Understanding IEC 61850 Technology

Principles, Practice, and Trends

Welcome to a SEL Seminar

September 17, 2008

New Delhi, India

Copyright SEL 2008

Todays Agenda
1. Introductions
2. Overview of Network Protocols and Communication
3. IEC 61850 Multivendor Interoperability
4. Break
5. Ethernet Switch Networks and Security
6. Lunch Break
7. Protocols and Services within IEC 61850
8. Certification and Conformance Testing of IEC 61850
9. Break
10. Guide Form Specification

Copyright SEL 2008

Facilitator
z

Tim Tibbals

Senior Product Engineer

19 Years of Experience

Authored Numerous
Technical Papers

Member IEC Technical

Committee

Copyright SEL 2008

How about you?

z

Background

Experience

Why do you hope to learn?

How familiar are you with IEC 61850?

Copyright SEL 2008

Network Protocols and

Communications using
IEC 61850

Copyright SEL 2008

Users Wanted to Replace SCADA

Communications With Networked IEDs
z

Standardized protocol

Self-describing devices

International adoption

Reduction in
obsolescence

Plug-and-play devices

Support for multiple

functions in one device

Based upon commonly

available technology
Copyright SEL 2008

Object Models
1.

Data Classdata unit of measure

2.

Functional Constraintshow to
group the data

3.

Logical Nodesgroups of data

4.

Logical Devicesdata storage

locations

5.

Physical Address/Device
communicates the data

V
1

A
1

MX
2

MX
2

MMXU1 MMXU2
3
3

MMXU2$MX$A =

Copyright SEL 2008

Data Mapping
The following table is an example of typical
logical device and logical node organization.
Logical Device

Logical Node

PRO

LN0, LPHD, PDIS, PTOC,

PIOC, PDIF, PSCH, RDIR,
RPSB, CSWI, XCBR

MET

LN0, LPHD, MMXU, MSQI,

3

CON

LN0, LPHD, CSWI, GGIO

ANN

LN0, LPHD, GGIO

Copyright SEL 2008

Example of an IEC 61850 Name

Part of Name

What it Means

Example of an Alternative

Logical Device Name

Utility chosen name

Feeder3

Logical Node Prefix

-- not used in this example --

Logical Node Class

Metering Measurement Unit

PDIS Protection, Distance

Logical Node Instance Feeder number 3

Data Name

Phase-to-ground voltages

PPV Phase-to-phase volts

Data Attribute Name

Phase A

PhsB Phase B

Data Attribute Name

Complex value after

deadbanding

instMag Instantaneous
value

Data Attribute Name

Magnitude of complex value

vAng angle in degrees

Data Attribute Name

Floating point value

i integer value

Data Attribute Names defined in a Common Data Class (CDC)

Bay12Unit2/MMXU3.PhV.phsA.cVal.mag.f
Copyright SEL 2008

MMS
z

Manufacturing Messaging Specification

(MMS) provides services for the
application-layer transfer of real-time
data within a substation LAN.

Defines the following:

Standard objects

Standard messaging

Encoding rules
Copyright SEL 2008

MMS Client Server Applications Unaware

When Transport Layers Restore Lost Data
TCP Retransmission and Reassembly

Copyright SEL 2008

GOOSE
z

Generic Object Oriented Substation

Event (GOOSE) object within IEC 61850
is for high-speed control messaging.

Transmits Messages Containing:

Status

Controls

Measured values

Copyright SEL 2008

Custom IEC 61850 Ethertypes Bypass

the Transport Layer Like UDP
z

Non-guaranteed, connectionless delivery

Multicast address ending in all 1s means

broadcast on this network, not routable

Generic Object Oriented Substation Event

(GOOSE), Sampled Values (SV)

Applications using these are responsible for

message loss, duplication, delay, out-of-order
delivery, and loss of connectivity
Copyright SEL 2008

Like UDP, GOOSE and SV

Ethertypes Do Not Restore Data
z

Each message is complete; no multiple segments

Buffering will take too long

Retransmission out of sequence confuses applications

Copyright SEL 2008

GOOSE, SV Applications Survive

When Data Are Lost
No need to resend because next message already
on its way
Workstation

Server

3
4

Data 1 Data 2 Data 3 Data 4 Data 5

Lost data with

Sequence #3

To get this behavior, we have no network layer,

and therefore no routing
Copyright SEL 2008

GOOSE Messages are Sent Constantly,

New Publication When Hold Time
Expires
DATASET CHANGE
New State:
1. Set Sequence Number = 0
2. Increment State Number
3. Reset Hold Timer = Maximum Delay Time

RETRANSMITPENDING
1. Calculate New Hold Time
2. Start Hold Timer
3. Increment Sequence Number

Hold Timer Expired

SEND Message
Copyright SEL 2008

Dataset Change Due to Analog Value

Changing by More than Deadband
(DB)
z

Value will not be reported until it changes by more than

the db value

db is a % of the full scale value

Copyright SEL 2008

Dataset Change Due to Binaries

Changing State

Copyright SEL 2008

Transition Time Includes Time to

Detect, Transfer, and Process
Change

Copyright SEL 2008

Time Between Publications Changes

z

Publishers calculate and report time to live (ttl) with

dataset

Publishers multicast next message after delay = ttl

if there is no dataset change

Subscribers constantly calculate time to wait (ttw),

based on ttl within each message

Subscriber considers data stale when time to wait

expires

If dataset change occurs, publisher sends new

message without waiting entire time delay

Copyright SEL 2008

Time Between Publications Changes

z

After dataset change, publisher multicasts with ttl = 4

ms to increase likelihood that subscribers will hear

Publishers gradually increases ttl until it = Max Time

setting

Copyright SEL 2008

SCL Files

Substation Configuration Language (SCL) is

an XML-based configuration language
that supports the exchange of database
configuration data among different
manufacturers.

Copyright SEL 2008

Communications Configuration
Four Different File Types Defined in Part 6
z

System Specification Description (SSD)

power system functions

Substation Configuration Description (SCD)

complete substation

IED Capability Description (ICD) the data

reported by a type of IED

Configured IED Description (CID) the

configuration of a specific IED
Copyright SEL 2008

Five Sections Per File Defined in Part 6

z

Header identifies the configuration file

Substation identifies electrical connections

and functions

Communications identifies addresses and

subnetworks

IED identifies functions and configuration of

devices

Data Type Templates used to build the other

sections
Copyright SEL 2008

System Specification Description

System Specification Tool

SSD
File

Library

The system specification description file (.ssd)

describes the single-line diagram and the
substation automation functionality using the
associated logical nodes

Single-line diagram connections

Logical nodes, logical node types

Copyright SEL 2008

SSD: One-Line and Functions

Station
Computer

IHMI

ITCI

NCC
Gateway

Bay
=Q1

Bay
=Q2

XSWI

CSWI

XSWI

CILO
XCBR

CSWI

CSWI
CILO

XCBR

MMXU

CSWI
MMXU

TCTR

PTOC

TCTR

PTOC

YLTC

ATCC

YLTC

ATCC

Copyright SEL 2008

SCL Substation Section

Concepts of voltage level, bay, power functionality

Associates logical nodes (functions) with:

Electrical connections (required)

IEDs (optional)

Can be used to build a one-line diagram

Copyright SEL 2008

IED Capability Description

IED Configuration Tool

ICD
File

Library
z

The IED capability description file (.icd) describes the

capabilities and (optionally) the preconfigured data model of
the IED

Logical devices, logical nodes, logical node types

Data sets

Control blocks not populated

Think of it as an IED template

Copyright SEL 2008

ICD: Map IEDs to Logical Devices

Station
Computer

IHMI

IHMI

Switch

Switch

NCC
Gateway

Switch

Bay

Switch

Bay
Controller
XSWI

XCBR

TCTR

Controller

Switch IED
CSWI

XSWI

CSWI

CILO

Breaker IED

CILO

CSWI

XCBR

CSWI

MMXU

MU

PTOC

TCTR

Switch

ATCC

Tap changer Controller

PTOC
Protection

Protection
YLTC

MMXU

YLTC
Transformer IED

ATCC
Tap ch . Contr.

Copyright SEL 2008

SCL IED and Data Type Sections

Defines the object model of each device

Correspondence between devices and access points

Shows structure of server, logical devices, logical

nodes, data objects, data attributes, and data types

Same information as available from self-description

Copyright SEL 2008

System Configuration Description

SSD
File

SCD
File

ICD
ICD
File
ICD
File
ICD
File
File

System Configuration Tool

The substation configuration description file (.scd) describes the

complete substation configuration

Single-line diagram

Communication network

IED configurations

Binding information
Copyright SEL 2008

SCD: Add the Communications

Bay
Switch IED

Process level
bus segments

XSWI
XSWI

CILO
CILO

Breaker IED
XCBR
XCBR

CSWI
CSWI

Station level
and interbay
Bus,
Bus, e.g.,
e.g. ring
ring

CSWI
CSWI
Switch
Switch

MMXU
MMXU
ATCC
ATCC

MU
Controller

TCTR
TCTR

PTOC
PTOC
TvTR
TVTR

YLTC
Transformer IED

Switch
Switch

Protection 1
Switch
Switch

PTOC
PTOC
Protection 2

Copyright SEL 2008

SCL Communications Section

Concepts of subnetwork, and access point

Identifies communications addresses of IEDs

Can be used for network management

Copyright SEL 2008

Configured IED Description

SCD
File

CID
File

IED Configuration Tool

z

The configured IED description file (.cid) describes an instantiated

IED with all configuration parameters relevant for that IED

Created by the IED configuration tool from the .scd file

Includes the device-specific configuration data

IED configuration via loading .cid file is recommended best

practice

As an alternate solution, a vendor-specific file may be used

Copyright SEL 2008

SCL Extensions Provide Built-in

Escape Clause
z

Allow configuration of data types not part of IEC 61850

Example

IED SELOGIC is used to make specific information

Could extend SCL to define results and status

SCL allows three types of extensions

Extensions to the existing language

Private extensions with in-line data

Private extensions with off-line data

Copyright SEL 2008

Questions

Copyright SEL 2008

Multivendor
Interoperability

Copyright SEL 2008

Interoperability
Demonstration
z

Included all
vendors

Displayed
GOOSE traffic
graphically

Copyright SEL 2008

Support 8 Unique GOOSE Publications and 16

Subscriptions 24 for Complex Interlocking
Cigre Multi-vendor Demonstration of 12 IEDs

SEL-451-4

SEL-421

ZIV
IRV-A

Team
Arteche

Toshiba
GRZ100

Areva
P444

Sisco software
IED on PC

GE D60
Siemens
7SA525

Siemens
6MD669

Siemens
BC1703

GE
F650

Copyright SEL 2008

CFEs La Venta
Windfarm

Worlds First Multisupplier

IEC 61850 System

This is, without any doubt, a great

advancement for the integration of control
and protection systems, and for integration
of the IEC 61850 International standard.
David Lancha, Project Manager, IBERINCO

Copyright SEL 2008

Each Bay Has Unique Bay Control IED

230KV
230KV Line
LVD93100 Autotransformer
LVD92010
GE F650 BC

230KV Tie
LVD97010

230KV Bus
Diff
LVDDB9

Redundant
HMI

Redundant
SCADA
Gateway

ZIV BC

SEL-451-4
ZIV HMI
SEL-451

SEL-451

SEL-3332

SEL-451

ZIV CPT
SEL-387E

SEL-421
ZIV HMI

GE T60
GE F60
GE F35

SEL-311L

SEL-487B

GE L90

Siemens 7SJ62
Siemens 7SJ61

Copyright SEL 2008

System Architecture
Remote HMI
DNP
ZIV CPT

Conitel

ZIV HMI

ZIV HMI

Router
+ Firewall

SEL-3332
SCADA Gateway
GPS

SEL-487B 87B

SW-1
SW-5

Fiber-Optic
Ring
RuggedCom
SW-2

SW-4

SW-3

SEL-451-4 BC

GE F650 BC

ZIV 6MCV BC

SEL-451 50BF, 25, 27

SEL-451 50BF, 25, 27

SEL-421 21, 67

SEL-387E

SEL-279H 79

GE T60 87T

SEL-451 50BF, 25, 27

GE F60 50, 51HS

GE L90 87L

GE F35 50, 51TZ

SEL-311L

Siemens 7SJ62 50, 51LS

Siemens 7SJ61 50, 51N

Copyright SEL 2008

GOOSE Retrip Operation 12.5ms

Faster Than Parallel Hardwire
GOOSE Breaker 21 TRIP A

Wired Contact Breaker 21 TRIP A

12.5 ms Difference
Between Inputs

Copyright SEL 2008

KONYA Industrial Park

Chooses SEL and IEC 61850
z

500 large to mid-size electricity-dependent

tenants: plastics, machinery, pharmaceuticals

Park management responsible for infrastructure:

electricity, gas, water, traffic, security

One 100 MW transformer and three 33 kV

tie lines from National Grid

65 MW maximum demand increasing by 15%

every year
Copyright SEL 2008

8 Switching Stations, 99 Feeders

SEL-3401
GPS-Clock
42-Inch LCD
Monitors

Server
1

Operator
Station 1

Operator
Station 2

Server 2

Printers
Switch

3 Tie Lines (6
Future)

Front-End 2
Substation
Computing

Front-End 1
Substation
Computing

6 x SEL-311L

SEL-2407
GPSReceiver
Clock

Switch

Station 1

Station 2

Station
3

Station
4

Station
5

Station 6

Station 7

54 SEL-751A Relays and 38 SEL-311L Relays

Station 8

Copyright SEL 2008

Control Center
Manages 165
Distribution
Substations

24 km redundant fiber-optic
ring

Future distribution
automation via SEL-751A

Copyright SEL 2008

MM1
Fiber optical Patch Panel
48-72 connectors
IEC61850 - Industrial
Ethernet
switch

IEC61850 - TCP/IP 10/100Mbit/sec.

SEL-311L
Line differential
and
Directional Overcurrent
Relay

x4 pcs.
3 Phase Currents
3 Phase Voltages
Disc./Breaker Position
signal
Open and Close Commands
Other Feeder Alarms and
signals

Legened
Fiber Optical Termination
Box
Indoor type twisted pair
patchcord ethernet cable
CAT5e
Indoor type fiber optical
Cable
Patchcord, singlemode, SCSC, dublex
External type fiber optical
cable
Metalic armoured,
singlemode,
Control
24 coresand Protection
Hardwiring signals

SEL-751A
Overcurrent
and
Earth fault
relays

x5 pcs.
3 Phase Currents
3 Phase Voltages
Disc./Breaker Position
signal
Open and Close Commands
Other Feeder Alarms and
signals

Copyright SEL 2008

GEESE Migrate to Africa

SEL Deploying IEC 61850 MMS and GOOSE
z

City Power Pennyville 19 bays , 2 bus

sections, 3 transformers

City Power Khanyisa similar to above with

36 bays

City of Cape Town 2 complete substations

Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality

Three new substations in 2008

Each based on IEC 61850, each awarded to

SEL

Copyright SEL 2008

City Power Johannesburg

Harley Street Substation

Copyright SEL 2008

Distribution Switch Application

I/O flexibility meets each installation

Master / remote configuration allows integration with

existing SCADA master
Copyright SEL 2008

RTU Replacement Network Could Also

Connect I/O of Relays and Meters
SCADA
Master

Example system database

192.168.0.20
PAC_MASTER

DNP3 Serial

Ethernet
Switch

32 AC analog inputs

2 DC analog inputs

24 digital inputs

16 digital outputs

GOOSE Messages
PAC_Slave_A

PAC_Slave_B

PAC_Slave_C

192.168.0.15

192.168.0.25

192.168.0.30
Copyright SEL 2008

Data Flow Acts the Same as

Distributed RTU I/O Panels, and It
Performs Better
DNP3 Master

PAC_2411C01
PAC_MASTER01

Field Inputs
PAC_2411B01

PAC_2411A01

Copyright SEL 2008

Data Flow Acts the Same as

Distributed RTU I/O Panels, and It
Performs Better
DNP3 Master

PAC_2411C01
PAC_MASTER01

Field Inputs
GOOSE Inputs

PAC_2411B01

PAC_2411A01

Copyright SEL 2008

Data Flow Acts the Same as

Distributed RTU I/O Panels, and It
Performs Better
DNP3 Master

PAC_2411C01
PAC_MASTER01

Field Inputs
GOOSE Inputs

PAC_2411B01

DNP3 Response
PAC_2411A01

Copyright SEL 2008

Data Flow Acts the Same as

Distributed RTU I/O Panels, and It
Performs Better
DNP3 Master

PAC_2411C01
PAC_MASTER01

Field Inputs
GOOSE Inputs

PAC_2411B01

DNP3 Response
DNP3 Command
PAC_2411A01

Copyright SEL 2008

Data Flow Acts the Same as

Distributed RTU I/O Panels, and It
Performs Better
DNP3 Master

PAC_2411C01
PAC_MASTER01

Field Inputs
GOOSE Inputs

PAC_2411B01

DNP3 Response
DNP3 Command
GOOSE Outputs

PAC_2411A01

Copyright SEL 2008

Data Flow Acts the Same as

Distributed RTU I/O Panels, and It
Performs Better
DNP3 Master

PAC_2411C01
PAC_MASTER01

Field Inputs
GOOSE Inputs

PAC_2411B01

DNP3 Response
DNP3 Command
GOOSE Outputs

PAC_2411A01

Contact Output
Copyright SEL 2008

Questions

Copyright SEL 2008

Ethernet Switch Networks

and Security

Copyright SEL 2008

Concept of Separate Station LAN

(SCADA, P to P) and Process Bus (ITs)

Copyright SEL 2008

IEC 62351 Security Standards

IEC 62351-1 Introduction
TASE.2 / ICCP
IEC 62351-2 Glossary
IEC 61850
IEC 62351-3 TCP Profiles
IEC 101/102/103
IEC 62351-4 MMS Profiles
IEC 60870-5-104
IEC 62351-5 60870-5 and derivatives
DNP3
IEC 62351-6 IEC 61850 peer-to-peer
IEC 62351-7 Objects for Net Mgmt

Copyright SEL 2008

Redundancy: Ethernet Network

z

Ethernet redundancy is accomplished via

various switching mechanisms in
combination with physical connections

Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA) decides

which switch is highest in hierarchy
(Root), routing tables that map to each
address

Copyright SEL 2008

Redundant Path Created When STA

Alerts Switches of Topology Change
z

STA determines which of three states each

switch port is in discarding tables, learning
tables, or forwarding traffic

Managed switches discard and rebuild tables

when they learn of topology change

Failed switch

Failed connection to IED

Failed connection within IED

Copyright SEL 2008

Network Hardware Requirements

Critical Features for Real-Time Control
IEEE 802.3x Full Duplex Operation
Allows for no collisions and no CSMA/CD!

IEEE 802.1p Priority Queuing

Allows for high-priority tagging of real-time control
traffic!

IEEE 802.1Q VLAN (Virtual LANs)

Allows for the segregation of real-time control
devices!

IEEE 802.1w RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree)

Allows for the creation of fault tolerant ring
architectures!
Copyright SEL 2008

Dual Home Run Protection LAN

Copyright SEL 2008

Substation Network Future

SCADA, HMI
Fault Recorder

To Sub X

Information Processor

HMI

Substation Y

Station Bus
1000LX

Surveillance

Protection

- i2
ix - iy

i1

Process Bus

100FX
Switchyard

IED, Merging Units

With IEEE 1588

52

i1

i2

Copyright SEL 2008

Choose Switches Suitable for

Substation Environment
Networking
equipment must be
as robust as IED
Typical EMI & Environmental Phenomena
z

Electric and magnetic fields, electrostatic discharge

Conducted high-frequency electrical transients

High-energy power surges, ground potential rise during faults

Uncontrolled temperature & humidity, seismic / vibration

Dust, metallic particles, condensation, solar radiation

Copyright SEL 2008

The Managed Switch

Same as unmanaged, but add:

User interface via RS232, Telnet, SNMP, HTTP

Status, statistics, and troubleshooting facilities

Rapid Spanning Tree (IEEE 802.1w) for fault

tolerant loop architectures

VLANs (802.1Q)

Quality of Service-QOS (802.1p)

And more truly an IED!

Copyright SEL 2008

Rapid Spanning Tree (802.1W)

z

RSTP is a switch protocol used to exchange state

information

Determines least-cost tree that ensures all switches

have appropriate paths

Required to prevent broadcast storms

Very fast failover times under 50 ms

Link recovery times up to 2 seconds*

Ring size limited to 20 switches*

Available only on managed switches

* RuggedComs eRSTP improves on figures (50 ms & 80 ring)
Copyright SEL 2008

N+1 Redundancy via RSTP

A

100FX

Protection
X

RSTP
automatically
determines that
link B-C should be
a backup no
traffic flows

Protection
Y

52

A
B
Copyright SEL 2008

RSTP After Failure

A

RSTP quickly
restores link
B-C to repair
connectivity

Protection
X

Any link,
switch, or IED
can fail yet
either X or Y
protection is
always online

Protection
Y

52

A
B
Copyright SEL 2008

RSTP + Dual Home Run IED

A
D

100FX

Dual homing can

be done at MAC
or IP layer

Any link or
switch can
fail, yet
protection is
always online

IED

C
A

52
B

Copyright SEL 2008

VLAN (802.1Q)
z

Virtual LAN: an independent Ethernet network

that shares cabling infrastructure with other
networks

Allows multiple devices at different physical

locations to act as if on an independent LAN

Each VLAN has a separate broadcast domain

IEEE 802.1Q standard defines tagged frame

format, allowing multiple VLANs to be carried
on a trunk

Bridging traffic between VLANs requires a

router
Copyright SEL 2008

Ethernet Network Performance

Segregation

Copyright SEL 2008

Coexisting VLAN Example

Copyright SEL 2008

VLAN: Tagged vs. Untagged

z

Untagged frames are standard 802.1d frames

Most end devices send/receive untagged traffic on edge port

Tagged frames contain 802.1P/Q extension

Tagged traffic is typically only found on trunk ports; notable

exception is GOOSE
6 bytes

6 bytes

2 bytes

Variable

Dest.

Src.

Length / Type

Data

6 bytes

6 bytes

2 bytes 2 bytes

Dest.

Src.

TPID

TCI

3 bits

Standard
Frame

2 bytes

Variable

Length / Type

Data

1 bit

Priority CFI

12 bits

VID

Tagged
Frame
Copyright SEL 2008

VLANs: Why Bother?

z

A lot of broadcast traffic wastes bandwidth

Isolate IEDs with critical real-time traffic

Such devices will not incur processing overhead for unneeded

traffic

Isolate devices with excessive traffic output

VLANs reduce this traffic because it only goes where needed

Video surveillance equipment will generate prodigious

amounts of traffic VLANs keep it separated

Security

VLANs restrict traffic to required stations cannot sniff

Copyright SEL 2008

Ethernet Network Performance

Priority

Copyright SEL 2008

IEEE 802.1p Prioritization

z

Class of Service (CoS)

Multiple egress traffic

queues; higher-priority traffic
sent first

Reduces jitter and latency

for time-sensitive traffic (like
voice / GOOSE)

Managed switches classify

and tag incoming untagged
traffic based on port number,
address, or DiffServ

1 2
2 1

MES

2 1 1

2 2

Copyright SEL 2008

Switches Add Latency

z

Latency is the time it takes a frame to get from

source to destination

Store and forward introduces a minimum

latency of one frame time per switch hop

Frame latency ranges from 5 to 120 s per

switch at 100 Mbps proportional to frame size

Switch also introduces a processing latency on

the order of 5 s

QoS pushes important traffic to front of queue

to reduce latency
Copyright SEL 2008

Calculation of Latency
LXY = N * tF + N* tmaxF* R + N*s
Where:
LXY is the latency between any two devices for frame F
N is the maximum number of switches between X and Y
tF is the time it takes to transmit the frame F
tmaxF is the time it takes to transmit a 1500 byte frame
R is the percentage loading on the network (set to 100% for absolute worst
case)
S is the latency of the switch electronics (~5 s)
Equation assumes frame F has the highest priority in the network and such frames are
not simultaneous
Copyright SEL 2008

Latency Example
10 switches between X & Y. 100Mbps network. Network loaded to
50%. GOOSE frame of 64 bytes

tF

= 64*8*1.25 / 100e6 = 6.4 s

(1.25 is for 4B/5B encoding)

tmaxF = 1500*8*1.25/100e6 = 150 s

LXY = 10*6.4 + 10*150*0.5 + 20*5= 864 s

Max LXY = 1614 s

Gigabit Ethernet would reduce latency by factor of 10.

Copyright SEL 2008

Ethernet Network Security

Switches provide four main security features for
the network:
1. Management security: ability to monitor or
configure the switches (SSL, SSH)
2. VLANs: ability to segregate traffic
3. Port security: ability to deny access to the
network (802.1x)
4. Rate limiting: ability to limit ingress/egress
traffic
Copyright SEL 2008

The Basic Real-Time Recipe

1. Install only devices that meet IEC 61850-3 and
IEEE 1613 environmental standards
2. Use fiber optics for long runs
3. Install fully managed Ethernet switches
supporting VLANs, CoS, RSTP, for network
core
4. Consider unmanaged switches local to IED

Copyright SEL 2008

The Basic Real-Time Recipe

5. Ensure N+1 redundancy via RSTP
6. Deploy 802.1P advantaged protocols like
61850 GSSE/GOOSE
7. Restrict, manage, monitor high-priority network
traffic
8. Calculate worst and typical case latency
introduced by store and forward switches;
expect the worst

Copyright SEL 2008

Questions

Copyright SEL 2008

Protocols and Services

Within IEC 61850 to Perform
Substation Automation

Copyright SEL 2008

Recall That IEC 61850 Focuses Only

on Substation Automation
z

IEC 61850 designed for substation automation

systems (SAS)

IEC 61850 not designed for between

substations, for between substations and
control centers, or for distribution automation

New work items for between substations and

for between substation and control center

Copyright SEL 2008

Local and System Automation,

Protection Are Out of Scope
Configured in
traditional ways
with existing
tools
Inputs and
outputs to logic
and protection
now also
mapped to
IEC 61850

Copyright SEL 2008

Self-Description Services Are a

Series of Queries
z

Each query is progressively more detailed

Based on MMS capabilities

Services defined:

GetLogicalDeviceDirectory

GetLogicalNodeDirectory

GetDataSetDirectory

GetDataDirectory

GetDataDefinition

Logical
Logical Device
Device
Logical
Logical Node
Node
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data

Data
Data Set
Set

Logical
Logical Node
Node
Data
Data
Data
Data

Data
Data Set
Set

Data
Data Set
Set

Copyright SEL 2008

Example of Browser View of Data

Objects Revealed in Self Description
LOGICAL-NODE (BRICK)

ATTRIBUTE

FUNCTIONAL-CONSTRAINT (FC)

MMS-DATA

ATTRIBUTE (Data)

Copyright SEL 2008

Polling of IED Data

Two-Party Ad-Hoc Client Server
Association
Client

Client

Client

SERVER

From IEC61850-7-2

Copyright SEL 2008

Polling for Data on Demand

Data Objects
Ad Hoc Response
Filter
&
Format
Parameters
Get, Set Req
Get, Set Res

Data, Quality,
Etc.
On Demand
Reaction

Copyright SEL 2008

Reporting of IED Data

Two-Party Configured Client Server
Association
z

Spontaneously reports members of data sets

Triggered by:

Data changes

Quality changes

Periodic integrity report

Select triggers ahead of time

Multiple clients, multiple data sets

Buffered and unbuffered modes

Copyright SEL 2008

IED Data Sets

Copyright SEL 2008

Unbuffered Reporting Model

Formatted
Reports

Data Objects
in Data Set
Filter
&
Format
Data, Quality,
Change Events

Parameters
Get, Set Req
Get, Set Res

Report
Control

Copyright SEL 2008

Buffered Reporting Model

Buffer
Formatted
Reports

Data Objects
in Data Set
Filter
&
Format
Data, Quality,
Change Events

Parameters
Get, Set Req
Get, Set Res

Report Control

Copyright SEL 2008

Comparison of Polling and Reporting

Methods
Time-critical
Information
Exchange

Can Lose
Changes
(of
Sequence)

Multiple
Clients to
Receive
Information

Last
Change
of Data
Stored
by

Typical
Client
(Not
Restricted)

Polling for
Values on
Demand

NO

YES

YES

Browser

Unbuffered
Reporting

YES

YES

YES*

Real-time
GUI

Server

Data
Concentrator
SOE, SER
Gateway

Retrieval
Method

Buffered
Reporting

YES

NO

YES*

* With multiple instances of control blocks, one per client

Copyright SEL 2008

Commanded and Automatic Control

Services available for controlling objects:

Select (Sel) and SelectWithValue (SelVal)

Cancel

Operate (Oper) and TimeActivatedOperate

(TimOper)

Command Termination

Copyright SEL 2008

Interaction Between General Control

Model and Real Device

From IEC61850-7-2

Copyright SEL 2008

Direct and Select Before Operate

(SBO)
z

Applies to common object classes:

Controllable single and double points

Binary and analog controlled step position

Analog set point

Immediate and time activated

Two levels of security

Normal

Enhanced
Copyright SEL 2008

Direct Control Normal Security

Client

Server
Oper_req
Action performed
Oper_res

Copyright SEL 2008

SBO Control Normal Security

Client

Server
Sel_req
Point selected
Sel_res
Oper_req
Action initiated
Oper_res

Copyright SEL 2008

SBO Control Enhanced Security

Client

Server
Sel_req
Point selected
Sel_res
Oper_req
Action initiated
Oper_res
Action completed
CmdTerm_res

Copyright SEL 2008

High-Speed Peer-to-Peer Services

z

IEC 61850-7-2 also defines:

Generic Object-Oriented Substation Event

(GOOSE)

Generic Substation Status Event (GSSE)

Sampled Measured Values

High-speed, connectionless services

Spontaneous reporting of data

Operate directly over Ethernet

Copyright SEL 2008

GOOSE Service Models

z

Generic Object-Oriented Substation

Event (GOOSE)

Fast and reliable distribution of data

Send to multiple subscribed peers

Data set interrogation services

Generic Substation State Event (GSSE)

Sends fixed set of status outputs

Also fast, reliable and multicast

Copyright SEL 2008

IEC 61850 Peer-to-Peer Functions as

Publish/Subscribe
z

One direction only

Multi-cast, as opposed to broadcast

Filtering done in hardware

Subscriber only listens to whats needed

Very high speed

No positive acknowledgement of receipt

No channel performance statistics

Copyright SEL 2008

GOOSE Services Model

Fast Multicast Reports

Data Objects
in Data Set

Format

Parameters
Get, Set Req
Get, Set Res

Data, Quality,
Change Events
GOOSE
Control
Copyright SEL 2008

GOOSE Services Model

Fast Multicast Reports

Data Objects
in Data Set

Format

Parameters
Get, Set Req
Get, Set Res

Data, Quality,
& Freeze
Change Events
GOOSE
Control
Copyright SEL 2008

GOOSE/GSSE Is Reliable Multicast

DATASET CHANGE
New State: 1. Sequence Number = 0
2. State Number Increments
3. Reset HoldTimer

RETRANSMITPENDING
1. Hold Time Preset
Calculated
2. Start Hold Timer
3. Sequence Number
Incremented

HoldTime expired

SEND Message

Copyright SEL 2008

Nonconventional Instrument
Transformer Interfaces
z

IEC 61850 9-1 (already obsolete) and 9-2

document sampled values

Likely require separate LAN due to high

bandwidth requirements

Estimates indicate it will require Gigabit

Ethernet for large-scale deployment

Copyright SEL 2008

Sampled Values on the LAN

z

Takes decentralization
one step further

Separates sampling
physically from

Measurement

Metering

Calculation

Copyright SEL 2008

Sampled Values on the LAN

z

More flexibility in
measurement

Any device may

measure any circuit

Smart CTs and PTs

No measurements yet
of communications
performance
Copyright SEL 2008

Sampled Values Model

Data Objects
in Data Set

Periodic Reports

Format

Synchronous
Sampling

Parameters
Get, Set Req
Get, Set Res

SV
Control

Copyright SEL 2008

Using Merging Unit for

Sampled Values

Copyright SEL 2008

Combined Relay, Breaker Control,

Merging Unit Similar to Existing Method

Copyright SEL 2008

Combined Relay, Breaker Control,

Merging Unit, Distributed Protection

Copyright SEL 2008

Performance Classes
P1, P2, P3
M1, M2, M3

Copyright SEL 2008

Performance Classes
IEC 61850-10 Conformance testing does not test
performance or accuracy

Copyright SEL 2008

Configuration Revision Management

Out of Scope
SEL enables management of hardware, firmware, software,
and settings configuration information on LAN

Copyright SEL 2008

Engineering Access Out of Scope

SEL adds this to
IEC 61850 LAN via
Telnet, FTP,
Tunneled Serial

Copyright SEL 2008

Engineering Access Out of Scope But

File Transfer Services Are Defined
z

IEC 61850 defines a mms file transfer service

Supports only file name, size, and timestamp

Does not standardize file use, content, or

format

This service causes confusion

Without standardization, vendors cannot possibly

do things similarly and interoperable

Forces private development

Observers see file transfer mentioned as a service

and expect that its use is standardized and
interoperable
Copyright SEL 2008

Possible Future Uses: Oscillography,

Configuration, Firmware, Private

GetFile

File System

SetFile
DeleteFile

File names
may be
structured

FileDirectory

Responses

File Name
File Size
Timestamp

Copyright SEL 2008

Communications Diagnostics Out of

Scope, Enabled on LAN by SEL

Copyright SEL 2008

Multicast Non-Connection Oriented

Messages Cant Perform Active Diagnostics
z

Multicast to unknown receivers; no return

Receiver determines if message is late, lost

Not possible to know necessary message was

not sent (no trigger due to change)

GOOSE passive information

Time to live age when message turns stale

Sequence incremented each time message is

sent each message has unique sequence until
reset
Copyright SEL 2008

GOOSE Supports Present Status and

Error Codes, Not Statistics Calculation

Copyright SEL 2008

Description of GOOSE Multicast

Parameters in Diagnostic

Copyright SEL 2008

Description of GOOSE Status

Information in Diagnostic

Copyright SEL 2008

Description of GOOSE Error Code

Information in Diagnostic

Copyright SEL 2008

Local and Wide Area Synchrophasors

Out of Scope
Possible Future GOOSE or 9-2 Extension

SEL adds this to

IEC 61850 LAN via
Telnet, tunneled
serial, IEEE
C37.118

Verify CT wiring,
phase rotation,
settings
Copyright SEL 2008

Questions

Copyright SEL 2008

Certification and
Conformance Testing of
IEC 61850 Systems

Copyright SEL 2008

IEC 61850 Vision of Common

Communications
IEC 61850 is massive over 1700 pages!

Evolving and growing created by human

process

It is a published standard this does not

mean that it is clear or correct in every detail

Copyright SEL 2008

Certification Will Help Overcome

Complexity to Reach Interoperability
z

Increase likelihood that products from

different vendors will communicate and
meet our application needs

Model of an excellent process DNP3

Users Group management of

DNP3 communications standard

Resolution of interoperability issues

Conformance testing program

Copyright SEL 2008

Industry Experts Managing

Future of IEC 61850
z

UCA International Users Group (UCAIUG) is

responsible for administering conformance

Design of conformance tests; accreditation of test laboratories

Responsible to document solutions to problems that emerge;

update and maintain test processes

IEC Technical Committee (TC) 57 Working Group (WG)

10 defines corrective action to solve problems that
emerge

Network of industry and apparatus experts

Technical issues (TISSUES) process

Copyright SEL 2008

Group of Experts (GoE) Created by

Overlap of UCAIUG and WG10

UCAIUG
Technical
Committee

Each part of the standard

has a responsible GoE
member identified

Group of
Experts
IEC TC57
WG10
Copyright SEL 2008

IEC 61850 Success Depends on Common

Implementation and Behavior
z

All vendors strive to conform to standard, do

development correct first time

Standard is large, comprehensive, and evolving

Some parts still ambiguous and vague

Does not cover every contingency

Improving as we learn of deficiencies

Copyright SEL 2008

Vendors, Test Labs, Users Together

Improve Conformance Testing
Standards
IEC TC57
Working
Groups

Standards Committees
Vendors
Test Labs
Users

Product
Development

Test Cases

Test System
Development

Products

Test
Laboratories
Test
Systems

Projects

Successful
Systems

Tested
Products

Copyright SEL 2008

Implementation and Behavior of One

Device Is Verified
Communications Simulator

Ethernet Hub
Device Under
Test

Analyzer

Time Master

Equipment Simulator

Copyright SEL 2008

Vendor-Supplied Documentation
Drives Test Plan
Protocol Implementation
Conformance Statement
(PICS)

Summarizes communications
capabilities of tested system or device

Model Implementation
Conformance Statement
(MICS)

Details standard data object model

elements

Protocol Implementation eXtra

Information for Testing (PIXIT)

Documents specific information

regarding communications
capabilities of system or device not
documented within IEC 61850

Specification for which Technical

TISSUE Implementation
Issues updates (TISSUES) have
Conformance Statement (TICS) been implemented in the current
version
Copyright SEL 2008

Testing Follows UCAIUG Process

Copyright SEL 2008

TISSUES Process Provides

Feedback
Initiator emails

Could be a shortterm fix

TISSUES

Selected and distributed to the

responsible member of GoE

1st Proposal

Responsible GoE member will

create 1st proposal and
distribute to all of GoE

Final Proposal

After discussion, a final

proposal is distributed to
TISSUES group for vote

100% approval
green TISSUES

yellow TISSUES

IEC TC57 WG10

Yellow tissues get

resubmitted until
100% approval
Green become part
of the standard
Copyright SEL 2008

Conformance Is First Step Toward

Successful Integration
z

Conformance does device communicate as

standard specifies?

Interoperability do two or more devices work

together on the LAN as expected when they
exchange standard IEC 61850 format
messages?

Performance or stress does device perform

appropriately when subjected to
communications and physical extremes?
Copyright SEL 2008

Interoperability Is Not Formally Tested;

Occurs During Project Development
z

Flexibility of IED is important

Experience with multi-vendor systems is

necessary

SCL parameters via settings rather than ICD

file make configuration difficult

Vendors should do this during product

development

Copyright SEL 2008

Performance: Removed From

Conformance
f1, f2 Processing interval (convert field data into logic, logic
into outputs)
ta, tc Communicate message contents into logic, logic into
message contents
tb

Time message
is on wire
Transfer time is
ta + tb + tc
Transmission time
is transfer time + f2
(processing interval)
Copyright SEL 2008

Time Accuracy and Reliability

Removed From Conformance
z

Device clock time-set accuracy

Data timestamp accuracy

IEC 61850-3 measures of

Reliability, availability, maintainability,

security, data integrity

Copyright SEL 2008

Certificate Specifies Product, Firmware,

Tested Parts of the Standard

Copyright SEL 2008

Specifies Which Conformance Blocks in

Present Version Were Tested

No rules
about
minimum
feature set;
we tested
what was
needed for
SAS

Copyright SEL 2008

KEMA Performed Platform Testing

for SEL
z

SEL-4XX interface testing verifies

implementation in the SEL-421, SEL-451,
SEL-451-4, and SEL-487B

SEL-3XX interface testing verifies

implementation used in two form factors
in the SEL-387E, SEL-311L, SEL-710,
SEL-751A, SEL-2411
Copyright SEL 2008

Certificate Table Format and Test

Versions May Differ

SEL devices were tested with the new and improved test procedures; others were
not
SEL 2008
SEL certificate lists GOOSE 9ab on one line; Siemens lists 9a and 9b onCopyright
two lines

Different Vendors, Different Products,

Different Capabilities

Things untested may very well be interoperable

things that are tested conformant may not be
interoperable
Copyright SEL 2008

Conclusions Advice for Users

z

IEC 61850 Part 10 and UCAIUG

procedures define a strong process for:

Interoperability issue discovery and

resolution

Continuous improvement of the Standard

Know exactly what services were

conformance tested, versus what
services the project needs to use

Learn about local issues

Copyright SEL 2008

Testing Limitations and Ambiguities

Remain
z

Tests cover only small fraction of possible

errors

Interoperability can never be assured by

conformance

Version control there is no standard on

when a retest is required

Platform testing there is no standard

describing when one test for similar
devices is inadequate
Copyright SEL 2008

Application of IEC 61850

Technology for Complete
Substation Automation
Systems
IEC 61850 Concept of Local
Issues

Copyright SEL 2008

IEC 61850 Standardizes Data Flow

Aspects of Automation System
z

Standard performs nothing new in substation

automation

Provides new names and communications

methods to replace existing technology

In fact, it does not yet cover all present power

system management functions

Reliability-centered maintenance

Asset management; revision management

Substation automation functions

Copyright SEL 2008

IEC 61850 Goals of Communication

Standardization
z

Interoperability

Capability of two or more IEDs of the same

or different supplier to exchange information
and use this information for the proper
execution of the specific functions (IEC
61850-1)

Interchangeability

The ability to substitute a device supplied by

a manufacturer with a device supplied by
another manufacturer without substituting
other elements of the system (IEC 61850-1)
Copyright SEL 2008

Functionality of IEDs Is Out of

Scope

Interoperability send and receive standardized

messages

Interchangeability

Only at communications level

IEDs still perform differently

An IED can be replaced by several, and vice versa, as

long as data models remain the same
Copyright SEL 2008

IEC 61850 5 Local Issues Are Out

of Scope
Since interoperability is also needed for a
proper operation of functions, the reaction of
the application in the receiving node has to be
considered

IED reaction must satisfy required functionality

IED functionality must behave during

communications degradation

These requirements are function related local

issues and, therefore, outside the scope of the
IEC 61850 series
Copyright SEL 2008

These Important Implementation Details

Not Addressed by the Standard
z

Local issues expected to be dealt with

Locally in the IED by the developer

Local to the substation by the user

Likely some combination of the two

Describe functionality that is required from the

system

Necessary to clarify IED requirements in

addition to IEC 61850 Compliance
Copyright SEL 2008

Several Issues Became Challenges

as Soon as the Standard Was Used
z

Not every contingency had been

identified or standardized

Much useful information in the IEDs is not

represented in object models

Asset management, diagnostics, reports

Settings, notifications, performance

indicators
Copyright SEL 2008

Even More as Substations Were

Connected to Remote SCADA Systems
z

Legacy protocols generally use simple

data types that do not translate into more
complex 61850 data types

Mandatory 61850 attributes are often not

available via SCADA protocols

Quality, time, control origin, etc.

Copyright SEL 2008

Questions

Copyright SEL 2008