June 30, 2009
Ecosystem services
By phone
1996
2010
Ecosystem services
By phone
1994-5
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
2003
2010
Ecosystem services
By phone
1990
Perpetuity
Ecosystem services
By phone
1997
2018
Ecosystem services
By phone
1990s
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
July 2004
2009
Ecosystem services
By phone
2006
Pilot Phase: 5 years
Ecosystem services
By phone
2004
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
2005
6 years
Ecosystem services
By phone
2000
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
1992
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
1998
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
2005
2015
Ecosystem services
By phone
2006
2011
Ecosystem services
By phone
1999
perpetual
Ecosystem services
By phone
None Reported
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
2006
3-5 years
Ecosystem services
By phone
2002
perpetual
Ecosystem services
By phone
2005
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
2003
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
2006
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
2003
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
June 2006
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
January 2007
1 year
Ecosystem services
By phone
2003
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
2004
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
2006
December 2007 (phase

I), 3.5-4 years (phase II)
Ecosystem services
By phone
2007
2010
Ecosystem services
By phone
2003
5 years
Ecosystem services
By phone
2007
Perpetual
Ecosystem services
By phone
2007
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
1991
Perpetual
Ecosystem services
By phone
2004
2007
Ecosystem services
By phone
2003
2008
Ecosystem services
By phone
1998
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
September 2006
1 year
Ecosystem services
By phone
2000
June 2008
Ecosystem services
By phone
2005
June 2008
Ecosystem services
By phone
2001
2008
2005
2007
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
Ecosystem services
By phone
Ecosystem services
By phone
2006
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
2007
2010
Ecosystem services
By phone
2007
2009
Ecosystem services
By phone
1992
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
1995
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
October 2006
2008
Ecosystem services
By phone
2006
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
1990
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
1995
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
1997
2012
Ecosystem services
By phone
2005
2010
Ecosystem services
By phone
2005
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
January 2006
2010
Ecosystem services
By phone
2001
2007
Ecosystem services
By phone
2002
2025
Ecosystem services
By phone
1996
2009
Ecosystem services
By phone
2006
2012
Ecosystem services
By phone
2005
2008
Ecosystem services
By phone
2002
2010
Ecosystem services
By phone
2002
2010
Ecosystem services
By phone
2004
2011
Ecosystem services
By phone
2007
2009
Ecosystem services
By phone
2004
2008
Ecosystem services
By phone
2004
2008
Ecosystem services
By phone
2004
2009
Ecosystem services
By phone
2007
2009
Ecosystem services
By phone
2001
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
2005
2009
Ecosystem services
By phone
1990
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
2006
28 months (Dec 2008)
Ecosystem services
By phone
2002
2010
Ecosystem services
By phone
2001
2008
Ecosystem services
By phone
2001
2007
Ecosystem services
By phone
2003
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
2006
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
None Reported
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
2002
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
2005
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
1990
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
2007
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
2004
7 years
Ecosystem services
By phone
None Reported
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
None Reported
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
2002
None Reported
Ecosystem services
In person
June 1995
ongoing
Ecosystem services
In person
2000
40 years
Ecosystem services
By phone
1984
None Reported
Ecosystem services
In person
1997
None Reported
Ecosystem services
In person
1992
None Reported
Ecosystem services
In person
1997
None Reported
Ecosystem services
In person
2001
None Reported
Ecosystem services
In person
None Reported
None Reported
Ecosystem services
In person
2007
Perpetual
Ecosystem services
In person
1992
Perpetual
Ecosystem services
In person
2001
None Reported
Ecosystem services
In person
1995
40 years
Ecosystem services
In person
2003
perpetual
Ecosystem services
In person
1998
Perpetuity
2003
Ecosystem services
In person
Ecosystem services
In person
2006
None Reported
Ecosystem services
In person
2007
None Reported
Ecosystem services
In person
1990
None Reported
Ecosystem services
In person
1997
30 years
Ecosystem services
In person
None Reported
None Reported
Ecosystem services
In person
2002
40 years
Ecosystem services
By phone
2004
100 years
Ecosystem services
By phone
2004
None Reported
Ecosystem services
In person
2006
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
1997
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
2001
perpetual
Ecosystem services
In person
2004
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
2003
Ended 2004
Ecosystem services
By phone
None Reported
5 years
Ecosystem services
By phone
2004
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
2000
4 years - ended 2005
Ecosystem services
By phone
2002
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
1998
None Reported
Ecosystem services
By phone
Basic Info
Interviewer
Melissa Uhl
Rationale
Broad threats
Overharvest
Rationale
Main threats
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Overharvest
Logging
Housing and urban development
Hunting
Energy production and mining
Roads and service corridors
Species stresses
Fragmentation; degradation
NTFPs
Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Pollution
Habitat conversion
Hunting
Tourism and Recreation development
Logging
Recreational activities
Non-timber crops (ag)
Fishing
Non-point pollution
Ranching
Logging
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Overharvest

Commercial and industrial development
Hunting
NTFPs
Logging
Other
Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Habitat conversion
Dam and water management

Logging
NTFPs
Other
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Climate Change
Invasive Species

Invasive species
Species stresses
Climate change and severe weather
Other
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Invasive Species
Climate Change
Overharvest
Watershed alteration
Logging
Invasive species
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Pollution
Invasive Species
Climate Change
Overharvest

Fishing
Non-point pollution
Invasive species
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Overharvest
Climate Change
Fire
Wood and pulp plantations
Logging
Other
Melissa Uhl
Pollution
Habitat conversion

Non-point pollution
Point pollution
Melissa Uhl
Climate Change
Invasive Species
Habitat conversion
Overharvest
Fishing
Invasive species
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Overharvest
Logging
Melissa Uhl
Climate Change
Overharvest
Pollution
Habitat conversion

NTFPs
Logging
Point pollution
Non-point pollution
Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Habitat conversion

Hunting
War, civil unrest, military
Other
Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Habitat conversion

Fishing
Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Pollution
Habitat conversion

Non-point pollution
Fishing
Aquaculture
Point pollution
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Pollution
Overharvest

Aquaculture
Fishing
Non-point pollution
Point pollution
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Pollution

Non-point pollution
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Climate Change
Overharvest

Logging
Species stresses
Invasive species
Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Pollution
Fishing
Non-point pollution
Aquaculture
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Fire
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Overharvest
Hunting
Logging
Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Fishing
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Pollution
Overharvest
Fishing
Non-point pollution
Shipping lanes
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion

Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Overharvest
Logging
Hunting
Melissa Uhl
Pollution
Habitat conversion
Overharvest

Point pollution
Non-point pollution
Fire
Aquaculture
Geologic events
War, civil unrest, military
Hunting
NTFPs
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Pollution
Invasive Species
Climate Change

Ranching
Other
Invasive species
Non-point pollution
Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Pollution
Habitat conversion
Non-point pollution
Point pollution
Logging
Melissa Uhl
Pollution
Habitat conversion

Non-point pollution
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Climate Change
Invasive Species
Overharvest

Fishing
Invasive species
Shipping lanes
Melissa Uhl
Pollution
Habitat conversion
Point pollution
Non-point pollution
Fishing
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Overharvest
Logging
Other
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Pollution
Overharvest
Invasive Species

Point pollution
Non-point pollution
Other
Fire
Ranching
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Invasive Species

Ranching
Invasive species
Point pollution
Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Habitat conversion
Pollution

Non-point pollution
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Pollution
Overharvest

Hunting
Point pollution
Logging
Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Habitat conversion

Species stresses
Ranching
NTFPs
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion

Ranching
Species stresses
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion

Ranching
Species stresses
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Pollution
Overharvest
Ranching
Logging
Non-point pollution
Species stresses
Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Fishing
Other
Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Fishing
Other
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Climate Change
Overharvest

Fishing
Species stresses
Other
Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Pollution
Habitat conversion
Fishing
Non-point pollution
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Overharvest
Fire
Logging
Hunting
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Overharvest
Pollution

NTFPs
Logging
Non-point pollution
Other
Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Habitat conversion
Fishing
Species stresses
Hunting
Logging
Other
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Overharvest
Logging
Hunting
Other
NTFPs
Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Habitat conversion
Fishing
Shipping lanes
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Pollution
Invasive Species

Non-point pollution
Invasive species
Species stresses
Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Climate Change
Hunting
Other
Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Habitat conversion
Fishing
Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Habitat conversion
Climate Change
Hunting
Fishing
Melissa Uhl
Climate Change
Habitat conversion
Overharvest

Hunting
Fishing
Species stresses
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Climate Change
Overharvest
Fire
Logging
Melissa Uhl
Invasive Species
Habitat conversion
Pollution

Ranching
Invasive species
Non-point pollution
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Overharvest

NTFPs
Logging
Fire
Species stresses
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Overharvest
Fire
Logging
NTFPs
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Pollution
Climate Change
Invasive Species
Overharvest

Ranching
Hunting
NTFPs
Logging
Fishing
Invasive species
Non-point pollution
Point pollution
Species stresses
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Overharvest
NTFPs
Logging
Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Habitat conversion
Pollution
Fishing
Point pollution
Non-point pollution
Logging
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Climate Change
Overharvest
Pollution

Logging
Fishing
Species stresses
Non-point pollution
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Pollution
Overharvest

Fishing
Non-point pollution
Melissa Uhl
Pollution
Habitat conversion

Aquaculture
Logging
Point pollution
Non-point pollution
Species stresses
Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Habitat conversion
Hunting
Fishing
Logging
Fire
Other
Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Habitat conversion
Fishing
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Overharvest
Pollution

Logging
Fire
Non-point pollution
Other
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Overharvest

Hunting
Logging
Other
NTFPs
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Pollution
Invasive Species
Overharvest

Ranching
Logging
Non-point pollution
Point pollution
Invasive species
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Pollution

Point pollution
Species stresses
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Overharvest

Ranching
Fire
Logging
NTFPs
Hunting
Species stresses
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Overharvest

Hunting
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Overharvest

Logging
Fire
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Overharvest

Logging
Fishing
Fire
Melissa Uhl
Pollution
Overharvest
Habitat conversion
Fishing
Other
Non-point pollution
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Overharvest
Fire
Logging
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion

Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion

Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Climate Change

Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Climate Change

Melissa Uhl
Overharvest
Fishing
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Overharvest

Hunting
Logging
Species stresses
Fire
Melissa Uhl
Pollution
Habitat conversion

Ranching
Non-point pollution
Melissa Uhl
Pollution
Habitat conversion
Fire
Ranching
Point pollution
Non-point pollution
Melissa Uhl
Habitat conversion
Pollution

Ranching
Non-point pollution
Logging
Rebecca Goldman
Pollution
Habitat conversion
Overharvest

Fishing
Non-point pollution
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion

Rebecca Goldman
Invasive species
Habitat conversion
Overharvest
Invasive species
Urban development
Ranching
Logging
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion
Climate Change

Ranching
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion
Overharvest
Hunting
Ranching
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion
Overharvest

Logging
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion
Pollution
Ranching
Non-point pollution
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion

Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion

Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion

Ranching
Species stresses
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion
Overharvest

Ranching
Logging
Rebecca Goldman
Invasive species
Habitat conversion
Invasive species
Rebecca Goldman
Invasive species
Climate Change
Habitat conversion
Invasive species
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion
Overharvest
Pollution

Logging
Non-point pollution
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion
Rebecca Goldman
Overharvest
Habitat conversion
Logging
Fire
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion
Overharvest
Fire
Logging
Fishing
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion
Overharvest
Logging
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion

Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion

Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion
Overharvest

Logging
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion

Fire
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion
Overharvest
Logging
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion
Rebecca Goldman
Overharvest
Logging
Hunting
Fishing
Rebecca Goldman
Overharvest
Habitat conversion
Fishing
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion
Pollution

Ranching
Non-point pollution
Rebecca Goldman
Overharvest
Habitat conversion
Fishing
Rebecca Goldman
Habitat conversion
Overharvest

Ranching
Fishing
Rationale
Rationale
Rationale
Rationale
Project goals
Ecosystem service targets ES target comments
Habitat targets
Micro-financing to small Timber
less timber harvest will lead to a more stable and productive forest
mountainous rural
Natural medicines
villages. Protect forests Food (subsistence)
from overharvest and
improve living conditions
by promoting sustainable
take and conversion to
alternative energy
sources.
Helps improve the
livelihoods of local
residents and promote
community economic
development ; ?
Contributes to the
Federally owned and
regulated national parks
were not well-managed
and rules were poorly
enforced.
Recreation
Timber
Food (subsistence)
Other cultural services
Natural medicines
Mining
Promotion of sustainable
logging which will provide
the potential for
economic development.
Negotiation of
mechanisms that will
ensure sustainable
logging.
FSC certified forest
management.
Threats: agriculture,
Food (subsistence)
timber harvest for
Forage
firewood, cattle grazing, Other cultural services
cotton farming,
poaching, unsustainable
fishing and hunting,
pollution.
Implement better
management practices
of National Forests and
regulate their usage.
Abate negative human
impacts on the wildlife
controlling the poaching

and overharvest of
wildlife (like the Gray
Parrot) and
timber/logging will
stabilize population and
allow for sustainable
harvest of these
resources for the
communites subsistence
and also market trade.
food: bushmeat, honey,
bush mangos, wild yams,
fish (NOTE:
encouragement of
fishing as alternative to
Last remaining large savan
Threats: huge agro

industries and private
individuals take
advatnage of the rich
volcanic soils of the
area. They build
plantions of palms,
cocoa, coffee, banana,
pineapple, and other
tropical fruits. These
industries have attracted
thousands
from other
Threats: Threats
to this
rich biodiversity include:
immigration resulting in
high demand for land
and forest products,
over-exploitation of
wildlife (commercial
poaching and
transborder poaching,
The acquisition of the
Gray Ranch in 1990
catalyzed this ongoing
multi-stakeholder effort
to conserve valuable
grassland landscapes in
the Apache Highlands.
The Gray Ranch has
since been expanded to
include some
surrounding ranchland
and thus reclaimed its
historic name, the
Diamond A. The
Diamond A ranch is
made up of native
grasslands of the
The Lassen Foothills
project area consists of
over 900,000 acres
stretching from Mount
Lassen to the northern
Sacramento Valley one
of the largest
unfragmented and most
biologically diverse
landscapes in California.
This project spans many
habitats, 11 portfolio
sites primarily: vernal
pools, rivers with
Water quality
Water quantity
Timber
Fisheries
Recreation
Natural medicines
Food (subsistence)
Better management of the the

l Mount Cameroon-Muanen
Water quality
Water quantity
Timber
Food (subsistence)
Natural medicines
Recreation
Fisheries
mangroves around Ntem E
Other
Genetic resources
Forage
By collaborating with
ranch owners to mitigate
the threat of
fragmentation this
project works to protect
large grassland
landscapes and its suite
of biodiversity.
Numerous systems and

species within these
broad habitat types:
Apachean Grassland
and Savanna, Apachean
Shrubland , Chihuahuan
Shrubland, Desert
Riparian Woodland and
Shrubland, Interior
Cattle and the traditional Chaparral, Madrean
ranching livelihood
Encinal, Ponderosa Pine
coexist.
Forest and Woodland,
Playa
Water quality
Fisheries
Timber
Soil Stabilization
Water quantity
Flood mitigation
Forage
Genetic resources
Headwaters and tributariesmeadowlands, wildflower

fields
Chinook salmon runs in
creeek/rivers
northern hardpan vernal
pools
blue oak woodlands &
grasslands
Central Valley riparian
Threats: pressure and

fragmentation from
resort development,
ranchettes, sewage and
agricultural run-off,
increasing commercial
boat traffic and dredging,
channelization, canal
building, algal blooms,
overfishing/harvest rates,
urban development,
agricultural
contaminants,
habitat
Threats: increasing
human pressure on
resources, through
overgrazing, overharvesting and forest
clearance ; forest
conversion for fast
growing tree plantations ;
poor forest
management practices ;
land abandonment ;
urban development in
coastal areas ; forest
fires. These threats,
exacerbated by climate
Key Threats: Ag runoff
pollutants (Phosphorus)
and unnatural lake levels
due to drainage canals.
Water quality
Flood mitigation
Recreation
Shoreline hazards
Fisheries
Soil Stabilization
Water quality
Water quantity
Soil Stabilization
Soil Fertility
Other
Carbon sequestration
Natural medicines
Food (subsistence)
Recreation
Timber
Flood mitigation
Water quality
Water quantity
Shoreline hazards
The goal is to create a

program to be
implemented by Florida
state agencies to pay
ranchers for the
Restore habitat for
Fisheries
seabirds and shorebirds. Food (subsistence)
Remove rats
Institute fishing
regulations like catch
quotas. Spread better
methods of fishing.
shoreline stabilization, h marine and estuarine

systems, barrier islands,
riparian corridors,
brushlands, grasslands,
and rural and
metropolitan areas in two
countries. Its the only
coastal hypersaline
ecosystem on the North
American continent and
one of only seven
worldwide. Laguna is
spawning
ground for 60
soil conservation:
cork oak landscapes
protects against wind
erosion, increases rate
that rainwater infiltrates
and recharges
groundwater.
water protection: less
pollution from soil
absorb carbon,
sustainable harvest
because of regenerative
nature of bark, absorb 35x as much carbon when
being harvested because
they use it to regenerate!
flood mitigation
marine ecosystems: fishin shoreline nesting areas
Park creation enables

biological and ecological
conservation and
management while still
allowing local usage (this
is a very poor area
economically). In
addition to park creation,
TNC will work with local
and county prefecture
educate and facilitate the
shift in local village use
of unsustainable timber
harvest as the primary
source of energy. It is
both detrimental to forest
health as well as human
health (burning
generates
smoke/ash/pollution etc).
Food (subsistence)
Timber
Natural medicines
Recreation
Water quality
Soil Stabilization
Soil Fertility
Managing the parks for susalpine meadows/mosaic, s
Water quantity
Flood mitigation
Timber
Water quality
restoring forests provides conifer, broad leaf, and mi
mobilze community to
replant
surrounding
Main threats:
Wildlife
Recreation
were seen as pests, no Food (subsistence)
benefit came from them, Other
they were widely hunted
down and populations
reached very low levels.
Poaching, habitat
fragmentation,adhoc
settlement, military
presence, and drought
all contributed to the
decline in wildlife
populations.
Community level
Gladden Spit is the spawniFisheries
Recreation
Food (subsistence)
Genetic resources
The people live on this lanVarious areas across Nam
Many people rely on the Meso-American barrier re

fish from this region for
their livelihoods. Fishing
as a way of life is also
very important to the
culture of this area.
Cultivating the tourism
industry (whale shark
appeal) as an alternative
source of income is also
a major focus of this
project.
Threats: In response to
the decline in Olympia
oysters, fishermen
switched to farming
imported Pacific oysters.
Habitat conversion from
not only development but
also docks and piers and
Threats: In response to
the decline in Olympia
oysters, fishermen
switched to farming
imported Pacific oysters.
Habitat conversion from
not only development but
also docks and piers and
Major threats aside from
current rural
development are the
prospective development
of what is now farmlands
that boarder the
watershed. Storm water
runoff from
anthropogenic
development flow into
the river and pollute the
waters. Also, with the
new high oil prices it has
become economically
feasible to reopen and
also build new wells in
manage the landscape
for a balance of natural
conservation and human
use
Promote conservation of
natural resources,
recreation, flood control,
economic development
and hydropower
production
Water quality
Recreation
Other
Oysters clean the water anWoodard Bay
Water quality
Oysters clean the water and are part of the ecosystem composition by pro
Water quality
Flood mitigation
Recreation
Other
The Green River

eventually drains into the
Mississippi watershed
and then to the Gulf of
Mexico. By cleaning its
waters, the Green's
contribution to the may
offset some of the
pollution and degraded
waters that flow into the
Gulf.
Recreation
Water quality
Flood mitigation
Water quantity
There is also an
noticeable increase in
the visitation to the
Green with the creation
Improving river benefits m rich slope Mesic forests
non-riverine wetland
forests
largest and least
disturbed bottomland
hardwood forest
ecosystem on the
Atlantic Slope
In March 2006, The

Nature Conservancy and
The Conservation Fund
purchased nearly
220,000 acres of
forested land across 10
states from International
Paper, largely for the
purpose of
completing/connecting
fragmented parcels of
critical habitat already
under protection. These
newly acquired lands
eventually fall under
state ownership and
Overharvest is likely the
most significant factor
contributing to the overall
decline in oyster
populations, due both to
direct loss in numbers as
well as reduced
resistance to disease.
Dermo Disease
(protozoan) has now
Habitat conversion:
Absence of natural fire
regime. Up to 100 years
and 5-6 cycles missed,
creates threat of severe
TNC is utilizing a new
form of environmental
education called the
"Pride Campaign." It
motivates pride for a
place by emphasizing
key charismatic species
and the importance of
natural ecosystems
where people live (and
get many of the goods
and services they rely on
daily.)
Thegoal
Conservation
The main
of the
Recreation
Water quality
Fisheries
Genetic resources
Timber
Water quantity
Pollination
Water quality
Other
Fisheries
Water quality
Nutrient cycling
Other
The approach to
longleaf pine habitat and
conservation has moved
to a landscape scale so
acquiring these lands
was based on their
proximity and
connectability to other
protected and important
areas. The piecing
together of these
landscape scale
ecosystems will provide
better insurance for all
the important functions
as well as species that
are present.
Oysters are natural water In some cases, TNC gathers
Fires are natural to forest National forest
Recreation
Genetic resources
Water quality
Soil Stabilization
Food (subsistence)
Genetic resources
Misool program is to
Recreation
support the CTC Raja
Food (subsistence)
Ampat long term goals in Fisheries
this area (1) to maintain
the biodiversity of the
Raja Ampat islands at
least at 2003 levels, and
(2) to create together
with other partners a
resilient network of MPAs
in the Birds Head
functional seascape that
sustains resource for the
benefit of the people of
special red sand stone

ecosystems,
forest ecosystems
Fish are a staple food

source to the local
communities.
Marine tourism based
around the MPA.
Coral reef, mangroves and
Set up a sustainable
financing mechanism for
the monitoring and
maintenance of the coral
reefs and waters around
the (Anilao) Mabini and
Tingloy municipalities.
Recreation
Fisheries
Water quality
Food (subsistence)
This project is mainly gearCoral reefs, as they provi
Stop the harmful fishing

practices like cyanide
and blast fishing.
Asses the structure and

implementation of
existing economic
instruments for
ecosystem services.
Raise awareness and
potential of PES.
A combined approach
through field studies,
policy analysis, and
stakeholder consultation
will be used to advise the
most suitable PES
opportunities.
Net Present Value (NPV)
From a larger survey of
Northern Montenegro,
Durmitor was selected
(as one of four priority
forest areas) to focus on
development of
innovative financial
mechanisms for
conservation.
Durmitor was additionally
chosen because of its
existing status as a
national park (though
with poor management)
and through its
partnership as a
UNESCO World
Water quality
Water quantity
Recreation
Food (subsistence)
Soil Stabilization
Soil Fertility
Nutrient cycling
Flood mitigation
Recreation
Food (subsistence)
Soil Stabilization
Water quantity
NPV- Himachal Pradesh

PES- Munnar in the
South Western Ghats,
Gangtok in the Eastern
Himalayas, and Shimla
in the Western
Himalayas
High mountain meadows, Al

Local people who live
around the park maintain
some small scale
agriculture within the
park boundaries. They
also harvest some
berries and honey from
the park.
Developing an revenue
generating tourism
component for the park
is the main aim of this
project.
The park is notable for
its large expanses of
Threats include aquifer

depletion, industrial
misuse of water
supplies, sedimentation
caused by development,
pollution from agricultural
runoff and the city of
Guatemala, slash and
burn agriculture,
deforestation, forestfires, and dredging all
damage local forest and
freshwater ecosystems.
Illegal poaching is the
leading cause for forest
fires, and a major
The Daly River is a
target for intensified
agriculture (cattle
grazing, irrigation) and
dam installment.
Major threats: land
clearing of areas with
high biodiversity value,
and agricultural runoff
leading to eutrophication
Project aims to prevent
any further major land
clearing and to promote
awareness and better
among those landowners
Payments for watershed
services are delivering
sustainable natural
resource management
and improved livelihoods
for the rural poor. The
local water company
PDAM (Perusahaan
Create and implement
an additional
(sustainable) PES
scheme within the
framework of the preexisting payment for
waterservices around the
Atlantic forest area.
Money will go to
reforestation of park
areas along the
watershed and in the
headwaters. Also, other
potential incomes (e.g.
tourist fee) could go to
pay "water producers"
Water quality
Water quantity
Flood mitigation
Soil Stabilization
Fisheries
The SMBR's cloud forests Cloud

a
forests, mesoamerican reef
Water quality
Water quantity
Soil Stabilization
Fisheries
Natural medicines
Food (subsistence)
Recreation
river provides for grazing woodlands, savannah, ripa
Water quality
Water quantity
Soil Stabilization
Money can go towards educ

Kapuas Hulu Basin as part of Kapuas River in W
Water quality
Water quantity
Atlantic Rainforest
Assist in capacity
building, management,
funding, research of the
Apo Reef Natural Park.
Fisheries
Recreation
Food (subsistence)
3 general goals of the

project: to protect anchor
sites and marine species
within high priority
conservation, to magnify
successful site and
species conservation
approaches
to protect
Charge tourists
a user's f Water quality
Water quantity
Fisheries
Recreation
The income (1.5 million USRecreation

Food (subsistence)
Other
Water quality
Water quantity
This joint project with

Wildlife and Environment
Society of South America
aims at catalyzing the
realized importance and
conservation of wetlands
by landholders and
users. The project
focuses on highlighting
the ecosystem service
(water related especially)
benefits of wetlands as
points of persuasion for
landowners,
governments, and
industries to value and
Water quality
Water quantity
Flood mitigation
Food (subsistence)
Soil Stabilization
Timber
Nutrient cycling
Natural medicines
Genetic resources
Apo reef is a key breedingApo coral reefs

mangroves, beach and
marine which include
seagrass, algal flats,
coral reefs, and lagoons.
The major services targeted

All of the Puerto Galera marine and lower terre
Ecotourism and sustainable

Tropical rainforest
water purification, storage tropical wetlands and estuaries
Western Australia's
Wheatbelt is the nations
only Biodiversity Hotspot,
of which 90% of the
original bushland has
been cleared for
agricultural purposes.
This transformation has
caused the water table to
rise as well as the
salinity of the soils (a
huge problem for the
agriculturists now who
depend on farming and
livestock for their
livelihoods). The few
The Great Ruaha River
has expereinced
decreased flow and
complete drying in some
areas. A lot of people
are living and/or moving
to the upper catchment
area and impeding the
flow of water
To ensure a sustainable
flow of watershed
services to dependent
communities through the
establishment of
equitable payments
mechanisms to peoples
living in the upper
watershed; address
poverty alleviation. The
potential 'sellers' of the
ES are primarily the
(poor)indigenous
peoples who live on their
newly acquired land in
the upper watershed.
They already participate
in a 'payment' scheme
by policing poaching and
Soil Stabilization
Soil Fertility
Other
Water quality
Water quantity
Recreation
Food (subsistence)
Soil Stabilization
Water quality
Flood mitigation
Food (subsistence)
Soil Stabilization
Regenerated/protected
woodlands could also
provide shelter for sheep
stocks, which are the
major livestock farmed in
the area (wool and
meat). Decreased
salinity would benefit
farmers.
In the first round, water
services were targeted
but this was abandoned
due to the difficulties of
actually measuring
improvements.
Water supply for people
and businesses.
River flow for
downstream electricity
dam that supplies
country's power.
clean water for

downstream users
new financial source for
poverty alleviation
woodland
shrub land
granite outcrops
naturally saline wetlands
Ruaha catchment region, upper floodplain-wetl
Establish a baseline
evaluation of wetland
grass usage for cultural,
subsistence, and
economic reasons (by
local indigenous
communities). To inform;
and to determine if
wetlands and particular
wetland plant species
are being overused. To
insure that there's a
sustainable supply of
plant fibers so that this
tradition can continue.
Focus on basket
The western and central
parts of the Australian
Wheatbelt have been
subject to a long history
(of governmentally
endorsed) massive land
clearing for agriculture.
So, this naturally saline
landscape is
experiencing heightened
dry land salinization, due
to the intensity of
agriculture, at rates that
threaten survival of the
farming way of life. In
Massive land clearing of
the Australian Wheatbelt
has increased the
threats of hyper saline
soils (threatens
agricultural way of life),
erosion, and the loss of
valuable woodland and
other native vegetation
habitats.
Like the Woodland
Watch, this project
targets private
landowners and
Water quality
Fisheries
Recreation
Natural medicines
Food (subsistence)
Forage
Water quantity
Flood mitigation
Wetlands are important Wetlands

on multiple levels:
generally- provision of
harvestable, plants, fish,
grazing, indigenous
plants, medicines,
culturally heritage,
indigenous, ceremonies,
plant spp to make
cultural items.
Subsistence and market
value
Soil Stabilization
Soil Fertility
Genetic resources
Pollination
Other
Through altered management

Woodlands
Soil Stabilization
Soil Fertility
Genetic resources
Pollination
Other
Through altered management

woodlands, heathlands, granite outcrops, doler
Main Threats: human

resource management,
unequal distribution of
tourism revenue,
inadequate
infrastructure,
unsustainable farming
methods, deforestation,
loss of habitat, low level
of environmental
awareness or education.
Goals: Integrated River
Basin Management
(IRBM) plan/Integrated
Water Resource
Management plan & the
Threats to fishing
industry include
overfishing and loss of
buyers.
Water quality
Flood mitigation
Soil Stabilization
Recreation
Natural medicines
Food (subsistence)
Nutrient cycling
sustainable ecotourism, reswamps, riverine forests,
Fisheries
Other
The sustainability of fisheries are a byproduct of fi
Motivate a forum for

fishermen to
communicate and build
working relationships,
organize, recognize
similar obstacles, and
empower position by
working together. Test
and research alternative
fishing method, a circle
hook that prevents
Fisheries
Engage and empower
fishermen by
establishing good
working relationships
among them. This
interaction is intended to
serve as a forum to
collaborate and solve
problems these groups
may collectively face (eg.
overfishing, no control
over the markets,
marginalization). When
fishermen organize they
Numerous fisheries aroundBering Sea

North Atlantic
Southern tip of Africa
empowerment of local
communities, support the
management of the
national park and the
sustainable use and
conservation of the suite
of natural resources
within and around the
area.
Water quality
Water quantity
Soil Stabilization
Fisheries
Recreation
Food (subsistence)
Genetic resources
Shoreline hazards
Other
Marine and coastal

resources
seagrass beds between
the archipelago and the
mainland support the
most important
population of dugongs in
the Western Indian
Ocean
Stakeholder engagement
The aim of this project is

to encourage the
conservation of
important wetlands while
developing sustainable
livelihoods and food
security for the
inhabitants of the
Greater Mekong region.
Water quality
Water quantity
Flood mitigation
Food (subsistence)
Soil Fertility
Fisheries
Nutrient cycling
Recreation
Through capacity
building of local
governments, NGOs,
and community networks
to institutionalize
changes necessary for
sustainable wetland
The aim of this project is Recreation
Food (subsistence)
Genetic resources
Fisheries
Timber
Other
Many rural poor rely of wetinland freshwater wetlands all the way to coasta
Use ecotourism to motivateMixed Evergreen, Deciduous, Evergreen wood
Park is threatened by
increasing
encroachment:
conversion to agricultural
land, over extraction of
forest resources, and
illegal logging
(deforestation & erosion
threaten water
resources).
Engage stakeholders to
actively manage Lore
Lindu National Park.
Clearly designating
boundaries (with the help
The two main threats for
marine ecosystem are:
Destructive fishing
practices (blast fishing,
cyanide with hookah
compressor, fish-traps,
reef gleaning, and muro
ami) - destructive fishing
which also lead to overexploitation, mainly
disturbs coral reef, a
critical habitat for fish
resources;
& Over-exploitation
(over-harvesting the fish
The Asia Development
Bank (ADB) has initiated
an economic
development program in
5 nations (Vietnam, Lao
PDR, Cambodia, China,
& Myanmar) creating
corridors for
transportation &
communication of goods
and services. To
mitigate the impacts of
these activities they have
also initiated a
Biodiversity Corridors
project that works on

Water quality
Water quantity
Flood mitigation
Soil Stabilization
Soil Fertility
Natural medicines
Genetic resources
Food (subsistence)
Recreation
Fisheries
water catchment area:

water supply for more
than 300,000 people,
people fish from lake
within park
Fisheries
Recreation
Fisheries: especially
commercially important
species of reef fisheries;
& Eco-tourism: especially
for diving & snorkeling
through live aboard
vessels, local dive
operators and yachts
Water quality
Soil Stabilization
Flood mitigation
Genetic resources
Natural medicines
Fisheries
Food (subsistence)
Timber
montane, cloud, and mons
ancient stone megaliths

from 1300 AD
coral reefs, mangroves,

and sea grasses
(Komodo Dragon only
found in Komodo and
Rinca)
drinking water, flood prot wet tropical rainforests
Through the creation of

MPAs (and a network of
these MPAs) the area
can be zoned and rules
for natural resource
management can be
upheld. This promotes
the overall health and
sustainability of the
marine resources and
the continued livelihoods
of communities that rely
on the area.
Major threats: blast
fishing or bum fishinguse explosives to catch a
Caddo Lake is part of
TNC's Sustainable
Rivers and Freshwater
Program. It is Texas'
only natural lake and
through the Sustainable
River's program
(partnership with the
Army Corps of
Engineers), the inflow of
water from one of its
main tributaries the
Cyrpress Bayou (and
Corp operated Lake O'
the Pines dam) is
regulated according to
ecological standards.
Major concerns are
There are no immediate
threats to the reserve
aside from hunting. The
potential for gold mining
(of the area and) in a
nearby nature reserve,
Kaw (much larger), are
thought to be unlikely,
and would be the only
other real concern.
This project seeks to
facilitate the
management, protection,
and education of/about
the Tresor Nature
Reserve. This reserve
Fisheries
Food (subsistence)
Recreation
Genetic resources
Natural medicines
Nutrient cycling
Soil Stabilization
Water quantity
Water quality
Shoreline hazards
Water quality
Water quantity
Fisheries
Recreation
Nutrient cycling
Recreation
Fisheries, and the

coral reefs
maintenance of their
stock is important
because they provide
subsistence for the local
people.
Recreation, some
tourism but there is
potential for much more
and for local people to
take advantage of this
industry. (Mainly "liveaboard" boats that house
divers fro 1-2 weeks of
diving.)
Traditional practices Regulating the flow from t wetlands, mixed bottomla
potential for this healthy
rainforest, savanna
Even back in the mid

1980s, divers and
fishermen already began
noticing and reporting
signs of coral reef
destruction and fish
population declines.
This was largely due to
harmful practices like
dynamite and cyanide
fishing. Scientists, who
are interested in this
area for its high
biodiversity and
uniqueness, also noticed
coral cover and fish
productivity declines.
Dangerously low
population drops were
historically due to
pressure from hunting for
the sale of the turtles'
shells, meat, & eggs in
international markets.
This, coupled with
natural predation caused
the hawksbill nesting
population at Chiriqu
Beach to decline by
98%. Coastal
development, climate
change, and bycatch are
also components to the
Although Costa Rica has
national legislation
against it, there had
been a 100% rate of
seaturtle egg poaching
before 2005. The
community has since
changed its ways and
now regards the
leatherback as a
valuable cultural symbol.
Poaching is now down to
5-15% all by non-locals.
Other threats to the area
are climate change,
coastal development,
and seaturtle bycatch.
Fisheries
Recreation
Genetic resources
Food (subsistence)
Surrounding fisheries are Tubbataha reef

shown to benefit when
Jessie Beazley reef
MPA are established.
Genetic resources
Recreation
Although ecotourism is something that the community

Genetic resources
Other
Recreation
Community livelihoods andJunquillal Beach
The potential for

increased eco-tourism
opportunities for the
municipality of
Cagayancillo.
The Project supports the

environmental and
sustainable natural
resources initiative
addressing local issues
(improved land and
water resources
management, landuse
planning, and alternative
sources of livelihoods)
as well as national and
global policies for
management of the
natural resources within
the project area
Land Management
Tenders are a new way
to revitalize the private
Landcare spirit (recent
decade of landcare
promotion by
government & private
enterprise during the
1990-2000). These
tenders create a way for
communities to purchase
increased biodiversity,
reductions in salinity,
water quality
improvements and better
from farmers.
Water quantity
Flood mitigation
Soil Stabilization
Soil Fertility
Timber
Recreation
Pollination
Food (subsistence)
Nutrient cycling
Natural medicines
Fisheries
Commercial farming (Sugaforests and woodland cover
Genetic resources
Soil Fertility
Soil Stabilization
Water quality
Nutrient cycling
Flood mitigation
Water quantity
Forage
Food (subsistence)
Improvement on private land

Grassy whitebox
eucalypt woodlands,
open woodlands, grass
tree communities, Koala
habitat
Project Goal: Insure that

the Coastal Forests of
the Eastern Africa region
are sustainably managed
and conserved for
current and future
generations, though the
involvement of local
communities.
Water quality
Timber
Recreation
Genetic resources
Water quantity
Most of the coastal forest closed canopy coastal for
By: Addressing habitat

and species targets
using socioeconomic/human
development as an entry
point and concurrent
major objective.
Dont just want to
remnant native
vegetation and proximity
to riparian zones or
connectability to other
target habitats.
Taking up where
previous WWF & IUCN
projects have left off, this
project seeks to
complete the process of
natural reserve
designation in key areas
as well as identify
smaller tracts for usable
village forests. Natural
resource management
and human development
go hand in hand, so
while communities work
towards forest
conservation they also
develop alternative
sources of livelihood to
decrease their reliance
The Indus ecoregion is
important both locally
and globally. This
project is the first phase
(6 yrs) of a 50 year
international vision to
conserve the natural
resources and improve
the human livelihoods
that depend on the Indus
area. The idea is that
through conservation of
the rich biodiversity of
the Indus Ecoregion,
local livelihood
improvement &
sustainable development
can be realized. This
project focuses on the
Gather working
information about the
rattan trade, production
chain dynamics, and the
ecological & socioeconomic status of two
key supplier countries:
Lao PDR and Cambodia,
and their major exporter:
Vietnam. The demand
for rattan far exceeds the
current methods of
supply while the
disconnect between
buyers and sellers
creates unsustainable
harvesting of the
resource. Still, rattan
Water quantity
Soil Fertility
Timber
Recreation
Food (subsistence)
Other
Pollination
Nutrient cycling
Natural medicines
Water quality
Water quantity
Soil Stabilization
Soil Fertility
Flood mitigation
Timber
Fisheries
Recreation
Food (subsistence)
Genetic resources
Shoreline hazards
Nutrient cycling
Other
Natural medicines
Food (subsistence)
Genetic resources
Timber
Other
Coastal forests, woodlands, mangroves
Selection of the four

riverine forests, deltaic
types of PES schemes to
be pursued by this
program must still be
determined, however,
the following are many of
the ES being considered:
Riverine Forest (2,000
ha of riverine forest
cover is
maintained/improved) wood resources (e.g.,
timber, fodder,
fuelwood), nonwood
resources (fruits, honey,
oils and medicines)
[economic services]; soil
fertility maintenance,
Healthy rattan forests su rattan grows in many diffe
Improve the livelihoods Fisheries

of coastal communities Recreation
and significantly
contribute to conserving Food (subsistence)
the biodiversity of the
Genetic resources
Bismarck Solomon Seas Water quality
by promoting sustainable Nutrient cycling
participatory
management of marine
and coastal resources.
Using the ecosystem
approach to
conservation and
sustainable use, and
greater participation by
The Papua province,
Fisheries
Indonesia branch of the Recreation
broader Conservation
Food (subsistence)
and Sustainable Use of Other cultural services
the Marine and Coastal Genetic resources
Biodiversity of the
program focuses on 2
major marine locations:
the Abun MPA
(Jamursba Medi and
Warmon) under Sorong
district and Cendrawasih
National Park under
Teluk Wondama District.
Here, WWF Indonesia
A history of conversion be Water quality
Water quantity
Soil Stabilization
Soil Fertility
Fisheries
Recreation
Nutrient cycling
Shoreline hazards
Food (subsistence)
Important for biodiversity coral reef, mangrove, sea
Many coastal communitiescoral

r
reefs and coastal ar
Wetland functions and servwetlands
The Dong Nai river basin

is the source for all the
surface water supply to
the larger Ho Chi Min
City area, where the
majority of industrial and
socio-economic
development is occurring
in Viet Nam. The aim of
this project is to develop
an ecological &
economic understanding
of water resource
dynamics of Tri An
reservoir and the Lower
Dong Nai River; its major
threats, supply capacity,
and future demand.
Then, from this
information develop
mechanisms
that
This
project focuses
on
strengthening the
Quirimbas National
Parks capacity to
conserve the natural
resources and ecological
processes, which in turn
support biodiversity and
promote the sustainable
survival of communities
within. The project will
support the
establishment of park
infrastructure, build
capacity among park
personnel and recruit
community rangers to
increase law
enforcement, and
facilitate knowledge
sharing
working
The aimand
of the
(pilot)
project is to establish
sustainable fishing and
livelihood practices that
can benefit both the rich
biodiversity of the area
as well as the local
community that relies on
its ecosystem services.
Although the marine and
coastal ecosystem
health of Cuba are fairly
healthy, the pressing
threat of degradation and
over-exploitation put
these communities
(biological and human) in
Water quality
Water quantity
Soil Stabilization
Recreation
Other
agriculture, fisheries,
tourism, industry, energy,
navigation, effluent
management, and urban
development
Vinh Cuu and Tan Phu

nature reserves,
Cat Tien National Park all forests
Fisheries
Recreation
Food (subsistence)
Genetic resources
promote ecotourism as forEastern African Coastal

Forest
Eastern African
Mangrove
Fisheries
Genetic resources
Food (subsistence)
Other
Fisheries important to Cubextensive beaches and man
This is a landscape scale

approach to developing
realistic opportunities for
forest conservation and
mutual enhancement of
biodiversity and human
wellbeing. The focus is
on ecologically valuable
forested lands in the
East Usamabaras and
the people who live here.
The key landscape is a
mosaic of National
reserves, village forests,
and undesignated lands.
A variety of stakeholders
have interest in this area
The Greater Mekong
region is internationally
prioritized by WWF for
conservation and many
projects are concurrently
being implemented to
address various issues
like biodiversity and
sustainable
development. What sets
this project apart is its
major focus on economic
alternatives and income
generating solutions for
ethnic communities.
Active land allocation by
the government is a
potential entry point to
The Duck River in
Tennessee is one of the
three hotspots for fish
and mussel diversity in
the world. It is notable
not only for its natural
attributes but its
contribution to society as
well. The Duck supplies
over 250,000 people with
the water they need to
support their homes,
businesses, and
industries. Water quality
is an important issue for
both the ecological
integrity and the vital
Water quality
Water quantity
Timber
Natural medicines
Forage
Soil Stabilization
Recreation
Genetic resources
Food (subsistence)
River originates in the

Afrotropical - Tropical
project area that supplies and Subtropical Moist
communities, agriculture, Broadleaf Forests
industries, energy, and
urban municipalities
down stream.
Water quantity
Timber
Recreation
Food (subsistence)
Other
Forests and upland areas T

oropical moist forest
Water quality
Water quantity
Flood mitigation
Fisheries
Recreation
Nutrient cycling
Genetic resources
Water quality for the

Duck's ecological health
and the vital resource it
represents to over
250,000 residents.
Fisheries in the
Normandy Reservoir and
Duck and Buffalo River
mainstems, aesthetic
and recreational
resources.
Globally significant
biodiversity and forest
related products like
timber, building poles,
firewood, medicinal
plants, sacred forest.
Upper Duck River

Lower Duck River
Buffalo mainstem system
Eastern Highland Rim
streams
Western Highland Rim
streams
Nashville Basin streams
Normandy Reservoir
History of severe floods

(1987, 1992, 2000)
brought state, national,
and environmental
attention to the Canton
of Valais and the
extreme channelization
of the Rhone River.
WWF - Switzerland took
this opportunity
collaborate with federal,
provincial, and local
government officials on
the restoration and
additional ecological
regeneration of the
Rhone's flow; whose
Created in 1990, within
the Guatemalan Maya
Biosphere Reserve,
Sierra del Lacandon
National Park is
significant for both its
natural and cultural
attributes. As one of the
last unspoiled examples
of jungle on the
Usumacinta River, plans
to build a series of
hydroelectric dams that
would require creating
artificial lakes are a
pressing concern. The
potential construction
would not only submerge
About 80% of the project
area is already under
legal protection,
however, plans for a
road and development of
transmigration villages
threaten to disconnect
this the largest stretch of
dry forest in Southeast
Asia. Four core areas lie
in the project landscape,
in addition to national
parks in Vietnam, making
the total area 1.4 million
ha. This pilot project is
the first phase of three.
It is intended to balance
Water quantity
Water quality
Flood mitigation
Recreation
Shoreline hazards
Fisheries
Soil Stabilization
Flood severity reduction, mEuropean-Mediterranean Mon

Genetic resources
Natural medicines
Food (subsistence)
Recreation
Many species have

traditionally been
extracted for their
economic value, such as
allspice, chicle
(traditional base for
chewing gum), and xate
palm (used in many floral
arrangements).
broad leaf subtropical

montane and lowland
rainforest, unique
geological formations,
freshwater lakes,
mountain ranges, lowlying savanna plains,
wetlands, grasslands,
riparian forests
High archaeological and

cultural value in many
Classic Mayan (AD 250 900) sites. The tourism
draw brings a lot of
income for local
communities
Water quality
Water quantity
Food (subsistence)
Genetic resources
Timber
Recreation
Fisheries
Basic ecological
Dry forests, and water bod
functions of dry forests.
Support of community
fisheries in the Srepok
river (the backbone of
the landscape)
Support of development
of an eco-tourism lodge
(implemented under a
different WWF project)
as an option for
sustainable financing for
the PA.
Note: Carbon
sequestration is not yet
being used, but is
In the face of growing

tourism and the
expansion of agricultural
lands the capacity of the
local government officials
to insure the protection
of the East African
Coastal Forests of Kwale
Kenya are increasingly
limited. The tourism
industry of the Kwale
coastal area grows at a
rate of 10% every year
drawing more hotels and
infrastructure to support
the demand. Around 18
patches of forest are
The Niassa Reserve and
its surrounding habitat,
especially the region
containing the RovumaLugenda catchment, are
a priority for biodiversity
and natural resource
conservation. This area
is important not only for
its unique and rich
wildlife but also for the
source of livelihood it
provides for many rural
communities. This
Ecotourism is the driving
force behind Donsols
economic growth. This
growth must be planned,
however, if the whale
shark fishery and the
rest of Donsols coastal
resources are to be able
to sustain the impacts of
tourism and other
economic activities that
may follow. This project
will assist partners in the
field like the local
government unit,
grassroots organizations,
and local people to build
Water quantity
Water quality
Recreation
Timber
Food (subsistence)
Genetic resources
Natural medicines
Biggest underground waterCoastal Forests
Water quality
Water quantity
Timber
Fisheries
Recreation
Food (subsistence)
Genetic resources
Natural medicines
Economic and livelihood Central and Eastern Mio

benefit from the wildlife
and other natural
resources in the Niassa
Reserve and Buffer
Zones.
Water quality
Water quantity
Fisheries
Recreation
tourism industry based on marine ecosystems

mangroves
coastal areas
Provide food security at

household level.
The entire East

Kalimantan Province has
been named a priority
eco-regional
conservation area, the
Lesan protection forest is
one (among 33) and the
smallest portfolio site (12
hectares) in the 6.8
million acre forest. This
area was once slatted by
the local government to
be converted for palm oil
cultivation, but in 2003
the District of Barau
Eco-regional based
program spanning seven
countries to establish an
ecological corridor
across the Carpathian
Mountains. Identify were
the most important areas
for conservation are and
work towards their
connection (eg. corridors
for carnivores). Plans for
an ecological evaluation
of the entire corridor: eg.
value for natural beauty,
watershed, timber, etc.
Produce a map of
ecological and of
economic systems. This
Intends to protect the
water supply for the city
of Pale Mare. Targeting
the nearby plateau in
Northern Romania that is
the major storage and
supplier of the city's
water. This area acts as
a sponge and is
Intends to assist local
governments in
Romania, Ukraine,
Moldavia, and Bulgaria
to achieve an agreement
they signed to protect
and restore a green
corridor along the
Danube River. This
project uses Payment for
Ecosystem Services
(PES) as the key
strategy to motivate
stakeholders, like
governments and

Natural medicines
Food (subsistence)
Forage
Genetic resources
Timber
Other
Water quality
local communities who livelowland rainforest

orangutan habitat (for
about 2,500 or 10% of
world's population)
Fisheries
Timber
Soil Fertility
Soil Stabilization
Water quantity
Water quality
Flood mitigation
Recreation
Genetic resources
Natural medicines
to be determined
3 ancient forests (high

conservation value)
grasslands
freshwater ecosystems
Flood mitigation
Water quality
Water quantity
Flood protection and

water supply
marshes, bogs, wetland areas
Flood mitigation
Fisheries
Recreation
Shoreline hazards
flood protection, income f Danube riparian and delta
Implement the
framework developed for
the sale and purchase of
ecosystem services.
WWF will help to
facilitate agreements
between buyers and
sellers like water
providers and upland
Long history of WWF
involvement, since
creation of PA back in
1990s, helped with
legislation and
movement toward
spreading conservation
using the ecoregion
concept (including
fisheries and coatal
livelihoods). The priority
for this project is
biodiversity, followed by
natural habitats,
reducing level of threat,
and a productive
resource bases fro
coastal people. This
To promote better
investment and more
support (public & private)
for conserving forest
lands by increasing the
financial benefits that
come from these forests.
Some forest-lands in the
area are nationally
protected but those that
are not are at the risk of
losing valuable habitat.
Moreover, lack of
connectivity greatly
reduces the beneficial
impact that protecting
fragments of forest
Water quality
Water quantity
Soil Stabilization
Fisheries
clean water
upland forested areas
(eventually fisheries and
carbon sequestration)
Food (subsistence)
Recreation
Fisheries
fisheries and tourism industropical marine habitatsmangroves

coastal reefs
sea grass beds
turtle nesting areas
Water quality
Timber
Natural medicines
Food (subsistence)
Carbon sequestration,
Humid and sub humid tropi
biodiversity, timber,
NTFPs, water
catchments, subsistence
of communities
Projects main purpose is

to accomplish society
supports a rational use
of water trough
innovative models of
integrated watershed
management, satisfying
the needs of less favored
communities and
restoring water sources.
Payment for ecosystem
services will lead to
conservation of water
source and water
recharge zones.
Rational use of water will
Two cities receive water
from the Podocarpus
National Park, this
project is initally only
working with one,
Camora (over 50,000
people). Similar to the
water fund in Quito, this
project is developing a
trust fund that will
receive funding from
various awater
Create
trust users
fund and
(similar to Quito's) to
manage and protect the
water supply for the city
of Cuenca. This water
also feeds one of largest
hydropower plants in
Ecuador (supplies 50%
of people). Protect
watershed in Cades and
Sangay national parks.
To protect sites of high b
Water quality
Water quantity
Soil Stabilization
Flood mitigation
Water quantity and

Chihuahuan Desert
quality
Gulf of California
Stream and flooding
Oaxaca Dry Fores
zones conserved
Water reserves created.
Water quality
Water quantity
Soil Stabilization
high grasslands
montane forests
Water quality
Water quantity
Soil Stabilization
Grover pine
Water quality
Water quantity
Flood mitigation
Mississippi River freshwater ecosystem.
TNC became interested Flood mitigation

in the area due to an
Fisheries
endangered mussels
species - a rare,
freshwater species. The
area was originally a
TNC bioreserve.
Species conservation,
restoration of mussel to
full habitat extent.
American eel, striped
bass, shad
through conservation
and restoration of trees.
Restore forest,
contribute to climate
mitigation, carbon
benefits, create jobs, and
be a model for other
Carbon projects.
Expand water fowl
habitat, restore the
natural floodplain, and
conserve threatened
habitats.
TNC initially bought into
the area because of
threatened habitat.
Valley Oak riparian
habitat was threatened
and TNC realized the
high value. After that
TNC realized that the
entire river corridor was
important as the
Cosumnes is the last
undamed river in the
The condor bioreserve
was created almost a
decade ago and has
been receiving money
from USAID PIP program
for half a decade. TNC
and USAID recognized
the need for a secure
financial fund because
the watershed in this
The fisheries of
particular concern in this
case are freshwater
mussels and their larval
hosts (fish), diadromous
fish such as American
shad, alewife, and
American eel which have
been strongly affected by
changes in hydrologic
flow in the Neversink
region.
Other key ecological
attributes have also been
influenced
(1) Moderate/low
gradient groundwater
influenced riverine and
floodplain ecological
systems; (2) Low
gradient groundwater
influenced riverine and
bottomland swamp
ecological system
(Bashakill); (3)
High/moderate gradient
low alkaline headwater
riverine and riparian
ecological system (upper
Delaware branches and
Atlantic Forest
Water quality
Flood mitigation
Water quantity
Recreation
In this case, TNC used ecoRiparian Valley Oak

grasslands with vernal
pools
Water quality
Soil Stabilization
Water quantity
Recreation
High levels of deforestatio Andean paramo

Andean Forest
Amazon foothills
Cloud forest
Conserve protected
Water quality
areas and watersheds.
Recreation
Encouraging policy to
provide more money for
municipalities that
maintain protected areas
rather than develop. The
goal is to have municipal
government spend the
TNC's goal is to
Water quality
convince the watershed
committee to invest the
money from the water
user fees in watershed
restoration rather than in
water cleansing
technology.
Opportunity to invest a
tax in conservation of
watersheds.
The idea here is to invest Protected areas
Trading of deforestation Water quality

rights for economic
Soil Stabilization
efficiency and successful
forest preservation.
Deforestation of the
Slow forest loss or speed Water quality
reforestation by
increasing benefits of
conservation to private
sector.
Forests provide important sAtlantic forest
Specifically, use 1997

water law to apply
existing subsidies to
watershed management.
Water quality issue is

high sediment loading.
Stabilize
soilsrestore
and
By example,
floodplain/tidal marsh
habitat to demonstrate
the benefits of water
absorption and to show
the economic value of
the project.
Gain credibility with the
landowners in the area
to be able to adeptly
demonstrate the benefits
of conservation and
restoration of natural
flows to the agriculture in
the area and
Water quality
Water quantity
Flood mitigation
Soil Fertility
Fisheries
Nutrient cycling
TNC is trying to encourageWatershed natural habitats. Reforestation of th
Want to encourage
Atlantic Forest
reforestation through
payments for improving
water quality for all users
in local municipalities.
TNC is trying to
Restoration of Estuarine h
demonstrate the
economic benefits of
removing constraints to
the system, which will
result in a more natural
flow regime and
therefore increased
water quality, quantity,
habitat, etc. Different
stakeholders will have
interest in different
services. They are
currently conducting a
stakeholder analysis that
Protect and enhance

water quality, wildlife
habitat, flood storage,
and sediment and toxin
removal. Help reduce
economic hardship on
private property owners.
Protect high quality
habitats and rare plants
and animals. Restore
connectedness. Allow for
multiple uses of
wetlands.
Goal of BMPs and taking
Water quality
Flood mitigation
Genetic resources
Recreation
Soil Stabilization
Water quality
land out of production
will mean larger area for Other cultural services
species. Plants and
animals will have
improved areas for living.
This is a bit of an odd pr Upland prairie

Wet prairie
Savanna
There is a strong link between community land use and cultural dynamics
Restoration of the Rio

Bravo area and the
rehabilitation of
important watersheds.
Explore and demonstrate
opportunities for private,
voluntary corporations to
alleviate GHGs for
sustainable conservation
and development
Conservation of species
and habitat (hardwood)
in the area
Timber
Recreation
Other
Main objective is to
Water quality
increase management
Water quantity
capacity of La Amistad
by establishing
appropriate relationships
between communities
and government.
Proposal for External
Affaris to quantify the
The area has a core

preserve zone where
carbon credits and
sustainable timber
harvest are occurring.
THere is also the
potential to invest in
ecotourism.
The area is also being
targeted for oil
exploration which could
provide another
ecosystem service
opportunity.
240 timber species

Broad leaf forest and
tropical moist forest
Pine Savannah
Aquatic system
Two small watershed: Baran

Paramos
Natural Savannas
Highland peat bogs
Cloud Forest
Atlantic transitional forest
Reconnect the river to

the flood plain so that
there is passage for
aquatic organisms and
restore plant and animal
communities
characteristic of the flood
plain.
TNC joined the project
because the flood plain
communities have
unique plants and
animals.
Water quality
Flood mitigation
Recreation
Fisheries
Water quantity
Forage
The area has many cultural

Freshwater riverine
communities
Floodplain plant
communities
Conserve large forest

Water quality
blocks for biodiversity.
Recreation
TNC joined in order to
help the State and NYC
protect large areas of
forest blocks to preserve
biodiversity.
Using both water quality b Stream systems.
Expand into ecosystem

service markets.
Conserve more forest
area, have independent
revenue streams from
ES markets. Will allow
TNC to be more
knowledgeable about
impacts of surrounding
lands on their
biodiversity sites allowing
them
torepresented
better manage.
TNC is
on
the 4-State Highlands
Coalition Board, whose
prime objective is to
promote federal funding
for land acquisition
projects in the
Highlands.
Water quality
Water quantity
Flood mitigation
Soil Stabilization
Soil Fertility
Timber
Recreation
Fisheries
Nutrient cycling
The exact ecosystem service targets are going to be determined as part o
Water quality
Water quantity
Recreation
Flood mitigation
Water supply, wildlife

Broad leaf deciduous
habitat, and recreational
values were determined
to be important
ecosystem services in
the area as determined
by the State of New
Jersey in the late 1980s
to determine the value of
the area.
Water quality and water
quantity are the prime
reason
the Act
butfor drinaturally dry forest and t
Water isfor
being
used
TNC NJ is monitoring the

development of the
Regional Management
Plan
for NJ's
Form(RMP)
a watershed
Water quality
committee to help
distribute a water fund
and to help conserve the
area. The watershed
council consists of
representatives from the
4 contributing industries,
The forest in this area

links two important
Timber
ecosystems - dry forest Recreation
with the amazon.
Pressure on this
connective bridge is high
because of agricultural
pressures.
Conserve forest bridges
and invest in carbon
sequestration to help
protect the park areas.
Tourism is a major functio Wet Amazon rain forest, dr
Prevent large scale commer

Other
Natural medicines
Food (subsistence)
TNC is helping encourage the production of Non-timber forest products: y
Reforestation for
biodiversity preservation
and enhancement and
carbon sequestration
and mitigation. TNC
and partner
organizations originally
bought properties as
core biodiversity
reserves or as buffers to
core reserves.
Reforested lands were
privately owned
previously, and used
Biodiversity important
area- highly threatened.
Want to add it to the
nearby Wildlife preserve.
The land was purchased by

Prairie Communities
Forest communities
The Bayou Pierre area

was ID'd as a priority
region during
ecoregional planning
PowerTree wants carbon cr

Restore wetland
habitats.
Replant nuttal oak, water
oak, willow oak, green
ash, hackberry, sweet
pecan, cypress,
persimmon, sweet gum,
honey locust.
Create passage and

spawning habitat for 11
diadromous fish species
TNC joined the board of
the Penobscot because
this is one of the biggest
freshwater initiatives in
terms of species
recovery throughout the
US. Very significant for
species improvement.
Fisheries
Water quality
Recreation
Map, value, and create Water quality

incentives for ES
Flood mitigation
provision from private
Soil Stabilization
landscapes to better
conserve wetlands since
the WRP is not sufficient
in the area and the area
is highly threatened.
TNC recognizes that
their approach to
Technical assistance to enFlood mitigation
Recreation
Create ecotourism or
Recreation
other economic park and
reserves around the
volcanoes and connect
the volcanoes with a
wildlife friendly corridor
Area of high biodiversity
under threat of
agricultural conversion
There is evidence to indicaRestore about 1000 miles o
Irrigation water quality

Wetland habitat
Values/ecosystem
services associated with
restored wetlands.
Alluvial forests filter
sediment, nutrients, and
toxic substances,
thereby modifying the
water that flows through
them and improving
The first idea was to
establish a major
ecotourism venture but
government disallowed a
user fee. Still trying to
diversify the tourism
amenities so can
capitalize on it.
Ecotourism project. Commbroadleaf cloud forest,
pine-oak forests and
tropical pine forests
Volcanoes are islands of
biodiversity
To protect Cuatro Cienagas

Water quality
Water quantity
Recreation
Cuatro Cienagas is a criti have stromatalites

(formations of algae and
bacteria that come from
Cambrian and Paleozoic
part of terrestrial
atmosphere
Unique ponds and pools
and waters systems
throughout the park
which are particularly
attractive for tourists but
many of the ponds/pools
are drying up.
Enhance local capacity Recreation

of the community to
operate tourism and be
able to use tourism as a
revenue stream for
proper management of
the Park.
Demonstrate at the
National policy level, the
value of user fee
systems for National
Parks.
This was the example that was the genesis for the us
Recreation
Ecotourism is the only ES target but there are a numb
Water quality
Fisheries
Shoreline hazards
Nutrient cycling
Oyster and shellfish reefs Shellfish habitat - 3D oyst
Involve the local

community in the
management of the
natural park including
ecotourism and
economic gain to the
community. People can
access resources in the
reserve according to
Exchange information,
share experiences on
the fully array of services
and try to measure such
services that come from
Shellfish habitat - Marine
Habitat Restoration
projects throughout the
country.
Shellfish importance for
a number of valuable
services has been
growing in concern over
the last 10 years. In
1996, NOAA community
base restoration program
Site-based sustainable
Water quality
agriculture project and to Soil Stabilization
use the results of this
project to leverage policy
to encourage sustainable
behavior.
Trying to demonstrate
how farmers can
minimize damage to the
environment and yet
improve economic
returns via sustainable
BMPs on agricultural
land
Sustainable fisheries man Fisheries
Goals of reducing erosion Around the Emas

National Park most
important in the Savanna
vegetation
Jacuba and Araguaia
Rivers, freshwater
microinverts, riparian
forests, Mauritia plams,
Araguaia headwaters,
flooded grasslands
To protect the
Water quality
watersheds within four
Flood mitigation
national parks in the
Water quantity
chiapas coastal
watershed area: El
Triunfo, El Encrucijada,
El Ocote, and El
Sepultura. These parks
are threatened by
deforestation for
agriculture and ranching
which threatens the
watersheds.
TNC is working with
Water from El Triunfo

maintains the three most
important economic
regions of Chiapas due
to 4 hydroelectric plants
in this watershed that
supply 1/3 of Mexico's
energy.
Knew water theme and
rainforest and water
service was very
important and could help
maintain conservation of
the forest in El Triunfo
Hermatypic corals
Rationale
Species targets
table and productive forest
Great apes
Elephant
Bongo antelope
African Gray Parrots
Rationale
Landscape details
Landscape details
Socioeconomic targets Implementation scale
Impact scale
Rural poor of Yunnan areaRegional
Regional
Ensure Baka Pygmy

Regional
livelihood, resource
access, area protection
(sacred spaces).
Promote sustainable
timber and NTFPs sales,
mining, ecotourism
enterprises, and trophy
hunting access fees to
benefit local
communities.
Regional
Mega Fauna: Elephants, lions, giraffes and antelopesRegional
Regional
forest elephant (LoxodontaAll local communities
Regional
Regional
elephants, great apes, marBagyli pygmies
Regional
Regional
Numerous systems and Ranch owners

species within these
broad habitat types:
Apachean Grassland
and Savanna, Apachean
Shrubland , Chihuahuan
Shrubland, Desert
Riparian Woodland and
Shrubland, Interior
Chaparral, Madrean
Encinal, Ponderosa Pine
Forest and Woodland,
Playa
Regional
Regional
ranching, forestry and rec Regional
Regional
blue oak
rare races of salmon
vernal pool plants and
animals
neo tropical migrant
song birds
anadromous fish
Tehama deer herd
redhead ducks, Kemp's Ridl

ranching and farming
way of life, sustainable
fishing industries, binational cooperation
(Mexico)
Regional
Regional
More than 100,000

Regional
people in the seven
Mediterranean corkproducing countries
depend directly and
indirectly on cork
economies. In the
Iberian Peninsula, the
cork sector employs
34,654 people of whom
22,032 are in industrial
jobs, and 12,622 are
dedicated to cork
Threatened Spp: Iberian harvesting. . 6,200
Lynx, Iberian Imperial
auxiliary jobs are
profitable program for rancRegional
Regional
fishing industries (eg Prib Regional
Regional
13,000 endemic plant

species, the second
highest number in the
world after the tropical
Andes. Cork oak is one
of 150 endemic tree
species. The cork oak
landscape is diverse and
supports many plant and
animal species important
to biodiverstiy as well as
culture.
seabirds, halibut,
salmon, herring, king
crab &
The Steller sea lion is
listed as endangered in
the western portion of its
range, and has declined
by over 80 percent in the
past 25 years;
The northern fur seal is
listed as depleted under
Regional
Yunnan golden monkey
rural poor of the area
Regional
Regional
Regional
Regional
huntable game (oryx, sprcash, jobs, and game meatRegional
Regional
spawning fish (esp. muttonLocal fishermen
Regional
Golden Monkey, black necrural local communities
Regional
Olympia oyster
Local
Regional
the ecosystem composition by providing food and shelter for otheLocal
Regional
There are over 151 freshwater fishes (12 of which o Regional
Regional
red wolf, black bear, migracounties of Bertie,

Regional
Halifax, Martin,
Northampton and
Washington: recreation,
clean water, tourism,
fishing.
The Paddle trail, first of
its kind: private ecotourism system along the
river. Combines
economic interests of
local peoples and their
cultural heritage.
Regional
species are important, but addressed as part of an Regional
Regional
The native C. virginica oyster
Regional
Regional
Water users of Santa Fe Regional
Regional
Yunnan Golden Monkey, 13 populations totally only 2Regional
Regional
numerous fish and coral People in Southeast MisoolRegional

species
coastal marine and
demarsal species that
support economies:
Groupers, Napolean
wrasse, snappers,
sharks, aquarium fishes,
lobster, sea cucumber,
giant clam, donkey's ear
abalone, green and
hawksbill seaturtles.
Regional
There are over 300 species

fishermen and tourism ind Regional
Regional
Regional
Regional
wolves, brown bears, lynx People living around the pRegional
Regional
, mesoamerican reef
.5 million water users; wa Regional
Regional
barramundi (a large freshwFishermen, Aboriginal comm

Regional
Regional
Basin as part of Kapuas River in West Upland villages chosen byRegional
Regional
70% of Brasil's population Regional
Regional
fishermen, tourism industr Regional
rto Galera marine and lower terrestrial People of Puerto Galera an

Local
nds and estuaries
Iraya Mangyan
Local
growers in the plantation Regional

forestry and sugar
industries, rural tribal
communitites,
government planning
committees
Regional
Regional
Regional
Regional
any threatened species was

landholders in the Avon CaRegional
ment region, upper floodplain-wetland 6 million people's livelih
Regional
indigenous peoples, all waLocal
Regional
Regional
Regional
culturally important wetla people who depend on wetl

Local
Regional
Eucalypts: Salmon Gum, Yfarmers
Regional
Regional
eathlands, granite outcrops, dolerite d farmers
Regional
Regional
Greater Kudu
works with 136 Location e Regional
Regional
seaturtles, mahi mahi/dorad

fishermen
Regional
Regional
Broadly: shrimp, tuna, andfishermen
Global
Global
Marine turtles, sharks, du local communities (islandeRegional
ater wetlands all the way to coastal a
rural poor
een, Deciduous, Evergreen wood and sh

rural villages in and aro
Regional
Regional
Regional
Regional
Regional
anoa (a rare dwarf buffal more than 40,000 people liRegional
Regional
Komodo Dragon
There are approximately 4,Regional
economically important
fish species (groupers,
napoleon wrasses and
reef-associated fish
species);
near-extinct species
(turtles, cetaceans and
dugong);
flagship species
attractive for marine ecotourism (manta).
Regional
douc, Asian elephants, sa ethnic communities
Regional
Regional
Groupers are the most

heavily targeted fish
species.
Turtles, whales,
dolphins, dugong (like a
manatee) and 534
species of coral.
local fishermen and villag Regional
Regional
paddle fish, blue headshi municipality who's water i Regional
Regional
Local
Global
livelihoods of people of C Local
Regional
Caribbean for hawksbill turRio Caa community, wo Local
Global
Leatherback marine seaturt

village of Junquillal
Global
Local
oodland cover
all surrounding communiti Regional
Regional
Liverpool Plains farmers Regional
Regional
species targets vary by sit communities who depend on

Regional
Regional
ts, woodlands, mangroves
Regional
Regional
Programme will develop the Programme targets anRegional

i
recovery plans for at
least 2 species of
concern from across the
four sites.
Regional
Pai- Hog dear, partridge,

Asiatic jackal, jungle cat,
porcupine, wild boar,
and snakes.
Kinjhar- Ambassis nana
and Badis fish spp.;
breeding birds such as
night heron, cotton teal,
Pheasant tailed Jacana;
mammals such as
jackals, fox, porcupine;
and, reptiles such as
(all rattan species)
rattan growers and harvesRegional
50+ in Lao PDR
20+ in Cambodia
Regional
3 endemic reef fishes:

coastal communities and Regional
Blackstripe blenny
(Meiacanthus vittatus),
Collettes blenny
(Ecsenius collettei) and
the
Whitespot damselfish
(Pomacentrus
albimaculatus)
One globally endangered
fish:
Humphead wrasse
(Cheilinus undulatus)
Regional
Pacific Leatherback turtle 28 Villages of Wondama, Regional

Nabire and Manokwari,
Cendrawasih National
Park, Papua, Indonesia,
including 2, 096 direct
and 15, 570 indirect
beneficiaries.
Saubeba and Warmandi
villages, Jamursba Medi,
Papua, Indonesia,
including 85 direct and
460 indirect beneficiaries
Global
shorebirds
Regional
fishermen, school
children
(general population of
Kashima)
Local
African Elephant
Dugong
Marine turtles
community
empowerment for
environmental
management
Regional
Regional
park communities
Regional
Regional
turtles, manatees, crocodi fishing industry in northernLocal
Global
East coast akelat

(Sheppardia gunningi)
Spotted ground thrush
(Zoothera guttata)
Sokoke pipit (Anthus
sokokensis)
Governments and
governmental
organizations
Local community (poor
who utilize natural
resources to survive)
Regional
Global
Edwards pheasant
various usable rattan
species
Governments and
governmental
organizations
Pa Ko and Van Kieu
ethnic communities
Regional
Regional
birdwing pearly mussel

Tennessee clubshell
striated darter
(Etheostoma striatulum)
barrens topminnow
(Fundulis julissia)
pygmy madtom
otters
beavers
mink
hawks
osprey
herons
among many others
local communities, busin Regional
Regional
Beaver/ castor fiber/

charadrius dubius/ actitis
hypoleucos
Local
Regional
River trout/ Salmo trutta

fario/ Cottus gobio/
Bombina variegata/
Sphingonotus caerulans/
Apatura ilia/ Typha
minima
Bird/ Occtitis hipolicos
Giant anteater, Scarlet macaw, Guatemalan howler mon

Regional
Regional
No specific species
targets, however, WWF
has another program
here that focus on
species conservation
(primates, elephants,
tigers, buffalo, turtles,
etc.)
Regional
Local
Coastal forest endemics - pipets, golden lamb, elep Regional
Regional
Carnivores (Carnivora)
Business and industry
African elephants
General public
(Loxodonta africana sp.) Governments and
governmental
organizations
Regional
whale shark
pelagic fish
Regional
Local government unit

Local
community organizations
Regional
Orangutans
Proboscis & Leaf
monkeys
Sun bears
Gibbons
Banteng (wild cattle)
Hawksbill & Hornbill
turtles
Bornean peacock
pheasants
Storm's storks
Regional
Regional
brown bears, wolves, lynx, large carnivores, bison, e Regional
Regional
gs, wetland areas
an and delta
Punan Dayak
Local
Local
Regional
Regional
poverty alleviation for up Regional
all in the area

especially sea turtles
mahogany
Spanish cedar
ejidos
Regional
Local
Regional
Regional
Regional
mangroves
ver freshwater ecosystem.
tourist zone of Huatulco

Oaxaca, Durango and
Nayarit
Regional
Regional
city of Camora
Regional
Regional
Regional
Regional
Regional
Regional
Two endangered mussel species
Regional
Regional
60% of Brazil's endangered

Provide jobs
Regional
Global
Swanson's hawk
Sandhill crane
Spectacled bear
Mountain Tapir
Mountain frogs
River otter
Involvement of
Regional
community and
maintenance of
conservation ethic
through time.
No net loss of farmlands
Local
Regional
Regional
atural habitats. Reforestation of the Atlantic forest area.
Income to landowners
Recover of salmon populaHelp farmers maintain

agriculture and
*hopefully* save money
on flood control.
Regional
Regional
Local
Regional
Local
Global
Local
Regional
Local
Regional
Several rare plants

Fender's Blue butterfly
Minimize negative impact Local
ty land use and cultural dynamics. ThisImprove

p
land
management for
peasants and
landowners in the area.
Land title is a big issue
and this is a major goal
of the project - getting
people to attach to their
land.
392 bird species, 70

species of mammals
Yellow head parrot
Jaguar
Harpy eagle
Tiger
Regional
Regional
Global
Work with landowners arouLocal
Global
The entire idea is to

create ways to manage
Amistad based on
possibly benefiting
people in different
regions.
Enhance capacity and
build relationships of all
stakeholders
Regional
Local
Fish species; mussels

False aster
They are trying to incorpo Regional
Regional
Plant species, especially Ensure landowners can mai

Local
Regional
e going to be determined as part of this project. Basically, EM andLocal
Regional
Regional
quetzal, yellow-cheeked war

Create monetary awarded Local
c
Regional
Regional
Giant otters, capybaras, Provide forest concession Local

pink river dolphins, black
and spectacled caiman
Tapirs, gray and red
brocket deer, silvery
marmosets, pumas,
jaguars, maned wolves,
giant anteaters, spider
and black howler
monkeys
harpy eagles, storks,
Amazonian
umbrellabirds, helmeted
manakins, hoatzins, and
other parrots and birds
n of Non-timber forest products: yerba Help indigenous communitiLocal
Global
Forest community assemblages including interior breLocal
Global
Water fowls
Global
Local
Local
Alewife, American eel, American shad, Atlantic Salm Regional
Regional
Ivory billed woodpecker
Global
Regional
Blue-horned Currasow
Providing training and capRegional
Fern capital of the world
Regional
Tanagers
Quetzal and horned
guan
neotropical migratory
birds
Highland margay
Local
Area is very poor and ecotLocal
cactus and tortoise and s Many ejido and private la Regional
Global
vicunas, pumas, Andean foEncourage community

Local
development and welfare
through income stream
from fee charged to
tourists
Capacity building
Local
Pink river dolphin, giant o Ensure that there are

Local
returns to the community.
Build capacity to be able
to operate tourism
Strengthen participatory
capacity of local groups
in decision making
Local
Oysters, clams, and other Maintenance of important Local
Regional
Cerrado fox, Giant anteat Maintain farming practicesLocal
Regional
Green turtle
Abalone
Pen shell
Black murex snail
Build capacity of communitRegional
Regional
Jaguar
Tapir
Puma
Spider monkey
Anteater
River crocodile
Support sustainable behavRegional
Regional
Landscape details
Original landowner
Federal
Landscape details
Landscape details
Landscape details
Post project landowner Landowner transitions
Landowner transition comments
Federal
None
Federal
Federal
None
Federal
Federal
None
No land owner transition,

changes are being made
in enforcement. The
national government of
Cameroon has always
owned the forest parks,
they are working (getting
help on) technical,
social, scientific aspects
of management and
monitoring. Also setting
up various programs and
mechanism to promote
local community
management and
sustainable usage of
parts of the forest.
The area includes 3 major
Federal
Federal
None
Federal
Federal
None
Individual private
Private nonprofit
Individual private
Private to PNP
Individual private
Corporate
State
Federal
Local
Private nonprofit
Native American
Private nonprofit
Individual private
State
Corporate
Federal
Local
Native American
Private to PNP
Corp to PNP
Campo-Ma'an National
Park (264,064 ha) was
created in 2000 by the
Government of
Cameroon. The entire
area is made up of the
park, 5 logging
concessions, an agroindustrial zone (rubber
In 1990, TNC purchased
the 322,000-acre Gray
Ranch property from
previous family owner,
Mexican national Pablo
Brenner; 18 million
purchase: TNC owned
for 4 yrs. In 1994,
property sold to Animus
Foundation. TNC
retained a conservation
easement. Sold it for,
13.2 million to Animus,
4.8 million easement
value.
Malpai Borderlands
Most of the lands are prot
Corporate
Individual private
State
Private nonprofit
Corp to PNP
Private to PNP
PNP to State
Federal
Individual private
State
Local
Federal
Individual private
State
Local
None
1999, bought 25,000

acres of land along the
Rio Grande (from an
insurance company
called Westbrook South
Padre Limited
Development) and sold
23,500 it to Texas Fish
and Wildlife Park Service
to be made into state
parks and refuge land,
kept 1,500 acres as a
preserve
in TNC
hands.
Varying levels
of governme
Individual private
Individual private
None
no buying or selling of lan
State
Indigenous
Individual private
State
Indigenous
Individual private
None
no acquisitions or easemen
Federal
Federal
None
Federal
Federal
None
Federal
Federal
None
Federal
Federal
None
National government owns
Federal government devolve
State
State
None
This is the first of its ki
State
Individual private
State
Individual private
None
The Frye Cove project is p
Individual private
State
Private nonprofit
Individual private
Private to PNP
PNP to State
TNC buys lands entirely o
Individual private
Corporate
Corporate
Private nonprofit
Individual private
Corp to PNP
More than 85,000 acres

along the Roanoke River
are protected by TNC.
Recently, 21,231 acres
and 54 stream front
property were purchase
from International Paper
as part of the Southern
Forests Project.
Corporate
Private nonprofit
State
Corporate
PNP to State
PNP to Corp
Corp to PNP
Individual private
State
Private nonprofit
State
Private to PNP
Federal
Federal
None
Federal
Federal
None
Local
Local
None
173,000 acres bought by

The Nature Conservancy
across 10 Southern
states: Virginia, North
Carolina, Georgia,
Tennessee, Florida,
Mississippi, Alabama,
Louisiana, and Arkansas
39,000 acres bought
jointly in South Carolina
by The Nature
Conservancy and The
Conservation Fund
& 6,000 acres in Florida
and North Carolina
bought by The
TNC bought the land that
The national forest is

managed and owned by
the Forest Service and
has been closed to the
public since 1936.
Liming and Shitou (townshi
There is no landowner
transition. The status of
the area is local marine
tenure which belongs to
the local communities.
As agreed by the local
communities, the area
has been declared as
(MPA) by the local
government through
decree of Bupati Raja
Ampat. The size of the
MPA is 335.000 ha.
Local
Local
Other
Other
None
The marine area belongs

to the local municipality
for up to 15 km out to
sea.
Land transitions vary

across sites:
Gangtok (Sikkim),
Shimla (Himachal
Pradesh) and Munnar
(Kerala)
Federal
Federal
None
Durmitor was proclaimed

National Park in 1952,
registered in 1980 with
the UNESCOs world
heritage list in
accordance with the
Convention on World
Heritage, and Tara
canyon was registered in
1977 in the List of
International Biosphere
Reservation.
Montenegro just
established its
independence in 2006,
so ownership and
Corporate
Individual private
Indigenous
State
Individual private
Indigenous
State
Corporate
State
Indigenous
Individual private
Federal
Federal
State
Individual private
Indigenous
None
Indigenous to State
About 1/2 belongs to abori
Indigenous
Federal
Local
Indigenous
Federal
Local
None
Part of the area belongs t
Federal
State
Individual private
Federal
State
Individual private
None
The committee-overseen reg
Federal
Federal
None
Apo Reef Natural Park is a
Local
Local
None
Puerto Galera is a small
Indigenous
Indigenous
None
The Barangay Baclayan

upland area belongs to
the Iraya Mangyan
through a ancestral
domain communal
holding, its 5,000 ha.
In 1973, the area was
designated a UNESCO
Man and Biosphere
Reserve and is
recognized as such
under national law.
Corporate
Individual private
Indigenous
Corporate
Indigenous
Individual private
None
BMPs rather than ownershi
Individual private
Individual private
None
One conservation covenan
Federal
Local
Individual private
Federal
Local
Individual private
None
Indigenous
Indigenous
None
Land primarily belongs to

the provincial
governments who then
allocate it to individuals
or families. There are 3
big commercial rice
farms that used to
belong to the state but
were bought up by
The lands occupied by
the indigenous people
are state lands under
Forestry Code. Lands
under indigenous claims
were subject to special
tenurial arrangements
issued by the Dept of
Environment and Natural
Resources. The
Indigenous Peoples
Rights Act enacted in
1996 provided the legal
basis for transferring
ownership from the State
to collective ownership
by IPs. But not during
this project.
Indigenous
Individual private
Local
Local
Individual private
Indigenous
None
Individual private
Individual private
Private nonprofit
State
Private to State
Private to PNP
Some private land owners
Individual private
Individual private
Private nonprofit
State
Private to State
Private to PNP
Some private land owners
Local
Individual private
Local
Individual private
None
Other
Other
None
Other
Other
None
Waters may be national or
State
Individual private
State to private
customary tenure for

local communities
Bazaruto archipelago
national park (BANP)
declared in Nov 2001.
State
Local
State
Local
None
Cambodia: the province

of Kampot and the
municipality of Kep & the
Mekong River in Kratie
and Stung Treng
provinces
7 Southern Laotian
provinces from
Bolikhamsai southwards.
Thailand: Northeast and
coastal areas in Pak
Phanang and Andaman
Sea-Krabi.
Local
Federal
Indigenous
Federal
Local
Indigenous
None
Vietnam: Phu Quoc

Xe Pian National
Protected Area was
established in 1993
240,000 hectares
located within two
provinces, Champasak
Province
(Pathoumphone and
Khong districts) and
Attapeu Province
(Sanamxai District)
Most village are either
entirely or at least
partially within the NPA.
Local
State
Corporate
State
Local
Corporate
Local to Cop
225 hectares of Lore

Lindu National Park
established in 1993;
declared a UNESCO
Man and Biosphere
Reserve in 1978.
State owns the land, but
some local people sell it
to others (businesses)
for plantations (cacao) or
logging.
Federal
Federal
None
Federal
Individual private
Indigenous
Local
Fed to private
Fed to indigenous
Fed to Local
KNP was first

established in 1980 and
declared a World
Heritage Site and a Man
and Biosphere Reserve
by UNESCO in 1986.
KNP covers a terrestrial
area of around 60,000
ha and 120,000 of
marine waters. KNP
includes three main
islands: Komodo, Rinca
and Padar.
Local
Local
None
By a decree, the MPAs are
Individual private
Private nonprofit
Federal
State
Private to PNP
Private to Fed
Private to State
A series of land
donations to TNC in
1990 initiated their
involvement in
conservation of the lake:
local landowner Robert
McCurdy donated 478
acres, followed by
another 589 acres by
Judge John Paul Harkey.
Individual private
Private nonprofit
Private to PNP
TNC owns and manages

the 1,000-acre Fred and
Loucille Dahmer
Preserve (created in
March 2001 & not open
to visitors) at Caddo
Lake.
Trsor voluntary rainfor
Local
Local
None
Indigenous
Indigenous
None
State
State
None
Cagayancillo is the
municipality that
exercises political
jurisdiction over TRNP
and it was proclaimed as
a National Marine Park
in 1988. The MPA was
recently expanded to
include the Jessie
Beazley reefs, which
increased the park size
by 3 time to 96,828
hectares. This was
prompted by both
UNEDP and the
Cagayanon municipality
wishes to protect this
Federal
Federal
None
The whole land in Tanzania
Individual private
Individual private
None
no transfer of ownership.
Local
Individual private
Corporate
Federal
Local
Indigenous
Individual private
Corporate
Federal
Fed to Local
Fed to indigenous
In Tanzania there is a
new landownership
policy where plots can be
claimed under
community ownership
and management if the
state is presented with a
usage plan.
Kenya - most of the land
is under private
ownership.
Mozambique landownership policy
less developed than TZ,
a lot of land belongs to
concessions.
State
Indigenous
State to Indigenous
So far, 12,000 ha have bee
Federal
Local
Individual private
Corporate
State
Federal
State
Local
Corporate
Individual private
None
Sindh province contains

15 ecosystems of lower
Indus river basin.
Pai- Game Reserve
under Sindh Wildlife
Department
Ket Bunder- North and
South is a Wildlife
Sanctuary, mainly for
water birds.
Keenjhar- Ramsar site
Federal
Local
Individual private
Federal
Local
Individual private
None
Cambodia - group of
villages under the
commune system
Prek Thnot Commune,
Kampot Province around the Bokor
National Park
Lao- village entity is
recognized.
2 project sites in Lao
PDR (2 villages) & 1 in
Cambodia (4 villages)
Forest areas are
collectively owned and/or
designated for certain
village or household
Local
Indigenous
Local
Indigenous
None
4 villages in the Madang

Lagoon own 4 Wildlife
Management Areas
(WMAs), under the
traditional customary
ownership policy in PNG.
Designation beginning
back in 1997 of the
WMAs by the national
government's Minister of
Environmental
Conservation.
Local
Federal
Local
Federal
None
Individual private
Individual private
None
Mbuke Island - still in the

Cendrawasih is gazetted
as a nationally protected
area under the Park
Authority of the Ministry
of Forestry, it is owned
and managed by the
national government for
the traditional use of
communities and
biodiversity conservation.
The districts concerned
with Cendrawasih were
recently redrawn
organizing the area
among 3 instead of 2
districts. About 90% of
Kashima City in Saga Pref
Corporate
Federal
Individual private
Federal
Corporate
Individual private
None
Land tenure-ship: all

land is government
owned, but people get
permit to use for period
of time, 30-70 years.
Basically like ownership
rights: can sell etc. Most
privately tenured land is
in agriculture while the
forested areas belong to
the government.
Two nature reserves:
Vinh Cuu Nature
Reserve and Cat Tien
National Park
Individual private
Indigenous
Federal
Federal
Federal
Individual private
Indigenous
Federal
None
None
All the land belongs to

the state, however, the
local communities have
a traditional right to use
the land. The Quirimbas
National Park was
created in 2002 after a
request by local
communities for the
government to place
legal protection over the
area due to the declining
natural resources. The
park includes a total area
of 750,639 ha.
Over 100,000 people live
in the park, with most
cultivating farms less
than one ha in size.
128,000 hectares of coast
Federal
Individual private
Local
Federal
Local
Individual private
Fed to Local
Landscape is a mosaic
of 15 national forest
reserves and over 15
village forest reserves, 1
national Teak Plantation,
and some privately
owned tea estates with
processing plants on the
river, and finally a few
woodlands that do not
have any legal status
yet.
Federal
Local
Indigenous
Fed to indigenous
Fed to Local
The Central Anamites

are the ecoregional
focus and the Dak Rong
watershed draws from
the upland forest areas
on the Lao boarder in the
West. The eastern
boarder is the sea coast
with lowlands in
between. There are 3
main rivers supplying
water to this region and
all 3 come from forests
where the project is
focusing.
Individual private
Individual private
None
There are 3 main

landuse types for forestThe Duck Rivers upper wa
Individual private
Corporate
State
Individual private
Corporate
Corp to State
Private to State
land bordering the river th
Individual private
Federal
Private to Fed
Federal
Federal
None
Sierra del Lacandn

National Park spans
500,000 acres within
Guatemalas Maya
Biosphere Reserve to
meet up with the Montes
Azules Biosphere
Reserve in Chaipas,
Mexico. It was
established in 1990, and
in 2006 The Nature
Conservancy among
others assisted the
Guatemalan government
to conduct a massive
debt-for-nature swap
under the 1998 Tropical
Forest Conservation Act
There is a lot of land
grabbing by powerful
individuals in and outside
of Mondulkiri province.
Central and Provincial
governments are either
powerless (because of
the highlevel backing of
the grabbers),
misguided, naive, etc.
Sometimes the way to
land grabbing is paved
by the government
changing the status of
lands (e.g. from
Protected Forest) to
either Social or
Federal
Federal
None
Federal
Federal
None
Federal
Federal
None
The project is being impl
Federal
Federal
None
Individual private
Individual private
None
Individual private
Individual private
None
Individual private
Local
Corporate
Local
Private to Corp
Private to Local
state owned forest lands
Convinced Ukrainian
government to restore
and protect lands in the
Danube delta. The Local
government is buying the
land, if it does not own it
already, and converting it
to more flood tolerant
usage like tourism or wild
cattle farming. The
returns are
compensating the
change in the reduced
cost of flood-related
damages & income from
Indigenous
Indigenous
None
3 project areas: Lombok

(west Kalimantan),
eastern Nussa Tengara
(Timor), Kapuas Hulu
(Borneo)
Federal
Federal
None
820 square kilometers in
Federal
Indigenous
Fed to indigenous
Lands logged by Spanish an
Indigenous
Indigenous
None
Individual private
Federal
Federal
Individual private
None
Federal
Federal
None
Individual private
Individual private
None
Around 80% communal own
TNC wants to work with ex
Individual private
Individual private
Private nonprofit
Private to PNP
TNC has purchased a

few tracts of land in the
area but this is not the
main goal. They would
rather work with
landowners and with the
legislature to alter land
use and to influence the
management of water
flow.
Additionally most of the
project deals with altered
water flows and fisheries
harvest issues for the
diadromous fish so there
There are still a number o
Individual private
Federal
Private nonprofit
Private nonprofit
Fed to PNP
Private to PNP
Individual private
Private nonprofit
Federal
Individual private
Private to Fed
Private to PNP
The area used to be owned
Federal
Individual private
Private nonprofit
Indigenous
Federal
Private nonprofit
Individual private
Indigenous
None
The idea in the CBR is not
Local
Individual private
Local
Individual private
None
The land in the area is loc
Individual private
Individual private
None
The idea is to work with l
Individual private
Individual private
None
The idea is to set up miti
Individual private
Individual private
None
Individual private
Individual private
Private nonprofit
Private to PNP
The point here is to set

up ecosystem service
markets so that
ecosystem service
providers can be paid by
users. Providers who
reforest or practice
BMPs etc will essentially
get a per acre subsidy
each year for these
behaviors.
TNC purchased a small trac
Individual private
Private nonprofit
Local
Federal
Private to Fed
Private to Local
Private to PNP
The project basically got
Individual private
Federal
Individual private
Federal
None
The idea is to not change
Individual private
Private nonprofit
Private to PNP
Federal
Indigenous
Individual private
Indigenous
Individual private
Federal
None
TNC is trying to build cap
Individual private
Individual private
Federal
State
Private nonprofit
Private to PNP
Private to State
Private to Fed
In 1997 TNC purchased

about 1200 acres called
Spunky Bottom from
John Hancock
insurance company. The
State and USFWS also
purchased land in the
area.
In 2000, TNC purchased
over 7100 acres from
Wilder Corporation a
corporate farm from
whom they had
previously bought some
land (which they did for
Much of the time NYC is
trying to act as a broker
to purchase land and
then sell it off to the
State or the City after
that.
So while TNC is trying to
be a landowner it will
only be temporary.
State
Local
Individual private
Individual private
State
Local
Private nonprofit
Private to PNP
Private to State
Private to Local
Individual private
State
Local
Private nonprofit
Individual private
State
Local
Private nonprofit
None
EcoAssets market is lookin
Local
Individual private
Corporate
State
State
Local
Individual private
Corporate
Private to State
Private to Local
Private to PNP
Individual private
Local
Federal
Federal
Local
Individual private
None
THe basic idea is to

extend the partnership to
include other states
besides NJ. The main
threat in the area is
development
encroachment so the
State of NJ is setting up
new regulations that
create the need for
BMPs and trying to set
up a reward system so
municipalities
do not be o
The land will always
Federal
Federal
None
The lands were consolidat
Individual private
Indigenous
Individual private
Indigenous
None
There are no landowner tra
State
Private nonprofit
State
Private nonprofit
None
TNC originally bought the p
Individual private
Private nonprofit
Private to PNP
TNC used the value of the
Corporate
Private nonprofit
Corp to PNP
What is interesting here

is it is the ownership of
the dams that are
changing. Right now it is
corporately owned by
PPL (a power utility
company) but then it will
be nonprofit owned and
finally obliterated so
there will be no
ownership.
The non profit will be the
Penobscot River
Restoration Trust which
is a committee of
Individual private
Individual private
None
Indigenous
Individual private
Federal
Federal
Individual private
Indigenous
None
Land ownership is a bit co
Local
Individual private
Local
Individual private
None
The goal is to work with e
Individual private
Indigenous
Individual private
Indigenous
Private nonprofit
Private to PNP
Federal
Federal
None
Not trying to purchase

land. The land is mostly
private and ejido land,
but they are trying to
purchase administration
rights in the sense that
the government wants to
pay to use land around
the natural springs and
pools outside the park to
create tourist
infrastructure to keep
tourists OUT of the Park
area. The Park itself is
administered by the
They are not working to ch
Federal
Indigenous
Individual private
Federal
Indigenous
Individual private
None
Government technically own
State
Individual private
State
Private nonprofit
Individual private
State to PNP
Private to PNP
The "land" ownership probl
Individual private
Individual private
None
The project was paying ind
Federal
Individual private
Individual private
Federal
None
Federal
Individual private
Indigenous
Federal
Individual private
Indigenous
None
Landownership is difficult
here as we are talking
about open access
fisheries, but really what
they are trying to do in
most areas is actually
create permitting and no
take zones and give
people particular rights
to fishing so actually
establishing ownership.
In some cases the
federal government has
created legal reserves in
All reserves are federal
land and private and
ejido land 70% are
property of people living
in the land
TNC and partners are
trying to encourage
sustainable land
behavior in the Park area
- not trying to change
land ownership patterns.
Landscape details
Original land cover
Native forest
Landscape details
Landscape details
Landscape details
Pre project land cover Post project land cover
Landcover transition comments
Mixed forest
Mixed forest
Massive deforestation for
Converted
Converted
Native forest
Mixed forest
Mixed forest
Heavy logging and mineral
Other
Native forest
Native grassland
Other
Native forest
Native grassland
Native forest
Native grassland
Other
Landcover is largely Sava
Wetland
Native forest
Native grassland
Native grassland
Native forest
Wetland
Converted
Native grassland
Native forest
Wetland
Converted
Intertidal
Other
Native forest
Intertidal
Non-native forest
Mixed forest
Converted
Other
Non-native forest
Mixed forest
Intertidal
Converted
Other
lowland rainforest to the
Native grassland
Native forest
Native scrub/shrub
Mixed grassland
Native grassland
Native forest
Native scrub/shrub
Mixed grassland
Native grassland
Native forest
Native scrub/shrub
Protection of an
unfragmented landscape
in outstanding condition.
Prevention of the
conversion of grassland
to shrublands and also
the conversion to rural
subdivisions
Native grassland
Other
Native forest
Non-native grassland
Mixed grassland
Wetland
Native scrub/shrub
Converted
Native grassland
Mixed grassland
Other
Native forest
Wetland
Native scrub/shrub
Converted
Native grassland
Mixed grassland
Native forest
Converted
Other
Wetland
Native scrub/shrub
Not many land cover

changes, but notable are
loss of natural fire
regime allowing weeds
and non natives to thrive.
Native grassland
Wetland
Intertidal
Subtidal
Native grassland
Wetland
Intertidal
Subtidal
Native grassland
Wetland
Intertidal
Subtidal
The barrier islands are a

hotbed for biodiversity.
They are largely
undeveloped still, but the
threat is growing. There
are 80 miles of Padre
barrier islands, the
northern first 5-10 miles
are developed and the
southern 40 miles are
also developed, the rest
is largely untouched.
Native forest
Native forest
Converted
Native forest
Must be shown that this

(cork oaks) is a profitable
venture. A lot of
pressure for conversion
to other crops such as
eucalyptus, peanuts,
marijuana etc.
Wetland
Converted
Wetland
Other
Native grassland
Intertidal
Other
Intertidal
Other
Intertidal
Other
Tree nurseries are

helping with reforestation
of cork oak landscapes.
Restores the natural
habitat that can provide
additional ecosystem
services besides cork
Used to be flat wetlands,
drained completely and
all water is shunted into
the ocean. Billions of
gallons of freshwater
(that has been polluted)
every day flow into the
Atlantic. Messes with
estuaries.
Wetland
Native forest
Native scrub/shrub
Mixed forest
Wetland
Native scrub/shrub
Mixed forest
Wetland
Native scrub/shrub
Alpine mosaic meadows, s
Native forest
Mixed forest
Converted
Mixed forest
Converted
over harvest of trees for t
Native grassland
Other
Native forest
Native grassland
Native forest
Other
Native grassland
Native forest
Other
Its not so much the

landcover that is of
interest, but rather the
wildlife.
Locations are in desert,
savannah, and
woodlands.
Subtidal
Subtidal
Subtidal
Barrier reef system
Subtidal
Subtidal
Subtidal
Cultch or oyster shell is a
Intertidal
Intertidal
Intertidal
A uniform layer of shell wa
Converted
Other
Native forest
Mixed forest
Other
Native forest
Mixed forest
Mixed grassland
Mixed grassland
Mixed forest
Native forest
Converted
Other
There are farmlands

and rural development
that boarder the river. It
is most beneficial to
keep this land as
farmland because this is
better than the ensuing
threat of other/more
urban commercial or
industrial development.
Wetland
Native forest
Wetland
Mixed forest
Converted
Mixed forest
Wetland
Converted
The Nature
Conservancys Green
River project area
includes 1,350 square
miles of the upper Green
Beginning in the Blue Ridg
Native forest
Mixed forest
Mixed forest
In some areas that were pr
Intertidal
Intertidal
Intertidal
Some of the sanctuaries ar
Native forest
Native forest
Native forest
Other
Upper upper watershed is f
Native forest
Native scrub/shrub
Other
Native forest
Native scrub/shrub
Other
Native forest
Native scrub/shrub
Other
Various mountain
ecosystems: forests,
alpine mosaic, alpine
lakes, ravine
ecosystems, red
sandstone especially
fragile, cannot be
recovered once lost,
shruby area.
Subtidal
Intertidal
Other
Intertidal
Subtidal
Other
Intertidal
Subtidal
Other
The land is mostly covered
Subtidal
Other
Subtidal
Other
Subtidal
Other
Native forest
Native grassland
Mixed grassland
Mixed forest
Mixed grassland
Mixed forest
Native grassland
Native forest
Native grassland
Native forest
Native grassland
Native forest
There is no real landcover
There is some logging that
The Polochic has more

moisture and is used for
indigenous peoples and
agriculture. But is
seems that the water
flows from dry to wet.
More hydrology studies
must be done to fully
understand the
hydrology of the
watersheds.
Native grassland
Native forest
Wetland
Native scrub/shrub
Converted
Mixed grassland
Native forest
Mixed grassland
Native forest
Converted
Soil mechanics are very

important. These
watersheds occur along
a tectonic fault, so
Over 200,000 ha of land
have been cleared.
The Daly has the highest
base-flow of all rivers in
the Northern Territory.
There are important
wetland and flood plain
habitats in addition to the
unique limestone aquifer
hydrology.
Native forest
Native grassland
Mixed forest
Converted
Native grassland
Mixed forest
Converted
Native grassland
Native forest
Converted
Native forest
Native forest
Converted
Pasture lands are a good

usage option if the
farmer grazes his cattle
on natural grasses and
does not convert to
nonnative cover.
Some agroforestry of rubbe
At this stage, money genera
Subtidal
Intertidal
Intertidal
Subtidal
Intertidal
Subtidal
Coral cover loss by a rece
Subtidal
Intertidal
Other
Native forest
Subtidal
Other
Converted
Mixed forest
Intertidal
Mixed forest
Intertidal
Other
Subtidal
Converted
This lowland portion of th
Native forest
Native forest
Native forest
Tropical forests a few old
Wetland
Converted
Non-native forest
Wetland
About 50% of SA's wetlands
Other
Native scrub/shrub
Wetland
Converted
Other
Wetland
Mixed scrub/shrub
Native scrub/shrub
Converted
Other
Native scrub/shrub
Mixed scrub/shrub
Wetland
Woodlands, shrubs,
granite outcroppings,
and naturally saline
wetlands comprise the
landscape of which 90%
of the has been cleared
for agriculture.
Primary use are sheep
grazing for wool and
meat, and, wheat, oats,
and barley agriculture.
Native forest
Wetland
Native grassland
Converted
Native forest
Mixed grassland
Converted
Native forest
Mixed grassland
Native grassland
Wetland
Native forest
Mixed grassland
Wetland
Mixed forest
Converted
Converted
Wetland
Mixed forest
Mixed grassland
Tender proposals
included replanting
and/or protection of
Remnant of natural
forest and some grass
cover. The areas that
are still forested are in
the national parks, other
areas, people have
converted most of the
area (cut down most of
the trees.)
Mount Guiting-Guiting
First, in the Panangcalan
watershed, forest area
decreased 23% from 886
hectares in 1976
decreased to 680
hectares in 2006. The
decrease in forest area
can be attributed to
conversion of 163 has
into coconut lands, 57
hectares to grasslands
and 11 hectares to
swidden farming. The
forest cover of the
Cantingas watershed in
1976 was reduced 14%
from 4626 hectares of
forest to 3843 hectares
Wetland
Wetland
Converted
Wetland
Converted
50% of wetlands lost in S
Other
Native scrub/shrub
Converted
Other
Native scrub/shrub
Converted
Other
Native scrub/shrub
Original landcover is
eucalypt woodland and
some shrubs.
Converted
Other
Native scrub/shrub
97% of the natural

woodland is gone,
between 3-10 %
remaining depending on
which type of woodland,
red morrel is most rare,
remaining on the planet.
There are now 1000s of
individual remnants.
Prioritize conservation by
size and condition,
Original landcover is
eucalypt woodland and
some shrubs.
Other
Native scrub/shrub
Converted
Other
Native scrub/shrub
Native forest
Wetland
Wetland
Native forest
Converted
Native forest
Converted
Wetland
Subtidal
Other
Subtidal
Other
Other
Subtidal
Other
Subtidal
None
Subtidal
None
Subtidal
Lake Bogoria catchment

basin is situated in the
central portion of
Kenya's Great Rift Valley.
The lake falls within two
districts, Baringo and
Koibateck, and is one of
a series of saline lakes in
the Great Rift Valley.
Lots of deforestation in
the past 10 years,
irregular water flow
causes the river in the
lower catchment to
change output area and
cause flooding to farms.
Native grassland
Native forest
Wetland
Native scrub/shrub
Subtidal
None
Native grassland
Native forest
Wetland
Native scrub/shrub
Subtidal
None
Subtidal
Native grassland
Native forest
Wetland
Native scrub/shrub
seagrass meadows, coral r
Wetland
Other
Wetland
Other
Wetland
Other
Some conversion for rural/
Mixed forest
Wetland
Native grassland
Mixed forest
Wetland
Converted
Native grassland
Native scrub/shrub
Mixed forest
Wetland
Converted
Native grassland
Native scrub/shrub
Some logging, upland rice
Native forest
Native forest
Converted
Native forest
Converted
over 90% of the forest cano
Native grassland
Native forest
Intertidal
Subtidal
Other
Subtidal
Other
Converted
Native grassland
Native forest
Intertidal
Native grassland
Native forest
Intertidal
Subtidal
Converted
Other
Native forest
Mixed forest
Non-native forest
Non-native forest
Mixed forest
Total terrestrial area of

the park was about
60,000 ha and
approximately 70% of
this area is open grasswoodland savanna. The
other main terrestrial
habitats include tropical
deciduous (monsoon)
forest and quasi cloudforest above 500 m on
ridges and pinnacles.
Most of the area is
declared as no-go and
no-take zone. Inside
Area 8-9,000 square
kilometers with 4-5
million inhabitants. Most
of the settlement occurs
closer to the coast and
diminishes in the
western areas that are
remote and
mountainous.
Subtidal
Other
Subtidal
Other
Subtidal
Other
Wetland
Other
Native grassland
Native forest
Mixed grassland
Mixed forest
Wetland
Other
Wetland
Mixed forest
Mixed grassland
Other
key habitats include: wet
Native forest
Native grassland
Native scrub/shrub
Native forest
Native grassland
Native scrub/shrub
Native grassland
Native forest
Native scrub/shrub
All primary cover:

Mountain top forest,
temporarily flooded
forest, marsh forest, wet
savanna.
Tresor is 2464 hectares
of rain forest and
savanna.
Intertidal
Subtidal
Other
Intertidal
Subtidal
Other
Subtidal
Intertidal
Other
Intertidal
Wetland
Other
Intertidal
Wetland
Other
Intertidal
Wetland
Other
Intertidal
Wetland
Intertidal
Wetland
Intertidal
Wetland
2 coral atolls, acts as a n
Native forest
Other
Converted
Other
Mixed grassland
Mixed scrub/shrub
Mixed forest
Mixed forest
Other
Converted
Mixed scrub/shrub
Mixed grassland
Native grassland
Native forest
Other
Native scrub/shrub
Converted
Mixed grassland
Mixed forest
Mixed scrub/shrub
Other
Mixed grassland
Mixed forest
Mixed scrub/shrub
Converted
Other
Original: land was

dominantly forest and
woodland
Pre project: scattered
and highly degraded
woodland, grassland,
scattered bushland,
settlement and
cultivation (Intensive flat
cultivation on steep
slopes of mountains)
Project period: Improved
secondary woodland
(through improved land
management, natural
NSW Liverpool Plains:
native woodlands,
grasslands, river &
creeks, grass tree
stands.
For example, natural or
improved pasture will
collectively be
established on 15,000 ha
of private lands, while
native remnant
vegetation now protected
and under management
is over 800 ha.
Native forest
Native scrub/shrub
Mixed forest
Mixed forest
Native scrub/shrub
Native forest
Mixed forest
Mixed forest
Native grassland
Native forest
Wetland
Native scrub/shrub
Intertidal
Mixed grassland
Mixed forest
Mixed scrub/shrub
Wetland
Intertidal
Converted
Intertidal
Converted
Mixed grassland
Mixed forest
Mixed scrub/shrub
Pai - The forest covers

an area of 1,933
hectares and due to its
ecological importance
the entire area of Pai
forest has been
declared as a Game
Reserve by Sindh
Wildlife Department.
Overall the forest is a
mix of plantation but also
represents a typical
sample of natural
riverine forests found
along the River Indus.
Keti Bunder - There are
four major creeks in the
area: Chann, Hajamro,
Native forest
Mixed forest
Converted
Mixed forest
Intertidal
Native forest
Other
Wetland
Intertidal
Native forest
Other
Wetland
Converted
Intertidal
Wetland
Native forest
Other
Intertidal
Subtidal
Native forest
Converted
Intertidal
Subtidal
Converted
Native forest
Intertidal
Subtidal
Native forest
Converted
Wetland
Intertidal
Native grassland
Wetland
Intertidal
Converted
Native grassland
Native forest
Native forest
Wetland
Intertidal
Converted
Native grassland
other: mangroves, seagras
Kashima residents go up
to the mountain areas
where logging
companies had
previously deforested
and replant the area with
native trees as part of a
program by the Forestry
Agency.
Many people do
agriculture on their lands
for sale and subsistence.
Native forest
Mixed forest
Converted
Converted
Mixed forest
Dong Nai- lowland area

has been converted for
agriculture and industry.
A history of French
development for rubber
plantations as well as
ecological repercussions
from the Vietnam War
(Agent Orange).
Some reforestation
activities in lands that
were previously used as
production forests for
logging.
Subtidal
Intertidal
Wetland
Native grassland
Native forest
Native scrub/shrub
Subtidal
Intertidal
Wetland
Native grassland
Native scrub/shrub
Native forest
Converted
Subtidal
Converted
Intertidal
Native scrub/shrub
Wetland
Native forest
Native grassland
Spans marine habitats to c
Subtidal
Wetland
Intertidal
Native forest
Other
Subtidal
Intertidal
Wetland
Native forest
Other
Converted
Subtidal
Other
Intertidal
Wetland
Native forest
Converted
extensive beaches and man
Native forest
Mixed forest
Converted
Mixed forest
Designation of unclaimed l
Native forest
Native scrub/shrub
Native forest
Converted
Native forest
Converted
Plantations: acacia, pine,

and rubber (a lot at
household level, 1-2 ha)
ADB supports these
household plantations for
poverty reduction.
Other household level
agriculture like rice
paddies in the valleys
and home gardens in the
villages.
In the mountainous
areas there is also some
rice, cassava, and maize
production.
Native forest
Other
Wetland
Other
Converted
Mixed forest
Wetland
Converted
Mixed forest
Other
Wetland
Promoting the creation and
Native forest
Wetland
Native forest
Wetland
Native forest
Wetland
Converted
Converted
Native forest
Wetland
Wetland
Mixed forest
Native forest
Wetland
Native forest
Converted
Wetland
Mixed forest
Wetland
This project will work to

restore wider and more
natural river banks to the
selected areas along a
160km stretch of the
Rhone River, from
Gletsch to Lake of
Geneva.
During two periods of
rerouting the rivers path
has been altered and the
land converted for
agricultural, industrial,
and residential use.
This change has resulted
in the loss of over 98%
large stands of broad
leaf subtropical lowland
and montane rainforest,
unique geological
formations (karsts),
freshwater lakes,
wetlands, mountain
ranges, and low-lying
savanna plains.
Deforestation comes as
immigrants from the
highlands settle the
lowland rainforests.
They clear the land for
cattle ranching and slash
and burn agriculture
applying methods that
Lower Mekong Dry
Forest Ecoregion,
Eastern Cambodia in
Mondulkiri province. Has
one of the least dense
human populations and
fairly intact live forests,
so high chance of
success.
The forests are dotted
with 100s of pools that
dry out in the dry
season, a wetlands type
rarely recognized.
Protected Areas to be
connected with corridors:
Native forest
Mixed forest
Mixed forest
Native forest
Subtidal
Intertidal
Native forest
Subtidal
Intertidal
Native forest
Intertidal
Subtidal
Intertidal
Subtidal
Intertidal
Subtidal
Intertidal
Subtidal
Planting of native trees o
Native forest
Wetland
Native grassland
Native grassland
Native forest
Wetland
Converted
Converted
Native grassland
Native forest
Wetland
Native grassland
Native forest
Native grassland
Converted
Native forest
Mixed forest
Native grassland
Native forest
Mixed forest
Converted
Wetland
Wetland
Wetland
Wetland
Converted
Wetland
Wetland
Converted
East Kalimantan Province c
allow for natural re-floodi
Native forest
Native forest
Native forest
Subtidal
Intertidal
Wetland
Subtidal
Intertidal
Wetland
Subtidal
Intertidal
Wetland
Native forest
Mixed forest
Mixed forest
much lower density of spe
Native forest
Wetland
Native scrub/shrub
Wetland
Mixed forest
Native scrub/shrub
Converted
Native scrub/shrub
Wetland
Converted
Native forest
Native grassland
Native grassland
Native forest
Converted
Native grassland
Native forest
Converted
Native forest
Native forest
Converted
Native forest
Converted
Native forest
Converted
Converted
Conchos River (main Rio

Bravo tributary) 7 million
ha in the Chihuahua
Desert
Copalita-ZimatanHuatulco basin in the
Pacific coast Dry Forest 370,000 ha.;Oaxaca
tourist zone of Huatulco
San Pedro Mezquital
River in the states of
Durango and Nayarit- 2.8
millon ha.;Marismas
Nacionales & Ramsar
Site
TNC is encouraging sustain
Wetland
Other
Native forest
Converted
Mixed forest
Wetland
Other
Converted
Mixed forest
Wetland
Other
Much of the land has been
Native forest
Mixed forest
Converted
Mixed forest
The area was all originally
Native grassland
Native forest
Wetland
Converted
Wetland
Mixed grassland
Mixed forest
Converted
Wetland
Mixed grassland
The land cover will

largely remain the same
post-project but the land
use will change the type
of agriculture. There
was resistance to wiping
out agriculture in the
region because so many
people depend on it for
their livelihood. As such,
there was a no net loss
policy in the area but a
change in the type of
agriculture that would
occur.
Native grassland
Native forest
Wetland
Mixed forest
Mixed grassland
Converted
Wetland
Mixed forest
Converted
Wetland
Mixed grassland
Pristine cover was

TNC and partners are worki
Native forest
Mixed forest
Mixed forest
THe main issue is the threa
Native forest
Converted
Mixed forest
Mixed forest
Converted
Particularly around the rip
Native forest
Mixed forest
Mixed forest
Native forest
Converted
Mixed forest
Mixed forest
Converted
Native scrub/shrub
Other
Converted
Converted
Native scrub/shrub
Other
Original landcover presettlement was

freshwater emergent and
scrub/shrub.
Much of the area is now
converted to agriculture.
Desired post-project land
cover will be freshwater
tidal, emergent and
scrub shrub
Wetland
Native grassland
Mixed grassland
Converted
Wetland
Non-native forest
Native grassland
Wetland
Non-native forest
Converted
Native forest
Converted
Mixed forest
Mixed forest
Converted
Native forest
Mixed forest
Mixed forest
Native forest
Native grassland
Wetland
Converted
Native grassland
Native forest
Native forest
Native grassland
The project is not trying

to restore the
original/native land cover
because over time, due
to lack of scientific
knowledge, people have
planted woodlands.
Though not native to
prairie habitat it does not
make sense to cut down
very old trees.
The original land cover
was
wet prairie,
upland
The area
was largely
clear
The original landcover in

the reserve is paramos,
natural savannas,
highland peat bogs,
cloud forest, and Atlantic
transitional forest .
This has mostly been
maintained though there
has been some logging
for agriculture and for
Wetland
Native grassland
Converted
Native grassland
Wetland
Original land cover: wet

and upland prairies and
wetlands.
Before the project so
much of the land was
converted to agriculture
particularly row crops.
Also the river was
severely dammed and
channelized.
TNC is trying to restore
the floodplain to a certain
extend and undyke some
of the river area.
Native forest
Native forest
Converted
Native forest
Converted
Some of the land area has
Native forest
Wetland
Mixed forest
Converted
Wetland
Mixed forest
Converted
Wetland
Each of the communities ha
Native forest
Wetland
Converted
Wetland
Native forest
Native forest
Wetland
Converted
Native forest
Mixed forest
Converted
Mixed forest
Converted
Core are of highlands

are forested with
significant agricultural
lands outside the core
forested area.
The forest has largely
been cleared and the
composition of the forest
now is not mature and
close to climax but it has
grown back primarily
native.
THere
are three
also different z
There are
Native forest
Native grassland
Native forest
Converted
Native grassland
Native forest
Converted
Native grassland
Noel Kempff is a mix of we
Native forest
Native forest
Converted
Native forest
Converted
The "converted" portion of
Native forest
Converted
Native forest
Original land cover:

deciduous, central
hardwoods
Pre project - pasture and
agriculture
Post project - reforested
with deciduous, central
hardwoods.
Native forest
Converted
Native forest
Original cover:
bottomwood forest
Target bottomwood
forest replicate natural
species composition and
structure
Pre-project - agriculture
Other
Converted
Other
As this is a freshwater
project there is no land
cover change - it is
merely changing from a
dammed river from to an
un-dammed one.
"Converted" here means
converted from its usual
cycle.
Native forest
Wetland
Converted
Wetland
Mixed forest
Wetland
Converted
Originally: Bottom land

forest and forested
wetlands
Pre project: fields of
cotton, rice, and
soybeans
Native forest
Native grassland
Converted
Native forest
Native grassland
Converted
Native grassland
Native forest

Broadleaf Moist Forest
(predominant) and High
Grassland
Pre project: Coca in the
National Park, agriculture
outside
Native forest
Mixed forest
Converted
Mixed forest
Converted

broadleaf cloud forest,
pine-oak forests and
tropical pine forests
TNC and Vivamos Mejor
are working to create
Parks and nature
reserves that have a
core no use region and
then buffering areas that
are multiple use areas
that have sustainable
land use mostly
agriculture which
accounts for the
Native scrub/shrub
Native grassland
Converted
Native scrub/shrub
Mixed grassland
Native scrub/shrub
Converted
Mixed grassland
The area is predominantly d
Native scrub/shrub
Native scrub/shrub
Native scrub/shrub
Dry, desert climate and

land cover types.
High land desert
Native forest
Native forest
Converted
Native forest
Converted
Inside the reserve there is
Subtidal
Intertidal
Converted
Intertidal
Subtidal
Intertidal
Oyster and shellfish reefs
Native grassland
Converted
Mixed grassland
Converted
The land has been so used
Other
Subtidal
Subtidal
Other
Subtidal
Other
This is all ocean habitat a
Native forest
Intertidal
Wetland
Native forest
Converted
Wetland
Intertidal
Native forest
Converted
Wetland
Intertidal
The area is covered in

native forest but is
rapidly being deforested
due to conversion for
agriculture and ranching.
Original cover: cloud
forests, dry forets, humid
tropical forests, tropical
dry, coastal lagoons,
mangroves
Landscape details
Landscape details
Landscape details
Pre project land use
Post project Land use
Land use transition comments
Primary forest clearing
Sustainable timber
biogas digesters, solar wat
Selective logging
harvest
Residential development Residential development
Unsustainable
agroforestry
Residential development
Selective logging
Recreational open space
Nature reserve

Nature reserve
Sustainable agroforestry
Sustainable timber
harvest
Sustainable fishing
Selective logging
Total project area is 3

million ha; Protected
areas covering
700,000ha and rest 2.3
million ha consists of
logging concessions,
community forests, agroforestry land
existing poorly set
quotas are unenforced,
the project is aquiring
data to set better quotas
and training exisitng and
new park guards to
enforce them.

Sustainable timber
harvest
Commodity Crops
Unsustainable grazing
Unsustainable fishing
Sustainable timber
There is a lot of hunting
harvest
Subsistence farming
Sustainable agriculture
Nature reserve
Sustainable fishing
Sustainable grazing

Commodity Crops
Specialty crops
Commercial
development
Industrial development
Other use
Sustainable timber
More community based reso
harvest
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Sustainable grazing
Specialty crops
Plantation forestry
Commodity Crops
Subsistence farming
Sustainable timber
harvest
Plantation forestry
Subsistence farming
Commodity Crops
Nature reserve
Better management of the l
Sustainable grazing
Maintaining the historic u
Sustainable grazing
Commodity Crops
Sustainable timber
harvest
Sustainable timber
harvest
Nature reserve
Sustainable grazing
Other use
Similar use, just with

conservation easements:
TNC does research on
cattle impact as well as
prescribed burns.
With over 55,000 acres
protected mainly through
conservation easements
at this time, The Nature
Conservancys plan is to
secure key upland and
riparian lands by
protecting an additional
Commodity Crops
Commercial
development
Sustainable grazing
Nature reserve
TNC buys land along the Ar
Sustainable fishing
Sustainable grazing
Other use
Other use
Promotes the economic comp
Sustainable grazing
Sustainable grazing
should be similar livelihood
Nature reserve
Sustainable fishing
Nature reserve

Commercial
development
Sustainable timber
People are allowed to use
harvest
Nature reserve
Other use

Selective logging
Subsistence farming
Subsistence farming
Less timber harvest
Sustainable grazing
Recreational open space Recreational open space the land went from unmanag
Residential development Sustainable grazing
Other use
Sustainable fishing
Recreational open space Nature reserve
went from unregulated ocea
Recreational open space Recreational open space Main objective is to restor

Recreational open space Recreational open space Much of the same usage, bu
Aquaculture
Aquaculture
Nature reserve
Nature reserve
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Commodity Crops
Sustainable fishing
Subsistence farming
Keeping the land in its cu
Commodity Crops
Nature reserve
Sustainable fishing
Nature reserve
Commercial
development
Sustainable fishing
Sustainable fishing
Subsistence farming
Plantation forestry
Nature reserve
Most of the land will be t
Sustainable fishing
Sustainable timber
harvest
Nature reserve
Intertidal area that was on
Other use
Nature reserve
Selective logging
Nature reserve
Selective logging
National forest still, with b

Nature reserve
Creation of national parks
Residential development Sustainable grazing
Sustainable fishing
Nature reserve
MPAs as well and local com
Sustainable fishing
Users will have to pay a f
Recreational open space Recreational open space

Commercial
development
Commodity Crops
Recreational open space Crops are tea/cardamom e

Sustainable timber
harvest
Commodity Crops
Selective logging
Nature reserve
Nature reserve
It is not certain yet what
Sustainable timber
harvest

Commodity Crops
Specialty crops
Subsistence farming
Other crops
Commercial
development
The agricultural practices

along the watershed
include: Corn, beans,
coffee, cattle, and
horses. These livestock
compact the soil and
lead to erosion. Coffee
is actually one of the
better crops for the area.
Note: Post-project land
use data not entered.

Selective logging
Subsistence farming
Sustainable grazing
Nature reserve
Sustainable fishing
Subsistence farming
Sustainable grazing
Nature reserve
Sustainable fishing
200,000 ha of the
catchment area have
been cleared in the past
4.5% for cropping or
improved cattle pastures.
This percentage is
significant because it is
largely on the better
soils, flood plains.
Nature reserve
Subsistence farming
Selective logging
Unsustainable
agroforestry
Selective logging
National park and protecte
Nature reserve
Subsistence farming
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Reforestation of public p
Nature reserve
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Since July 2007, a "noRecreational open space Recreational open space take zone policy" for the
Nature reserve
whole Apo Reef Natural
Park area is being
implemented to
regenerate the fish
stocks. A buffer zone 2
km away from the reef
area marks where fishing
becomes legal again.
Commercial
development
Nature reserve
Sustainable fishing
Commercial
development
Nature reserve
Tourism visitation and

diving
are still allowed.
The prevention
of illegal
fishing practices in the
coastal waters.
Also a UNESCO Man
and Biosphere Reserve.
Nature reserve
Nature reserve
Some illegal logging goes
Selective logging
Sustainable timber
harvest
Commodity Crops
Plantation forestry
Subsistence farming
Subsistence farming
Commodity Crops
Sustainable grazing
Wetlands were
converted for other use
up to 40 years ago. For
example, they were
drained and used for
agriculture and then sold
to plantation forestry
(among other things)
industries. This project
targets old and existing
wetlands for
rehabilitation and
preservation through
sustainable use or BMP.
Wetlands can still be
Commodity Crops
Commodity Crops
Sustainable grazing
Purpose of the project wa
Nature reserve
Subsistence farming
Specialty crops
Sustainable grazing
Specialty crops
Program covers 83000 km2
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Sustainable grazing
Selective logging
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Abandoned
Subsistence farming
With the Indigenous People
Sustainable timber
harvest
Other use
Selective logging
Unsustainable
agroforestry
Subsistence farming
Other use
manage wetland use
Sustainable grazing
Commodity Crops
Commodity Crops
Sustainable grazing
Transferring plots to con
Commodity Crops
Commodity Crops
Sustainable grazing
Transferring plots to con

Selective logging
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Sustainable timber
harvest
Subsistence farming
Aquaculture
Nature reserve
Sustainable grazing
Forest reserve upstream,

deforestation and poor
landuse (ag and grazing)
and to siltification of the
rivers that flow into major
swamps or lake.
Sustainable fishing
Movement from unsustainab
Sustainable fishing
Properly managed
farms, improved
livestock rearing
practices, pasture
establishment, storm
flow storage,
reforestation and buffers
along riparian zones.

Subsistence farming
Nature reserve

Sustainable grazing
Sustainable fishing
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Sustainable timber
harvest
Subsistence farming
Aquaculture
Other use
Subsistence farming
Aquaculture
Sustainable fishing
Sustainable grazing
Other use
Nature reserve
Subsistence farming
Other crops
Sustainable timber
harvest
Abandoned
Nature reserve
better park management an
Sustainable timber
harvest
Subsistence farming
Other crops
9 project sites in 4
different countries.
capacity building for
conservation of vital
wetlands and the
sustainable usage of
their resources.

Selective logging
Commodity Crops
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Sustainable fishing
Commercial
development
Sustainable timber
harvest
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Sustainable fishing

Other use
Nature reserve
Sustainable fishing
Selective logging
Commercial
development
Plantation forestry
Nature reserve
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Subsistence farming
Influx of people
immigrating to area to
settle land poses
encroachment threat to
park. Plantations,
logging, & conversion
lead to erosion and
flooding.
This is an attempt to stop
deforestation.
Komodo National Park

was initially established
to conserve the unique
Komodo Dragon
(Varanus komodoensis)
and its habitat. KNP
(both terrestrial and
marine areas) is a
common/public property
and Central Government
in Jakarta (Ministry of
Forestry) is given a task
to implement all
conservation programs in
the park. Before the park
There are a total of 9 pro
Nature reserve
Sustainable fishing
Other use
MPA network: Kofiau

MPA 170,000 hectares,
Misool MPA 335,000
hectares.

Some of the land is placed
Other use
Sustainable fishing
Sustainable fishing
Other use
Abandoned
Nature reserve
The land went from private
Nature reserve
The park is managed by
Recreational open space the Tubbataha Protected
Sustainable fishing
Area Management Board
(TPAMB).
This is a "no take" area
where only recreation,
research, and
conservation activities
are allowed.
Other use
Other use
Rampant hunting of sea tur
Other use
Other use
Egg poaching abated.
Residential development Coastal development
Residential development Recreational open space planned.

Residential development Primary forest/woodland
Sustainable agriculture Subsistence farming
clearing for:
Residential development Nature reserve
Subsistence farming
Commodity Crops
Subsistence farming
Specialty crops
Commodity Crops
Specialty crops
Subsistence farming
Sustainable grazing
16,700 ha of the catchm

Selective logging
Sustainable timber
harvest

Sustainable timber
harvest
Selective logging
Kenya- FSC past three

years, very successful.
Using ecotourism as
well.
Try to develop alternative
forms of income to
reduce pressure on
forest resources.

Abandoned
Nature reserve
Village forest reserves ar
Sustainable timber
harvest
Subsistence farming

Selective logging
Commodity Crops
Subsistence farming
Other use
Sustainable fishing
Other use
Sustainable grazing
Sustainable timber
harvest

Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Sustainable timber
harvest
Nature reserve
Subsistence farming
Pai - Sanctioned
irrigation supply had to
be adopted because of
the construction of
protective embankments
along the Indus River in
the early twentieth
century; however, even
this has been stopped in
the last three years due
to the upstream
diversion of water by
local influential
landowners for
agricultural purposes.
Groundwater is used
instead, representing a
considerable additional
cost. Local inhabitants
Develop acitivity plan
Project site 2 in loas and
1 in Cambodia. 2 loas
village and 4 in cam.
mall things could be
done. Dont cut
everything, dont
damage the trees.
Rattan- keep in the
natural forest. Other
NTFP mush honey,
bamboo, cardamon,
mostly natural forest.
Not used for
agroforestry.
Recreational open space Madang Lagoon - 4
Wildlife Management
Nature reserve
Areas covering 1085
hectares of coral reef,
mangrove, seagrass,
and open sea habitat.
Within network
boundaries are spawning
aggregation sites, major
nutrient upwelling and
nursery areas, and sites
of major cultural and
historical importance.
Sustainable fishing
Residential development Recreational open space
Selective logging
Nature reserve
Commodity Crops
Subsistence farming
Other use
Sustainable fishing
Subsistence farming
Other crops
Other use
Mbuke - locally
Potential coastal
development in both
sites.
Re-drawing of district
lines in the Cendrawasih
site.
Potential logging and/or
mining in the Jamursba
site. Protection of the
nesting beaches by the
local community and the
state in the future.
Flyway Shorebird
Network Site
Sustainable nori and
agricultural farming

Commodity Crops
Plantation forestry
Subsistence farming
Aquaculture
Commercial
development
Nature reserve
Commodity Crops
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Aquaculture
Commercial
development
An upper roof of forests

within the Vinh Cuu
Nature Reserve and Cat
Tien National Park
sustain the Tri An
reservoir that then feeds
the lower Dong Nai
River.

Subsistence farming
Commercial
development
Nature reserve
Difference
in landuses
Subsistence farming
implementing
natural res
Nature reserve
Sustainable fishing
Commercial
development
Sustainable fishing
Aquaculture
By addressing water
issues this project tries
to indirectly effect forest
conservation and
restoration, which are
inextricably linked in the
freshwater ecosystem.
Bien Hoa city is big
source of pollution and
thus a focus as well.
Cubas marine and coastal e

Commodity Crops
Specialty crops
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve

Selective logging
Unsustainable
agroforestry
Subsistence farming
Other crops
Nature reserve
Abandoned

Selective logging
Commodity Crops
Specialty crops
Subsistence farming
Sustainable fishing
Commercial
development
Sustainable timber
harvest
Nature reserve
Agriculture- forest
conversion for agriculture
for individual
communities
Two types of crops: food
and cash. Most
destructive is cash crop
farming (spices etc.) For
sale locally (w/in
country).
National Forest Reserve

2 categories: total
protection (no take,
ecologically sensitive,
eg. catchment value for
urban, electricity, etc.) &
Sustainable agroforestry There are 2 nature reserve
Subsistence farming
Other crops
Nature reserve
Sustainable fishing
There may not be much chan
Sustainable grazing
Sustainable timber
harvest
Commodity Crops
Specialty crops
Subsistence farming
Commodity Crops
Nature reserve
Specialty crops
Nature reserve

Other crops
Other use
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Abandoned
Nature reserve
Other use
Nature reserve
Subsistence farming
Sustainable timber
harvest
Now:
river canalization
the canal walls forbid
access to the river for
walkers and alter habitat
over-exploitation of the
flood plain.
agricultural activities,
industries, or residential
development
there are also several
hydro-electrical power
facilities on the river with
several retention pools
Future:
restoration and 3rd
The proposed
hydroelectric dams
would greatly alter the
quality, quantity, and
timing of flow. Site
specificity is important to
note for the complex
karsts topography and
the implications this has
on the installation of any
large dam or hydraulic
structure.
Protected Mayan ruins:
Classic Maya (AD 250 900)
8 sites (but among many
Better zoning within prote
Selective logging
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Commercial
development
Sustainable fishing
Sustainable timber
Establish better connectiv
harvest
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Other use
Sustainable fishing
Selective logging
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Sustainable timber
harvest
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Sustainable fishing
Other use
Commercial
development
Nature reserve
Sustainable fishing
Commercial
development
Nature reserve
As with nearly all other

PAs in Mozambique,
local communities reside
within the Niassa
reserve.
Fishermen from other
countries also tend to
come over and use the
marine resources of the
Niassa PA. Because
protection is not as
stringent and laws not as
harsh, overfishing has
Donsol is composed of 51 b
Selective logging
Subsistence farming
Other use
Nature reserve
Subsistence farming
Previously government
intended this area to be
converted to an oil palm
plantation, but this was
halted in 2003 by the
Lesan Berau district
issuing a decree to
protect the forest. Work
is being done to enhance
the protection on the
Lesan forest.
Other areas like Wahea
are also targeted for the
same path toward
protection.
Subsistence farming
Sustainable agroforestry Currently subsistence
Sustainable agroforestry Subsistence farming
agriculture and forestry.
Sustainable grazing
Other use
Very rural area but
Recreational open space changing fast as farmers
Nature reserve
move away and sell their
Sustainable grazing
lands to developers.
This project will work to
convince local people to
maintain their same
practice, eg. continue
low intensity agriculture.
Problem is that the
markets are weak or
gone so looking for new
markets to make this
type of agriculture
profitable (PES, organic
niche markets, tourism
Other crops
Recreational open space Local farmers and communi
Nature reserve
Nature reserve
Abandoned
Other crops
Sustainable grazing
Nature reserve
Sustainable grazing
goes from private farmland
Subsistence farming
Residential development Subsistence farming
Selective logging
Sustainable timber
harvest
Sustainable fishing
Nature reserve
creation of MPA, with fishi

Selective logging
Plantation forestry
Subsistence farming
Unsustainable
agroforestry
Nature reserve
Subsistence farming
Sustainable timber
harvest
Sustainable grazing
Over the past 15 years,

Calakmul Bioreserve has
voluntarily zoned their
land and designated part
as a permanent forest
reserve. This hands off
reserve is for protection,
seed trees (parent trees
to provide seeds), and to
reforest mahogany. The
rest is open for palm
production, poles for
building, hunting, NTPFs
etc.
The aim of this project is
to coordinate the buffer
Subsistence farming
Subsistence farming
Sustainable grazing
Subsistence farming
Other crops
Nature reserve
Selective logging
Sustainable grazing
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Sustainable timber
harvest
Nature reserve
Selective logging
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Sustainable timber
harvest
Subsistence farming
Commodity crops
New fund created to pay f
Other crops
Other use
Selective logging
Nature reserve
Commodity Crops
Selective logging
Land use is in transition
Commodity Crops
Other crops
Nature reserve
Other use
Other crops
Nature reserve
Other use
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Land used to be all cattle
Specialty crops
Commodity crops
Sustainable agriculture Changing the land uses to

Nature reserve
Sustainable grazing
Other crops
Aquaculture
Nature reserve
Some timber harvest
Selective logging
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
Sustainable grazing
The idea here is to influe
Nature reserve
Nature reserve
Commodity crops
Sustainable timber
harvest
Nature reserve
Commodity crops
Other crops
Commodity crops
Other crops
Nature reserve
Sustainable grazing
Nature reserve
Money wisely invested will
The subsidy requires

forest conservation (so
essentially a reserve) or
riparian restoration or
agricultural BMPs or
sanitation measures.
Pre - low tech dairy.
Commodity crops
Main purpose is to
remove constraints on
the Skagit River system
and to allow for natural
flood regimes to function
in select areas,
benefiting wild flora and
fauna species and
people with particular
emphasis on restoration
of estuarine habitat.
Abandoned
Other crops
Recreational open space The area had been abandon

Nature reserve
Other crops
Subsistence farming
Sustainable agriculture Maize, strawberries, and p

Selective logging
Nature reserve
The recreation that's allo
Sustainable timber
harvest
Subsistence farming
Selective logging
Nature reserve
Nature reserve
Subsistence farming
Sustainable grazing
Here again the major idea
Commodity crops
Recreational open space The main change in land us

Nature reserve
Nature reserve
Other use
Sustainable timber
harvest
Nature reserve
Harvest
Other use
Sustainable timber
harvest
Other use
Other crops
Nature reserve
Selective logging
Other use
EcoAsset Markets is intere
Other crops
Nature reserve
Sustainable timber
harvest
Abandoned
Selective logging
Specialty crops
Specialty crops
Sustainable timber
harvest
Nature reserve
Specialty crops
Abandoned
Selective logging
Other use
Nature reserve
Sustainable timber
harvest
Other use
The main idea with the pro
Preservation areas NJ
State has instituted laws
that require 3%
impervious land cover,
there can be no more
than 10% modification of
forest land or any area
that is crucial for
endangered species.
There must be a 300
foot buffer along all
streams and in order to
put
single
septic
Theacore
zone
wastank
largely

Sustainable timber
Protection of the forest is
Subsistence farming
harvest
Subsistence farming
Sustainable grazing
Specialty crops
Other use
Sustainable grazing
Other crops
Subsistence farming
Commodity Crops
Abandoned
Nature reserve
Basically the land uses

are to encourage
specialty NTFPs that can
reach a higher price to
sustain the current small
scale agricultural
practices and prevent
the spread of large-scale
Directly prior to the proje
Commodity Crops
Nature reserve
Long term protection of th
Other use
Recreational open space The land use really has be
Commodity Crops
Subsistence farming
Other crops
Nature reserve
Other crops
Subsistence farming
Encouraging use of wetland
Commodity Crops
Recreational open space The sustainable land use
Subsistence farming
Nature reserve
in the multiple use zones
Recreational open space Sustainable agriculture is encouraged to be
shade grown, organic
coffee.
They main land uses
encouraged:
improved coffee
(certified)
ecotourism
forest conservation
Commodity Crops
Nature reserve
The change in land use is
Recreational open space Recreational open space Trying to help really cons
Nature reserve
Nature reserve
Subsistence farming
Sustainable agriculture fishing, small scale ag an
Other use
Other use
Nature reserve
Prior to projects unsustain
Commodity Crops
Sustainable grazing
Soybeans most common

crop in the area.
Ranching is the other
main land use in the
Cerrado
Sustainable fishing
Nature reserve
COBI is working the fishi
Specialty crops
Sustainable grazing
Sustainable fishing
Nature reserve
Using the theme of

ecosystem services TNC
and partners are trying to
encourage sustainable
land use such as
sustainable agriculture
and grazing and not
overfishing.
They are also trying to
encourage the
government to manage
the Park more
appropriately so it is not
just a paper park and
Enabling tools
Enabling tools
Enabling tools
Broad conservation finance toolsMain Conservation finance tools
Easement characteristics
Subsidy
Other
Fees
Markets
Subsidy
Donation
User fee/access fee
Niche market
Other
Markets
Other
Niche market
Markets
Rights Transfer
Other
Markets
Fees
Rights Transfer
Other
User fee/access fee
Niche market
Rights Transfer
Other
Markets
Easement
Fee acquisitions
Donation
TDR
Banking market
NGO managed
Conservation buyer
Donated
Other partner managed
Rights Transfer
Easement
NGO managed
Conservation buyer
Rights Transfer
Easement
Fee acquisitions
Markets
Niche market
Subsidy
New subsidy
None

NGO managed
None
Subsidy
New subsidy
Donation
Markets
Rights Transfer
Other
Fees
User fee/access fee
Rights Transfer
Easement
Leased Land
Rights Transfer
Subsidy
Other
Redistribution of subsidy
Leased Land
Rights Transfer
Subsidy
Easement
New subsidy
Fee acquisitions
NGO managed
Rights Transfer
Easement
Fee acquisitions
NGO managed
Rights Transfer
Taxes
Fee acquisitions
Easement
Redistribution of taxes
Banking market
Conservation buyer
NGO managed
Rights Transfer
Fee acquisitions
Conservation buyer
Fees
User fee/access fee
Other
Markets
Niche market
Other
Markets
Fees
Subsidy
Donation
Niche market
User fee/access fee
Fees
User fee/access fee
Markets
Other
Other
Taxes
Fees
Subsidy
New taxes
User fee/access fee
Donation
Fees
Markets
Subsidy
User fee/access fee

Water quality market
Donation
Rights Transfer
Markets
Subsidy
Easement
Carbon market
New subsidy
Fees
User fee/access fee
Fees
User fee/access fee
Conservation buyer
Fees
User fee/access fee
Fees
User fee/access fee
Fees
User fee/access fee
Markets
Niche market
Markets
Rights Transfer
Other
Easement
Niche market
Fees
User fee/access fee
Markets
Fees
Subsidy

User fee/access fee
Donation
Conservation buyer
None
None
Rights Transfer
Subsidy
Easement
New subsidy
Rights Transfer
Subsidy
Easement
New subsidy
Markets
Other
Niche market
Other
Markets
Niche market
Other
Markets
Subsidy
Niche market
New subsidy
Taxes
None
Markets
Fees
User fee/access fee

Niche market
Fees
Other
Markets
User fee/access fee

Niche market
Carbon market
Other
Markets
Fees
Niche market
User fee/access fee
Taxes
Markets
Other
Other
New taxes
Niche market
Fees
User fee/access fee
Rights Transfer
Fees
Donation
Fee acquisitions
User fee/access fee
Markets
Rights Transfer
Carbon market
Fee acquisitions
Donated
NGO managed
Conservation buyer
Fees
User fee/access fee
Subsidy
Other
Donation
Other
Other
Subsidy
Donation
Subsidy
Donation
Subsidy
New subsidy
Other
Other
Markets
Other
Banking market
Other
Markets
Other
Other
Niche market
Markets
Other
Other
Niche market
Fees
User fee/access fee
Other
Other
Markets
Other
Other
Niche market
Markets
Other

Other
Fees
Other
User fee/access fee

Other
Markets
Other
Other
Niche market
Other
Markets
Other
Niche market
Markets
Niche market
Rights Transfer
Subsidy
Easement
Fee acquisitions
New subsidy
Rights Transfer
Subsidy
Taxes
Fee acquisitions
Other
New subsidy
Rights Transfer
Easement
Fee acquisitions
Other
Other
NGO managed
Other
Markets
Other
Niche market
Other
Other
Taxes
Fees
New taxes
User fee/access fee
Other
Other
Rights Transfer
Easement
Other
Subsidy
New subsidy
Rights Transfer
Markets
Fees
Other
Fee acquisitions
Carbon market
Other
User fee/access fee
Fees
User fee/access fee
Fees
Other
User fee/access fee

Other
Subsidy
New subsidy
Subsidy
New subsidy
Subsidy
Donation
Subsidy
Donation
Subsidy
New subsidy
Rights Transfer
Fee acquisitions
Rights Transfer
Markets
Fee acquisitions
Carbon market
Rights Transfer
Markets
Fee acquisitions
Easement
Habitat banking market
Rights Transfer
Fees
Subsidy
Fee acquisitions
Donation
User fee/access fee
NGO managed
Leased Land
Taxes
Fees
User fee/access fee
Markets
Subsidy
Fees
New subsidy
User fee/access fee
Rights Transfer
Fee acquisitions
Rights Transfer
Markets
Fee acquisitions
Easement
Donation
Wetland mitigation market
NGO managed
Subsidy
Rights Transfer
New subsidy
Easement
NGO managed
Taxes
Markets
Carbon market
Fees
User fee/access fee
Rights Transfer
Easement
Fee acquisitions
NGO managed
Rights Transfer
Fee acquisitions
Easement
NGO managed
Rights Transfer
Markets
Banking market
Easement
Fee acquisitions
Rights Transfer
Taxes
Markets
Subsidy
Easement
Fee acquisitions
TDR
Donation

Donated
Fees
Subsidy
New subsidy
User fee/access fee
Markets
Carbon market
Markets
Niche market
Markets
Carbon market
Markets
Rights Transfer
Carbon market
Fee acquisitions
Rights Transfer
Fee acquisitions
Markets
Subsidy
Wetland mitigation market

Carbon market
New subsidy
None
None
Subsidy
Fees
Markets
User fee/access fee

Niche market
Subsidy
Rights Transfer
New subsidy
Easement
Fees
User fee/access fee
Fees
User fee/access fee
Rights Transfer
Fee acquisitions
Easement
NGO managed
Leased Land
Subsidy
New subsidy
Subsidy
Other
New subsidy
Other
Subsidy
New subsidy
Donation
Enabling tools
Role of finance tool
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Enabling tools
Enabling tools
Finance tools comment
Institutional tools
GreenVillage Credit is
New subsidy
available for families who
qualifiy for a loan of up to
$1,250. The loan is
dependent on a plan for
future income generation
and the sustainable
energy intended to
realize this plan
Both
local communities can deriDevelopment rights

Administration rights
Enabling tools
Role of Institutional tools
loan is generally 18
months with repayments
due every 6 months
annual interest rate is
approximately 5%
5% of the loan amount
will be deposited at a
designated bank account
in case of accidental
default on the loan by
any member of a
solidarity group
Federally owned land

distributed into
permanent and nonpermanent forests
National forestry and
wildlife laws of 1994
Carrot
Access to new markets forAdministration rights
National Parks are set

up and varying levels of
sustainable usage are
allowed to different stake
holders. Logging is
allowed outside of the
parks, and forest
resources extraction for
livelihoods is allowed
this is Cameroonian govern
Carrot
Rights to farm and hunt in Development rights
Both
Sale of NTFPs from the coOther

Cap
Management has been given
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Easements- TNC,
Animas, Malpai accepts
donations
fee and conservation

easement acquisition,
partnerships in
prescribed fire activities,
monitoring, research.
Development rights
Ownership rights
Other
Grassbanks serve as a
supplemental source of
grazing for ranchers who
agree to put easements
of development
restrictions on their land.
This method runs into
problems when natural
processes effect both
grassbanks and private
ranches (eg. droughts).
Carrot
The Forest Service and

conservation easements Development rights
(17)
Ownership rights
Grassbank - pilot proved
too small a scale to
continue
Animas Foundation/Trust
Malpai Borderlands
Group
TNC
The Animas Foundation
is an organization
dedicated to protecting
the natural values of the
Gray Ranch while
maintaining the cultural
with local ranch owners
distinguishing water
rights and policy
genetic biodiversity
corridor project called
the Sacramento River
Project: (15 km) only
corridor from the Central
Valley into the Sierra
Mnts.
Dam removal project
Water Balancing project
Levee setback project
Carrot
Conservation easements Development rights

or total fee acquisition of Ownership rights
the lands.
TNC manages or sells to
state entity like Fish and
Wildlife service or park
service etc.
Both
Carrot: create stronger

Other policy change
niche market for certified
cork oak products.
WWF is promoter, at
wine fairs, website, etc.
FSC certification standard
Stick: FSC regulations

Show how this can be
profitable to private
owners as well as
governments
Carrot
Neither
Project Goals summary use

New subsidy
Cap
Stick: quota on fish catch
Other policy change
Carrot
Carrot
Stick
TNC China provides

New subsidy
financial and technical
support to local
communities for
alternative energy
installation and
equipment, which
includes biogas digester,
solar water heater,
energy efficient stove
and micro-hydropower.
The alternative energy
installations
can greatly Other policy change
User and management
rights are given to local Administration rights
communities, these
Other
create a new tradable
commodity (wildlife) that
generates income and is
an incentive to
sustainably
manage/conserve.
Contracts with the
private-sector must
include the employment
of local people and a set
percentage of profits that
Since establishment of theAdministration rights
Transition from unprotected
The legal devolvement of r
regulation on the area now
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conservation lease of sub Administration rights
Leased submerged land
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Through the WIC

Other
program, TNC routes
Redistribute subsidy
environmental service
conservation
compensation, which
would have gone to
private landowners, to
TNC for laying shell on
Conservation easements aDevelopment rights
Other policy change
Ownership rights
Landowner agreements allowing TNC to work a
Carrot
Carrot
Ownership rights
Development rights
TNC works with local gover
Carrot
Carrot
TNC and the

Conservation Fund
purchased land
previously owned and
used by the International
Paper corporation for
pulpwood harvest. The
218,000 acres were
bought for $384 million
dollars by the two
organizations. The
conservation
organizations own the
trees, but as part of the
agreement provide IP
with a certain pre-
Ownership rights
Development rights
Redistribute tax
Ownership rights
A history of working with

IP on land planning and
conservation issues
made negotiating the
purchase smoother. IP
also made
recommendations on
areas it felt would be
valuable for
conservation.
Partnerships with private
parties, local, and state
agencies made this
largescale purchase
possible.
By owning the land, TNC is
Both
instate a new fee for wat New fee
new water user fee.
Carrot
'Matsudaki' mushroom saleOther policy change

Cap
National Park protection
Both
the development of greenOther

Other policy change
Creation of MPAs to protec
Both
Carrot
Both
There is a new Diver's

New fee
fee that tourist must pay
to use the area. This
money is collected for a
conservation fund
intended to finance the
protection and
maintenance of the
marine area.
The Mabini local
government makes and
distributes that passes
for it as well as the
Tingloy areas. It also
collects the money
a mixture of tools
Some possible sources of New

r
fee
New tax
New subsidy
Generate money for conse
None: these will be consid
Both
A water fund for water qu New fee
Carrot
Motivate landholders to Cap

enter into conservation
covenants with covenant
buyers or the
government in return for
payment.
Motivate a cap on water ex
Opportunities for federal

funding if indigenous
peoples decide to
voluntarily place their
area under protected
status; government
would pay for
development and
implementation of
management plans etc.
Both
watershed services fee paNew fee
New fee for ecosystem upke
Both
Additional waterservice fe New fee
Lagos - Sao Joao

Watershed Committee:
A very positive aspect of
Sao Joao is the fact that
the local Watershed
Committee is the unique
state committee in Brazil
with all the instruments
of water management
established according to
the Brazilian legislation.
It provides an important
legal basis and ongoing
stakeholder level of
integration. There are 3
branches: state
Both
There is an initial park
New fee
Both
One time entrance fee for New fee
Both
Hiking fee of 4.00USD.
Carrot
FSC certification means thOther policy change
Fees, but also user allowa
Through a local governmen
New fee
Demonstrating the importa
Carrot
Auction for better land

management by private
landholders.
Development rights
Regarding Conservation c
Nature Conservation
Covenants and Voluntary
Management
Agreements are
subsequent examples of
PES mechanisms that
provide funding for
private landholders to
manage their property.
Both
water user fee

pollution charges
Other
non compliance charges
The work of GRWP supports
Both
PES to poor indigenous peo

Ownership rights
New fee
Potential new 'water

tariff' for all water users
Ownership rights
transferred from State to
IPs.
None
Carrot
Free forest surveys, and p New subsidy

Other
Agreement to practice lan
Carrot
Free forest surveys, and p New subsidy

Other
Agreement to practice lan
Carrot
Revenue sharing
mechanism:
New tourism and
development initiatives
now route 10% of
revenue towards local
schools or other area of
need indicated by
communities.
Other policy change

Other
Carrot
A shift in the buyers mark Other policy change
Carrot
Other policy change

Influence market and
convince them to
Cap
demand more
accountability and
sustainable methods
from their suppliers. Use
markets to pressure
change in fishing
practice. Indicate most
influential buyers.
Sustainable financing
strategy will look at
source of funding for
Government recognition
of local resource
management
committees for the
creation and
implementation of plans.
Now all other local
authorities in Kenya are
required to follow same
sort of integrated
management
organization.
WWF worked with
Kenyan National
authorities to create a
A decision by the Inter-Am
Target legal structures tha
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Redistribute tax
There is devolution of
20% of the collected
taxes from the tourism
activities for the local
communities by the
government of
Mozambique.
Governments reinforce
existing laws for
harvesting of resources
Neither
Both
For example, in Vietnam thOther policy change

Other
Possible entrance fee to t New fee

Other policy change
Alliance works work with

local partners to develop
national action plans to
lead activities on the
ground.
WAP builds on existing
relationships in the area
to jointly build local
capacity. Many
governments in the
Mekong region are
changing to new forms of
decentralized
administrations, so this
sort of capacity building
comes at a good time for
Laotian National
government initiative to
promote ecotourism as a
way to generate income
to villagers.
Change from 4 to 15
guards required for
NPAs.
Both
Both
Both
entrance fee
local led park tours
educational forest for
tourists
potential for carbon
market
Development rights
New fee
-increased income of
New fee
local district government Other
through tourism revenue
-increased catches of
local fishers outside notake zones (spill-over
and larval export effects)
-increased income of
local communities
through fisheries and
marine eco-tourism
Tourism user fees for
areas zoned for such
purposes - revenue used
A tax on natural resource
use already exists, but
work is being done to
modify and strengthen it.
Potential for the
development of a
community tax if an
entire community is
involved in a village
production scheme.
Communities are being
engaged in the creation
of nurseries to grow
NTFP and timber plants.
These stocks will be
New tax
Redistribute tax
Ownership rights
Other
UNESCO Man and

Biosphere Reserve
&World Heritage Site for its ancient stone
megaliths
Community Conservation
Agreements (CCA) outline permissible
usage and boundaries
for villagers to use the
park's resources. 30 of
68 have completed this
process. Communities
police themselves and
are aware of what and
Zoning also includes an
intensive tourism zone,
both for terrestrial and
marine areas. In these
areas tourism-support
facilities can be built and
managed based on user
fee principles. Central
Government (Ministry of
Forestry) can lease
these areas to a
qualified-business entity
to develop tourism. The
profits from tourism
(conservation and user
Most project activities fall
under a broader
landscape scale plan.
MOSAIC is essentially a
pilot for spreading
biodiversity conservation
and sustainable resource
use throughout the
Greater Annamites
region. MOSAIC is
meant to compliment
another Asia
Development Bank
project aimed at creating
economic corridors for
trade and rural
Both
entrance fee for MPA $50/person (funds go to

marine conservation
program, for the
livelihood program).
Other policy change
Marine Protected Area pla
Other policy change

Ownership rights
Development rights
Other
United States thirteenth

Wetland of International
Importance by the
Ramsar Convention
Ecotourism potential for

locals.
Both
Entrance fee to state

park.
Tourism industry is
livelihood for many
people around the lake,
this reliance (center of
economy) is motivation
to take action to
conserve its health and
resources.
Carrot
The reserve was

purchase in 1995 and
put under protection.
Potential for carbon
credit trading is being
researched.
Ownership rights
TNC owns and manages

the 1,000-acre Fred and
Loucille Dahmer
Preserve (donated) at
Caddo Lake
Caddo Lake Institutefounded by resident Don
Henley, protects lake.
Flows Partnership
among TNC, Army
Corps, and CLI to
manage water flows from
Corps operated Cypress
The Tresor Foundation own
Both
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Tourism Entry Fee:

Other policy change
Conservation fee of
Php3,000 or about $60.
The revenue from
tourism activities is used
to manage, maintain and
improve the park from
the annual installation of
mooring buoys
(preventing boat anchors
from damaging the reef),
to training for Park
Rangers and education
campaigns for both
locals and visitors.
There are 9 'live-aboard'
boats operating in the
Other policy change
Beach patrolers: the
community requested
Other
that these be part time
positions so that the
benefits could be spread
further throughout the
community. Both women
and men participate
equally in this
opportunity.
The park is managed by

the Tubbataha Protected
(TPAMB). The board
was established in 1999
and consists of a a wide
range of stakeholders.
Presidential
Proclamation 1126 (Aug
23rd 2006) fr. Tubbataha
Reef National Marine
Park to Tubbataha Reefs
Natural Park (TRNP) due
to the addition of the
Jessie Beazley reefs
making the entire MPA
Also, a local Womens'

association for
handicrafts is supported
by this project.
Carrot
Tourism benefits may be Development rights

in the future, at this point
however, the real value
of the turtles is cultural.
Donations and attention
from private parties, like
the British I-TV company
who filmed a
documentary and gave
the community the prize
money, are the current
modes of funding.
Potential from the carbon
market is also a
possibility.
A Land Management Plan is
Carrot
The project is surviving t Other
Promotion of sustainable
farming by the project
ensures employment for
youth and women
The Udzungwa park,
adjacent to the project
site, provides tourism
services
Carrot
$7.4M of public and

private funds will have
been allocated to
improving land
management: $1.8M is
public funding and an
impressive $5.6M is the
landholders own
contribution
Other
30% of the Tender price

is paid on agreement
with landowner, the rest
is paid in installments
depending on scope and
completion of specific
BMPs
Carrot
Ownership rights
Various alternative
livelihood opportunities Development rights
are promoted depending Administration rights
on the resources and
interests of the
respective communities.
These are meant to take
direct pressure off of
forests, because most
rely solely on forest
products for income.
Examples include:
beekeeping, ecotourism,
sustainable forestry,
mico-financing banks,
alternative agriculture
etc.
Village ownership of
Catchment Investment
Strategy (CIG) operating framework that
outlines goals and
strategies of the LPLMC
and the aims for tender
proposals. This serves
as recommended actions
to remediate the
catchment problems
and to encourage the
matching of land use
with best management
practice and land
capability.
Land Management Units
(LMUs) - classify land to
Identify key areas for
biodiversity and critical
habitat, focus on these to
work towards community
level management of the
areas. Enhance
community responsibility
and engagement. Areas
may sometimes be
granted as collectively
owned village forests if
the village presents a
management plan.
Besides land rights,
internationally
recognized tools such as
FSC certification,
Ramsar registration,
Carrot
Forests are given to

communities with Action
Plans for management
and livelihood
generation.
Ownership rights
Development rights
Other policy change
Carrot
Conservation Banks &

Beekeeping Banks are
established to help jump
start the creation of
IGAs. Villagers can
apply for loans and
develop & save credit in
these banks. This initial
source of funding
enables them to build
capacity and soon run
their enterprise
independently. They
Development of four
Other policy change
central Payment for
Ecosystem Services
schemes where buyers
and sellers of
environmental goods
and services exchange
payments for usage,
management &
conservation. These
schemes are planned
(one each) for Keti
Bunder, Kinjhar, Chotiari,
and Pai.
Carrot
TBA details like userestricting vs. asset

building, public vs.
private, or, area vs.
Lack of basic
Other
understanding of market
system leaves many
rattan sellers incapable
of taking control of their
resources.
Better market price for
Laotian and Cambodian
growers and processors.
Since 1998, Tanzania has a
Develop framework for rel
There is no relationship
between local processing
companies and Ikea
We want to work with
Laotian and Cambodian
private sectors to
strengthen their position
in relation to their larger
Vietnamese trading
counterparts; potential to
create a supplier's
association.
Also, strengthen the
position of community
growers through
increased management
of rattan resources.
Both
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Dive company called

Aqua Ventures charges
a fee for the services
they provide to tourists.
A percentage of the fee
goes back to the WMA
committees.
Local people also take
advantage of the tourism
industry by selling goods
at market and putting up
guesthouse type
accommodations.
Desire to develop more
- identifying potential
alternative livelihood and
best practice pilot
programs in areas
anticipated to become
core zones in the MPA in
order to reduce the
pressure from
communities who rely
and have traditional
rights to these areas.
Exploring alternatives
that communities show
interest in like seaweed
aquaculture, subsistence
based ecological
Promote local goods like
nori, sake, & fish.
Reconstruct old fishing
methods, less polluting
seaweed farming and
agricultural methods.
Japanese people are
interested in eating fresh
seafood, so there is a
good market to target.
Visitor program on
muddy beach area (built
infrastructure). The mud
is famous throughout
Japan, people & schools
Other policy change

New fee
Legal protection of WMA

strengthens the preexisiting sentiments of
the local communities.
In Mbuke, the people
have closed off a
protected area and
observed positive
changes in fish
populations. They have
expressed the desire to
set aside more areas,
which WWF is helping to
facilitate.
Ownership rights
Development rights
Other
Other policy change
Recent political
decentralization- In 2002
special autonomy law
granted to Papua,
resource management
passed from national to
local responsibility. This
led to the re-designation
of districts, now must
integrate management of
park with special plan of
EACH district. In this
multi-district area the
national park has own
management body that
is autonomous yet
Since ancient times,
nearly 200-300 years
ago during the Edo
period, people have lived
in the wetlands.
Dwellers here know how
to live sustianably so the
idea is not to restrict the
area with an MPA (which
is too exclusive), but
instead share scientific
data with local people so
that they understand the
need to manage their
environment in a more
sustainable way.
Other policy change

Other
Carrot
Identify buyers and

sellers of water
resources through
partnerships with
research institutes,
universities, & relevant
governmental
departments (economic
surveys etc.)
Other
Identify at least 2 PES

schemes to use as
pilots; demonstrate their
feasibility & financeability. Eg. Ecotourism,
payments for BMPs,
environmental education
programs for
businesses.
Both
Park entrance fees,

concession fees from
tourist establishments,
and other fees like a
commercial film fee or
revenue from the sale of
stolen wood. Only
started charging at the
end of 2005, 2006 full
year. Developing ways
to generate revenue.
20% of park revenue
goes to community fund
New fee
Other policy change
Development rights
Other
Carrot
Alternative forms of
marine/aquatic resource
utilization that is less
destructive: sponge
harvest, different gears,
freshwater aquaculture
The provincial
government has a
framework for tackling
water
pollution
in this of
In
2002,
government
Mozambique declared
the Quirimbas
archipelago a national
park in response to a
request from local
communities and other
stakeholders who live
within and around the
archipelago.
Ministry of Tourism
issued a decree allowing
various activity fees,
concession fees, plane
fees, dive fees, but not
well understood. May
review next year.
There are 4 high-end

hotels around the park
and a dive operator.
Developing community
tourism initiatives (WWF:
Quirimbas
Development
Key is to show
connection between
habitat conservation and
a self-renewing fish
resource (good for
commercial fisheries and
food source). This can
then hopefully be applied
throughout all of Cuba's
fishing industry.
Nature reserves - WWF

facilitated national
recognition &
development of
management plans, now
strengthening the
capacity to carry out
plan. There is an
interest in building
tourism activities within
the parks: close to Ho
Chi Minh City. Explore
different ways to provide
services not only to
tourists but also to
companies.
Other policy change
Other
Cap
Ministry of Defense
signed
an order and
improved/integrated
fishing policy and
practice;
site/MPA creation and
management;
The Cuban government,
the Ministry of Fisheries,
is very aware of the
unsustainable fishing
problem and sought to
develop other
alternatives for
fishermen. Partnership
with WWF who was
working in the area and
had technical and
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Viable income
generating activities that
reduce pressure on
natural forest resources.
Facilitate income
generating activities
(IGAs) through training,
supply of initial materials,
and connections to
viable markets etc.
Eg. Butterfly farming womens groups & youth
who can export pupa to
Europe and Canada.
Bee keeping for honey
& wax consumed
locally. b/c packaging not
This project has a large
economic aspect. Land
use policy and decisions
are made on wellestablished old practices
like plantations. This,
however, displaces a lot
of village activities. In
addition, there are many
other NTFPs that could
be harvested and grown
in the forests while still
keeping them largely
intact. Not much has
been done in this respect
and so it is a potential
alternative to replacing
the forests with
a federally supported
Landowner Incentive
Program;
Ownership rights
Development rights
Other
Legal designation of
previously unclaimed
forests as village forest
reserves (VFR) creates
legal protection and calls
for a management plan.
Improved management
of VFR that already
exists through
Community based
resource management.
Ownership rights
Development rights
Other
Cap
New subsidy
Ownership rights
Development rights
accessing relevant state, Other policy change
federal, and private
funding sources
- acquire fee titles in
Yanahli Wildlife
Management and State
Natural Areas corridor
- acquire easements for
significant habitats in
Western Highland Rim
stream systems and
Eastern Highland Rim
wetlands.
- Village land use plans

developed and
integrated into district
governance.
This project is aimed at
promoting the village
ownership of forestland.
The SNV is helping with
work on improving NTFP
potential. They do
research and have set
up a small NGO in the
province to aid in the
development.
Partnership with the
government is key: The
Forest Protection
Department at the
provincial level deals
with the mapping and is
USDA-NRCS Farm Bill
programs
a federally supported
Landowner Incentive
Program
Strenthen and implement
the Instream Flow Law
develop a fee title or
conservation easement
acquisition program for
riparian buffers along the
mainstem of the Upper
Duck River
Support the TVA to
ensure continued
protection of shoreline
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Land for widening of

river may be bought from
private landowners
(primarily farmers) if they
want to sell. But, since
this project has national
importance, land can be
expropriated by the
government regardless
of sale or consent.
Compensation measures
may also accompany
money from land sales.
Infrastructure
improvements like
irrigation, transportation,
and other additions will
Sierra del Lacandon
National Park created in
1990.
New subsidy
Ownership rights
Development rights
Redistribute tax
Ownership rights
Development rights
Land purchase from

private owners:
Naranjitos I and II,
totaling 77,000 acres by
TNC and partner
Defensores de la
Naturaleza. Title and
held by Defensores de la
Naturaleza who will
manage the property and
oversee stewardship
activities.
Neither
Developing sustainable
financing mechanisms
for local communities to
benefit from the
biodiversity corridors.
Support of community
fisheries in the Srepok
river (the backbone of
the landscape)
Support of development
of an eco-tourism lodge
(implemented under a
different WWF project)
as an option for
sustainable financing for
Other policy change

Other
WWF and its partners

have developed a
collection of possible
responses to issues
surrounding the
correction of the Rhone.
These recommendations
come from scientific
research, stakeholder
analysis and input, and a
vision for the future. A
river restoration fund is
another potential tool
add to the realization of
the project. This could
potentially draw 1 million
CHF in funding.
Debt-for-Nature swap
under the 1998 Tropical
Forest Conservation Act
(TFCA) allowed for the
creation of a
Conservation Trust Fund
for grants to local NGOs
working in priority
conservation spots in
Guatemala. TNC and
Conservation
International each
contributed $1 million
while the U.S.
Government forgave $15
million in Guatemalan
debt, which with interest
will cancel more than
1 Provincial
Conservation Planner, a
local community member
paid by WWF-WCS, sits
on the regular
governmental council to
help integrate
environmental
considerations into
everyday planning.
This internal position
also works to enact
provincial-level laws
('deikas') to support
conservation.
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Both
Stick
Local income primarily

None
from fishing, tourism,
and farming. Tourism
industry grows by around
10% every year, the
fastest area in the
country. The
KIASINODO tourism
project provides tours of
the sacred forests in the
Chiba Hills by local
youth.
Micro-financing initiative
through the development
of a village bank for
small loans to locals to
Other
WWF will also explore
the development of a
closer partnership with
Fauna and Flora
International (FFI) with
regard to fundraising and
coordination of inputs
regarding community
conservation and
technical advice provided
to SGDRN.
The development of
IGAs to reduce pressure
registration fees and 5% Other policy change
tax on boat rentals and New tax
any payments to
New fee
Butanding Interaction
Officers and boat
spotters. There is also a
mooring fee that is paid
to the LGU.
Whale shark interaction
fees and charges have
been standardized by
the Local Governmental
Unit (LGU): for every
interaction package, the
LGU charges a 5% tax.
Facilitate Kenya Forestry
WWF has been

requested by the
Governor of Niassa
Province to support in
developing natural
resource management
and conservation
programs in areas
surrounding Niassa
Reserve. A
Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU)
between SGDRN and
WWF Southern Africa
The Bureau of Fisheries
and Aquatic Resources
(BFAR) issued the
Fisheries Administrative
Order (FAO) 193
banning the killing and
trading of whale sharks
and manta rays throughout the Philippines. The
LGU of Donsol also
enacted a local
ordinance declaring its
municipal waters as
whale shark sanctuary.
Donsol Municipal
Fisheries Ordinance regulating access to
Carrot
Carrot
Alternative income work Administration rights

with local community to Other policy change
deter the cutting of trees Development rights
for sale. Coffee, cacao,
fish ponds,collection of
honey, hunting pigs,
incense wood. Help to
build capacity to manage
their money.
Note: other approaches
being used in East
Kalimantan
third party certification of
timber
Developing the role of
ecosystem services and
the economies related to
them as the very basis
for our conservation
strategy: many ideas
under development like
easements,
compensation for not
using land or managing
it for biodiversity.
Working with a local

partners to permanently
set aside this biologically
important habitat for
protection by changing
its legal land status:
Previously Lesan was
not designated as forest
land, however, after an
ecoregional study of the
area scientists found that
Lesan is a strategic
habitat orangutan and
storm storks. So work to
Governments involved to de
Carrot
Negotiate with Pale Mare New subsidy

city on PES for local land
owners who may convert
key habitats.
Stumbling block is
evaluation, and who will
pay.
Wetland ecosystem:
huge flooding problems,
so work with government
on methods to mitigate
flooding.
Both
Other policy change

Convinced Ukrainian
New fee
government to restore
and protect lands in the
Danube delta. The Local
government is buying the
land, if it does not own it
already, and converting it
to more flood tolerant
usage like tourism or wild
cattle farming. The
returns are
compensating the
change in the reduced
cost of flood-related
damages & income from
Working on convincing gove
Both
Both
Carrot
A framework for the sale New fee

of ecosystem services is
already completed. The
concept is that a buyer
(like a municipality) will
pay a conservation fee to
upland communities in
return for forest
conservation and
Fishing fee for non
Redistribute fee
residents (not living in
the MPA)
Entrance fee for tourist
Loans to fishermen for
sustainable fishing gear
(revolving fund, now
maintained by park
through World Bank)
Village level savings and
credit schemes- usually
lack of access to credit.
Tourism is developing
and visitor rates are
increasing: from 1,000
people to 5,000
people/year. New
Communities can apply forNew subsidy
Social responsibility
programs for companies.
This is the first regulation
on environmental
services: started at the
district level, now, its the
jurisdiction of the
Forestry Department that
Marine Parks ACT: all $
generated from fees
(etc.) has to be used
within the this particular
park.
Carrot
Federal government running

Other policy change
Institutional strengthenin
Carrot
trust fund that will

New subsidy
receive funding from
various water users and
invest this money in
watershed conservation.
Ecuador has a National
Environmental Fund, so
created this as a subaccount specifically for
Podocarpus. The fund
acts like a private
organization.
far,
Create
a trust So
fund
where each water user
New subsidy
will allocate funds to
invest in conservation
activities. Developing
basis now: $400,000
from the municipality;
Electcroauscro says they
will commit 10,000
(maybe more).
Do not want to raise

amount of water cost,
work with municipalities
to invest in conservation.
Theseisare
voluntary
TNC
trying
to influence New subsidy
TNC is encouraging via ec
Carrot
Carrot
Must be able to
guarantee water in
quantity and quality
Working on the legal

phase: must select an
institution to manage
finances.
Create an investment
plan to guide.
Main goal is to have a
long term source of
funding.
Neither
Carrot
TNC's goal was to own Other policy change

some land or manage
Redistribute tax
some land to be able to
do demonstration
projects of best
management practices.
A lot of this work has
been financed through
federal appropriations
and private funding/inkind work through nonprofits. TNC did a lot of
work with Congress to
get relevant agency
budgets (USGS,
Using money industry gaveNone
Carrot
Until about 1996, all TNC None
Both
This is not the major tool None

- there has been very
little land purchase other
than the initial creation of
the park
A use fee is being
developed as part of an
ecotourism effort
TNC wants to work with

the Delaware water
commission to change
the way the water flows
through the dams on the
River.
TNC did a lot of work
with Congress to get
relevant agency budgets
(USGS, USACOE, NPS,
etc.) changed so that
they could do the work
needed or pass funding
on to another agency.
Neither
The VAT already exists andRedistribute tax
Both
The government created aRedistribute

l
fee
Other policy change
Carrot
Brazil has had a forest la Cap
A law is needed in order to
Both
The market is set up to op New subsidy

Redistribute fee
There needed to be a
policy to redistribute the
water fee to the
watershed committee
who then created a new
subsidy.
Neither
TNC purchased land

Ownership rights
from a private landowner Other policy change
to be able to do their
demonstration
Markets or subsidies
may enter into the
project in the near future.
This is where TNC and part
1997 Brazilian law that

established a subsidy
program. Watershed
committees have to be
established. Users pay
Carrot
Mitigation banks are set
Cap
Development rights
Carrot
Basically the NGOs are paDevelopment rights

Ownership rights
New subsidy
The project works to purch
Both
Corporate partners
contribute money to
mitigate carbon
emissions with the
potential sale of the
credits on the carbon
market.
The government is changing
Redistribute tax
The Wetland Plan took adva
Additionally, the
government is working to
redistribute the land tax
for conservation
purpsoses.
Both
TNC and Fundacion Cuencas

New fee
In 2004 the government cr
Carrot
TNC has been operating mo

Other policy change
Carrot
Easements restricting dev None
Carrot
EcoAsset Markets is usingNone
Both
The subsidy is going

Other policy change
from the State to the
Development rights
municipalities to
New subsidy
encourage open space.
State provides loans or
grants money to
encourage conforming to
Highlands plan.
State wide program to
put more open space
budget into the
Highlands
Therenow
are significant
Right
industries are v Administration rights
Both
Development rights
New subsidy
New fee
Need the Water Resources
State of NJ passed new

laws about
administration of land in
the area of the
Highlands. There has
also been significant
lobbying at the Federal
level for funding.
Formation of the
Highlands Council.
FDN lobbied the government
Carrot
The land is owned by the Ownership rights

Carrot
TNC is trying to help the None
Carrot
TNC acquired the

property at an earlier
date but the money for
this project is solely
going to carbon credits
NOT acquisition.
The market is a carrot
because the voluntary
market provides an
incentive for forest
conservation.
Carrot
PowerTree is paying for reNone
Ownership rights
The indigenous
communities are given
logging concessions so
as to strengthen the
community. Additionally
FAN is working on land
titling for the
communities.
The administration rights
for the park have been
contracted out to FAN by
the National government.
Duke Energy now has

the rights to claim any
available carbon credits
in perpetuity, and has
access rights to the reforested land for 40
years (access to monitor
carbon in support of
claiming credits)
Neither
Purchasing of the dam.
Ownership rights
Carrot
Markets not yet establish New subsidy

New fee
Both
The forest cover law in

Ownership rights
Guatemala provides a
Other policy change
reward for forest
conservation on private
land which gets paid to
the landowner annually.
The landowner also gets
money from the $8 park
fee charged to all
tourists.
By federal decree the owne
Want to influence subsidy
TNC and partners were work
TNC and Vivamos Mejor basic
Carrot
TNC and partners are

encouraging the use of
federal money to pay
landowners for the use
of their land for tourism.
Development rights
The Federal government ha
TNC and partners also

pay Ejido El Venado to
keep their 7,500
hectares of land in
conservation for the next
20 years. This is set up
as an easement
agreement .
Both
Started out implementing aNew fee
Trying to use this an examp
Both
Tourism fee.
No authorizations and reg
Carrot
Again, complex because Other policy change

of the fact that it is
seafloor. TNC has used
multiple approaches. In
some case, they can buy
the land. In others they
have established
conservation leases in
which they lease the
land from the State for
conservation.
Sometimes they have
land that they can do
small demonstration
projects on.
Sometimes TNC has
New fee
TNC has been doing a lot w
Carrot
One rancher and one

Other policy change
farmer were paid to
New subsidy
implement BMPs on their
land. Money was given
to TNC who then worked
with the landowners to
do this.
The landowners were
economically
compensated for any
loss they experienced
TNC worked with the

Ministry of the
Environment to try to
incorporate biodiversity
concerns into agricultural
development plans.
Trying to influence state
policy too as a result of
this project - implement a
Forest Code in the State
of Goias - Forest Code
created but not well
enforced.
Both
Established a Fisher's FunOther policy change

Cap
New subsidy
Trying to develop a
system of access rights
for fisheries.
Implemented fully
protected marine
reserves
Establish exclusive
fishing rights
Carrot
Using money donated fromOther

v
policy change
New subsidy
FONACET has been

recognized as a nongovernment
organization. It is a
federally recognized
NGO constituted of:
Fondo Mexicano para la
Conservacin de la
Naturaleza (FMCN) , the
Instituto para el
Desarrollo Sustentable
en Mesoamrica
(IDESMAC) , the
Instituto de Historia
Enabling tools
Social tools
Communications
Workshops
Volunteers
Education and outreach
Enabling tools On the ground implementation

On the ground implementation
Role of social toolsGeneral conservation activities
Specific conservation activities
Best Management
BMP forestry
Local Associations are
Practices
Other
groundlevel forms social Other
BMP agriculture
support and monitoring;
BMP ranching
loan receivers must be
Tourism infrastructure
part of an Asociation.
Solidarity groups exist

within village
associations as extra
safety nets and social
monitoring tools. They
are responsible for each
other within the group,
which generally consists
of five households, and
Education and outreach Training by capacity build Best Management
Practices
Training
Other
Meetings
Preservation
Training
Best Management
Practices
Research
Restoration
Preservation
Other
BMP forestry
Park guards
Legal protection
Other
Mapping
Park guards
Legal protection
Infrastructure
Research
Biodiversity assessment
Outplantings
BMP forestry
Committee formation
Capacity building on the l
Training
Workshops
Best Management
Practices
Preservation
Other
Park guards
Infrastructure
BMP forestry
Stakeholder engagement Working more closely with Best Management

Training
Practices
Committee formation
Research
Preservation
Other
Mapping
Infrastructure
Park guards
BMP forestry
Committee formation
Community forums
Workshops
Meetings
Communications
Best Management
Practices
Restoration
Research
Preservation
BMP ranching
Fire restoration
Ecosystem service
assessment
Research
Pilot/demonstration
Fire management
Mapping
Legal protection
Removing invasive
species
Fencing
Restoring riparian zone
Education and outreach working with community me

Research
Preservation
Meetings
Restoration
Committee formation
Best Management
Practices
Other
BMP ranching
Ecosystem service
assessment
Fire restoration
Research
Pilot/demonstration
Fire management
Mapping
Legal protection
Removing invasive
species
Restoring channel flow
Malpai Borderlands
Group community/stakeholder
engagement, education.
Education and outreach education for fishermen whRestoration

Preservation
Best Management
Practices
Research
BMP ranching
BMP fishery/aquaculture
Park guards
Legal protection
Removing invasive
species
Floodplain restoration
Research
Workshops
Other
Communications
BMP forestry
Pilot/demonstration
Research
Fire management
Infrastructure
Ecosystem service
assessment
Legal protection
Other
Outplantings
promote cooperation and sh

Best Management
Practices
Restoration
Research
Preservation
Other
Best Management
Practices
Research
Restoration
BMP ranching
Ecosystem service
assessment
Mapping
Research
Pilot/demonstration
Best Management
Practices
Restoration
Legal protection
Removing invasive
species

Training
Committee formation
People are taught to be paBest Management

Practices
Other
Preservation
Research
BMP forestry
Ecosystem service
assessment
Park guards
Infrastructure
Legal protection

Community forums
Training
Workshops
Meetings
Understand the value of

intact forests and
potential of alternative
energy.
Pilot/demonstration
BMP forestry
Outplantings
Best Management
Practices
Research
Restoration
Education and outreach Local communities must foBest Management

Training
Practices
Committee formation
Other
Other
Other
Committee formation
Meetings
Legal protection
Ecosystem service
assessment
Gathering knowledge
about the history and
workings of the reef were
initially from local
fishermen who knew the
area very well. They
were/are consulted in
terms of patterns for
species spawning that
are often
accurate/predictable
down to the day.
Education is a very
important component of
Best Management
Practices
Preservation
Other
Research
Volunteers
local volunteers play a lar Restoration

Research
Other
Pilot/demonstration
Research
Other
Reseeding
Regeneration
greements allowing TNC to work and collect WIC reimbursementsRestoration

Research
Regeneration
Research
Pilot/demonstration
Training
Workshops
Other
At first TNC would active Best Management

Practices
Restoration
Other
Restoration
Research
Other
BMP agriculture
BMP ranching
Fencing
Other

Research
Pilot/demonstration
Ecosystem service
assessment
Other
Volunteers
Best Management
Practices
Restoration
Preservation
TNC uses local communityRestoration

v
Research
Best Management
Practices
Restoration
BMP forestry
Legal protection
Regeneration
Other
Reseeding
Regeneration
Pilot/demonstration
Creating seed source
(nursery)
Ecosystem service
assessment
Fire restoration
Fire management
BMP forestry
Education and outreach Various methods to educatBest Management

Training
Practices
Workshops
Other
Meetings
Research
Communications
Preservation
Park guards
Infrastructure
Legal protection
Trail building
Pilot/demonstration
Other
Committee formation
Meetings
Training
Workshops
Volunteers
Other
Ecosystem service
assessment
Other
Forum Bersama, a
conservation-minded
forum of local
government agencies,
community groups, and
NGOs that was
conceived at a
stakeholders workshop
held in Misool in
December 2003. One of
TNCs objectives is to
continue to strengthen
this Forum, harnessing
its potential to become
directly involved in
Preservation
Best Management
Practices
Other
Research
Volunteers
Committee formation
Communications
Workshops
Meetings
Training
Meetings
Local volunteers called

Bantay Dagat patrol the
area and insure that
marine laws are
enforced. Although they
are volunteers, they are
supplied with training,
boats and other tools to
do the job. They are
deputized by the mayors
of the local
municipalities.
A committee of
stakeholders was
created to advise the
Best Management
Practices
Preservation
Other
Park guards
Other
Best Management
Practices
Research
Preservation
BMP forestry
Research
Park guards
Legal protection
Fire management
Ecosystem service
assessment
BMP agriculture
Other
Research
Pilot/demonstration
Stakeholder engagement The management body forBest

t
Management
Practices
Committee formation
Restoration
Research
BMP forestry
BMP agriculture
BMP ranching
Ecosystem service
assessment
Pilot/demonstration
Research
Fire management
Outplantings
Stakeholder engagement DRMAC- committee of staBest Management

Committee formation
Practices
Other
Preservation
Restoration
BMP ranching
Legal protection
Fire management
Other
Training
Workshops
Meetings
Committee formation
Training for capacity bui
Best Management
Practices
Restoration
Research
BMP forestry
BMP agriculture
Research
Pilot/demonstration

Committee formation
The initial formation of

the Watershed
Committee during phase
one of the joint HSBC
and WWF freshwater
project in the area.
Best Management
Practices
Restoration
Research
Other
BMP forestry
Pilot/demonstration
Other
Not specifically
connected, there are
educational outreach
programs in local
schools teaching
environmental concepts
and awareness (HSBC).
Education and outreach Volunteers are a huge assBest Management

Practices
Volunteers
Research
Restoration
Preservation
Ecosystem service
assessment
Park guards
Legal protection
Removing invasive
species
Research
Committee formation
Formation of the Coastal Best Management
Practices
Other
Preservation
Park guards
Other
Committee formation
Indigenous peoples empowe
Best Management
Practices
Restoration
Other
Preservation
BMP forestry
Park guards
Reseeding
Outplantings
Trail building
Communications
Volunteers
Training
Meetings
Workshops
BMP forestry
BMP agriculture
Ecosystem service
assessment
Other
BMP ranching
Reseeding
Outplantings
Regeneration
Fire management
Removing invasive
species
Research
Public awareness is a
cornerstone of the
project; over 600 articles
published in local media;
over 3.5hrs national and
satellite television
advertisement; and over
13hrs on national radio.
December 2000:
community wetland
management
programme
Capacity building is one
of the biggest strengths
Best Management
Practices
Research
Restoration
Other
Communications
Advertising in local newsp Best Management

Practices
Restoration
Preservation
Research
Pilot/demonstration
Fencing
Regeneration
Reseeding
Outplantings
BMP forestry
BMP agriculture
BMP ranching
Committee formation
Community forums
Meetings
Training
Communications
There are many

stakeholders, big and
small, getting them to
communicate and work
together for river/water
management is the key
to this project.
Best Management
Practices
Restoration
Other
Outplantings
Other
BMP agriculture
Restoration
Research
Best Management
Practices

Outplantings
Infrastructure
Ecosystem service
assessment
Mapping
BMP forestry
Research
BMP agriculture
For example, Water User

Stakeholder engagement Engaging IPs takes
Training
attention because
Workshops
market forces are not the
only thing effecting
decisions; they are still
highly influenced by
culture and lifestyle
motives. Facilitiating the
relationship between the
'buyer' and 'seller' is an
important set in
establishing the new
PES interaction.
*Note of interest:
Women play a large role
in community meetings
and participating in profit
generating opportunities.
Training
Sustainability
Education and outreach assessment: trying to
Stakeholder engagement make wetland/plant
conservation
economically and
socially viable. Must
integrate local
knowledge and belief,
b/c this influence
peoples' actions. Actions
are dictated by traditional
beliefs. We look at
ecological perspective
and knit them together to
devise a system based
on sound science. But,
Other
By building relationships
Training
Best Management
Practices
Other
Research
Ecosystem service
assessment
Other
Pilot/demonstration
Research
BMP forestry
BMP agriculture
BMP ranching
Best Management
Practices
Preservation
Research
BMP forestry
BMP agriculture
BMP ranching
Ecosystem service
assessment
Mapping
Infrastructure
Legal protection
Fencing
Education and outreach By building relationships

Training
Other
Best Management
Practices
Preservation
Research
BMP agriculture
BMP forestry
BMP ranching
Ecosystem service
assessment
Mapping
Infrastructure
Legal protection
Fencing

Community forums
Training
Workshops
Meetings
Committee formation
Communications
Other
Educate and increase

capacity for community
based management and
empowerment; for
sustainable management
of their natural resource.
Keep in good condition.
Trained in monitoring
water quality, project
management, conflict
resolution, proposal
writing, partnership
development, planning
for implementation of
development and
conservation strategies,
field trips, technical
Education and outreach Information meetings
Community forums
about dangers of
Stakeholder engagement traditional J hooks and
Training
the potential benefits of
Workshops
circle hooks to educate
Meetings
fishermen, but to also
Committee formation
get them into an
environment for self
organization and
planning.
Best Management
Practices
Restoration
Other
Research
BMP agriculture
BMP ranching
Ecosystem service
assessment
Outplantings
Trail building
Other
Research
Best Management
Practices
Other
Pilot/demonstration
Research
Other
Education and outreach Help fishermen organize aBest Management

Practices
Meetings
Preservation
Legal protection
Training and workshops

on how to use circle
hooks, unhook turtles
etc.
Other
Meetings
Training
Workshops
The funds from the

Best Management Practic BMP fishery/aquaculture
devolution is applied for
BMP forestry
local development
BMP agriculture
activities for the well
BMP ranching
being of local
communities and, by so
doing it builds the sense
of ownership of the
resources from where
the funds are collected
Communities are taught

conservation methods
like sustainable fishing
Education and outreach Meet and consult with
Stakeholder engagement local officials to
Training
understand what is
Meetings
important to them,
Committee formation
collaborate. Develop
technical skills at the
Communications
local government or
Other
Workshops
NGO level to be passed
down in support of rural
inhabitants.
Best Management
Practices
Research
Preservation
Restoration
Other
BMP agriculture
BMP ranching
Ecosystem service
assessment
Legal protection
Other
Research
Pilot/demonstration
Best Management
Practices
Other
Preservation
Park guards
Infrastructure
Improve inter-regional
communication for
cooperation and
dialogue
Network creation:
Training
Communicate
Stakeholder engagement ecotourism opportunities
to potential tourist
Communications
markets (fliers, websites
posting in cities).
Show value of
conserving wildlife and
nature to local villagers
and tourists.
Meetings with local
villagers to talk about
potential ecotourism
sites and the concept of
ecotourism (to many this
Committee formation
Communications
Meetings
Community forums
Training
village councils on park

management
CCAs- people are aware
of allowable usage and
involved in participatory
management.
Best Management
Practices
Research
Restoration
Preservation
BMP agriculture
Ecosystem service
assessment
Mapping
Outplantings
Park guards
Research
Best Management
Practices
Research
Preservation
Other
BMP forestry
Ecosystem service
assessment
Infrastructure
Park guards
Legal protection
Other
Research
Best Management
Practices
Research
Restoration
Other
BMP forestry
BMP agriculture
Ecosystem service
assessment
Mapping
Outplantings
Regeneration
Legal protection
Research
(nursery)
Fencing
Improve agricultural
methods to abate
impact, encroachment,
and overuse of park land
and natural resources.
Facilitated creation of a
local liaison organization,
Forum Kemitraan Taman
Education and outreach KNP office together with
Community forums
partners (TNC and PT.
Volunteers
Putri Naga Komodo)
Stakeholder engagement implements most of the
available social tools:
Training
Committee formation
work with local
teachers to develop a
local content curricula on
marine conservation and
regularly visit
communities to discuss
the benefits of MPAs
(park zoning) for local
fisheries
Education and outreach Institutional capacity
Community forums
building for village and
Volunteers
community forest and
Stakeholder engagement river management.
Training
Local knowledge and
Workshops
consultations will play a
Meetings
key role in the
Committee formation
development of these
Other
systems.
Increasing capacity of
the Forest Protection
Department for more
effective community
based programs,
biodiversity monitoring

Training
Workshops
Meetings
Communications
Other
Committee formation
TNC facilitates the local

government and the
MPA by providing data
and expertise, outreach
and education to local
people and communities,
facilitating workshops
and meetings.
Best Management
Practices
Research
Preservation
Other
Ecosystem service
assessment
Park guards
Legal protection
Restoration
Preservation
Research
Other
Legal protection
Removing invasive
species
Research
Other
Entrance Fee
management committee.
Other
Meetings
Communications
Volunteers
Committee formation

Communications
SASI: closed open

system, close certain
marine areas to let fish
and animals grow, about
1 year, then open the
educational facilities:
Research
creation and
Preservation
maintenance of a
Other
botanical trail and the
building of an information
center for environmental
education. School
children from the area,
as well as other visitors,
are taught the
importance and
significance of the
reserve.
website:
www.tresorrainforest.org
Park guards
Trail building
Research

Workshops
Meetings
Committee formation
Communications
Training
Public outreach and

education is very
important and helps in
the success of a MPA.
Best Management
Practices
Preservation
Research
Other
Park guards
Legal protection
Research
Ecosystem service
assessment
Other
Best Management
Practices
Research
Other
Research
Other
Other
Research
Research
Other
special events, campus

tours, exhibits, site visits,
brochures, radio plugs,
activity books, calendars,
etc., all increase
awareness and support
of the park.
Capacity building of park

rangers, as well as
community members, to
manage the park in a
Education and outreach School presentations,
Community forums
community meetings,
Stakeholder engagement field trips to other towns
Training
who implement
Meetings
ecotourism strategies.
Workshops
Through a documentary
Committee formation
project by a foreign tv
Communications
company (Animal
Planet), satellite tracking
of the turtle's nesting and
migration has shown the
local people that these
animals travel and effect
other people far away.
this connection has
given the community a
Education and outreach The project began in
Volunteers
early 2005, because
Stakeholder engagement Gabriel Francia, a WWF
Training
staff member, had been
Meetings
living there for 3 years
Communications
and documented the
Other
importance of this beach
Committee formation
for turtle reproduction.
He had established
himself as a known
resident in the
community and is trusted
by many. This rapport
has been absolutely key
to his (and this project's)
success.

Communications
Committee formation
Meetings
Workshops
Training
Community forums
Success, lessons learnt

and challenges are
communicated to
stakeholders and to
other projects within
WWF. Major events and
success stories are
documented and
publicized through
media.
Provision of
to schools and
community creates a
Education and outreach Advertise - radio,
Stakeholder engagement television, bulk mail out,
Training
& word of mouth. Phone
Workshops
calls to farmers to come
Meetings
to field days. Information
Communications
stations during breakfast
time (convenient timing,
8 total.) Farmers more
interested if you come to
them. Then after
information session,
explanation of landscape
assessment process,
and tender process.
Field Days, information
sessions, planning days
with individuals (set up
goals and mile stones)
Community forums
Volunteers
Training
Workshops
Meetings
Research
Restoration
Other
Best Management
Practices
Infrastructure
Fire management
Outplantings
Ecosystem service
assessment
(nursery)
Regeneration
BMP agriculture
Mapping
Best Management
Practices
Research
Other
Preservation
Restoration
BMP agriculture
BMP ranching
Ecosystem service
assessment
Mapping
Outplantings
Infrastructure
Removing invasive
species
Other
Fencing
Pilot/demonstration
Best Management
Practices
Restoration
Research
Preservation
Other
Ecosystem service
assessment
Mapping
Regeneration
Fire management
Legal protection
Research
Pilot/demonstration
(nursery)
Fencing
Trail building
BMP agriculture
BMP forestry

Community forums
Training
Meetings
Workshops
Committee formation
Awareness raising is a
huge focus, both about
opportunities and
threats/concerns specific
to the area. Moving
away from slash and
burn agriculture to
alternative methods,
taught why this is S&B is
not good for landscape
etc.
Best Management
Practices
Preservation
Other
Research
Restoration
WWF facilitates
communities through the
process knowledge
building about policy and
requirements, action
plan writing, and
establishment of IGA
Committee formation
Scale of planning meetingsBest Management
Meetings
Practices
Research
Other
Restoration
Preservation
Training
Other
Workshops
Community forums
Volunteers
Communications
Workshops
Training
Committee formation
Meetings
Volunteers
Other
The private sector is

the real driving force. So
must work to make
community stakeholders
aware that if they look
after their resource, it
could be a good income
and livelihood generating
tool.
Teach about rattan
shoot production at small
scale level. Develop
manual to share with
other communities too.
The obstacle is the
difference between long
term planning and what
is now just a daily
Best Management
Practices
Preservation
Research
Restoration
Other
BMP forestry
BMP agriculture
Ecosystem service
assessment
Fire management
Legal protection
Research
(nursery)
Fencing
Trail building
Other
Outplantings
Regeneration
BMP agriculture
Ecosystem service
assessment
Mapping
Reseeding
Regeneration
Legal protection
Removing invasive
species
Research
Pilot/demonstration
Other
BMP forestry
BMP ranching
BMP agriculture
Ecosystem service
assessment
(nursery)
Research
Pilot/demonstration
Outplantings
Other

Training
Workshops
Meetings
Committee formation
Capacity building of the

local people is one of the
main objectives of this
project. Workshops
teach people about
mapping techniques and
then use their local
knowledge to
supplement more
scientific maps of the
area (mapping exercise
of all the habitat types in
Madang Lagoon, The
workshop provided
useful information on
Education and outreach Capacity building for
Community forums
leaders at the local and
Stakeholder engagement district level. Technical
Training
training and supplies for
Meetings
park rangers. Education
Other
incentives for local
Committee formation
communities to
participate in PES,
determined by social
surveys and
implemented by
community lead
committees. Awareness
raising about
environmental issues
and fishing practices.
Education and outreach Mizu no Kai (Club of
Stakeholder engagement Water) was established
Communications
through these activities
Other
Gatalympic - a sporting
competition which takes
place on the local muddy
tidal flats
This project, under
collaboration with the
club, develops a
programme to provide
education on and
experience of the natural
environment, traditional
Best Management
Practices
Research
Preservation
Ecosystem service
assessment
Mapping
Legal protection
Research
Best Management
Practices
Research
Preservation
Ecosystem service
assessment
Mapping
Park guards
Legal protection
Research
Best Management
Practices
Preservation
Other
Restoration
Research
Research
Pilot/demonstration
BMP agriculture
Reseeding
Infrastructure
Legal protection
Other
BMP forestry
Outplantings
Community forums
Communications
building general
awareness and ability to
improve environmental
management and
pollution control
Best Management
Practices
Research
Restoration
Preservation
Other
BMP forestry
BMP agriculture
Ecosystem service
assessment
Mapping
Reseeding
Regeneration
Park guards
Legal protection
Other
Pilot/demonstration
Research

Volunteers
Training
Other
Meetings
Capacity building in
marine and terrestrial
site protection. Training
in GPS, GIS, and MOMS
mapping skills.
Community ranger and
volunteer programs.
Health and AIDS
education. BMP
farming.
Best Management
Practices
Research
Other
Restoration
Preservation
BMP agriculture
Mapping
Ecosystem service
assessment
Reseeding
Regeneration
Infrastructure
Park guards
Fire management
Fire restoration
Legal protection
Research
Fencing
Best Management
Practices
Preservation
Research
Restoration
Other
Ecosystem service
assessment
Legal protection
Park guards
Infrastructure
Regeneration
Research
Pilot/demonstration
(nursery)
Other
Community
representation on the
steering committee for
the park, through a
rotating administrative
post among 12 groups.

Community forums
Training
Workshops
Meetings
Communications
Other
- community
engagement; and
- replicating the
experiences throughout
the country.
Villa Clara is a
community that
expressed willingness to
participate in the pilot
project to test alternative
methods and practices
for fishing. Community
self selects who should
participate in pilot. About
10 crews with 35 men
each represent a small

Volunteers
Training
Workshops
Work closely with

knowledgeable and
experienced partners
such as the Tanzania
Forest Conservation
Group (TFCG), who
have been working in the
East Usambaras for over
10 years.
Best Management
Practices
Research
Restoration
Preservation
Other
BMP forestry
BMP agriculture
Mapping
Outplantings
Regeneration
Fire management
Legal protection
Research
(nursery)
Other
Best Management
Practices
Restoration
Preservation
Research
Other
BMP forestry
BMP agriculture
Mapping
Outplantings
Reseeding
Regeneration
Park guards
Legal protection
(nursery)
Research
Other
Best Management
Practices
Research
Restoration
Preservation
Other
BMP agriculture
BMP ranching
Ecosystem service
assessment
Mapping
Outplantings
Regeneration
Legal protection
Research
Other
Build capacity among the

local communities to
manage their forest
resources in a
sustainable way.
Community forums
Training
Workshops
Meetings
Communications
Committee formation
Other
Raise awareness about

Land use planning and
land allocation (LUPLA):
improved cooperation,
training in GIS and
survey techniques, and
better data management
and mapping.
Community Forest
Management training:
field courses on CFM
establishment. Use
existing CFM examples
and provide exposure to
the process.
Small Grants Scheme

managed by a small
Community forums
Raise awareness among
Stakeholder engagement the general community
Meetings
about the ecological
importance and utility of
Communications
the Duck River. This is
mainly done by working
with key community
leaders who can effect
change on the higher
and lower level.
Utilize the press, local
newspapers, and
investigative reporters to
highlight and raise the
development and water
management

Workshops
Meetings
Communications
Other
Offer technical expertise Restoration

on environmental issues Research
and participate in several
working groups at local
and regional levels.
Representatives from the
community, like farmers,
are also brought in to be
part of the planning
process.
Community education
and sensitization to the
river restoration process,
the benefits, and the
ecological significance.
The people are also
Education and outreach Park administrators,
Stakeholder engagement researchers, and
Other
partners engage the
Community forums
communities around the
park, with the goal of
mediating a process that
changes the treatment of
the protected area.
Determining the usage
needs and building
working relationships
with proprietors around
the park. The aiding in
the relocation of families
living within the park to
places outside park
boundaries.
Education and outreach The project will build
Community forums
capacity in provincial and
Stakeholder engagement local government, and
communities and
Training
produce, jointly with
Workshops
relevant provincial
Meetings
technical agencies a
Committee formation
landscape-level,
Other
province-wide
conservation-corridor
strategy, for approval by
the provincial
government. With the
help of partners,
integrating environmental
conservation into the 5
year commune
Mapping
Outplantings
Regeneration
Pilot/demonstration
Research
Restoration
Preservation
Other
Mapping
Regeneration
Park guards
Legal protection
Research
Other
Research
Preservation
Best Management
Practices
Other
BMP agriculture
Ecosystem service
assessment
Mapping
Legal protection
Fire management
Park guards
Infrastructure
Other
Research
Pilot/demonstration

Training
Meetings
Green schools teach

environmental concepts
to children, these they
take home to their
families as well.
Best Management
Practices
Restoration
Other
Research
Preservation
BMP agriculture
Outplantings
Park guards
Fire management
Research
(nursery)
Fencing
Other
Best Management
Practices
Research
Preservation
BMP agriculture
Park guards
Fire management
Legal protection
Research
Best Management
Practices
Preservation
Other
Restoration
Research
Mapping
Park guards
Legal protection
Research
Outplantings
Other
Participatory forest
management - through
planning, organizations,
and establishing links to
the Forest Department
for better cooperation.
Training and recruiting of
park rangers, forest
guards, and the staff of
local NGOs and Village
Committee formation
Creation and
Meetings
empowerment of
Stakeholder engagement community based
Training
organizations to actively
manage natural
resources in cooperation
with the management
authority in Niassa
Reserve and the Buffer
Zones.
Strengthening of
community-based
institutions, developing
Stakeholder engagement Survey of Comments,
Other
Suggestions and
Recommendations from
Training
Visitor-respondents to
Communications
Improve the Whale
Shark Interaction Tours.
Site visits and interviews
with various
stakeholders which
include the fishermen,
ecotourism service
providers, local
residents, and local
government officials
helped to inform a large
study conducted to draw
Meetings
Training
Community forums
Communications
Provincial level:
Conservation ForumTNC proposal, adopted
by Governor,
Local NGOs: monthly
meeting, monitor status
of conservation work and
exchange information.
Train local community to
apply monitoring for
animals (plants too)
Local community has
unique knowledge of the
area; we only give them
the system to document
Stakeholder engagement Work mostly with private l
Research
Best Management
Practices
Preservation
Restoration
BMP forestry
Mapping
Outplantings
Legal protection
Fire management
Other
Research
Best Management
Practices
Research
Ecosystem service
assessment
Mapping
BMP agriculture
BMP forestry
BMP ranching
Research
Stakeholder engagement Communications with localResearch

Meetings
Communications
Mapping
Other
Workshops
Communications
Ecosystem service
assessment
Mapping
Research
Awareness raising
workshops, approaching Restoration
the EU and business
leaders to educate them
about PES. This is
difficult because most
are turned-off
immediately by the term
"PES." So, stopped
referring to it as a
"payment." This was too
technical, and no one
wants to be the one to
pay this unclear and
"new" price. The
Community forums
Meetings
This working group
consists some NGOs,
national government
representatives and
individual who interest to
environmental services
Committee formation
Advisory committee for
Stakeholder engagement the park: various
Meetings
stakeholders- 3-4
Education and outreach community
representatives, local
district, tourism,
fisheries, NGOs,
university. Meets
quarterly: cant mandate
but can give advice.
Sends recommendations
to the Board of Trustees
(of all Tanzanian Marine
Parks) Much weaker
than needs to be. 11
people total.
Training
Board of Trustees: in
Fire management:
working with ejidos to
train in better fire
management and the
use of fire as an
agricultural tool. Some
funding comes from
government that deals
with fire control.
Technical advice to
ejidos in terms of forest
Best Management
Practices
Restoration
Research
BMP forestry
Ecosystem service
assessment
Regeneration
Other
BMP agriculture
Best Management
Practices
Research
Preservation
Other
Pilot/demonstration
Research
Ecosystem service
assessment
Infrastructure
Park guards
Legal protection
Best Management
Practices
Restoration
Research
Preservation
BMP forestry
BMP agriculture
BMP ranching
Reseeding
Fire management
Fire restoration
(nursery)
Research
Communications
Committee formation
Communication: water
values
Support for Stakeholder
Participation:
headwaters communities
Information System:
water availability, usage
and reallocation to
include environmental
flows
Best Management
Practices
Preservation
Research
Restoration
Other
BMP agriculture
BMP ranching
Ecosystem service
assessment
Legal protection
Pilot/demonstration
Research
Other
Best Management
Practices
Restoration
Preservation
Research
BMP agriculture
BMP ranching
Ecosystem service
assessment
Regeneration
Fencing
Pilot/demonstration
BMP forestry
Park guards
Education and outreach Environmental

Stakeholder engagement education: Cities mainly
know where the water
comes from so there is
widespread public
support for conservation.
There are also
communities living
around conservation
areas.
Best Management
Practices
Restoration
Research
BMP forestry
Ecosystem service
assessment
Pilot/demonstration
BMP agriculture
Best Management
Practices
Research
Restoration
Pilot/demonstration
BMP agriculture
14 water user
committees
Community forums
Meetings
Travel around to

Workshops
Meetings
Committee formation

Training
SPVS is also doing

education and outreach
through an
center they created.
Best Management
Practices
Research
Restoration
Infrastructure
Pilot/demonstration
BMP agriculture
Ecosystem service
assessment
Mapping
Restoration
Preservation
Best Management
Practices
Research
Reseeding
Park guards
Regeneration
Pilot/demonstration
BMP agriculture
Legal protection
Volunteers
Training
The Preserve gets a numbe

Restoration
Best Management
Practices
Preservation
Regeneration
Reseeding
BMP agriculture
Legal protection
Removing invasive
species

Meetings
Community forums
Committee formation
Workshops
Communications
Training
This is a major componentPreservation

Best Management
Practices
Restoration
Park guards
Regeneration
Legal protection
BMP agriculture
Outplantings
BMP ranching
None
Committee formation
Preservation
In the watersheds were thiBest Management

Practices
Restoration
Preservation
Research
None
Preservation
Restoration
Research
Legal protection
Pilot/demonstration
Regeneration
Outplantings
Legal protection
BMP agriculture
BMP forestry
Pilot/demonstration
Legal protection
Regeneration
Committee formation
Creation of a watershed c Best Management

Practices
Restoration
Preservation
Other
Regeneration
BMP ranching
Legal protection
Other
Community forums
TNC attends all

community meetings to
inform the farmers of
their project and their
progress as well as to
roundtable with local
officials and
stakeholders during
valuation process (plus
all other standard
components of
stakeholder analysis) in
order to allow relevant
weighting of values
Pilot/demonstration
BMP agriculture
Ecosystem service
assessment
Infrastructure
Best Management
Practices
Restoration
Research
Committee formation
The Wetland Plan was crea

Restoration
Preservation
Research
Other
Reseeding
Removing invasive
species
Mapping
Outplantings
Trail building
(nursery)
Research
Fire restoration
Teaching peasants that in Best Management

Practices
Restoration
Preservation
Research
Pilot/demonstration
Regeneration
Fire management
BMP agriculture
Legal protection

Training
Preservation
Best Management
Practices
Research
Restoration
Other
Park guards
Legal protection
BMP forestry
Ecosystem service
assessment
Fire management
Research
Best Management
Practices
Restoration
Preservation
Legal protection
Pilot/demonstration
Research
BMP agriculture
Reseeding

Community forums
Workshops
Meetings
The aim of the project

was to combine three
levels institutional,
communication, and
community levels. They
need to focus on
communication between
agencies, binational
communities, fire
strategies, monitoring
Restoration
Removing invasive
species
Outplantings
Preservation
Legal protection
Meetings
Community forums
Training
Workshops
Communications
Research
Mapping
Pilot/demonstration
Communications
The Coalition includes TNC
Best Management
Committee formation
Practices
Preservation
Research
Restoration
Other
BMP forestry
BMP agriculture
Legal protection
Regeneration
Research
Trail building
Removing invasive
species

Community forums
Workshops
Meetings
Park guards
Fire management
BMP agriculture
BMP forestry
BMP ranching
The education program is Best Management

Practices
Preservation

Training
There is a large push to e Preservation

Best Management
Practices
Other
Park guards
Legal protection
BMP forestry
BMP agriculture
Other
Infrastructure
Best Management
Practices
Other
BMP forestry
Other
None
Restoration
Outplantings
Regeneration
Removing invasive
species
None
Restoration
Preservation
Legal protection
Reseeding
Outplantings

Meetings
Community forums
Communications

Meetings
Workshops

Communications
Committee formation
Engaging with the

Restoration
community and
communicating the
process and outcomes of
the project is a major
focus for the project. The
Trust hired an outreach
coordinator. She was
hired by the trust to
reach out to local
communities mainly via
meetings to ID particular
issues about dam
removal and restoration
work. They have been
Restoration
Research
Best Management
Practices
Strong environmental
education and
communication program
really thats been the
key to making the
changes working
through local
spokespeople radio
TNC and partner helped
create a committee to
manage the park:
-mayor
-civil society
representative (teacher,
etc)
-NGO (Vivamos Mejor)
-Committee of tourist
guides one rep
TNC and partner helped
form the Committee of
tourist guides
-committee of local
tourist guides maya
Preservation
Other
Legal protection
Preservation
Other
Legal protection
Trail building
Regeneration
Reseeding
Research
Pilot/demonstration
Mapping
BMP agriculture
Training
Since 2002 there has

been a formal
components in the
schools in and around
the park that the federal
government, TNC, and
Pro Natura Noreste
helped create. They are
educating on importance
of species and water.
TNC was doing a lot of

training, implementation
of user fee systems,
providing computers and
accounting systems,
teaching people how to
charge, when to charge,
where to charge and how
to reinvest funds once
receive them
They had an education
component for training
park guards and the
communities.
Education and outreach Working with schools in
Communications
the communities inside
Volunteers
the reserve where they
Committee formation
have primary schools
also working with
schools in the buffer
zone and Iquitos (main
city in region though
distant from reserve)
Education and outreach All the projects are
Stakeholder engagement community based so
Communications
inherently involve the
Volunteers
community in the area.
Workshops
Created a practitioners
Training
guide in 2006 to describe
projects and
mechanisms for
restoration - joint
publication between
NOAA and TNC
Other
Preservation
Research
Restoration
Other
Legal protection
Park guards
Mapping
Fire management
Removing invasive
species
Research
Research
Other
Pilot/demonstration
Preservation
Other
Legal protection
Preservation
Research
Restoration
Pilot/demonstration
Legal protection
Regeneration
Workshops
TNC and partners are nowBest Management

Practices
Research
Pilot/demonstration
BMP agriculture
BMP ranching
Committee formation
Workshops
Training
Formed a committee of Best Management

local fishermen to work Practices
with them to delimit
Research
access rights
Designed a workshop to
explain no take zones
Taught value of marine
reserve
Developed Fishers' Fund
- Fondo Pescador
Pilot/demonstration
Successful environmental Best Management

Practices
Preservation
Restoration
Other
BMP agriculture
BMP ranching
Legal protection
Park guards
Fire management
Reseeding
Other

Conservation activities comments
Project implementation
Allowable use
Targeted ES recipients
Provide initial funding, in Managing organization
Other
Rural domestic
the form of 'household'
No take recreation
bank credit, for rural
Natural product
peoples to purchase
extraction
sustainable energy
Agriculture
sources instead of them
waiting for subsidies.
These new energy
systems are more
efficient and/or
renewable. It is the hope
that with some forwarded
credit, local peoples will
be able to generate
income using these new
sources of energy.
better management and Government
Sustainable take
Rural domestic
transparency of
Managing organization
recreation
government activities
Natural product
and staff to monitor the
extraction
parks
Agriculture
Co-management
Subsurface extractions
initiatives with local
Managed forestry
stakeholders;
Sustainable forest
management and
certification (FSC)
Communications and
trans-boundary
conservation (Trinational de la Sangha
(TNS); Lobeke,
Cameroon; Dzanga
They are creating
Government
Sustainable take
Rural domestic
national park areas that Managing organization
recreation
Recreation users
can monitor and regulate
Natural product
All water users
the usage of the land
extraction
and its resources
they still allow varying
levels of usage, like
hunting
there are entrance fees,
but not for Pygmies
Within the parks there is Government

a no take policy, however Managing organization
in the areas surrounding
the parks people have
community forests etc to
get their resources from.
WWF helps with
designating community
forests by monitoring
and mapping the areas.
Community
monitoring
Local Governments
do
most of the managing,
WWF just provides
technical assistance
such as mapping, use of
GPS technology,
organization of
administrative
documents, development
Conservation easements
insure that land will
remain largely
unfragmented by
precluding most
subdivision. This
protects ranchers ability
to utilize fire, which is an
essential to maintaining
landscape function. This
cultural tool, the use of
prescribed fire on a
recurring basis, is the
main conservation
activity that maintains
the natural regimes and
plant cover of the area.
research impact of cattle
on botanic diversity
(exclosures on voluntary
ranchlands); prescribed
burns; waterway
preservation; vernal pool
preservation; rare plant
monitoring.
Many different projects
are run in the Lassen
Foothills site including
ones addressing
compatible cattle grazing
Agriculture
No take recreation
Rural domestic
All water users
Recreation users
All
Government
Sustainable take recreati Rural domestic

Recreation users
All water users
Partner organization
Ranching
Other
Agriculture
Ranching
Agriculture
Sustainable take
recreation
Managed forestry
Urban domestic
Rural domestic
All water users
Hydropower
Floodplain occupants
Agriculture
Recreation users
Restoration of waterways Government

(banks), re-establish
natural vegetation, and
natural seagrass
habitats.
No take recreation
Ranching
All water users

Recreation users
Agriculture
Ranching
Managed forestry
Sustainable take
recreation
Natural product
extraction
Agriculture
All water users

Recreation users
Urban domestic
Rural domestic
Agriculture
Ranching
All water users
Rural domestic
Urban domestic
All
Sustainable take
recreation
Other
Urban domestic
Rural domestic
Other
Preservation of barrier
island habitats.
Allowable fishing,
camping, birdwatching.
BMP of easement owned
ranchlands
North Africaand
hardfishing
Government
because people don't
have access rights and Partner organization
get paid little for the work
they do. Here it must be
a government base
program.
Governments are often ill
informed and do no
monitoring.
FSC certification
Market Support
promoting products from
WWF decided that
conservation objective
was to keep cattle
ranchers in business
because its an extensive
form of ag, compared to
other landuses: less
phosphorus run off per
acre, least use of ag
chemicals, most intact
ecoregional assessment Government
in 2004 with WWF
provides good
knowledge for advising
local governments and
fishermen.
Working with local
communities (fishing
industry leaders, local
fishermen, CDQ groups,
local entities (Native
implement monitoring
Government
systems of the changes Managing organization
in ecosystems (wetlands,
forests, wildlife, and
tourism impacts)
Information systems to
connect cultural and
natural characteristics
with other areas to
develop an ecotourism
replantings by local villag Partner organization
Sustainable take
recreation
Natural product
extraction
Rural domestic
Recreation users
All water users
Natural product
extraction
Agriculture
Ranching
Rural domestic
All water users
All conservancies are

Government
voluntary, and consist
only of local community
members. About 13% of
Namibia's population is
tied to a conservancy in
some way. Most
conservancies are run by
elected committees of
local people, to whom
the government devolves
user rights over wildlife
within the conservancy
boundaries. They are
able to harvest, sell, and
The national government Partner organization
of Belize made this area
a marine preserve in
2000. Within the
preserve are various
levels of allowable usage
ranging from whale shark
tourism zones, no
entrance breeding
zones, no take tourism
zones, and sustainable
fishing zones. Certain
fishing areas open and
close depending on the
cycle of fish species that
Sustainable take
recreation
Natural product
extraction
Other
Rural domestic
Recreation users
No take recreation
Other
Sustainable take
recreation
Recreation users
Other
Project to last ten years Managing organization

and specifically covers
10 acres of the
Henderson Inlet while
the surrounding area is
part of a state owned
and managed natural
reserve. Restored oyster
Puget Sound Restoration Managing organization
Fund worked earlier with
a private land owner
doing oyster reseeding
and habitat
enhancement.
Now TNC is working on
The Green River ReserviorManaging organization
resolving flood and flow

problems caused by
three dams near the
North Carolina/Virginia
border
Part of Sustainable
Rivers Program
(TNC/US Army Corps)
Government
No take recreation
All water users

Recreation users
No take recreation
All water users

Recreation users
Sustainable take
recreation
Agriculture
All
All water users
Sustainable take recreati All
Majority of the lands and

water will be protected
by state agencies and
open for public uses
such as hunting, fishing,
hiking and boating.
Managed forestry
Sustainable take
recreation
Paper mill
Recreation users
Timber management will

be subject to forest
certification standards
that help protect the
biological diversity of the
forest. Timber
harvesting will continue
for a set period on some
of the lands. As part of
By creating sanctuaries th Managing organization
None
All water users
TNC's role is to set up a Government
Managed forestry
All water users
In addition, this method Government

is now beginning a
project on the Bai Ma
Nature Reserve (an
education booklet) and
planning to move to Meili
and Shangri-la areas
where TNC is working on
promoting the National
Parks program.
Natural product
extraction
No take recreation
Rural domestic
Recreation users
No take recreation
Recreation users
Other
TNC helps set up local

resource
management
This program
works
Government
Other
closely together with the Government
regency government and
with traditional
institutions to develop a
lasting, supportive
constituency for Marine
Protected Area
management. This is
mostly done by
highlighting ecosystem
services provided by
reefs and other
nearshore habitats.
The local municipalities Government

issue permits for diving
along the coral reefs.
Local resorts purchase
these permits at 100
Philippine
Pesos/person/day (since
the unification of Mabini
and Tingloy coverage) or
1000 Philippine
Pesos/person/year and
then sell them for the
same price to their
visitors. The money
generated goes to a
conservation fund that is
BMP forestry in
conjunction with the
Forest Department, local
communities, and other
stakeholders.
Research by research
institutions and NGOs.
Park Guards manned by
the Forest Department.
Tourism infrastructure by
the Tourist Department
and other public and
private companies.
Essentially promote the
use of economic
instruments that
No real conservation
Government
activities yet, more
focused on developing a
revenue generating
mechanism that can fund
the protection and
management of the park
(this will likely be
contingent on an
ecotourism component).
No take recreation
Recreation users
Other
Managed forestry
Agriculture
No take recreation
All water users
No take recreation
Natural product
extraction
Agriculture
Recreation users
Rural domestic
A water fund for

Guatemala has been
created and 3 major
companies along the
rivers have voluntarily
committed 25,000USD
for ecosystem services
over the next 3 years.
Avasa Coke, Acapa rum
company (although
theyve moved) and a
sugar mill. A Water Law
is also under
consideration and in its
5th version (last 10
years). Many important
Seeking stronger
Other
regulation of pasture and
grazing practices like
restricting water hole
installments and planting
of nonnative grasses
(African and South
American usually).
WWF-Australia, Darwin
University, and the
Environmental Center of
the Northern Territory
collaborated to write an
extensive review and set
of recommendations
titled "Aquatic
conservation values of
People who inhabit the area
Government
Reforestation.
Stakeholders
identification and
analysis - (i)
wants/needs; (ii) how to
engage them?
Networking - build an
open environment to the
subject where the
necessary forest
restoration is divulged
and accepted by the
local community.
Government
Ranching
Managed forestry
Natural product
extraction
Agriculture
All water users

All
Sustainable take
recreation
Ranching
Managed forestry
Agriculture
Natural product
extraction
All water users

Recreation users
Agriculture
Managed forestry
Agriculture
Natural product
extraction
All water users
Managed forestry
Other
Agriculture
All water users
WWF shares
Government
management of the park
with DENR through a
MOA. Park guards and
allowable usage laws
help to manage the area.
Research by WWF staff
also contributes to the
knowledge and planning.
Assessment of the
fishing industry
economic generation
yielded
thatuses f Managing organization
The firstfindings
two major
No take recreation
Recreation users
Rural domestic
No take recreation
Recreation users
All water users
Guided tours,
Other
reforestation, trail
building, park guarding.
You pay for entrance and
then can hike on your
own, or you can pay a
little more and get a
guided tour.
No take recreation
Recreation users
All water users
Managed forestry
Natural product
extraction
Agriculture
Ranching
All
The last baseline

assessment of the area
was done in the late
1990s, so this will be one
of the first priorities once
funding is generated in
Government
A key strategy of this
project is the
establishment of working Partner organization
relationships and
partnerships with major
stakeholders who all
have interest in wetland
management. This form
of workload sharing
spreads, institutionalizes,
and sustains the gains
made on the ground. On
multiple levels, the MWP
works with government
staff, industries, and
tribal representatives to
Tender Activities:
Fencing of remaining
target habitats, revegetation and
protection, corridor
installment, and feral
animal control.
Alternative approaches
to desalinization such as
planting of woody
perennials were also
accepted. For example,
oil maleys for production
of eucalyptus oil are an
option that is receiving
increasing attention by
Integrated River Basin
Management (IRBM)
plans for guiding
community and industrial
BMP for the watershed.
27 Water User
Associations (WUA), 6
Banks (COCOBAs),
The indigenous peoples
of the Cantingas
watershed are
undertaking anti
poaching and illegal
logging enforcement and
reforestation activities
through the water fund
provided the Local
Government and WWFPhilippines. Families
receive raffled
opportunties every 2
weeks, payments are in
the form of grocery store
credit.
Cantingas Water Fund
Ranching
Agriculture
Managed forestry
Agriculture
Government
Ranching
Natural product
extraction
Agriculture
Other
All water users
Government
Managed forestry
Agriculture
Natural product
extraction
All water users
15-20 individual study

Other
sites at the provincial
level all different forms of
land ownership and
community structure.
Natural product
extraction
Ranching
Managed forestry
All water users
Ranching
Agriculture
Other
Agriculture
All
Ranching
Agriculture
Other
Agriculture
All
BMP initially on the local

level, influence policy
later.
Developed an easy to
use wetland assessment
technique (check list)
that local village leaders
can apply to their own
wetlands!
Identity key remnant bushlManaging organization
Identity key remnant bushlManaging organization
Promote active
Government
community participation Managing organization
in river basin/catchment Other
and natural resource
management, creation of
village and location
associations, tap into
new laws and statures
that foster participation
and regulation.
Blue print for
development and
conservation for
Koibatek and Baringo
Counties. (Integrated
Management Plan for
Switch to circle hooks to Managing organization
prevent bycatch of
seaturtles, these hooks
have not been shown to
reduce regular catch.
Fishermen are trained
and shown through
workshops how to use
circle hooks. They turn
in their J hooks and
receive (free) circle
hooks to test. Whenever
they wish, they can
switch back to their old
hooks, most keep the
circles though.
4 different approaches or Managing organization
strategies: Markets,
Partnerships,
Governance, Finance.
Global initiative, moving
toward greater
coordination of industry
(through which
fishermen will gain more
power in the market and
find more benefit from
responsible fishing).
Ranching
Natural product
extraction
Agriculture
Other
No take recreation
Rural domestic
Agriculture
All water users
Recreation users
Other
Other
Other
Other
The project officers carry Managing organization

out educational
Government
campaigns for wise use
of natural resources
occurring in the project
site;
The communities are
supposed to practice
conservation methods
taught by the project, like
avoiding to use
inadequate fishing nets,
not killing the protected
- Combining the
strengths of four partners Partner organization
- Focusing on the
importance of aquatic
resources
- Focusing on local
management and
mitigation
- Focusing on a bottomup approach to
institutional policy
change
Use existing resources to
organize and collaborate
for better wetland
conservation. This
Improve infrastructure for Managing organization
tourism like rest facilities
and park signage etc.
Build awareness among
stakeholders like
governments, villages,
and the private sector
about the benefits and
impacts of ecotourism.
Develop key areas for
birdwatching, trekking,
elephant tourism, cultural
education, lodging, etc.
Sustainable take
recreation
Agriculture
Natural product
extraction
Agriculture
Rural domestic
Agriculture
Natural product
extraction
No take recreation
Ranching
All
No take recreation
Managed forestry
Natural product
extraction
Agriculture
Other
Recreation users
Rural domestic
Engagement of the
surrounding villagers in
outlining sustainable
usage of park resources
and planning for
management of the
protected area, through:
Conservation Awareness
campaign;
Agreements - local
people develop usage
plan and agree on areas
that are suitable for use
and which should be
designated under Park
Policy development
Support park authority to
work with local
government and
communities in
developing Park Zoning
and Park Management
Plan. Both Zoning and
Management Plan were
endorsed by Central
Government (through a
Decree of the Directorate
General of Forest
Protection and Nature
Conservation No.
This project seeks to
gain a greater
understanding of
ecological & social
issues on a landscape
scale in order to develop
a province wide
conservation strategy
consisting of schemes to
conserve natural
resources and enhance
livelihoods.
Project activities include
Development of village
and community forest
and river management
Government
No take recreation
Natural product
extraction
All water users

Rural domestic
Recreation users
Government
No take recreation
Sustainable take
recreation
Natural product
extraction
Other
Other
Managed forestry
Natural product
extraction
Agriculture
Other
Rural domestic
Joint patrol system Government

facilitated by TNC and CI Managing organization
for the enforcement of
MPA rules. 1 boat so far
(CI built, TNC owns) with
6-8 patrol members
besides the crew and 1
police official
No take recreation
Natural product
extraction
Recreation users
Other
Sustainable take
recreation
None
Rural domestic
All water users
Recreation users
Hydropower
No take recreation
Other
Recreation users
Other
SASI: traditional
open/closed season to
allow growth of stocks
entrance fee
Environmental education
program: joint with CI,
The Flows Partnership - Government
Army Corps, TNC, & the Managing organization
Caddo Lake Institute
work together to manage
water flow into the lake.
The restoration of the
timing, magnitude, and
duration of ecological
flows from Big Cypress
Bayou is critical to
Caddo Lakes
sustainability.
Land acquisition was the
main strategy in the past.
TNC also facilitated the
process and framework
for the partnerships.
The best way to manage thi
The park is managed by Managing organization

the Tubbataha Protected
(TPAMB). A ranger
station with 6-7 rangers
at a time is the only real
impact to the area.
No take recreation
Recreation users
Other
No take recreation
Other
When diving in
Tubbataha, everyone
must follow the Park
Rules and Regulations.
Entry fee for
conservation: The
revenue from tourism
activities is used to
Conclude the
management and
conservation plan as
prepared by the
community with
assistance by CCC &
WWF. The next few
years will be focused on
strengthening local
capacity for
environmental
management,
fundraising, & managing
funds.
Managed by WWF
Gabriel has been doing Managing organization
seaturtle nesting
monitoring for the past 3
years, his local presence
and trustworthiness
created a acceptable
environment for WWF's
efforts to be received by.
Frequent monitoring and
protection primarily by
the locally recruited
"Leatherback Boys"
Many unique social tools
(festival, soccer game)
catalysed a real turn
Other
Recreation users
The Kilosa and

Kilombero District
Councils oversees and
coordinates community
conservation activities
and mainstreams the
same into district plans.
Agriculture
Natural product
extraction
Managed forestry
Implementation of the
project using the existing
institutional set up at
village and district levels
has proved to be an
efficient way of involving
key players to
128 landholders have
been involved in the
process.
Private landowners
propose price for land
management changes
(advised by
recommendations by
LPLMC). LPLMC staff
visit and assess sites.
Maximize benefits from
BMP for greater
catchment, rank
accordingly, and contract
with most influential
bidders. Payments are
made depending on
The project is in the
Government
process of developing a Managing organization
detailed monitoring
framework to be used for
the EACFE Strategic
Framework for
Conservation (20052025) and the WWF
EACFE Strategic Action
Plan (SAP).
WWF helps with
awareness raising about
land ownership policy as
well as capacity building
for alternative income
generating activities and
micro- financing.
All water users
Hydropower
All
Agriculture
Sustainable take
recreation
No take recreation
Managed forestry
Natural product
extraction
All
2 districts - Rufiji & Kila,

11 villages.
Four Broad Objectives:

Manage and utilize forest
products sustainability
Improve livelihoods
Protect and acquire
important areas for forest
reserves
Enhance the capacity
among stakeholders
Villagers participate in
meetings where they are
educated about the
process and policy for
acquiring forest reserves.
After about 2-3 planning
Meetings with
contribution from
Government
international and multi
interest & expertise
parties helped develop
the framework of the 50
year Indus Ecoregion
Conservation
Programme.
During the first phase,
four critical ecosystems
in 3 districts have been
chosen for project
implementation using
pertinent PES schemes.
The specific ecosystems
are riverine (Pai Forest,
Nawabshah District);
IKEA contacts rattan
factory processing in
Vietnam while most of
the raw material comes
from Laos and
Cambodia.
Asked WWF to
investigate the chain of
custody for the rattan
(including impacts on
local communities who
are involved.)
Research community
and rattan trade
dynamics. Work at all
levels of service chain,
especially community
Managed forestry
Natural product
extraction
Agriculture
Other
Rural domestic
Agriculture
Other
Natural product
extraction
Ranching
All
Agriculture
Natural product
extraction
Other
Agriculture
Rural domestic
Other
2 sites: Madang Lagoon Managing organization

and Mbuke island.
No take recreation
Other
No take recreation
Other
Other
Recreation users
Rural domestic
Other
No take recreation
All water users

Recreation users
Agriculture
Building Capacity development of a

regional conservation
and sustainable
development strategy;
policies and monitoring
programmes; and policy
and legislation
improvement and
strengthening.
Promoting the role of
Assist local authorities to Government
adapt to new Autonomy Partner organization
law in Papua (districts
receive rights to govern
natural resources).
Improve biological,
ecological, and social
data to create
management plans and
re-draw zones in
Cendrawasih that
accommodate ecological
and human needs for the
MPA. Satellite tracking
and partnerships with
Gatalympic, a sporting
Government
competition which takes Managing organization
place on the local muddy Partner organization
tidal flats, as a tourist
attraction
Mizu no Kai (Club of
Water) established as
vehicle to encourage
local people to
appreciate and conserve
local tidal flats and river
basin.
Shiraho - Kashima
Children Exchange
Sustainable financing of Managing organization

biodiversity conservation Government
& environmental
Eg. agriculture, forest
management: improve
practices to possibly
reduce pollution.
Managed forestry
Agriculture
Natural product
extraction
Other
No take recreation
All water users
Government
Agriculture
Natural product
extraction
Sustainable take
recreation
Other
Recreation users
Rural domestic
Government
Natural product
extraction
Other
Other
Rural domestic
Develop understanding
of hydrologic-landscape
dynamics, key areas &
their stakeholders, and
industries that are major
pollution sources.
Facilitate best
among farmers and
fishermen.
This project supports the
government of
Mozambique to
strengthen operational
and conservation
capacity within the
Quirimbas National Park.
WWF lends mainly
technical advice and
budgetary supervision
through the government
and local NGO AMA, as
well as engaging in many
subsequent projects
focused on issues like
fisheries management,
and human conflict
mitigation, habitat
management, research,
&
human
development.
Habitat
protection,
local
participatory
conservation efforts, and
adoption of
environmentally
responsible fishing
techniques.
Research on fish stock
availability and potential
alternatives for harvest,
eg. sea sponges.
Increasing fishing stocks
and fish availability for
local communities:
development of
Project area that

includes 15 government Managing organization
forest reserves, over 15
village forest reserves,
28 villages in 3 divisions
with a total population of
135,000.
No take recreation
Managed forestry
Natural product
extraction
Agriculture
Other
Urban domestic
Hydropower
Agriculture
All water users
Recreation users
No take recreation
Managed forestry
Agriculture
Natural product
extraction
Recreation users
All water users
Other
Sustainable take
recreation
Agriculture
Other
All water users
Project activities:
Help to create village
forest reserves with legal
status. Designate,
survey, map, inventory of
resources, develop
management plans and
harvesting schedules.
Community conservation Managing organization
part of larger
Government
landscape conservation
scheme. There are a
number of protected
areas but not a sufficient
amount. This project
works at the provincial
level to identify gaps and
possible areas where
forest can legally be
placed under village
ownership and
management as a
protected yet working
forest.
Forest management In
One of the basic
Government
strategies of this project Managing organization
is to engage local
leaders and decision
makers to do better
watershed management.
Through various tools
such as policy or
economic incentives,
landowners with a strong
land ethic will be
encouraged to improve
and protect the
watershed.
Policy measures may
include land use
Analysis and
Government
development of possible
responses by the project.
Biodiversity and
ecological surveys
indicate hotspots for river
restoration.
Incorporating this data
with policy and
community inputs aides
in the formulation of
recommendations.
Collaboration with
stakeholders to identify
common priorities in
environmental
The park is coadministered by the
State and other
organizations, but
managed mainly by The
Defensores de la
Naturaleza.
Activities and
partnerships include:
Better demarcation of
park boundaries
Facilitating the updating
of private lands
Relocation of families to
outside of the park
Master Plan of the Maya
Biosphere Reserve
WWF Greater Mekong
contract with ADB for 28
months till 2008.
Biodiversity conservation
is very contingent on its
potential to also bring
economic growth and
return. This project
leans heavily toward
development due to its
funder. More poverty
alleviation and land
management than
ecosystem connectivity.
First phase intended to
select local villages for
economic investments
No take recreation
Hydropower
Rural domestic
Urban domestic
Agriculture
Recreation users
Other
Natural product
extraction
No take recreation
Recreation users
Rural domestic
No take recreation
Natural product
extraction
Agriculture
Other
Rural domestic
Improve management
Government
practices by supporting Managing organization
government in law
enforcement, patrolling
in the areas, restoration,
tree planting in village
areas, & boundary
demarcation.
No take recreation
Managed forestry
Natural product
extraction
Agriculture
Recreation users
All water users
Government
No take recreation
Natural product
extraction
Agriculture
Other
All water users

Recreation users
Agriculture
Rural domestic
Government
No take recreation
Recreation users
Rural domestic
Urban domestic
Other
Spread improved
agricultural practices to
reduce rate of
conversion & reduce
unnecessary burning.
Facilitate Kenya Forestry
Service in creation of a
This is a multi-phase
project being
implemented in three
different villages within
the reserve: Mussoma,
Naulala, and Negomano.
The first phase of the
project ended in
December 2005 and the
second phase is
currently underway. This
project is intended to
develop a comanagement approach
The World-Wide Fund
for Nature (WWF) has
been assisting the
municipality of Donsol
since 1998. Now, as
part of the Sulu-Sulawesi
Marine Eco-region
Partnership for
Sustainability Program,
WWF is working to
promote the community
based management and
development of
ecotourism
The project generally
aims to:
Spread best fishery
Collaborative
management
To address this threat,

the Conservancy is
working with Dayak
communities to help
them meet their most
urgent needsincluding
sanitation, public health,
and land tenure issues.
In return, communities
sign Conservation
Agreements where they
agree not to participate
Large scale ambitious
project aimed to achieve
ecoregional targets by
linking them to
sustainable economies
and business sectors.
Ecological evaluation in
the Carpathians and
using this to help a)
design an ecological
network
b) to promote
entrepreneurial actions
to support biodiversity
conservation.
Hoping to overlay
ecosystem services with
Targeted landowners are Government
local farmers and
shepherds (very poor)
who are under much
pressure to sell for
conversion to agriculture,
tourism and vacation
homes. This type of
ecosystem calls for
Government
This project uses
Payment for Ecosystem
Services (PES) as the
key strategy to motivate
stakeholders, like
governments and
businesses, to pay for
conservation. The two
major ecosystem
services targeted are
flood protection and
tourism.
Awareness raising:
Commission For The
Managed forestry
Natural product
extraction
Agriculture
Rural domestic
Other
Agriculture
Ranching
No take recreation
None
All water users
No take recreation
Sustainable take
recreation
Ranching
4 Major Targets:
Carbon
Water
Biodiversity
Landscape beauty
Government
Work on the capacity of

government to
implement and enforce
Three coastal districts,
Government
pilot phase with idea that
eventually whole coast
will be involved in
management program.
Other
Hydropower
All water users
Rural domestic
Urban domestic
Sustainable take
recreation
No take recreation
Other
Recreation users
Other
Rural domestic
Ranching
Managed forestry
Natural product
extraction
Agriculture
Other
Rural domestic
Mafia Marine Protected

Area managed by a core
Central government
presence with a back up
by community
involvement.
Less than 5% of the park
is off limits to fishing, this
is a very important area
for both commercial and
subsistence fishermen.
Better forest
management.
Fires management:
working with ejidos to
train in better fire
management and the
use of fire as an
agricultural tool. Some
funding comes from
government the deals
with fire control.
Technical advice to
ejidos in terms of forest
Technical services to
Program Framework
Communication: water
values
Support for Stakeholder
Participation
(headwaters
communities)
Rational water use:
demonstrative pilot
projects
Institutional
strengthening: Water
governance
Information System:
water availability, usage
and reallocation
Protected areas dont
have funding for basic
management, fund
management. Part of
the watershed is owned
by small land owners.
Establish conservation
agreements like zoning
of the land to keep their
productive acitivities. like
cattle and agriculture in
specificaareas
that will
Create
trust fund
where each water user
will allocate funds to
invest in conservation
activities.
Agriculture
Other
Ranching
All water users
Government
Ranching
Agriculture
Other
No take recreation
All water users
Government
Managed forestry
No take recreation
Agriculture
All water users

Hydropower
Agriculture
Agriculture
All water users
Creating a monitoring
framework. This will
basically measure water
quantity & quality,
landuse changes, natural
vegetation
cover.
After Government
TNC is hoping
to implement
Ecosystem assessment initi

Government
Agriculture
Sustainable take
recreation
Managed forestry
Agriculture
Rural domestic
All water users
Urban domestic
The initial pilot projects Managing organization

included reforestation
through planting
seedlings as well as
passive reforestation.
There has also been a
change in the type of
agricultural production to
include oganic farms
TNC has been doing someManaging
or
organization
Government
Ranching
Agriculture
Managed forestry
All
No take recreation
Agriculture
Sustainable take
recreation
Ranching
Urban domestic
All water users
THere are several main prPartner organization
Agriculture
Ranching
No take recreation
Urban domestic
Hydropower
Rural domestic
Bottling plant
All water users
Government
No take recreation
Urban domestic
Rural domestic
Managed forestry
Agriculture
All water users
TNC basically wanted to de

Ranching
Agriculture
All
There are four practices Government

that will allow providers Managing organization
to get the subsidy:
riparian restoration, 20%
forest cover
maintenance, BMPS for
agriculture and ranching
and sanitation
technology.
Ranching
Agriculture
All water users
With the land TNC purchase

Agriculture
Agriculture
There has been reseedingManaging

to
organization
Ranching
All water users

The World Bank is hoping Managing

t
organization
Agriculture
Ranching
No take recreation
All
Agriculture
Some sustainable timber har

No take recreation
Managed forestry
All
Other
The money in Banano/Banani

Ranching
Managed forestry
Agriculture
Urban domestic
All water users
TNC is doing slowly restoriManaging organization
No take recreation
Urban domestic
Rural domestic
Recreation users
Basic idea: legal protectionManaging organization

Sustainable take
recreation
Managed forestry
No take recreation
Urban domestic
Basically EcoAsset Markets

Managed forestry
Agriculture
No take recreation
Urban domestic
Rural domestic
Agriculture
All water users
Recreation users
Mainly the State and

partners have been
Government
trying to improve
on the land by instituting
rules about buffers and
impervious covers.
They are also trying to
buy land to conserve it
and prevent
development.
There is some
restoration
In the core and
zone,research
FDN is bPartner organization
Sustainable take
recreation
Managed forestry
Agriculture
Other
Agriculture
Managed forestry
Ranching
No take recreation
All water users
Agroforestry projects, en Partner organization
No take recreation
Managed forestry
Natural product
extraction
Agriculture
All
NTFP value added activiti Managing organization

Other
Natural product
extraction
Agriculture
All
Conservation activites- pl Managing organization

Government
Sustainable take
recreation
No take recreation
All
Restoration of 20,000 acreManaging organization
No take recreation
Sustainable take
recreation
All
Restoration of flow by remOther
Sustainable take
recreation
No take recreation
All water users
Demonstrating integrated Partner organization

Agriculture
All water users

All
Hiring and training park g Partner organization
Agriculture
No take recreation
Recreation users
TNC and Vivamos mejor Managing organization

helped build trail
systems and the visitor
center
Also helped create signs
Sustainable take
recreation
Agriculture
Recreation users
Working on construction Government

of piping for water for
irrigation and for cities
due to huge loss of water
to evaporation
Building latrines in the
park to prevent water
pollution by tourists. IN
reality the government
will pay community to
develop regular tourist
infrastructure to keep
people out of the Park
No take recreation
Urban domestic
Agriculture
Recreation users
TNC working a lot with

how to run a successful
tourism venture
Trying to show this as an
example for setting a
National user fee
system.
No take recreation
Recreation users
Rural domestic
The area inside the reserve

No take recreation
Recreation users
Rural domestic
In some examples TNC is Managing

ac
organization
No take recreation
All water users

Recreation users
Ranching BMPs included Managing organization

fencing off cattle access
to river, pasture renewal
with no-till, rotational
grazing, integrated pest
and disease
management
Agriculture BMPs
included no-till, croppasture rotation, and
integrated pest and
disease management
Agriculture
Attempted to see benefits Partner organization
Sustainable take recreati Other
Lots of environmental
education programs.
ALso hiring of park
guards for preservation
as well as encouraging
BMPs for coffee,
ranching, and Palma
camedor harvesting.
They are also doing fire
management with some
prescribed fires.
There is also some
reforestation and
restoration occurring
No take recreation
Ranching
Agriculture
Government
All water users

Agriculture
All water users

Who pays general
Who pays specific Who gets payment general
Who gets payment specific
Non-profit
Rural domestic
Community/committee
Committee of stakeholders
Domestic User
Implementing NGO
Other NGO
Domestic User
Non-profit
Committee/Community
Implementing NGO
Other NGO
Recreation users
Rural domestic
Government
Non profit
Government
Implementing NGO
Government
Non-profit
Domestic User
Other private
landowners/users
Implementing NGO
Government
Non profit
Community/committee
Government
Committee of
stakeholders
Other NGO
Non-profit
Industrial/Corporate user
Domestic User
Tax payer
Implementing NGO
Other NGO
Government
Recreation users
Agriculture
Forester
Government
Community/committee
Private land user
Government
Rural domestic
Committee of
stakeholders
Non-profit
Domestic User
Tax payer
Implementing NGO
Government
Recreation users
Community/committee
Private land user
Non profit
Other private
landowners/users
Implementing NGO
Committee of
stakeholders
Committee/Community
Non-profit
Domestic User
Tax payer
Committee of
stakeholders
Implementing NGO
Other NGO
Rancher
Federal tax payers
State tax payers
Government
Private land user

Community/committee
Rancher
Committee of
stakeholders
Private land user
Rancher
Other private
landowners/users
Tax payer
Implementing NGO
Non-profit
Federal tax payers
Industrial/Corporate user Hydropower
Non-profit
Tax payer
Implementing NGO
Government
Private land user
Rancher
Other private
landowners/users
Domestic User
Implementing NGO
Industrial/Corporate user Recreation users
Non-profit
Government
Other corporate
Industrial/corporate
Private land user
Forester
Agriculture
Rancher
Other private
landowners/users
Other corporate
Tax payer
Private land user
Rancher
Other private
landowners/users
Government
Federal tax payers
State tax payers
Non-profit
Tax payer
Implementing NGO
Other NGO
Government
None
Non-profit
Implementing NGO
Community/committee
Rural domestic
Non-profit
Domestic User
Tax payer
Other NGO
Implementing NGO
Government
Recreation users
Community/committee
Non-profit
Domestic User
Implementing NGO
Other NGO
Recreation users
Private land user
Other corporate
Rural domestic
Non-profit
Tax payer
Implementing NGO
Government
Government
Government
Non-profit
Tax payer
Implementing NGO
Government
Non profit
Implementing NGO
Non-profit
Implementing NGO
Government
Private land user

Other corporate
Agriculture
Rancher
Other private
landowners/users
Industrial/Corporate user State tax payers

Tax payer
Implementing NGO
Non-profit
Hydropower
Private land user

None
Other private
landowners/users
Paper mill
Tax payer
Government
Non-profit
State tax payers
Industrial/Corporate user Federal tax payers
Forester
Implementing NGO
Paper mill
Paper mill
Non-profit
Tax payer
Implementing NGO
Government
Private land user
Other private landowners/users
Domestic User
Tax payer
All water users

Government
Municipality
Government
Government
Federal tax payers
Non-profit
Domestic User
Implementing NGO
Other NGO
Recreation users
Private land user
Rural domestic
Domestic User
Recreation users
Community/committee
Domestic User
Recreation users
Government
Community/committee
Municipality
Committee of
stakeholders
Domestic User
All water users
Private land user
Government
Government
Domestic User
Recreation users
Industrial/Corporate user Other corporate

Bottling plant
Paper mill
Energy Company
Other corporate
Community/committee
Tax payer
Domestic User
Private land user
Rancher
Other private
landowners/users
Agriculture
Government
Municipality
Domestic User
All water users
Government
Private land user
Municipality
Other private
landowners/users
Recreation users
Federal tax payers
Domestic User
Recreation users
Government
Government
Domestic User
Recreation users
Community/committee
Domestic User
Recreation users
Community/committee
None
None
Tax payer
Federal tax payers

State tax payers
Private land user
Agriculture
Rancher
Domestic User
Agriculture
Industrial/Corporate user Other private
landowners/users
Hydropower
All water users
Government
Community/committee
Government
Committee of
stakeholders
Non-profit
Tax payer
Community/committee
Private land user
Other private
landowners/users
Committee of
stakeholders
Implementing NGO
All water users
None
None
Tax payer
Non-profit
Federal tax payers

Implementing NGO
Other NGO
Private land user
Agriculture
Rancher
Other private
landowners/users
Tax payer
Non-profit
Federal tax payers

Implementing NGO
Other NGO
Private land user
Agriculture
Rancher
Other private
landowners/users
Domestic User
Tax payer
Non-profit
Implementing NGO
Other NGO
Recreation users
Federal tax payers
Community/committee
Private land user
Other private
landowners/users
Committee of
stakeholders
None
None
None
None
Domestic User
Recreation users
Community/committee
None
Domestic User
Recreation users
None
Community/committee
Private land user
Government
Committee of
stakeholders
Rural domestic
Government
Domestic User
Recreation users
Community/committee
Government
Government
Committee of
stakeholders
Domestic User
Recreation users
Community/committee
Private land user
Other private
landowners/users
Committee of
stakeholders
Domestic User
Rural domestic
Government
Government
Domestic User
Recreation users
Community/committee
Government
Committee of
stakeholders
Municipality
Tax payer
Non-profit
Domestic User
Recreation users
Implementing NGO
State tax payers
Federal tax payers
Private land user
Other private landowners/
Non-profit
Implementing NGO
Other NGO
Non profit
None
Implementing NGO
Other NGO
Domestic User
Recreation users
Community/committee
Committee of stakeholder
Non-profit
Implementing NGO
Private land user
Non-profit
Implementing NGO
Private land user
Non-profit
Implementing NGO
Private land user

Community/committee
Committee of
stakeholders
Agriculture
Other private
landowners/users
Tax payer
Non-profit
Federal tax payers

Other NGO
Private land user
Agriculture
Rancher
Domestic User
Recreation users
Industrial/Corporate user Rural domestic
Non-profit
Urban domestic
Other corporate
Implementing NGO
Other NGO
Private land user
Forester
Agriculture
Other private
landowners/users
None
None
Domestic User
Municipality
Industrial/Corporate user Government
All water users
Agriculture
Other private
landowners/users
Private land user

Community/committee
Agriculture
Other private
landowners/users
Committee of
stakeholders
Private land user

Community/committee
Agriculture
Rural domestic
Committee of
stakeholders
Domestic User
Recreation users
Community/committee
Tax payer
Government
Community/committee
Domestic User
Recreation users
Private land user
Agriculture
Other private
landowners/users
Tax payer
Recreation users
Industrial/Corporate user Municipality
Domestic User
Hydropower
Urban domestic
Government
Private land user
Forester
Agriculture
Other private
landowners/users
Domestic User
Government
Community/committee
Government
Committee of
stakeholders
Recreation users
None
None
None
None
Domestic User
Government
Industrial/Corporate user Rural domestic
Tax payer
Hydropower
Private land user
Other private
landowners/users
Forester
Tax payer
Private land user
Agriculture
Rancher
Other private
landowners/users
Government
Tax payer
Government
Private land user
Agriculture
Rancher
Other private
landowners/users
Tax payer
Non-profit
Government
Other NGO
Implementing NGO
Private land user
None
None
None
None
None
None
Domestic User
Recreation users
Community/committee
Government
Municipality
Committee of
stakeholders
None
None
None
None
Industrial/Corporate user Government

Tax payer
Other corporate
Private land user
Rural domestic
Agriculture
Rancher
Private land user

Domestic User
Other corporate
Rural domestic
Urban domestic
Community/committee
Private land user
Rural domestic
Committee of
stakeholders
Domestic User
Recreation users
Rural domestic
Government
Government
Tax payer
Government
Private land user
Other private landowners/
Domestic User
Other private
Industrial/Corporate user landowners/users
All water users
Other corporate
Government
Government
Domestic User
All water users
Government
Government
Industrial/Corporate user Municipality

Tax payer
Hydropower
Government
Government
Tax payer
Private land user
Agriculture
Federal tax payers

State tax payers
Private landowners
None
None
Non profit
Private land user
Implementing NGO
Other NGO
Rancher
Domestic User
Tax payer
Non-profit
Private land user

Non profit
Agriculture
Implementing NGO
Rancher
Community/committee
Government
Non profit
Committee of
stakeholders
Government
Implementing NGO
Implementing NGO
Federal tax payers
All water users
Industrial/Corporate user Bottling plant

Domestic User
Hydropower
Energy Company
Urban domestic
Tax payer
Federal tax payers
Government
Municipality
Domestic User
All water users
Community/committee
Domestic User
Private land user

Non profit
Forester
Implementing NGO
Domestic User
All water users
Community/committee
Private land user
Rancher
Agriculture
Committee of
stakeholders
Non-profit
Private land user
Agriculture
Other private
landowners/users
Rancher
Agriculture
Implementing NGO
Industrial/Corporate user Other NGO

Tax payer
Municipality
Non-profit
Federal tax payers
State tax payers
Other corporate
Government
Non profit
Implementing NGO
Municipality
Agriculture
Other private
landowners/users
Non-profit
Private land user
Forester
Agriculture
Rancher
Other private
landowners/users
Industrial/Corporate user Energy Company

Tax payer
Federal tax payers
Non profit
Implementing NGO
Other NGO
Domestic User
All water users
Community/committee
Government
Committee of
stakeholders
Government
Implementing NGO
Other NGO
Tax payer
Non-profit
Federal tax payers

Implementing NGO
Private land user

Non profit
Other private
landowners/users
Other NGO
Tax payer
State tax payers

Municipality
Private land user
Forester
Other private
landowners/users
Private land user
Forester
Other private
landowners/users
Agriculture
Tax payer
Non-profit
Government
Private land user
Municipality
Other private
landowners/users
Community/committee
Non profit
Private land user
Other private
landowners/users
Rancher
Agriculture
Committee of
stakeholders
Implementing NGO
State tax payers

Municipality
Other NGO
Federal tax payers

Non-profit
Other NGO
Implementing NGO
Non-profit
Energy Company
Non profit
Private land user
Community/committee
Agriculture
Forester
Other private
landowners/users
Other NGO
Committee of
stakeholders
Non-profit
Other corporate
Private land user

Community/committee
Agriculture
Forester
Rancher
Committee of
stakeholders
Non profit
Government
Implementing NGO
Government
Private land user

Non profit
Implementing NGO
Agriculture
Committee/Community
Non-profit
Committee of
stakeholders
Other NGO
Implementing NGO
Energy Company
Non-profit
Tax payer
Federal tax payers

Other NGO
Implementing NGO
Private land user
Agriculture
Other private
landowners/users
Non-profit
Domestic User
Other NGO
Implementing NGO
Recreation users
Community/committee
Private land user
Agriculture
Other private
landowners/users
Committee of
stakeholders
Tax payer
Domestic User
Recreation users
Federal tax payers
Private land user

Government
Municipality
Other private
landowners/users
Tax payer
Non-profit
Federal tax payers

Recreation users
Implementing NGO
Other NGO
Private land user
Rancher
Agriculture
Other private
landowners/users
Domestic User
Recreation users
Community/committee
Domestic User
Recreation users
Community/committee
Tax payer
Non-profit
Implementing NGO
Federal tax payers
Private land user

Non profit
Other private
landowners/users
Implementing NGO
Non-profit
Implementing NGO
Private land user
Agriculture
Non-profit
Domestic User
Other NGO
Rural domestic
Community/committee
Private land user
Government
Other private
landowners/users
Government
Committee of
stakeholders
Non-profit
Implementing NGO
Other NGO
Community/committee
Valuation/analysis
On the ground implementation Valuation/analysis
Broker involved Comment on payment exchange
Eonomic Valuation Included
Timing of Economic Valuation
stakeholders
Its a loan or credit provided to rural households to start up environmentally sound forms of alternativ
Park entrance fee: tourist

20/30 dollars per night
Trophy hunting fees too
but this is controversial
and due to change
because of the fragility of
the animals being hunted
ie elephants and gorillas
entrance fees used to

help finance project, not
much though
money from communitybased common initiative
groups (ecotourism
initiatives)
There are multiple tiers of payment going on in this region. Some is let out for logging and agricultu
Funds generated from sale of goods from community forests and hunting grounds as well as ecotou
Animas buys easements

from private landowners.
The Animas Trust.
Yes
During project
easements or total proper Yes
During project
fed and state tax payers

because donations are
tax write off. govenrment
subsidies ag all over
not yet determined
buy easements or acquire Yes
Pre-project
Yes
Pre-project
State of Florida would buy Yes
Yes
During project
Pre-project
funding comes from TNC, the government, and other local NGOs.
stakeholders
There is no direct payment Yes
During project
tourism companies generate income from taking visitors to the reserve. these private businesses of
The land belongs to the state of Washington so the lease payment goes to them, however, the state
There is no payment for

services, TNC
contributes funding for
project implementation.
And, TNC is receiving
subsidy money.
There isn't really a payment program set up for usage. Money is spent of BMPs and improving the d
landowners/users
383 million dollar

Yes
Pre-project
purchase of lands from
International Paper.
110 million by private
timber investors who
bought timber rights,
where conservation
objectives could still be
met simultaneously.
250 million by state
agencies from many
different sources.
23 million from
philanthropy, private
donations and some
federal government
There is no payment to a resource provider, money is for implementation of the project (i.e. land, oy
all water users pay munici Yes
Pre-project
Funds generated from sales of NTFPs and ecotourism will go to individuals in the community.
stakeholders
Yes
Pre-project
landowners/users
The local municipality in
Yes
Pre-project
Yes
Pre-project
The financing mechanism isYes
Pre-project
stakeholders
water users pay fee to trust fund managed by a committee of stakeholders. Cleaner production for
The Local Water Drinking Company belongs to the local government but will receive payment by the
Waterservices payment wouYes
Pre-project
The DENR is the managingYes
During project
stakeholders
CRMB receives the money a

Yes
Pre-project
stakeholders
The local Iraya Mangyan
Yes
Pre-project
It is not about PES, but r
Yes
During project
Yes
WWF won funding for this pilot project from the Australian and State Governments. It set aside 200
Payment would be for water user fees
No
LGU and WWF give 14,000Yes

U
During project
No
Yes
Yes
WWF is like a broker

between covenant
organization and
landholder.
WWF pays an average
of $800/site for the WA
herbarium to do a floral
survey.
Yes
Conservation covenants
can be bought by either
the DEC and added to
the national reserve
system, or by the NT for
WWF is like a broker
between covenant
organization and
landholder.
WWF pays an average
of $800/site for the WA
herbarium to do a floral
survey.
can be bought by either
the DEC and added to
the national reserve
system, or by the NT for
During project
No
various forms of income generation for local communities or receipt of funding for natural resource m
No
The payment would come frYes
Pre-project
The payment exchange is thYes
Pre-project
stakeholders
Yes
During project
No
No real payment exchange,Yes
During project
No
Tourists pay for services t Yes
Pre-project
No
entrance fee for park

park tours by local
people
Yes
During project
Yes
Since 2005, TNC

handed over its tasks to
PT. Putri Naga Komodo
(a joint venture between
TNC and PT. Jatasha
Putrindo Utama). PT.
Putri Naga Komodo
collects all fees from
tourism from which the
income is used as the
main conservation
finance tool.
Yes
During project
At the end of the

program, income from
No direct payment exchangYes
During project
Yes
Visitors pay entrance fees Yes
Pre-project
Yes
Pre-project
Yes
During project
No
There are no payment

for ecosystem services
mechanisms yet in place
(potential for carbon
credits).
Donations and funding
come from various nonprofit and private donors.
Yes
The park is managed by th Yes
During project
landowners/users
Yes
During project
landowners/users
Yes
During project
Yes
Liverpool Plains Land Man Yes
Pre-project
Note: Somewhat unclear wha

Yes
Pre-project
bank loans
Yes
During project
Keenjhar - Buyer is
probably the local
government in Karachi,
that deals with supply of
urban water.
Yes
During project
Yes
During project
Keti Bunder - Landusers

who grow red rice and
need nutrient rich aluvian
soils and groundwater
from mangroves.
Pai- hunters &/or
agricultural water users.
Chotiari - water users.
Currently, processing
companies negotiate
with districts on some
rattan supply quota and
the various local
communities are
expected to then supply
this quantity. This goes
without regard for what is
a sustainable amount or
life-stage to take from.
Aim is to connect supply
and demand parties so a
more responsible trade
relationship can evolve.
No
stakeholders
No
A small usage fee for some of the WMA's.
Potential income generati Yes
During project
Idea is to generate a tour
During project
Yes
All potential buyers and
Yes
During project
No
Yes
During project
No
Yes
During project
payment exchanges may occur as a result of some of the alternative livelihood initiatives, however P
No
No
Yes
Payment schemes are
not identified yet and are
still in the development
process.
Potential relationships
suggested from a
scoping study regarding
PES:
Watershed protectionproviders: Dakrong and
Huong Hoa Nature
Reserves & Catchment
residents, to users:
Farmers (irrigation,
Industry (as input, as
product), Government
agencies, Hydropower
plants and their
Various governmental incenYes
During project
During project
No
Government may offer payment (money and materials) to landowners who occup
landowners/users
No
In the process of developing a sustainable financing mechanism to enhance the livelihoods of peopl
No
Besides some local IGAs, there is no major payment exchange for ecosystem services.
No
The registration fees and
Yes
During project
landowners/users
not established yet
Payment to landowners, who are primarily shepherds, not to sell their land for agricultural conversio
government or private inv Yes
During project
Yes
Payments will probably passYes
During project
No
Money generated by Tourism and fishing fees must be used within Mafia MPA. Government manag
No
communities can apply

for grants to startup
plantations. They
receive some outright
support, but there is
usually a match
requirement of
reforestation. Eg. high
investment by people in
labor and land.
During project
Yes
state or local authority
Yes
Yes
money will go to park gua Yes
Yes
Money from water fund will go to park rangers to pay for watershed management.
Yes
During project
Pre-project
During project
nobody really gets a

payment through these
changes. The ecosystem
services benefits acrue
to every stakeholder
(water supply, recreation,
etc.) and includes the
value of doing/using as
well as the avoiding a
cost from damage or
loss of use.
No
There is no formal broker Yes
During project
Yes
FONAG is administrator
of the Fund. They
decide how the money is
spent within the park and
whether it goes into
education of the
community or
reforestation or other
improvements within the
park area.
Yes
Yes
stakeholders
Yes
Yes
Pre-project
Yes
During project
A committee of stakeholde Yes
Pre-project
Yes
Pre-project
/Note: This includes both the original purchase of land (TNC and Gov't paid private landowners/agric
No
THe pilot project in Limon Yes
Pre-project
No
Right now there is no one getting paid for the services but TNC is using tax paying money as well as
No
The exchange here is that the State and the City (NYC) both use revenues to purchase land and ea
No
Right now EcoAsset Markets

Yes
No
RIght now most funding

is through the State by
spending tax dollars.
Some money from
federal tax payers but
much more through the
State
Yes
Basically industries are

contributing money into
the fund which wil be
administered by a
committee of
stakeholders: Coke
Guatemala, Central Am
brewing industry,
Yes
Pre-project
Pre-project
Yes
The money is going to FAN Yes
During project
No
Indigenous communities and are receiving the money from the NTFP goods and donors in order to p
No
Duke Energy is paying

for the reforestation of
the land - the money
goes to TNC who
oversees the replanting
on both their land and
state land; TNC
oversees contracts to
implement reforestation
on all land regardless of
ownership
No
Essentially TNC gets the m Yes
Pre-project
No
A committee of stakeholders came together to raise money to pay for the dam. The committee is ca
No
Idea is to create new subs Yes
No
The NGOs are trying to implement a user fee program, but even without it they are building capacity
No
The fee from tourism goes Yes
Pre-project
Pre-project
No
No
The fee system was set up by TNC using USAID and TNC money to build capacity but essentially it
Yes
Putting money into communYes
No
TNC is leveraging funds from private sources and government sources (NOAA) to invest in commun
During project
Yes
The fisher fund is a collection of money that has been invested. Fishermen can now access that mo
Yes
FONACET is a non profit orYes
Pre-project
Valuation/analysis
Valuation/analysis
Valuation/analysis
Valuation/analysis
Outcome of valuation
Use of valuation Type of economic valuation Services valued
mentally sound forms of alternative income generation. There's also an emphasis on improving households by installing more efficient ene
is let out for logging and agricultural production by private corporations who pay the government for the land. Some payment goes to comm
hunting grounds as well as ecotourism will go to directly benefit individuals or the collective communities.
real estate value of

ranch lands
Change land user

practice
Redirect money to
conservation
Simple
None
Leverage partnerships
Simple
Agriculture water quantity
estuaries provide 2.5 bill Motivate legislation

Change land user
practice
Motivate legislation
Change land user
practice
Simple
Travel cost
Still working out unit of ev Set fees
Simple
over 50% of fishing indust Motivate legislation
Simple
Total
$3,980,000.00 in benefits Change land user

practice
Simple
None
erve. these private businesses often employ and use the knowledge of local people to guide these tours though.
t goes to them, however, the state department of Ecology is also a funder for this project so the government both pays and gets payment fo
pent of BMPs and improving the dam functioning.
sale price and target pieceRedirect money to

conservation
Change land user
practice
Simple
Contingent valuation
(WTP)
ntation of the project (i.e. land, oyster substrate, monitoring).
$8 billion in past 7 years Set fees

Redirect money to
conservation
dividuals in the community.
Simple
Change land user practiceSimple
None
Divers are willing to pay Set fees

a fee (that goes towards Motivate legislation
maintaining the area).
Contingent valuation (WT Aesthetic
Tourism is also the 2nd

highest source of income
in economy
Simple
Aesthetic
eholders. Cleaner production for the contributing industries will be managed by the Guatemalan Center for Cleaner Production (partner org
ent but will receive payment by them. Payment may be in the form of funding or human development.
Set fees
Redirect money to
conservation
Simple
47,350.00 USD generatedMotivate

a
legislation
Simple
None
1.5 million dollars genera Set fees

Simple
None
1.5 million USD from touri Set fees
Simple
(WTP)
reported around 800 milli Change industry practice Cost/benefit

Change land user
practice
te Governments. It set aside 200,000 AUD total for payment to private landholders for land tender agreements. These payments would be
10 liters per day for an av Set fees

Change land user
practice
Redirect money to
conservation
Cost/benefit
Domestic water quantity
Change land user practice
pt of funding for natural resource management come from the government, supporting organizations (like WWF or SNV), or regular buyers o
motivation to change practMotivate legislation

Simple
Change industry practice Cost/benefit
Redirect money to
conservation
Change land user
practice
Change industry practice
Indicated potential for ec Set fees
Simple
Aesthetic
Change land user

practice
Simple
Domestic water quality

Agriculture water
quantity
Agriculture water quality
Recreation water quality
Recreation water
quantity
time-lag for fishermen to Set fees

Simple
Redirect money to
conservation
(WTP)
Aesthetic
Sales are international

Rattan and bamboo are
the biggest sales
None
Change land user

practice
Simple
Simple
Redirect money to
conservation
Ramsar Site
Change land user

practice
carbon credit potential
Simple
Redirect money to
conservation
Set fees
Contingent valuation (WTP)
ecotourism may not be the best strategy at this time Travel cost
Hedonic pricing
Cost/benefit
on-going
Change land user

practice
Redirect money to
conservation
Replacement cost
Cost/benefit
choice of Liverpool Plains Change land user

practice
Redirect money to
conservation
Set fees
Redirect money to
conservation
Change land user
practice
Cost/benefit
Simple
Total
IGAs to target
Change land user practice
PES development
Set fees
Travel cost
Change land user
practice
(WTP)
Redirect money to
conservation
Change land user

practice
Redirect money to
conservation
Simple
Agriculture water
quantity
Recreation water
quantity
Aesthetic
Flood mitigation
Industrial water quality
Industrial water quantity
Total
broader knowledge and data

Change industry practice Simple
Redirect money to
conservation
Simple
None
Set fees
Change land user
practice
Redirect money to
conservation
Elephants not major causeChange land user practice
Total
ve livelihood initiatives, however PES isMotivate

n
legislation
Change land user
practice
Identify possible NTPF

Change land user practiceCost/benefit
and PES opportunities
Simple
The PES study
recommends The study
recommends:Further
research on the
watersheds of Dakrong
and Huong Hoa and their
potential for raising funds
through water pricing for
direct payments to
upland farmers. A to
Change land user
practice
Redirect money to
conservation
Total
No official valuation, but
Change land user
practice
Redirect money to
conservation
Set fees
Change land user
practice
Redirect money to
conservation
o enhance the livelihoods of people in the area.
ecosystem services.
Toursim brings a lot: regis Set fees

Travel cost
Change industry practice Contingent valuation
(WTP)
Simple
General revealed
preference
Cost/benefit
heir land for agricultural conversion or housing development. Not decided who will pay.
Change land user

practice
Redirect money to
conservation
Cost/benefit
Flood mitigation
build business plan
Mafia MPA. Government managed.
working on it
Change land user

practice
Simple
Redirect money to conser Contingent valuation (WTP)
d management.
$x wasted
Change land user

practice
Cost/benefit
Hydropower water
quality
Flood mitigation

Industrial water quantity
Recreation water
quantity
Hydropower water
quality
Negotiated fee for water Set fees
Hydropower water
quality
Sale of development right Change land user practice
Opportunity cost of conve Set fees
Simple
Leverage partnerships andLeverage partnerships

Change land user
practice
Cost/benefit
Simple
Shadow cost
Replacement cost
Flood mitigation
Gov't paid private landowners/agriculture) and the mitigation bank (corporate groups pay the government).
Decided could not do a usMotivate legislation
using tax paying money as well as other money to restore the ecosystem to generate services.
evenues to purchase land and easements and influence management in the Catskills area. Thus, they are using tax dollars to fund forest p
One of the goals is to det Set fees
Price for water - $.28/met Set fees
Simple

Hydropower water
quality
Carbon offset value - C
Set fees
FP goods and donors in order to prevent deforestation.
Value of Carbon so TNC Set fees
Simple
for the dam. The committee is callled the Penobscot River Restoration Trust which consists of the: Atlantic Salmon Federation, Penobscot
Set value for ecosystem s Set fees

Change land user
practice
Redirect money to
conservation
(WTP)
General revealed
preference

Flood mitigation
Nutrient trading
Soil stability
without it they are building capacity so that recreation users have to pay for visits and the money will be reinvested in the community.
Was not a valuation so much as a debate about proper price.
to build capacity but essentially its a fee system in which users pay and the money goes directly to the community. Park guards are federa
Set tourism fee
Set fees
Cost/benefit
Aesthetic
urces (NOAA) to invest in community-based shellfish reef restoration projects. Money sometimes goes to pilot projects and other times to p
ishermen can now access that money for various community-based fishery recovery programs. Note: Also includes mention of fishermen p
Decided the beneficiaries oRedirect money to

conservation
Set fees
Hydropower water
quality
Flood mitigation
Valuation/analysis
Valuation/analysis
Valuation/analysis
Valuation/analysis
Economic valuation comments

Policy Analysis IncludedTiming of Policy analysisPolicy analysis outcome
ds by installing more efficient energy converters.
nd. Some payment goes to community based sales of farmed products.
Yes
cost of fire
water appraisals for
baseline requirements &
demand pinch points to
create a system with
districts to trade water
when its needed and
trade it away when its
not.
Yes
Pre-project
The Laguna Madre produces

Yes
implement Migratory Bird A
(fr: Cork Screwed? WWF Yes

report 2006)
Cork is the sixth highest
global Non Timber
Forest Product (NTFP) vi
export with an estimated
annual export value of
around US$ 329 million.
Cork products generate
approximately 1.5
billion in revenue
annually (Natur
value of water quality and Yes
Yes
A PES program designed to
Pre-project
Endangered Species Act qu
both the local communitie Yes
The Nature Conservation

Act of 1996 allows for
the establishment of
conservancies.
About 14 policy
adjustments have been
made, informed by
bottom up practical
experiences. Modifying
the system all the time.
nt both pays and gets payment for the project.
Yes
During project
The land was sold for

$383 million, and bought
by a partnership of
conservation minded
buyers from private,
state and local
government actors.
IP had expressed an
interest in selling its land.
The Nature
Conservancy and The
Conservation Fund were
allowe
If this can be included, poaching is a large threat to the restoration efforts, which means that that product being produced (oys
The national bill for fire
Yes
Pre-project
understanding the authority
certain mushrooms as well as the Chines Ghost Moth are very valuable and fetch high costs at market, their sustainable mana
There has been a economicYes
During project
a Bupati Decree to support the implementation
Tourist divers were

surveyed through a
willingness to pay (WTP)
study, this motivated the
local government to
create a user fee.
Each town generated
110,000 peso/month
from the diver's fee. This
translates to 1.4 million
peso/year/town.
Studies that have already b Yes
There has been some stud Yes
Pre-project
Pending
or Cleaner Production (partner organiza Yes
During project
WWF helped the FDN obtai
The cattle industry has p
Yes
During project
Motive ministries and bure
Greater Atlantic Forest

contributes 80% of the
Gross National Product.
Yes
Pre-project
Work within existing framework to enforce wate
Study of the main

waterusers showed that
there is seasonal water
consumption
fluctuations, This is
because towns on the
coast have large tourism
industries that respond
to seasonal bu
High tourist visitation

revealed a good source
for ecosystem service
funding source.
Yes
During project
Deputize fishermen as wardens to help guard t
Yes
Pre-project
Local government ordinan
Yes
Pre-project
Economic tool through an ordinance made into
Yes
During project
Water Act
Working For Wetlands
There was previously a

divers only fee to try and
achieve a like-minded
source of funding. This
was abolished, however,
due to ill feelings from
the local diving commun
Very little reaches the

indigenous people, so
this identified source of
income was more
directly targeted.
Also, a willingness to pay
study was conducted
and showed that visitors
would pay to hike the
area.
Forestry industries incur
ments. These payments would be distributed by the Natural Resource Management Regional Council, whom the tender contract was signe
Yes
Addresses: landuse
change as the best way
to solve core problems
(eventual degradation of
water quality in San
Fernando, Sibuyan,
Romblon) & payments
as a sufficient incentive
to motivate landuse
change.
Option: Payments for
ecosystem services
(PES)
By,
Yes
During project
transfer of land rights
Yes
During project
Yes
Pre-project
Yes
Pre-project
Valuation of wetland
plants only at specific
sites. Some other
researchers are looking
at usage by frequency
and amount traded or
harvested.
wetland conservation is of interest nationally in
WWF or SNV), or regular buyers of goods

Yes
During project
Lobbied at national level
Many of these countries ha Yes
During project
If the research on the cir
This project will look at

areas where the most
influence can be felt.
Fisheries are chosen by
biggest commodity
species or suppliers who
represent a significant
proportion of the market.
Yes
artisanal fishing is the m
Yes
Yes
Pre-project
Work to enforce existing le
Socioeconomic studies
going on in 3 local areas.
Project on Legal and
Institutional Framework
and Economic Valuation
of Resources and
Environment in the
Mekong River Region: A
Wetlands Approach.
synthesized a collection
on national policy
frameworks
Mar 06-07, a town the provided nature treks reported 14 tours, 45 tourists, and $691 profit. The elephant tours reported 2203
extreme poverty
threatens the park as
surrounding villagers
may over use natural
resources (this happens
to many national parks in
the area).
Economic valuation can
be a useful tool to
motivate protection and
legislation, this is a top
priority for the p
Fisheries Since surveilla Yes
During project
Much of the value of biodi Yes
During project
Work with high level gov
CI did a basic coastal rural appraisal/economic study for the entire Raja Ampat area.
the United States thirteenth Wetland of International Importance by the Ramsar Convention
Alterra University and Res Yes
During project
granted the status of

voluntary nature reserve
by the prefect of French
Guyana in 1997.
Potential for carbon
sequestration credit
Tourism/entry fee is the

main source of income
for the MPA.
In 2006, the park
received about 1,400
visitors.
Yes
During project
Yes
Pre-project
Yes
Pre-project
specific legislation that strengthens the park's p
A willingness to pay
study was conducted in
1999. It compared
TRNP to other sites and
survey takers were
asked to choose from 3
different fee am
Commissioned- pre
feasibility study for
ecotourism business, 'Is
it even a possibility for
this community?'
Outcome- very unlikely
that this would be good
business, only a minority
would make a profit.
Created a model
simulation for a
ecotourism busines
Revealing value in
protecting the seaturtle's
is the key to this project,
both economic as a
ecotourism attraction
and cultural as a unifying
symbol.
This is a typical Costa
Rican community with
much foreign influence
and external pressure to
develop.
reveal need for alternative approach... commu
Yes
Regional agricultural
Yes
production and
processing are estimated
to be worth $280M/year.
During project
Pre-project
Environmental Benefit
Analysis matrix ranks
proposals in ecological &
biological importance;
bids are selected using
this criteria.
Recent loss in
profitability and l
The forestry sector and

poverty reduction
strategies were analyzed
in conjunction with
relevant polices and
political/regional/internati
onal frameworks.
Mombasa town gets
12000 cubic metres from
the Mararere River in
Kwale daily.
Yes
Pre-project
Impetus to test land tender
A baseline assessment is d Yes
Pre-project
per dollar value of

wetlands
Yes
During project
Yes
During project
12 new village forest rese
Total Economic Value

approach - TEV
1. Direct Use Value
(Market Value Approach)
2. Indirect Use Value
(choice experiments &
replacement cost using
preventative expenditure
methodology.
3. Non Use Value (offsite surveys, W
Share crop rattan with

with other food, rattan
alone can yield 1000$/ha
Through rattan
management groups
(with handicraft and
nursery components), it
is estimated that
members could generate
$US 600-800 in
additional income.
Nursery's cost about
US$400
How to work within existing framework
Local communities depend Yes

h
During project
Legal designation of WM
Wide study on Indonesian t Yes
During project
Integration of district
objectives with park
management plans.
Work towards creation of
national recognition of
Jamursba MPA
Gatalympic brings in 1-2

million yen per year.
During project
Sake and nori

(specifically) from this
area are of very good
reputation so there is
demand at market.
Yes
About 60% of Vietnams GDP

Yes
During project
There are no economic

benefits gained from
protecting elephants (no
tourism revenue) yet the
damage they do to
peoples farms is costly.
Ecologically, however,
elephants are valuable
because they dig up
water for example.
Yes
During project
Yes
Pre-project
A study revealed that

elephants
Fisheries are a big part

of Cubas economy and
the livelihoods of people
in Villa Clara (a small
sample of the fishing
industry in Cuba)
The Fisheries Research
Center - researched
proposed several
different alternatives for
best practice fishing
includin
Creation of Sustainable Fi
No valuations but rather

considerations:
Yes
Pre-project
Yes
Pre-project
Yes
During project
1 national teak
planation and private
owned tea estate
Agriculture - 2 types of
crops: food and cash (for
sale locally w/in country.)
Fire wood demand - for
curing tea, cater to by
tea drying/processing
indust
Assess the dynamics of

PES opportunities and
do feasibility analysis.
There is currently no
enabling legislation,
however, there is a
strong governmental
interest in developing a
conservation law that
may pertain to PES.
A scoping study was
conducted as
The Duck River is the

major water source for
about 250,000 people in
Middle Tennessee. In
addition to residents,
GM's Spring Hill
Manufacturing plant
along with many other
commercial and
industrial businesses
also rely on the water
coming from the Duck.
pursue creation of village
Landuse in the river valle
Yes
Allspice, chicle, and xate
Yes
Would like to do policy

and economic
evaluation, but not called
for by ADB.
Yes
Select local villages for

economic investments
like mushroom
cultivation or honey
harvesting 2nd phase
will be more business
like.
Feasibility studies and
pilot activities f
During project
Reservation of right to in
- Visitor Arrivals
- Average Daily, Monthly
and Annual Boat Trips
- costs and benefits of
capture fisheries and
ecotourism
- willingness-to-pay
(WTP) survey was
conducted in May 2005
to determine how much
visitors interacting with
the whale sharks are
Yes
Pre-project
Yes
During project
Involvement of WWF (local communities and o
timber companies are one Yes
No valuations yet,
however, this is the main
reason for the project.
interested in undertaking
an assessment of the
economic value for
for low intensity
agriculture.
related Carpathian
Opportunity Project need to understand s
Stumbling block is
evaluation, and who will
pay.
Al Appleton (Consultant)
- Catskills-New York City
water supply.
Use to convince
insurance companies or
governments to pay for
restoration or else they
will suffer increasingly
because of climate
change and repeat
flooding
Cost of traditional flood
protection and damage
by flooding compared to
cost of protecting ecosys
Pre-project
id buyer and seller,

willingness to pay and
accept: build a
framework
3/4 national prawn

fishery, supplies 2/3 to
Dares Salaam
fishmarkets. Impacts felt
nationally.
Yes
During project
Tourism is developing
and visitor rates are
increasing: from 1,000
people to 5,000
people/year. New
investors interested in
diving, resorts, and tours.
Designing (what would be f Yes
Pre-project
Enable growth of MPAs along coast
Chihuahua - feasibility s
Yes
During project
opportunity cost study: how much people value clean water, willingness to pay (done by a university student).
Yes
During project
Tax payers are paying twi
Yes
Yes
Pre-project
Redistribution of taxes to
Yes
Pre-project
Stakeholder analysis to
identify relevant policy
tools to engage
stakeholders in process,
creating leverage for
legislation, funding,
stakeholder buy-in, need
for change, etc.
TNC partnered with the National University in Costa Rica to do a local valuation study. They did a social economics study ev
re using tax dollars to fund forest protection by private landowners in the mountain area.
Right now what they are doing is setting up a survey in partnership with a professor from Central Connecticut State University.
Another Economic valuation study in 1994 (by TNC) assessed one hectare of land valley value $500 but same hectare not ir
Economic valuation of the Carbon value was projected. TNC took conservation projection 300 tons/acre and PowerTree wa
ic Salmon Federation, Penobscot Indian Nation, Natural Resources Council of Maine, TNC, Trout Unlimited, American Rivers, Maine Audub
The whole project purpose, Yes
nvested in the community.
Pre-project
Want to do a detailed look
mmunity. Park guards are federal employe

Yes
Pre-project
Knew needed to demonstrate
To pay people in the field, calculate direct costs (cooking, administration of lodge, and guides, etc) so all considered there and
pilot projects and other times to private Yes
Pre-project
Ability to do the project.
o includes mention of fishermen paying for fishing rights in Landowner Transition Comments.
Did a project to see if

beneficiaries of services
and large towns will pay
for the services but the
idea didnt work because
they cant do it.
The towns are not big
enough to support the
fund.
Valuation/analysis
Valuation/analysis
Valuation/analysis
Valuation/analysis
Use of policy analysis Policy analysis comments Ecological analysisEcological analysis comments
Yes
robust ecological
monitoring of plants,
animals (birds, large
mammals, butterflies,
birds) , and tree cover
(spp, and size) by WWF.
Also, training of local
park managers to do like
monitoring on their own
by use of GPS satellite
systems.
There are 6,000
Created in January 2000, the park is a result of the commitments made by the
Stakeholder buy-in
Yes
Highly important area for
How to legally put water b Yes
neo-tropical migrant
birds baseline studies
anadromous fish
vernal pools
blue oak woodland birds
largescale vegetation
patterns and changes
assumptions about
ranching, experimental
grazing systems
deer herds
Reveal need for policy
change
Stakeholder buy-in
ID policy to target
change
ID policy to target
tries to use the benefits

of cork oak (econ and
env) to legislate laws that
protect these areas. on
all levels
Natura 2000 Euro Union
Id'd priority sites, Med
cork oak is one.
legally gazetted areas within the states communal landsthrough Namibias C
Reveal need for policy ch With the threat of oil dri
Yes
The Henderson Inlet and the Woodard Bay wer
Yes
Main reason for project creation. Saw that ther
While local and state inte
Yes
History of land planning

with IP meant familiarity
with the areas. Local
and regional planning
considerations.
Much of the land
purchased is near rivers
and estuaries. Intact
forest land adjacent to
waterways is critical to
their value as habitat for
a
that product being produced (oysters) are of high economic value Yes
Shows where policy changeYes
Measures of the total biomass are indicators fo
Natural forest habitats need fire cycles or build
at market, their sustainable management is useful to local harvesters.
ree to support the implementation of a nlocal government support i Yes
The TNC Rapid Ecological Assessment (2002)
National Forest Policy

sets goals of 25% forest
cover by 2007 and 33%
forest cover by 2012.
Yes
This area is of high impor
Yes
The forest cover in India has been assessed as
Yes
Biodiversity studies of the whole northern Mont
Command and control

methods by the
government are not
producing satisfactory
outcomes, thus the need
for PES schemes.
Innovative Joint Forest
Management (JFM) or
This falls within the

Strengthening
Capacities of the Ministry
of Environmental
Protection and Tourism
to Deal with Problems of
Environmental
Management."
There is lots of policy
revision at present in
Montenegro. A 'Tourism
Master Plan' is currently i
The national government

has taken recent interest
in intensifying agriculture
and development in just
a few of the 65 major
catchment areas in
Australia.
Yes
WWF-Central America supervised and coordin
Yes
Environmental Flows
Research Program looks
at riparian plants and
algae.
Modeling of the water
flows (for potential
agriculture).
The Council of Australian

Governments
Agreement on a National
Water Initiative, calls for
the North
xisting framework to enforce water laws and fees.
Effects observed on
animals (birds, reptiles,
mammals) due to
woodland clearing.
Yes
Hydrology study done to determine which rural
ermen as wardens to help guard the protected area.
Had to go through the

local legal system to be
able to set up the
entrance fee. Also,
stakeholders were
skeptical of the weak
reliability of government.
Yes
It is thought that the Apo Reef area sustains the
Yes
High marine and forest biodiversity area. UNES
ol through an ordinance made into law
Stakeholder buy-in
Soon
By showing the clear

connection between
wetlands and water
supply, wetland
importance has been
incorporated into the
aims of the national
Water Act.
Plantation forestry is also
the only industry that the
government requires to
have an operating permit
ar
Yes
Over 30,300 ha of
wetlands have been
assessed
South Africa is a very dry
country with only
470mm/year rainfall.
12% of the country does
not have access to
potable water.
hom the tender contract was signed with and progress reports
Yes
Community Staff Officers would do a detailed s
National Water Policy 200 Yes
Environmental flow
studies: this is a
perennial river, so when
it runs dry something is
wrong
The Indigenous Peoples RigYes
vegetation/landuse map
cover pattern of change
from 1976 through 2006.
If there is no appropriate
conservation
intervention, the total
erosion rate will increase
by 28 percent in 25
years from the present
rate of 293,267 tons per
year. More importantly,
ervation is of interest nationally in SA
Look at what is possible

to alter at the individual
landowner or user level:
method of harvest or
time for example. If the
issue needs higher
authority then move to
the local village
headman to discuss
organized action.
Yes
Guidelines designed for extension worker to wo
The national Working for

Wetlands
West Aus Gov used to haveYes
Look at GIS maps,

vegetation maps, aerial
photos, type of canopy.
This is not very exact so
also investigate on the
ground to compliment
and create a priority list.
Factors include: bush
first, surrounded by ag
system, wind blown
chemical, weeds, unfen
West Aus Gov used to haveYes
Look at GIS maps,

vegetation maps, aerial
photos, type of canopy.
This is not very exact so
also investigate on the
ground to compliment
and create a priority list.
Factors include: bush
first, surrounded by ag
system, wind blown
chemical, weeds, unfen

change
Empower community to participate

change
Decisions by the InterAmerican Tropical Tuna

Commission can dictate
laws for fishermen.
This project goes first to
fishermen with new
technology to help
familiarize them before a
predicted shift in policy
will require then to adopt
new technology.
Yes
New policies and legislative reforms have recently been introduced by the government of Mozambiq
Policy analysis was done p Yes
The elephant tours reported 2203 rides, 3989 tourists, and $23
Yes
WWF was already in the regions where WAP is
Exploration of Xe Pian's natural resources that
Yes
This is very clearly an important habitat for man
Komodo National Park falls under the jurisdiction of District Manggarai Barat.
ID policy to target
Land allocation comes thro Yes
Quang Nam province ecoregi
December 2006 - Raja Ampa

Yes
Ecological assessment
in 2003, Raja Ampat is
rich in marine marine
biodiversity.
Conservation priorities:
coral reefs are resilient
and rich in coral reef
species. Habitat for
whales, dolphins, turtles,
etc.
Data collection: following
up the ecoregiona
Yes
Water Quality
Management Program
by the Texas
Commission on Env.
Quality.
USGS - lots of hydrologic
& wildlife monitoring.
Nutrient loading (mercury
etc.) cause
overproduction and then
eutrophication of the
lake. Unnatural nutrient
levels can also faci
ID policy to target
Stakeholder buy-in
1997 Parties to the Unite
Yes
researchers from various

universities and research
institutions visit Tresor to
do studies. They
primarily document the
rich floral and fauna
populations.
ation that strengthens the park's prote There is a need to reconci Yes
WWF - Philippines
described Tubbataha as
probably the most
important marine
protected area in the
Sulu Sea.'
1998 bleaching event
hydro study: fish larvae
and coral larvae are
circulated within Sulu
Sea and to near by reef
of mainland Palau (a
very imp
ID policy to target
or alternative approach... community
hunting seaturtles & confi Yes
Chiriqui Beach is considered the most importan
Leatherbacks are importantYes
50 nests per year

between 2004 and 2006.
This project initially
focused on the
leatherback population,
but has expanded to all
seaturtles who nest of
the beach. WWF staff
and local community
members do vigilant
monitoring during nesting
times.
Stakeholder buy-in
In Tanzania the
Yes
institutional frameworks
that structure the
interactions of people
and forests and wildlife
are largely an inheritance
from the colonial
governments (CEPF
2003).
Until recently, protection
focused on watersheds
rather than biodiversity
an
The Udzungwa Mountains are home to many ra
Decade of Landcare
from 1990 to 2000.
The Liverpool Plains

catchment covers 1.2
million hectares of some
of Australias most
productive winter and
summer cropping land,
however, decreases in
productivity due to poor
landmangament
practices threaten this
landscape and the
farming way of life
Successes from USA

Conservation Reserve
Program and the
Victorian BushTender
trial.
First time natural
resource tenders
developed and run by a
community group in
Australia. Test of
market-based strategy.
Stakeholder buy-in
ID policy to target
Completed through consultan

Yes
Assessments of endemic and/or threatened co
ID policy to target
within existing framework
1998 Forest Policy - encou Yes
Yes
Initial biodiversity and socio-economic surveys
In the Sindh province of

Pakistan, all water
resources are dependent
on the Indus River that
flows through the area
from the north and leads
to the Arabian Sea.
Keenjhar: water qualityupstream Indus pollution,
excessive silt deposition,
soil erosion, h
Land use and ownership

structures:
Cambodia - commune
system: 3-4 villages,
forest land owned by
whole community.
Lao PDR - slightly more
individual ownership and
recognition of villages.
Little to no political
infrastructure in forest
policy.
Local
Yes
Forest surveys: lots of good land draws pressu
WMAs are already establishe

Yes
Researchers in the area agreed that the Madan
ID policy to target
In 2002, following a speci Yes
WWF-TNC-CI partnership focused on the Bird
The concept of a sustainab Yes
In 1996, WWF - Japan was initially involved by
ID policy to target
Payments for environmentalYes
The Tri An reservoir is

impacted by:
pollution from
aquaculture farms,
industrial and residential
waste, deforestation,
poor agricultural
practices.
Steep faces to the North
and East of the reservoir
that contribute to the
high alluvial content in
the wa
Yes
There is no legal
framework for parks and
therefor none for
conservation work done
within.
In 2002, government of
Mozambique declared
the Quirimbas
archipelago a national
park in response to a
request from local
communities and other
stakeholders who
change
The Cuban government is ve

Yes
In addition to the park,

WWF among many other
university and research
organizations conduct
studies addressing
natural resources and
biodiversity in the park.
Some specific WWF
focuses are:
The elephant human
interaction
cybertracking (GPS) of
elephant
Marine fish populations
ID policy to target
Decentralization of gover
Yes
The landscape of the East Usambaras houses
ID policy to target
change
Biodiversity law currently

being developed by the
Ministry of the
Environment. Could
serve as basis for a pilot
to co-manage key areas.
Yes
wildlife, timber forestry,

biodiversity, etc.
Ecoregion named as on
of Global 200 priority
landscapes.
Land laws are being

redrawn. Revising of
land use and protection
classification.
In March 2000, over

eighty scientists from
Cambodia, Lao P.D.R.,
Vietnam, and many other
countries participated in
an ambitious and
groundbreaking ass
Red books are issued

when land is
ID policy to target
change
Partner with TDEC & the

DRA WRC to establish
revised instream flow
policy for the Duck River
based on new analyses.
Work with local
landowners to employ
relevant farm bill and
landuse management
funding.
Utilize appropriate state
and federal funds to pu
Yes
The U.S. Geological

Survey calls the Duck
River one of three hot
spots for fish and mussel
diversity in the world.
Hydrological flow models
developed for the Duck,
IHA analysis, and Limits
of Hydrologic Alteration
methodology to assess
critical flow para

change
ID policy to target
Opposition rights are rese Yes
Goal: freshwater habitats

and environmental
processes are
maintained or restored.
The area of the river
basin can be divided in 7
hydrological sectors:
Goms, Brig-Leuk, Sierre,
Pfynwald/Finges, Sion,
Martigny, and Chablais.
Each has received its
own sp
During the civil war the

presence of the
Communities of
Populations in
Resistance (CPRs)
helped keep much of the
landscape protected.
1998 Tropical Forest
Conservation Act (TFCA)
Policy of Non-timber
Forest Product
Extraction
Policy of Slumses guides
coo
Yes
Communities learning legal Yes
Sierra del Lacandn is

the only physical
connection between
northeastern Chiapas
the lowlands of the
Petn.
Sustainable usage of the
area is possible as
Classical Mayan
civilization has shown,
through this example a
modern adaptation could
possibly emer
Illegal settlement
threatens to fragment the
80% of province that is
already connected.
Biodiversity reviewputting everything on a
map, low, med, & high
biodiversity value, to do
a threats analysis.
1/3 of the involvement is
contracted to WCS for
rese
Yes
Low lands and coastal

plains are good for
agriculture, while the
upland hills and the dry
plains receive less rain.
Landscape OAM
database, water sources,
natural resources,
sources of income,
houses. compiled for 3
villages. Surveys done
for 2 years.
of WWF (local communities and other Since the end of civil war
Laws and the provincial

and local level were
reviewed when
developing the
community based
ecotourism business
plan and
recommendations.
Provisions relating to the
protection and
conservation of coastal
resources and
ecosystems, as well as
revenue genera
Yes
Niassa Reserve and the

Rovuma-Lugenda
catchment are high
priorities for ecological
and biodiversity
conservation. They
represent a unique
community of endemic
species.
Yes
During the months of

December to June,
Donsol reports the
greatest number of
whale shark sightings
than anywhere else in
the world.
In order to sustain the
benefits generated by
whale shark ecotourism
to the local economy,
there is a need to
undertake c
recent decentralization of Yes

government
work within legal
framework to place
protection on certain
areas
Scientists believe that the Province's Kelay Riv
Yes
ecological evaluation in the Carpathians to help
Yes
Biodiversity mapping - very clear, complied by l
Yes
Weve done lots of mapping
h of MPAs along coast
Parks in Tanzania
managed by a core
Central government
presence with a back up
by community
involvement.
Yes
Longterm monitoring of
reef ecology
Pearl oyster (primarily
WWF)
Realize that Protected
Areas are not sufficient
to sustain biodiversity
and ecosystem services,
must use ecoregion
approach. (eg. can just
overfish all around MPA
and stocks will suffer)
Yes
In 2007, hired a natural

resource economist
consultant to research
and recommend
conservation strategy
and funding mechanism,
working with them now
on implementation.
Spreading MPA to other

areas Central Government
Fisheries Division:
traditional manager.
But as far as artisan
fisheries, policy is
moving towa
Follow up economic
valuation study with
increased policy
advocation. Promote
public and private
investment and improve
the use of government
funds in the forest sector
(managing funds given
for more effective
improvements).
Mexican law states that
all
Over 300
species/hectare, Spanish
cedar and mahogany
(timber important). Not
specific
Idea is VOLUNTARY
payment from big cities
to implement
management in
headlands.
Legal framework does
not allow local
governments to allow for
environmental charges
though.
iversity student).
Yes
Sierra de la Mara irrigation district: nugget, corn
Stakeholder buy-in
ID policy to target
change
Stakeholder buy-in
Water supply risk (drough Yes
Water supply risk (drought days and minimum s
Yes
Stakeholder buy-in
ID policy to target
change
Baseline biodiversity assessment done before
did a social economics study evaluating how much the society could pay and how to distribute that money. The study demonstrated that
ntral Connecticut State University. The survey will be of forest landowners in the borderlands to determine the price point (their willingness t
alue $500 but same hectare not irrigated; if has irrigation $10,000 value of water. Value of land based on water understand rationale of e
Yes
No economic valuation done
300 tons/acre and PowerTree wanted to use 450 tons going to be more a conservative effort. Sold the carbon for about $2/ton in a lump
ed, American Rivers, Maine Audubon
ID policy to target
change
s, etc) so all considered there and then there is a 30% extra for lodge not sure about the % but something discussed in the consortium an
change
In many cases, because of sea floor ownership TNC has to do a policy analysis to understand what
Compliance monitoring Compliance monitoring Compliance monitoring Compliance monitoring
Compliance monitoring
What Biodiversity
included is being
How
monitored
is Biodiversity
forIn
compliance
how
being
many
monitored
locations
for
iscompliance
biodiversity being monitored for complian
Yes
wildlife dynamics, logging quotas for companies
Yes
piecemeal monitoring of various types of wildlife
Yes
Yes
Yes
grazing effects on blue oak woodlands
Yes
Yes
wildlife hunted by species various methods depending

each conservancy
Yes
fish species spawning
on Inlet and the Woodard Bay were identified as optimal and strategic sites for Olympia oyster restoration by both local shellfish biologists a
or project creation. Saw that there was still a chance to conserve to the native biodiversity. Site ranked high in ecoregional planning, many
the total biomass are indicators for ecosystem services like water filtration and habitat generation.
habitats need fire cycles or build up of fuel causes massive fires and is destructive to the system.
pid Ecological Assessment (2002) reported that Southeast Misool, one of the major Raja Ampat Islands, has outstanding biological diversity
Yes
Diver passes, fishing prac Baneay Dagat volunteers Whole area
ver in India has been assessed as 67.83 million hectares and constitute 20.64 per cent of its geographical area in 2003. The total forest co
tudies of the whole northern Montenegro area have been done in the past 1.5 years. These have highlighted 4 key regions for attentions, D
l America supervised and coordinated CINPEs groundwork with Defensores de la Naturaleza; CINPE research has confirmed that that is a
udy done to determine which rural areas to target with their respective stewards.
hat the Apo Reef area sustains the fisheries of all 9 barangays in Sablayan. This is also a place for seasonal bird nesting and egg laying.
and forest biodiversity area. UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve.
Yes
taff Officers would do a detailed site assessment target sites of their environmental and biodiversity status. Vegetation structure, condition,
Yes
esigned for extension worker to work with local person to do an easy assessment in the field. Basic science assessment. Concentrates on
d by the government of Mozambique that enhance the role and rights of local communities in the management and products of natural reso
eady in the regions where WAP is starting programmes. They have already conducted a major biodiversity study from which WAP will use
f Xe Pian's natural resources that could potentially draw tourism like wildlife (birds, mammals, reptiles), forests, culturally significant sites etc
early an important habitat for many species that live in the park, as well as water source of many people.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
h is considered the most important place for hawksbill seaturtle, and the second most important for leatherback nesting in the Caribbean.
Yes
Marine turtle poaching
wa Mountains are home to many rare and endemic species of flora and fauna (see Lovett & Wasser 1993 for a review). The montane forest
of endemic and/or threatened coastal forest and non-forest species show no negative trends in population dynamics.
rsity and socio-economic surveys were done in the area during the first phase of the project (1996-99).
s: lots of good land draws pressure from rubber and bio fuels industries etc. (both foreign contractors & joint ventures).
in the area agreed that the Madang lagoon had very important ecological and biological attributes that should be protected against overfish
I partnership focused on the Birds Head region has been working on gathering scientific data on many marine and coastal issues to be use
F - Japan was initially involved by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment to select and do scientific data and population dynamics on the
Yes
e of the East Usambaras houses some of the most important and threatened biodiversity in Africa. This area is also home to many people
ieve that the Province's Kelay River watershed is home to over 10 percent of the world's remaining wild orangutan population. Due to its de
aluation in the Carpathians to help a) design an ecological network and b) to promote entrepreneurial actions to support biodiversity conserv
mapping - very clear, complied by local partners.
ots of mapping
Mara irrigation district: nugget, corn, onions, chilles, soy.
risk (drought days and minimum safe yield) vs. habitat improvement/increase (square meters) for trout, american shad and the endangered
Yes
Status of easement properties.
iversity assessment done before the project even started
ney. The study demonstrated that the people of Limon would
e the price point (their willingness to sell) their deve
n water understand rationale of explanations.
Yes
Yes
carbon for about $2/ton in a lump sum payment average amount
Yes
ng discussed in the consortium and decided on 30% - en
olicy analysis to understand what rights and abilities they need to get before they can enact the projects.
Start date for Biodiversity

Frequency
Compliance
of Biodiversity
Monitoring Compliance
Who collects
Monitoring
Biodiversity
Who
Compliance
analyzes Biodiversity
data
Compliance data
annual
annual (every December)
by both local shellfish biologists as well as TNC Washington marine scientists. Restoring the oysters will also help restore the natural
igh in ecoregional planning, many aquatic conservation targets mussels, rare cave fauna. 150 species of native fishes, very diverse
as outstanding biological diversity and stunning marine and terrestrial habitats. Misool harbors reefs that show high survival from the 1998
1998
Daily
l area in 2003. The total forest cover has increased slightly, mainly due to the increase in open forests ( canopy density 10-40 %); but
hted 4 key regions for attentions, Durmitor-Tara is one and chosen for its high biodiversity.
earch has confirmed that that is a positive relationship between the cloud forests of SMBR and ground and surface water supplies for surro
nal bird nesting and egg laying.
s. Vegetation structure, condition, composition, proximity to other areas, weeds, visible salinity, feral animals, fire regime. The si
ce assessment. Concentrates on different species harvest, amount in sites, and supply in terms of utilization. Simply supply versus dem
ment and products of natural resources life wildlife and other ecosystem services. These
ty study from which WAP will use information.
ests, culturally significant sites etc.
rback nesting in the Caribbean.
for a review). The montane forest includes local endemic botanical species such as Drypetes gerrardininioides and the shrub Zimmermann
n dynamics.
int ventures).
ould be protected against overfishing and other destructive practices. When they voiced this to the people, they agreed and worked toward
arine and coastal issues to be used in the management and zonation of Abun Marine Protected Area, which includes Jamursba Medi and C
a and population dynamics on the islands of the mainland of Japan. 80 sites were nominated for research, using Flyway Shorebird & wetla
area is also home to many people who rely directly on the landscape for their survival. The forest cover of this area is declining due to c
angutan population. Due to its dependency on the three focus forest types, the orangutan has been identified as a "flagship species." S
ons to support biodiversity conservation. Hoping to overlay ecosystem services with other biological attributes to identify the critical
merican shad and the endangered dwarf wedgemussel (calculated using a habitat model decision support system) was essentially at the co
TNC or BLM?
Who analyzes Biodiveristy

Who Compliance
performs Biodviersity
Samples End
Compliance
date for Biodiversity
Data analysis
Who
Compliance
pays for Biodiversity
MonitoringCompliance data collection
also help restore the natural
native fishes, very diverse
show high survival from the 1998
anopy density 10-40 %); but
d surface water supplies for surrounding v
als, fire regime. The si
ion. Simply supply versus dem
oides and the shrub Zimmermanniopsis. The
e, they agreed and worked toward
ch includes Jamursba Medi and Cendrawasih
h, using Flyway Shorebird & wetla
this area is declining due to c
fied as a "flagship species." S
utes to identify the critical
t system) was essentially at the core o
o pays for Biodiversity Who

Compliance
pays forsample
Biodviersity
analysis
Comments
Compliance
ondata
Biodiversity
What
analysis
Ecosystem
Compliance
Services
monitoring
are being monitored for Compliance
logging quotas are often poorly enforced due to both under-representation
grassland health
test basic assumptions abograzing levels, residual

dry matter (how much
left after grazing)
conservation easements,
oak seedling
regeneration
Water retention, Phosphorus load reduction
Must submit a report to the government at the end of every year that track
quotas of caught fish
Fish catch
FSC regulations on
operations
compliance of IPs on pr
Poaching is now almost non existent, and when it happens it is by foreign
marine populations better performance of marine sa
A monitoring program is under development
No deforestation
Illegal use
e Ecosystem
In how
Services
many locations
being monitored
are Ecosystem
for Compliance
Start
Services
date forbeing
Ecosystem
monitored
Frequency
Services
for compliance
compliance
of Ecosystem
monitoring
Services compliance monitoring
d due to both under-representation of take by a company as well as naivety of park guards.
20 ranches
1997
annual
on, Phosphorus load reduction
2006
at the end of every year that tracks the activity on each conservancy. These are reports of wildlife taken (hunted etc) and must comply with
village officials and/or park guards
every 6 months
nd when it happens it is by foreigners who want to make the quick cash by selling the eggs to local bars.
biodiversity, population dynamics, fishermen catch size, etc.
Yearly
Park guards
Who collects EcosystemWho

Services
analyzes
compliance
Ecosystem
Who
dataServices
analyzescompliance
Ecosystem
Who
data
Services
performscompliance
EcosystemSamples
Services compliance Data analysis
TNC staff
FRESP
FRESP
hunted etc) and must comply with quota limits assigned by species and state of population from year to year
date for Ecosystem

WhoServices
pays forcompliance
collection of
Who
monitoring
Ecosystem
pays for Services
Ecosystem
compliance
Services
Who pays
compliance
data
for Ecosystem
sample
Services
analysis
compliance data analysis
FRESP
FRESP
ments on Ecosystem
WhatServices
Socioeconomic
compliance
factors
How
monitoring
are
are being
Socioeconomic
monitored
In how many
factors
for locations
compliance
being are
monitored
Socioeconomic
for compliance
factors being monitored for co
funds generated from community based organizations
Peoples' use of the park and the surrounding lands
adaptive landscape management- yearly assessments determine grazing schedule for ranches with conservation easements.
working well, good relationships with landowners
limitations are no gill

nets, long lines,
seasonal and size
restrictions that apply to
all national waters.
Anyone who fishes with
the intent to sell must
apply to the Fisheries
dept. for a commercial
fishing license. Most of
these fishermen belong
to a
catch amount has declined from 10 kilos/day to 2 kilos/day, much more sustainable.
Adherence to water laws and regulations
8 districts
blast fishing frequency
ranger observation
harvesting quotas, wildlife community ranger patrols, the Camtrakker, which detects heat and motion
resource use
park user activities
park rangers
community capitals, well-being, practices and attitudes
creation of sanctuary has notable conservation & livelihoods impacts. Residents now catch more fish of better quality, and cert
Ensure that no illegal logging is occurring. Done by the park guards.
Ensuring there is no
illegal logging occurring.
Cinergy paid for 3 years
then DNR absorbed
A major part of the project was to train park guards and tour operators how to try to police for illegal park entrants since this wa
art date for Socioeconomic

Frequency
compliance
of Socioeconomic
monitoringWho
compliance
collects Socioeconomic
monitoring
Who analyzes
compliance
Socioeconomic
data
compliance data
es with conservation easements.
1996
rangers
rangers
ker, which detects heat and motion much like a burglar alarm, and the Trailmaster which takes a picture when its infra-red beam is broken.
daily
more fish of better quality, and certain species have returned after disappearing due to overfishing come back!
illegal park entrants since this was common in the area.
ho analyzes Socioeconomic
Who performs
compliance
Socioeconomic
Samples
End compliance
date for Socioeconomic
DataWho
analysis
pays
compliance
for collection
monitoring
of Socioeconomic compliance data
hen its infra-red beam is broken. TRAFFIC and FFR patrols
Compliance monitoring Compliance monitoring Compliance monitoring Performance monitoring
pays for Socioeconomic

Whocompliance
sample anaylsis
Comments
compliance
on Socioeconomic
data analysis compliance
Performance
monitoring
monitoring included
Yes
Yes
for example, a local honey making enterprise with over 400 workers can g
Given its minimal resourcesYes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
National Park Authority pays ranger salaries
Monitoring on the
number of blast incidents
heard by rangers from
terrestrial post-guard
indicated that destructive
fishing practices have
reduced significantly due
to a combination of
regular patrol and
awareness.
Prior to regular patrol, on
average, ra
Yes
Community rangers patrol vYes
resource use monitoring
Yes
Yes
Yes
Park rangers insure that no Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
The current rate of deforestation is approximately 80,000 hectares per ye
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Performance monitoringPerformance monitoringPerformance monitoringPerformance monitoring
at Biodiversity is being
How
monitored
is Biodiversity
forIn
Performance
how
being
many
monitored
locations
for
isPerformance
biodiversity
Start
being
datemonitored
for Biodiversity
for Performance
Performance Monitoring
plants, animals, tree cove GPS
Mega Fauna
surveys
rprise with over 400 workers can generate FCFA 1 million/year.
Wildlife dynamics
site surveys, aerial survey all
1990
rare plant species, salmon species, baseline neo-tropical bird, woodland birds, botanical composition, deer herds
rat population and native spp
species behavior; number of spawning fish
oyster recruitment on shel observation of population whole site
oyster recruitment
size, density, vertical bui TNC
reef health
Coral reef health
coral health and cover, reewater temperature data collector and park guards who do fish counts on top of WWF experts
plant species
only a few sites
Greater Kudu
sightings, trends
Many wildlife- flamingos,
various bugs as
indicators of
environmental quality,
other ungulates,
mountain goats etc.
LBNR area and surrounds LB catchment/river basin
Komodo Dragon
protected area effectiveness, populations of key species like Saola, primates (gibbons and dukes), tigers, the Edward pheasan
flora, fauna
survey
REEF HEALTH
corals, fishes,
seagrasses, seabirds,
marine plankton, and
marine mammals, such
as dolphins and whales
observations
Marine turtle nesting
Marine turtle poaching
manual counts
1982
endemic and/or threatened species
both coastal forests and non-forest habitats
fish populations
observation and first hand 4 WMAs
seaturtle reproduction, reesatellites, GIS, observation
2006
oximately 80,000 hectares per year, the population growth in the Guatemalan Petn is 7% to 10% per year
Elephant populations
aerial surveys
whale shark populations photo identification & satellite tagging
reef, mangroves
Vegetation mapping
Rare species
communities
Vegetation sampling baseline
Baseline completed
Vegetation monitoring (%
cover) both City and
TNC
Rare species monitoring
by both
City veg surveys, veg

4 locations for TNC
plots
TNC has permanent veg
plots on 75 of their 500
acres
Since the mid 1980s
Vegetation, butterflies, mosquitos, biting flies, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, fish, water fowl, birds, aquatic invertebrates
Invasive species
Looked for annually
Birds
Habitat quality
Fire
bird and bee surveys
FLora and fauna
Within the ranch that TNC purchased and transferre 1998
requency of Biodiversity Performance

Who collects
Monitoring
Biodiversity
Who
Performance
analyzes Biodiversity
data Who Performance
analyzes Biodiveristy
data
Performance Samples
every 2 yr
2 yr cycles
annual
mposition, deer herds
TNC, Animas, Malpai
TNC, Animas, Malpai
Point Reyes Bird Observatsame
monthly
twice a year, winter and s TNC
twice a year
TNC
once a year
nts on top of WWF experts
WWF and DENR
WWF and DENR
3 consultants, project staff, and local stakeholders
nt/river basin
WWF, local government staff, Ornithology Department of government, Herbarium, local universities
ukes), tigers, the Edward pheasant.
annual
Tubbataha research and monitoring team, as well as many other researchers who come to the site
regular basis
project executants & secretariat based in Nairobi
annual
WWF & local fishermen
every 1-2 years
WWF
WWF
Annually, summer
TNC and City of Eugene TNC and City of Eugene TNC and City of Eugene
wl, birds, aquatic invertebrates
TWI, Mac Murray College, Univ of IL Springfield, TNC, IL Nat Hist Survey
TNC
bimonthly
Vivamos Mejor
o performs BiodviersityEnd
Performance
date for Biodiversity
Data analysis
Who
Performance
Monitoring
Who
Performance
data collection
Performance sample analysis
continous
TNC, Animas, Malpai
TNC
TNC
ent, Herbarium, local universities, foreign universities etc.
Zwani Spelt fund, together with the WWF
esearchers who come to the site
WWF Denmark
TNC and City of Eugene perpetuity
BPA for TNC and MitigatioBPA for TNC and Mitigatio
ho pays for BiodviersityComments

Performance
on Biodiversity
dataWhat
analysis
Ecosystem
Performance
Services
monitoring
How
are are
being
Ecosystem
monitored
Services
for Performance
being monitored for Performance
WWF conducts wildlife surveys, especially in Benou National Park.
elephants, great apes,

human impacts on
resources. Logging,
forest
Surveys, 2 years wildlife
cycles
riparian ecosystem health, overall health and landscape condition, produc

Active research projects
include rare species
monitoring (in
conjunction with New
Mexico Game and Fish
Department,
Endangered Species
Branch) consisting of
periodic surveys of
abundance
grassland (on ranches) health pre-post burn, cattle grazing patterns, large
wetland restoration, water Multiservice Environment
successfully remove rats from Anacapa Island, restoring balance to the ecosystem and resulting in a
wetlands, forests, wildlife, and tourism impacts
TNC does this biodiversit Landings (Catch per Unit Ef

records, self reporting, an
TNC will take sediment cores to look at the invertebrate community at both restored and control site
Frye is in the beginning stages of the project, they've laid the shell and are waiting to see if it works.
water quality
local volunteers and private researchers primar
A lot of attention is being paid to the monitoring different aspects of the lands purchased. TNC - Atla
funding is to run out in Fe biomass in sanctuaries
fuel levels in forested areas
reef health
spawning aggregation
sites
resource utilization
See "Aquatic conservation values of the Daly River Catchment, Northern Territory, Australia."
Main water user problems
WWF does more continuos

Fisheries economy
total money generated from
success of wetland rehabi existence and health of we
a mid-term evalution 2.5 yeflow regime of the Ruaha
Landcover transitions 197 Landsat and field surveys
take note of species that are important to societies
Approximately 180
water quality in swamps, lake, and river areas.
sightings of Greater
Kudu, largest count ever
in LBNR.
Routine monitoringweekly, mainly from local
government staff, of lake
level, water quality,
occurrences of flamingo
death, and other issues.
Quarterly monitoring toooften inc
seaturtle caught, fisherme researcher goes out on boats with fishermen fo
monitoring of ecotourism compare income of those participating in ecoto
Forest health
Dragon monitoringReef health

roaming
Spawning aggregation
Prey analysis population sites
for the komodo
Setting up law enforcement database
rate of conversion
hydrology
regular patrol
reef health and fish abun resource use: number of

vessels, catch, species,
methods etc.
fish abundance/health:
sometimes analyze
stomach contents
a number of studies
carbon sequestration potenliterature and landscape reviews
have been done so far
by researchers of the
National Herbarium of
the Netherlands,
department Utrecht,
Physical geography
(UU), the Natural History
Museum in Paris and the
IRD (Institute for
Developmental
Research) in Cayenne
The Herb
In 1982, a combined
fish catch
team from the
Government and the
University of the
Philippines Marine
Science Institute carried
out one of the first
scientific surveys of
Tubbataha.
reports from local fishermen
Still, it was not until 1997

that the monitoring of the
reef was standardized.
Since
Marine turtle monitoring efforts were started in 2003 by the Caribbean Conservation Corporation (CC
of leatherback
(Dermochelys coriacea),
black turtle (Chelonia
mydas agassizi) and
olive ridley (Lepidochelys
olivacea) nests have
been successfully
protected and
experience almost no
plundering.
10,000 leatherbacks,
black turtles and olive
ridleys hatche
size and type of improvemthrough tender proposals
assessments of endemic
and/or threatened
coastal forest species
within target landscapes
show no declining
population trends over a
10 year period.
population assessments
of endemic and/or
threatened species
within non-forest habitats
show no declining p
The Manus Rapid Ecologicreef health
Since 2003, collaborate

with NOAA & local
universities to do satellite
tracking and
improvement on
standardized monitoring
protocol. - 40% of the
annual nests are gone
due to predation.
- connectivity of marine
protected areas in
Indonesia, climate
change resilience,
protection of endangered
species.
- seaturtle nesting,
poaching, and trade
dynamics.
GIS maps were created

using information on
important nesting areas,
Tidal flats health
observation
Cat Tien National Park has the most mammal species of any park in Vietnam.
Vegetation surveys
marine santuaries, elephant populations
cybertracking capacity
within the park (a system
that uses computerlinked GPS reading to
track animal movements
GIS maps of the park
study of food security
within the PNQ,
particularly with respect
to the impact of
elephants
wild dog s
Landscape changes
Threat Reduction Assessments; Disturbance Tr
Landscape OAM
database, water sources,
natural resources,
sources of income,
houses. compiled for 3
villages. Surveys done
for 2 years.
Elephants have been
moved to reduce conflict
with farmers etc.
Monitoring plots through
aerial surveys to asses tr
Mar 2007- photo

identification & satellite
tagging of whale sharks
in the Donsol marine
area.
WWF- Denmark is
funding the whale shark
monitoring program
Fish caught
Fishermen report to local government
Habitat monitoring: 1-2 ye fish capture, catch trends surveys, observation
Carbon credit possibilities Using Winrock International methods
The monitoring plan will b Hydrologic flow

Water quality
BPA for TNC and Mitigation bank funds for City
Water quality and water quDepth of water at

different points
general TMDL
Carbon credits
Use Forest Inventory (Car
Water quality, groundwater sources and overland flow
Water quality
Highlands Council will develop one as part of the Highlands Plan
Carbon offsets
Permanent forest plots an
All the plantings (and the Carbon sequestration poteIrregularly using Texler and Associates, Inc prot
Survivorship of trees
Nothing has yet been officially decided but the Trust is trying to determine how to create a Penobsco
Water quality in Cache Ri Sediment entry recorded vi
There is a monitoring
Water quality
program in the park
conducted by Vivamos
Mejor water quality,
birds, habitat quality
(bees), forest fires.
Monitoring is done
bimonthly.
To get money from the
forest cover law
landowners also need to
do inventories of the
flora
In the Rancho posos azuleWater quality and quantitypH, Salinity, turbidity and other basic water qua
Monitoring did CAP make biodiversity health monitoring program 7 conservation targets bas
Lll of the restoration

projects funded through
the partnership with
NOAA have monitoring
programs associated
with them.
Typically, the monitoring
is accomplished either
by TNC staff or by
research institutions
under contract with TNC.
Examples of paramet
Water quality
Different projects are

monitoring in different
ways. Just signed a
partnership (COBI did)
with Stanford - Fio
Michelli to monitor
abalone recovery.
In Cabo Pulmo they
already have no-take
zones so they are
training fishermen to do
the monitoring coun
ProNatura Chiapas and
CONANP and historical
institute do biological
assessments.
ations are Ecosystem

Start
Services
date forbeing
Ecosystem
monitored
Frequency
Services
for Performance
Performance
of Ecosystem
monitoring
Services
Who collects
Performance
Ecosystem
monitoring
Services Performance data
h and landscape condition, productivity 1990
annual
burn, cattle grazing patterns, large scale vegetation patterns and changes, vernal pools
TNC, Animas, Malpai
TNC, UC Berkeley
4 ranches in 2006, 4 ranch2005
MacArthur Agroecology R
o the ecosystem and resulting in a rebound of all native species on the island, from seabirds to herpetofauna.
throughout the reserve
y at both restored and control sites to compare. Also monitor the repopulation success on the laid cultch.
and are waiting to see if it works.
ers and private researchers primarily f 1999
twice a year
local volunteers or resear
f the lands purchased. TNC - Atlanta is in charge of this effort.
once a year
lower upper watershed
orthern Territory, Australia."
Sablayan
WWF
various; 26 interviews, 3 on site reviews, 4 case studies
independent consultants, MWP partners
Panangcalan watershed 1976

and Cantingas
watershed
about 5 times since start
oes out on boats with fishermen for days or sometimes weeks and monitors numbers of seatWWF staff, local NGO partner staff
me of those participating in ecotourism
185 sites for reef health, 1996 for reefs, 1998 for
every 2 years for reefs,
park staff, TNC, SPAG
entire coast
landscape reviews
once every 2 years; twice TNC, CI
2006
Alterra
ocal fishermen
ean Conservation Corporation (CCC), in conjunction with a large group of local, national and international project partners and donors. The
4 WMAs
2002
annual
WWF scientist
Saga University
in Vietnam.
ction Assessments; Disturbance Transects; Landscape Output Assessment Methodology (LOAM); TFM tracking tool
port to local government
Fisherfolk, LGU
WWF
k International methods
about 154 plots
4 times a year
City Wastewater Division
Once every three years
Programme for Belize; De
overland flow
At various points along t 10 years ago
The Wetlands Initiative
State and City
725
ng Texler and Associates, Inc protocol
FAN with help from Winrock International
Irregular
Every 5 years for 20 yearsESRI
termine how to create a Penobscot River Science Committee which will consist of scientists and environmental groups to determine what to
Throughout river
2004
continuous
State Natural Resource Commission
bimonthly
FDN
urbidity and other basic water quality measures
Do this every two weeks National University and CONANP
am 7 conservation targets based on these targets based monitoring program. Not yet under implementation but monitoring some spec
ho analyzes Ecosystem
WhoServices
analyzesPerformance
Ecosystem
WhoServices
data
performsPerformance
Ecosystem Services
End
Samples
date Performance
for Ecosystem
Data
Services
analysis
Performance monitoring
TNC, Animas, Malpai
same
continuous
same
professional laboratory
WWF
consultants, MWP partners
ocal NGO partner staff
TNC, CI
Alterra
project partners and donors. They have been patrolling since 2003, and recruit l
WWF & Papua New Guinea University of Technology
WWF
WWF
Programme for Belize
p from Winrock International
ental groups to determine what to monitor and how often - look at fish, mussels, et
Resource Commission
ersity and CONANP
ntation but monitoring some specific things local management groups take information h
s for collection of
Who
Ecosystem
pays for Services
Ecosystem
Performance
Services
Who pays
Performance
data
for Ecosystem
sample
Comments
Services
analysis
Performance
on Ecosystem
dataServices
analysisPerformance monitoring
TNC, Animas, Malpai
Each year the grassland co
monitor the impacts of par
Most of the tour operators that offer services in
There is a group called the Green River Waters
biomass is a measure of ecosystem services lik
back to historical load and 5-8 year fire regime.
A surveillance program foc
See "Aquatic conservation values of the Daly R
Prior to PES project,

salinization of some
regions in watershed
was a problem due to
canal building.
Also, lack of sanitation
within watershed polluted
a lagoon down stream.
But most of this is solved
now.
Different municipalities
may expereince the
About 47,350.00 USD generated income from f
Informally: areas where

forestry industries and
sugarcane plantations
have removed their
operations from historic
wetlands, a couple
hundred ha, wetlands
have returned.
Formally: The Mondie
Wetlands Evaluation
Report (Oct 2005). This
is both an review
perennial flow will indicate a successful program
% change from 1976 to

2006 in ha:
Forest cover decrease:
C- 14%, P- 23%
Grassland increase: C+
158%, P+ 173%
Ricefields: C+ 24%, P99%
Brushland: C+34%, Pna
Development: na,
+247%
Bareland: +19,800%, na
Coconut: na, +118%
Swidden: + 1,279%, na
Mangrove
are monitored by a
1/year phone call and a
visit every 3 years.
Birds are attracted to the
bush and act as natural
pest controls
are monitored by a
1/year phone call and a
visit every 3 years.
Birds are attracted to the
bush and act as natural
pest controls
data shows reduced catch of turtles when using
The project has a tool known as MOMS monit
tracking socio-economic ch
which parts of the park

are being lost or
degraded, in last 5
years conversion has
declined in scale
rainfall, flood patterns,
river basins, stream
flows
Reef Health monitoring showed that percentag
entire coast is monitored

to estimate percent of
coral cover and compare
for impact and change.
still discovering fish
spawning aggregation
sites, its a joint effort
between TNC, CI, and
the local government to
seek out these important
spots.
Resource u
US Geological Survey does a lot of the monitor
Alterra laboratory (Netherlands) conducted a re
The results of the research carried out since 19
The project is monitored annually by involves d
self reported, over 16,700
EACFE Strategic Framework
Plans to set up a Permanent Plot Sampling sys
also found changes on

protected islands in
addition to fish number
increases and healthier
coral reefs.
An initial survey by WWF
& Wetlands
International-Oceania
(WI) of the water quality
of the lagoon found that
it is not very disturbed
despite the tune
Tidal flats
a three-month-long study
on fisheries of Quirimba
Island
an inspection visit of the
oyster beds within the
sanctuary at Matemo
(accompanied by Jason
Rubens of the Mafia
Island Oyster Project in
Tanzania) revealed a
great many oysters
present
Fish availability has been increased by develop
Looking at habitat
change and vegetation
cover at the landscape
level.
ICRAF is a partner in this
monitoring.
Fishermen catch
monitoring to draw a
baseline of the fish stock
We like to know catch
numbers so taught
fisherfolk how to monitor
and report their fish
catch.
Developed standardized
forms of reporting to
streamline process.
fisheries monitoring
The monitoring plan will be developed once fina
Both the City and the State do water quality mo
The monitoring that was

occurring was on a set of
permanent plots
monitored about every
year with extra stuff done
every 3 years.
Using Measuring the tree
thorough field
procedures at 625
permanently established
carbon plots in the Park,
and about 100 per
PowerTree pays for planting and monitoring. E
Monitoring also has to be done for the regulato
EPA Grant 319
EPA Grant 319
Water quantity and quality are measured for the
Some monitoring of
services such as:
* associated services
such as shoreline
migration (a function of
how much an intertidal
reef may be protecting a
shoreline from waveinduced erosion)
Goias State Environmental
Activities of monitoring work with NGOs to fig
ioeconomic factors
How are
are being
Socioeconomic
monitored
In how many
factors
for locations
Performance
being are
monitored
Socioeconomic
for Performance
Start
factors
date for
being
Socioeconomic
monitored for
Performance
Performance
monitoring
real estate market, potential for development
cultural and natural relationships
income and benefits to local communities have totaled about 3.98 million dollars
our operators that offer services in the reserve originate from the surrounding villages of Placencia, Monkey River, and Hopkins. The village
oup called the Green River Watershed Watch that consists of 50-60 volunteers who monitor the water quality of the river. Local researchers
measure of ecosystem services like water filtration
ical load and 5-8 year fire regime.
Local awareness and attit Survey
perception monitoring
survey
Liming and Shitou townships
Attitudes of divers
Feedback to resorts
conservation values of the Daly River Catchment, Northern Territory, Australia."
.00 USD generated income from fisheries in one year.
jobs created
w will indicate a successful program (Programme Goal 2010).
watershed landuse
Landsat imagery, field surveys
1976
Change in landcare practi survey
Change in landcare practi survey
educed catch of turtles when using circle over j hook while not hurting (and even sometimes benefiting) catch numbers.
as a tool known as MOMS monitoring oriented for management system. Through this system there is a collection of data related with the u
income (compare with presquestionnaires, survey studies
monitoring showed that percentage of coral coverage inside the park has increased from 15% in 1996 to 26% in 2002. Reef health monitorin
al Survey does a lot of the monitoring in the area, they are supported in part by TNC funding.
atory (Netherlands) conducted a research study on the absorption and retention of carbon throughout the Trsor reserve. The research pred
f the research carried out since 1997 show that the condition of the fishes and corals of Tubbataha and other sites, such as Jessie Beazley
community capitals, well-bsurvey
monitored annually by involves different key stakeholders. Degraded areas, tree cover in the village land, incidences of illegal logging and
community awareness and sentiment
negative impact on coastaobservation and reports
up a Permanent Plot Sampling system
village priorities, tuna fish household surveys, field

surveys, interview
surveys, observations
sentiments of people
livelihoods
determining community reliance on natural resources, fisheries catch
ty has been increased by development of aquaculture nurseries in the freshwater dam near the coast. 89 cages have been installed which
issues like education, agri questionnaires on socio-e 258 households were inte July 1, 2006
income, general activities, elephant conflicts
fishermen's loan
surveys
program
community attitudes and
perception
household economics
program is under development
ng plan will be developed once final design for fisher slough is complete. Data will be collected and paid for by multiple partners including th
and the State do water quality monitoring at multiple points along the waterway and do it continuously and have been for about 10 years. B
ays for planting and monitoring. Every 5 years for first 20 years monitored. Once know species composition and survivorship, can use grow
so has to be done for the regulatory process - for example, the Historic Preservation Commission wants to make sure that archeological com
y and quality are measured for the whole protected area. The National University created and gave the equipment to the Government (CO
Economic returns via cattl Checking productivity and 2 project sites
monitoring work with NGOs to figure out the quality of the water and birds and the health of the forest they do this every two years
quency of Socioeconomic
Who
Performance
collects Socioeconomic
monitoring
Who analyzes
Performance
Socioeconomic
data
Who analyzes
Performance
Socioeconomic
data
Performance Samples
y River, and Hopkins. The villages, particularly Placencia have benefited tremendously from the tourism activities in the reserve. M
lity of the river. Local researchers also monitor. Monitoring has a lot to do with funding availability and volunteer williingness.
Once before, during, and af

Angela Cun
once every 2 years (2 surveys total)
1993, 2003, 2005, 2006
tch numbers.
collection of data related with the use of all natural resources occurring in the archipelago, like small scale fisheries, collections of land
6% in 2002. Reef health monitoring is conducted every two-year at 185 sites and three different depths for each site (4, 8 and 12 m) the me
Trsor reserve. The research predicts the capacity for carbon sequestration for each type of major landscape in the park, based on data a
her sites, such as Jessie Beazley and Cagayancillo, is improving. Cagayanon fishermen have reported that fish catch in their waters has
, incidences of illegal logging and forest fires, village buffer zone woodlots, number of trees planted and surviving, number of Villa
Seacology, WWF-CI-TNC Seacology, WWF-CI-TNC
9 cages have been installed which allowed creating thirty-five new jobs, all of them occupied by women. Family fish farms in small ponds a
July 14, 2006
WWF, TFCG, Amani Nature

Dar
r es Salaam office Alexander van Andel, a student from the Netherland
WWF
WWF
or by multiple partners including the tribes, conservation district, WSU, DOE, TNC, SRFB, EPA, etc. These details will evolve over th
d have been for about 10 years. Basically at every bridge they can install a monitoring system. The City has to maintain certain level
on and survivorship, can use growth models. Monitoring some soil carbon, but mostly above ground.
o make sure that archeological components of the project are safe.
quipment to the Government (CONANP)
hey do this every two years
Monsanto
performs Socioeconomic
End Performance
date for Socioeconomic
Data
Who
analysis
pays
Performance
for collection
monitoring
of
Who
Socioeconomic
PerformancePerformance
data
sample anaylsis
activities in the reserve. M
lunteer williingness.
fisheries, collections of land
r each site (4, 8 and 12 m) the mea
ape in the park, based on data a
at fish catch in their waters has
urviving, number of Villa
amily fish farms in small ponds a
del, a student from the Netherlands who is assigned by WWF-International
e details will evolve over th
has to maintain certain level
Performance monitoringPerformance monitoring
Challenges/lessons
Challenges/lessons

Comments
Performance
on Socioeconomic
data analysisPerformance
Institutional
monitoring
challengesCommunication challenges
Development of
management plans for
Boumba-Bek and Nki
national parks
Negotiating user rights of
indigenous forest people
within national parks
Reactivating Mambale
convention between
professional hunters and
local communities
Implementation of
TRIDOM (t
Language barriers
Mistrust in the concept of
conservation
Establishing network for
community based forest
enterprises (community
forests used for revenue)
Given its minimal resources, the park's conservation o
relates to the financial he Sufficient capital to main Internal communication amo
long term funding for consmaintaining touch with rural landowners and re
Information systems to conThere are no precedents in China, must learn from examples abroad. Th
This type of socially dri
Trust from government of Transition of viewing wildlife not as useless pes

local communities' ability
to adequately manage
their conservancies (old
biases from previous
regimes and
governments).
Capacity building at all
levels. This is a fairly
new program so making
sure that everything runs
well is a d
many new tourism affiliated businesses for locals in the area
Hurricane Katrina made partnering with local and stat
Must set up legislative mechanism to pay for ecosystem service of clean w
This was a fairly complex survey that maybe simplified in the future
to measure performance
of outreach programs;
monitoring tool to
quantify attitude and
community perception
toward condition and
natural resources use.
use as communication
tool, formal research to
present to resource use
managers in Raja Ampat
as well as
Diver's comment all the ti Insuring that the money is There are concerns among those paying the fe
The definition of PES: If we use broad definitio
Recent country independence means that Montenegro is
The water fund should function autonomously due to the numerous stake
The breakdown or loss of The task of finding a way to manage a lot of terrestrial carbon sequestrati
Need to develop capacity for the PES scheme to be ma
Its still very important that WWF remain as a supporter of the Park becau
over 2,000 people employed and trained in job and liWetland workings: they ar
water allocation offices a Some people still think water is a free thing
The landuse change analysis of the two (2) watersheds inside the ancestral domain was done with t
Social evaluation: 2005 appreciative inquiry, most s Public versus private interest. Dispute between
Social evaluation: 2005 appreciative inquiry, most s Public versus private interest. Dispute between
clear link between

conservation and
enhanced livelihoods
change in attitude
towards conservation
Sida does evaluation every year on strategies used by at various project sites. Its an evaluation of m
monitor tourist feedback,

which addresses the
quality of the
environment, forest, and
chances to see wildlife.
collect statistics on
village development, like
indicators on health,
wealth (tin roofs,
thatched roofs, number
of people with not
enough to e
National protected areas Spreading the word about t

having very little funding
and weak oversight from
the national government.
Deforestation needs to st Still disputing the boundary, local people dont a
It is a status symbol to ea
WWF is shifting from a speEnvironmental education
Uni. of CR did a survey WWF is shifting from a species focus to an ecoregion

on the feelings of the
people in the community,
very successful.
Improved way to relate to
natural environment.
The local monitoring
group (Leatherback
Boys) are regarded as
local heroes and stand
as role models for
younger gener
number of village land use plan developed and impleMajority of communities are unaware on the im
general observation of shi Training and education are huge time and money commitments for the or
Pressures on coastal fore Working with many differenThe use of different langu
Concern that benefits fro In terms of surveillance and resource management the
Initial stakeholder
analysis to see which
groups to engage and
target - coastal area:
fishermen, children.
Young people were
leaving the area because
they could not find jobs.
Its not yet clear that tourists can distinguish eco
Park management
conducts annual park
evaluations.
WWF monitors and
produces reports on:
Research, Community
Development, Law
Enforcement
(Fiscalizao), and
Administration
Because the Ministry of

Tourism is in charge of
the park, tourism goals
supersede conservation
goals while there is
mounting pressure to
increase visitation and
park revenue.
Socio-economic impacts and changes in living standards. Try to get an understanding of the comm
Villages may differ cultur
There are no water allocatA half built reservoir,

abandonment blamed on
environmental protests,
has left mistrust among
local residents of big
promises regarding river
work and management.
In the larger cities, there
is a lack of
understanding about the
importance of river heal
It is hard to pitch river re
Relations with ADB are st Half of the population do
Monitoring: socio-economic and performance indicators measured every year through group intervie
Not easy job to monitor

and enforce marine laws.
Concept and terminology of Payment for Ecosy
Environmental services are a new issue.
Review recently: WWF

cannot maintain loan
system anymore, gave
over to District
Government.
2005 Socio-economic
monitoring: 2 main
baseline surveys:
attitudes and perception
of the community
towards marine park
management, fisheries
management, and marin
Have trouble getting stringent easements on land than are desired by land
Farmers who have no desire

Finding a way to communicate to the communi
Define well distribution of benefits NK only wha
Hard to police the park b Need greater and more co
Monitoring for the economic changes for the landowners showed a marked increase in profits from b
Challenges/lessons
Challenges/lessons
Challenges/lessons
Challenges/lessons
Process challenges
Data needs
Economic challenges
Political challenges
Inaccessibility
Wildlife inventories of pr inadequate funding (EstabSetting up transparent management institutions
Hostilities from economic
operators
Many people have come to this region in search of jo
The marginalization of the Comprehensive scientific Logging concessions couldCameroonian law prohibits
When there is a drought, More vigorous monitoring. Dramatic increases in landProspect of construction o
the grassbank suffers
along with its patrons
(can't do anything about
the weather.)
Maintaining vigorous
monitoring program, fund
raising, dealing with
economic stresses
(including drought.)
ouch with rural landowners and reachi comprehensive data sets for making assumptions, long term strategizing, feedback loops for ecosys
funding for all levels, cr
lack of funding
corruption at the various
learn from examples abroad. This is difficult yet important because there is no park system in China, only reserves (no use). This is a hug
viewing wildlife not as useless pest but as sources of income and livelihoods.
Some of the land that TNC wanted to purchase was sim

Federal attention to conservation is not strong, however the increasing int
Funding for monitoring a Local commonwealths are reluctant to punish p
ay for ecosystem service of clean water.
It will cost money to do fire management, which is an ongoing job.
un-coordinated, illegal levies raised by local communities for live-aboard dive vessels challenge the implementation of a more
ncerns among those paying the fee that the money is spent on the right things
A new mayor was just elected, so getting him o
of PES: If we use broad definition, there are several PES like p Lack of funding for conse The position of Government is not in favor of an
Connecting the interests Durmitor is up for World HGenerating a sustainable sWorking at multiple levels of government and in
mously due to the numerous stakeholders, all with different interests.
ot of terrestrial carbon sequestration potential is a big priority.
Policy on the local, state, federal, and internatio
Concern for this PES project to be in line with n
as a supporter of the Park because som

Studies on tourism economHow to sustain the management of the park through
Needing to have a trustworthy governing body made the creation process quite The
d fee needed to be backed by law, this also t
Good management and use of the money buy the indigenous peoples ma
It is physically and knowledgeably demanding to assess a wetland. Thus the MWP along with its partners has come up with a
It is very complicated to
measure improvements
or changes in water
services.
Monitoring the practices
of landholders is also
hard, but might prevent
any cutting of corners
(eg. planting of
convenient non native
plants instead of the
recommended vegetatio
still think water is a free thing
It is hard for rural communities to stay in business, where the situation is g
Biggest challenge: how to sustain the water management program when
ancestral domain was done with the use of Landsat imageries taken in 1976, 1993 and 200 The political platform is that water is free, to im
People's decisions are

Theres been lots of small studies, no broader understanding of the context of use. Hope to identify
based on economics, but
also culture/belief, and
plain survival.
private interest. Dispute between the The Wheatbelt area is stillFunding is low for providi Old versus new landclearing policies. Old land
private interest. Dispute between the The Wheatbelt area is stillFunding is low for providi Old versus new landclearing policies. Old land
Lack of funding for Catchment Management Strategy (important for rehab
project sites. Its an evaluation of methods and not impacts.
Many development projects

There have not been goodThis
w needs to be an econom
Many different levels of go
the boundary, local people dont always agree with government, plantations expanding be This year we want to integrate conservation po
Each different issue tends to have different partners, making coordination compPolicy work on the higher level but each case d
WWF Tubbataha Project An understanding of the resource use patterns and moti
There is a need to reconcile overlapping policie
Research Team has
gathered baseline data
on Basterra Reef in May
2002 (it is important like
Tubbataha and Beazley),
however, its unprotected
status leaves it open to
illegal fishing activities.
Local capacity for

collective project
management is a big
challenge in coastal
communities. There are
many external pressures
from tourism or
residential developers
are not easy to contend
with if local legal and
policy capacity are weak.
The biggest challenge is how to insure that the local Funding is inconsistent.
mmunities are unaware on the impacts The

o experience in facilita Because of poverty and the
Increasing expansion of large sugar cane plant
nd money commitments for the organizat

Monitoring of impacts du Discrepancies between public and private benefits, and subsequently who
Funding for Mozambique

has met some problems.
Initiating the national
forest certification
process and ensuring
that the standards are
retained till the latter
audits (and beyond)
requires massive support
from the programme.
This includes extension
to Ta
Funding sometimes fails toThe impact of timber demand from the Far Eas
Insuring that village action plans for forest reserves There is much oil and mineral exploration going on in Tanzania. Also, a g
Project length is not enou Economic valuation of the rattan sector in the 3 counWorking with 3 different governmental systems
Trying to work with tuna and energy companies, however due to staffing problems we haven't had not much interaction.
The lengthy process of drafting policies and other legal documents may delay the outcomes of policy re
ar that tourists can distinguish ecotourism, from regular tourism.
Logistically very
complicate and
expensive to implement
the Elephant mitigation
project. No value in
letting elephants roam
plus huge losses when
they damage people's
crops makes developing
a conservation program
difficult.
poor coordination between the Government de
HEC is a challenge:
perfectin
The main challenge will be to insure the longterm future for the changes made dMovement and action through the political bodi
et an understanding of the communities relationship with the landMost

a come to Tanzania to see wild animals so many are not interested in
Things are moving slowly

because of lengthy
planning and
coordination without
chance for actual
implementation.
Furthermore, other
projects in the area
increase the necessity of
coordination and puts a
high demand on local
leaders an technical
officers.
Legacy of bad water

management projects.
There is a lot of
competition over
resources among water
utilities and wastewater
companies. Many weak
economic
rationalizations and
numbers are used that
are not realistic. Rival
users (primarily within
the Duck
The Vietnamese
government views itself
responsible for the
development and
management of many
aspects of society. It has
a tendency to rely of
taxing to generate
funding for rural
development instead of
exploring market options.
There is also a lot of

In order to access state r There is a lot of possessi
difficulty in producing a
model of the watershed
if a certain action were
taken. There are so
many contributing factors
and inputs and outputs
that creating a model like
this would not serve any
real logical purpose.
The project move very

slowly and there has yet
to be much
implementation on the
ground.
Policies regarding water protection and develop
Site selection for river

widening is complicated
because the easiest
place to take from would
be the natural forests.
This conflicts with the
effort to enhance the e
Lots of awareness raising The BCI plan was

designed in Bangkok
and is somewhat
disconnected from the
on-the-ground reality of
things.
Economic support is slow Decentralization is a strategy that does not go f
every year through group interviews. Things like level of income,Funding is limited to very Coastal forests are not ranked too highly in prio
specific issues and there
are many gaps leaving
some issues unattended.
There is a lot of money to be made in the touris
Many people resort to cut Getting Lesan properly protected at the highest
Stalled right now, no expertise and capacity.
terminology of Payment for Ecosystem Services.
More opportunistic approach, makes it hard to conv
Stumbling block is getting a truthful ecosystem service evaluation, and the
al services are a new issue.
Weakness from general management: employees not motivated, not paid well, poor staff capacity, lack resources like funding,
For several million hectares of forest lands, the trend is toward decline or
ts on land than are desired by land owner, so there is some tensi Most funders require
their money to be spent
on conservation in
perpetuity, which means
that those funds cannot
be used for most types
of direct payments. In a
sense, TNC is stuck with
easements and fee
acquisitions.
Need funds
(endowments) for
managing
Still need permanent funds for actual protection.
y to communicate to the community abou

Getting access to all the data is needed. Need more time for the models.
The ability of people to pay for their water use in local, poor towns is not v
Restoration cannot be full because of the invasive species. The system is so altered it's impossible to fully restore it.
Trying to raise $8 million to deposit in a bank. The hope is to get $300,00
There were doubts in

last 10 years that
avoided deforestation
would be OK under
convention because
need to quantify avoided
emissions but showed
possible
Tax aspect also forgotten
thanks to attorneys
need to verify tax system
before implement or
design
risks to organization and how can we be sure they are getting a fair price
One of the poorest areas so hard to train them about basic hygiene and serviceHard to get legislation passed at National level
a marked increase in profits from both BMPs in ranching and BMPs in agriculture. They monitored changes in costs and changes in profits.
Challenges/lessons
Challenges/lessons
Summary stuff
Summary stuff
Scientific shortcomings
Lessons learned
Acres purchased
Money raised
nsparent management institutions especi

Strong presence, always consulting local stakeholderCommunity forest/hunting grounds raise up to 3
monitoring and mapping togiving people an alternative source of income that they can manage and cultivate independently has
Existing studies cover only a part of the park. The absence of a documentation centre, a monitoring system, and a geographic
Monitoring program, whichThis is a very successful about 400-500,000 acres

partnership.
One of the first efforts at
conservation ranching at
a landscape scale.
Remarkable success,
Gray Ranch acted like a
catalyst.
Malpai Borderlands
Group, success in
protecting area, driven
by sustainable
economics, a
egizing, feedback loops for ecosystems It takes time to gain the
90,000 acres conservation15 million
Working bi-nationally to prThe 1.5 million-hectare (3.6 million-acre) Laguna Madre Conservation Are
no real valuation done yet, still working on the cork oak stopper market etc.
must work with stakeholders like fishermen and local communities to combat endangered species in
y reserves (no use). This is a huge challenge because there is no precedent. Balance development and conserv
Community level management works very well because the people understand and care most abou
The numbers (of fish) aren't going down like many other places.
Engaging the community in understanding the value of the oyster population is important, PS Resto
Importance of the dollar.

Engage the right
partners at the right time.
You need the funding or
political will to make it
happen. Recognize
similar goals in potential
partners and and act on
them, eg. CORPS.
Political support helps a
lot.
Redoing the
strong, however the increasing intere
Working with state, local, 218,000 acres

and private interests
made raising the funds
for this large-scale
purchase possible. The
growing attention that
states, especially in the
south, pay to
conservation is also a
key factor.
$ 383 million
Replicating similar forest

conservation
nwealths are reluctant to punish poacheRestoration is possible, encourage state efforts, poaching is a big problem (but then again is a meas
t, which is an ongoing job.
This was a simple and logical opportunity to modify a system where conservation and management
These Pride campaigns are in the developmental process and are adapting while they work. Outsid
nge the implementation of a more user- In doing conservation works, the involvement of local communities and local government has been v
was just elected, so getting him on the same page and in cooperation will be a new task.
of Government is not in favor of any large scale PES projects for forest ecosystem services as evident from their responses in various forum
ultiple levels of government and interest management.
The soil mechanics are veScience should be the basis for creating any sort of sound payment for ecosystem services scheme
local, state, federal, and international There are not many

opportunities left to avoid
deforestation.
More on the ground work
with PES would be a
good move, perhaps
created a brokered
system between
landowners/managers
and a payment body.
10 years ago there was no problem with the water flow, now, if there is rain the water flow dries up w
his PES project to be in line with national law.
Many more things need to The only efficient way to make things work and produce positive results is to engage and gain suppo
ed to be backed by law, this also takes Spreading the fee through the entire tourism community instead of just divers was a better way to ge
ey buy the indigenous peoples may be difficult at first.
h its partners has come up with a stan It is far more useful to

target industries who
have massive land
holdings, if they are
convinced then the
subsequent effect is very
large. They have
incentives to change and
their cooperation can be
used as a case study for
further BMP promotion.
Comm
n business, where the situation is get bi Compliance monitoring

would be a very good
thing to do if funding
permitted. GPS points
and photo
documentation currently
kept in a database could
be compared to progress
at some future point.
First conservation
auction in state of
Western Australia, ha
ater management program when funding runs out (there is very little funding from government).
platform is that water is free, to impos Poverty is chronic. But,

a willingness to pay and
opportunity cost
comparison study shows
that there could
potentially be money left
over for child education if
a PES system were
created.
Also, dealing with
indegenous peoples
means that market
incentive
e context of use. Hope to identify parti If you work in reality you

have to look at people
and nature.
Ecosystem services are
in vogue
ew landclearing policies. Old landclear By bringing in a botanist to survey the private landowner's property is raises in
ew landclearing policies. Old landclear By bringing in a botanist to survey the private landowner's property is raises interest and awareness
ment Strategy (important for rehabilitation and improvement of livelihoods, which would lead to accelerated conservation)
Fragments of this approach have been applied broadly in North America and Europe with great suce
There is need to intensify capacity building for local communities, as well as to identify alternative in
In the process of creatin Most of the partners were already present in the programme's areas. This alliance is a step toward
No consistent environmentBiggest complaint is that there are not enough tourists visiting the area. People must have a sustain
want to integrate conservation polices Carbon sequestration has huge promise and challenge. Not just horizontal, but need vertical engag
Tragedy of the commons principle - fishers realized that over-exploitation and destructive fishing hav
n the higher level but each case depen We are working at the correct political level, that is provincial governments. Vietnam is very decentr
Success of the Caddo

Lake collaboration
motivated Texas
lawmakers to pass a bill
for a statewide statewide
environmental flows
program. The impact will
be felt by every river in
Texas.
Also, recognize that
ecosystem services are
ultimately the main re
2479 hectares
ed to reconcile overlapping policies and national laws as they apply to the park. In particular, the NIPAS Act and SEP Law both apply to the
The community has come to value the turtles beyond their economic worth.
The success of this program comes from it being so strongly supported by the local community. It is
pansion of large sugar cane plantationsThe involvement and use of local resource persons in awareness raising and information dissemina
te benefits, and subsequently who shouImportance of landholder

understanding of natural
processes, landscape
condition/concerns, and
potential remedies.
Ultimately, the more
involved and
knowledgeable the more
productive the tender
program becomes.
Input and interest from
farmers is crucia
f timber demand from the Far East has The active involvement
of a wide range of
stakeholders has
accelerated the pace of
programme
implementation as tasks
are shared and
stakholders have gained
by way of learning and
adaptive management.
This also reduces costs.
It is possible for
communitie
$7.4M of public and private funds allocated to i
on going on in Tanzania. Also, a growin With the shifting status of land ownership to communities it becomes very important that they plan s
Environmentally harmful situations develop because people have been marginalized. Overusing oth
3 different governmental systems means

If you can manage non-timber forest products, you can move into beginning to manage the whole fo
t had not much interaction.
Lack of recent and compreh

Papua has a very unique governing system and with the new autonomy law local governments have
This is a realistic and successful strategy that could be replicated in other cities.
This project focuses on linkages between economic develop and conservation. Starting by doing w
ation between the Government department

Our strategy of hiring local people and developing their capacities is really paying off.
d action through the political bodies is This project must not only demonstrate the feasibility but also the necessity of making changes in th
mals so many are not interested in just s Hard to demonstrate

linkage between
conservation and income
generating activities we
support. Convincing
people to change their
lifestyle is difficult.
Working at the
landscape scale is not
very common and
requires much
coordination. The
inclination is
There is a need to work more closely with development agencies whose specialty is livelihood devel
There is science available It is important to demonstrate the feasibility of other water supply alternatives to present to commun
ding water protection and development of water streams are under lots of pressure. Traditional approaches to flood management are trum
Impending development
like the construction of
hydroelectric dams,
waterway alteration,
urbanization, and the
influx of residents pose
new threats to the park.
on is a strategy that does not go far, a In reality, the area is

reasonably undisturbed
and no reforestation is
needed. This is different
from the overall plan
envisioned for the project
and so creates some
problems.
A major challenge is how
to place further
restrictions on landuse in
a provin
ts are not ranked too highly in priority Many issues span the entire region, so a landscape scale approach is required. Especially determin
There is the opportunity to compare, contrast and apply lessons learned from WWFs work in Bazar
of money to be made in the tourism indu

Ecotourism development
should be part of a
bigger program like a
broader fisheries
management program.
Things do not happen in
isolation. Good political
leadership is necessary
to implement lasting
programs.
Tourism and fisheries are
very important sou
n properly protected at the highest level of government (national).
Stalled right now, no expertise and capacity.
system service evaluation, and then who will pay for the protection of these wetland ecosystems.
PES is a difficult topic because most are turned-off immediately by the term "PAYMENT for ES." So
Need voluntary buyers and government support to sustain this sort of agreement.
pacity, lack resources like funding, still Lots of mobile fishermen with bigger boats who are not regulated, so nothing left for smaller scale lo
nds, the trend is toward decline or less than maximum economic potential. This means less funding for forest managers creating a threaten
In Mexico, where water

management structures
are in place, affording a
watershed management
project to improve
environmental concerns
must be focused on:
Improving water
management
performance, rather than
supporting full watershed
management entities.
17,400 hectares preserved
Success with buying land and leasing. This allows TNC to hold land out of development, get some in
Being successful involves good luck and serendipity. The Wetlands partnership worked well for sev
er use in local, poor towns is not very high. Trying to implement a fee when people cannot afAbout $100,000
ossible to fully restore it.
bank. The hope is to get $300,000/year in interest and get $500,000 from industries per year which is the $800,000 they need to secure wa
Project can generate benefits for conservation, mitigate climate change, and help community develo
about $650,000 from Duke Energy
e sure they are getting a fair price since there really is no market is $2/ton OK? Cant give away anything of value so lots of internal discus
gislation passed at National level
5000 hectares
250,000 USD
es in costs and changes in profits.
Summary stuff
Summary stuff
Summary stuff
Summary stuff
Number of easementsNumber of seedlings planted

Number of levees removed
Number of acres restored
orest/hunting grounds raise up to 30,000$/yr for local peoples
ge and cultivate independently has shown to be a successful solution to over exploitation of other natural resources.
nitoring system, and a geographical information system makes it hard to assess the status of animal populations and how the whole ecosys
20
1 mile
100
) Laguna Madre Conservation Area
to combat endangered species in a less polarizing more effective approach.
e understand and care most about how best to take care of their lands. The sense of ownership and self determination is a very strong and
population is important, PS Restoration Fund is working in this area.
problem (but then again is a measure of the value of oysters in the area).
e conservation and management of nature can be paid for and enjoyed by a preexisting market.
adapting while they work. Outside advice on community and economic development strategies may help improve the program.
and local government has been very crucial. Bottom-up process has been a very powerful tool to achieve our goals.
m their responses in various forums. However, the existing policies are not contradictory with the introduction of 'PES-like' projects i
nt for ecosystem services scheme.
re is rain the water flow dries up within 2 days.
esults is to engage and gain support for the local communtities. Volunteering to clear invasive species or patrol against illegal fishing could
just divers was a better way to generate funding.
x100s
3,005
35
y is raises interest and awareness in the entire family (usually) about their own lands. They are often very interested in the details of their ho
d conservation)
merica and Europe with great sucess. This project seeks to coordinate and apply these methods on a global scale.
as well as to identify alternative income generating activities. This is being done by the project through training local communities in differen
as. This alliance is a step toward more cooperation and a joint effort towards a shared goal. Coordination and combination of resources wi
area. People must have a sustainable buyer of their services in order for this tool to be effective.
horizontal, but need vertical engagement,

2,000 stands of living boundary trees (Candle Nuts)
oitation and destructive fishing have severely threatened their fisheries, and MPA (through no-take zones) is a good tool to improve and sus
rnments. Vietnam is very decentralized and each province implements policy as it sees fit. The province is the relevant decision making le
Act and SEP Law both apply to the park and is being reconciled, through the TRNMP Bill, to come up with stronger institutional mechani
orted by the local community. It is about livelihoods and self-esteem, this goes far beyond money.
raising and information dissemination was very effective in the implementation of awareness activities as well as in land use planning proce
lic and private funds allocated to improving land management
es very important that they plan smartly because of the importance of the natural services these forests provide.
been marginalized. Overusing other resources because available land is too poor. High time preference: BAU- this process will escalate. I
beginning to manage the whole forest. There's a debate about whether NTPFs keep people poor or could bring a lot of income IF they ar
nomy law local governments have more power than in the past. Traditional rights also play an important part in policy. It is for these reason
n other cities.
conservation. Starting by doing widespread assessments and trying to lay the groundwork and establish opportunities for work like this in th
is really paying off.
necessity of making changes in the fishing industry. The sustainability of fisheries is too important to neglect.
whose specialty is livelihood development. That way we can divide responsibilities and more acute expertise can be applied where needed
alternatives to present to communities who have plans to develop facilities of their own along the river. Also, decisions must be grounded in
es to flood management are trumping alternative options. More integration and involvement from stakeholders and NGOs may help the go
h is required. Especially determinant of success is the capacity of government institutions to implement sustainable forest management op
arned from WWFs work in Bazaruto and the Quirimbas National Park, both in Mozambique, where people are also living within protected a
y the term "PAYMENT for ES." So, stopped referring to it as a "payment." This was too technical, and no one wants to be the one to pay th
t of agreement.
so nothing left for smaller scale local fishermen.
rest managers creating a threatening cycle of poor management.
700000 seedlings planted
1600 hectares restored
d out of development, get some income, and then implement management when the lease ends if they're ready.
ds partnership worked well for several reasons. The Plan was multi-objective so incorporated the concerns of multiple stake holders. The p
e $800,000 they need to secure water quality.
ange, and help community development
00 from Duke Energy
about 816,000
g of value so lots of internal discussions on how to value so contracted with an economist.
1,200
Summary stuff
Summary stuff
Summary stuff
Change in floodChange
risk
in pop of endangered species
Change in water quality
Summary stuff
Jobs created
500-600 households
lations and how the whole ecosystem is reacting to external
unknown
determination is a very strong and successful tool in managing nature.
improve the program.
ion of 'PES-like' projects i
patrol against illegal fishing could not be done without their help.
5 wetland ecologists in g
42 households
interested in the details of their holdings and it becomes a personal act of g
ning local communities in different skills, like masonry, carpentry, tourist
n and combination of resources will hopefully bring large impacts on wetlands and co
is a good tool to improve and sustain their fisheries. However, the level of obedi
is the relevant decision making level. Local policy level for local issues. T
100
stronger institutional mechani
6-7 park rangers
over 10,000 hatchlings/year
8-10 Leatherback Boys
well as in land use planning process. Participatory planning and monitoring was quite
128 landholders have been involved in the proc
BAU- this process will escalate. Improve living standards creates a platform for chang
uld bring a lot of income IF they are well managed. They provide many services like medic
part in policy. It is for these reasons that the best way to impact an area is to start
opportunities for work like this in the future. Not any specific target yet for outcomes
35 aquaculture cages (all w
ise can be applied where needed.
o, decisions must be grounded in science and stakeholders should be clear on
olders and NGOs may help the govern
ustainable forest management options for communities who depend on these resources f
e are also living within protected areas.
one wants to be the one to pay this unclear and "new" price. The presentation of t
60 new jobs for locals
s of multiple stake holders. The partnership thought about implementation from the st
about 20
Summary stuff
Summary stuff
Number of people educated Change in income

500-600 households
2,500 from over 60 organizations
784
USD 9,477 in payments
ers have been involved in the process
41 teachers (31 women); 400 workshop participants; 120 trainees
more than 300

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QAQC Numbe

WWF Central African

Campo Ma'an Project

Malpai Borderlands New

Lassen Foothills Project

Cork Oak Landscapes

Bering Sea Program

National Parks Program

Gladden Spit Reserve

Roanoke River Project

The Southern Forests

Virginia Coast Reserve

Misool Raja Ampat

Durmitor National Park

Guatemala Water Fund

Daly River Catchment

Atlantic Forest PES

Apo Reef Natural Park

Puerto Galera Visitors

Puerto Galera Upland

Mondi Wetlands Project

Auction for Landscape

Great Ruaha Water

Equitable Payments For

Wise Use of Wetlands

Lake Bogoria Integrated

Smart Fishing Initiative

Bazaruto Marine Natural

Lore Lindu National Park

Dewa Gede Raka

TNC - Coral Triangle

WWF - Greater Mekong

Kofiau Raja Ampat

Rein Gosal Paat

Caddo Lake Preserve &

Tubbataha Reefs Natural Marivel Dygico

Liverpool Plains Land

The Liverpool Plains Land

Eastern Africa Coastal

Matumbi Hills Forest

East Usambara Forest

Conserving the Duck

WWF - Greater Mekong

Kwale District Forest

Sungai Lesan Protection

Designing an EcoCorridor for the

One Europe More Nature Michael Baltzer

Lower Danube Green

Community Interest for

Mafia Island Marine Park Jason Rubens

Living Waters: Integrated Eugenio Barrios

Podocarpus Water Fund

Paute Watershed Fund

Upper Mississippi River

Delaware River Basin

Quito Water Fund

Municipal PES scheme

Skagit Floodplain (Fisher Molly Ingraham

West Eugene Wetlands

City of Eugene, Park and

Rio Blanco Watershed

Rio Bravo Carbon

Sierra de las Minas

Noel Kempff Mercado