FLUJO ESTACIONARIO DE GAS

POR GASODUCTOS

١
 INTRODUCCION
• Tubos proporcionan un medio económico de
producción y transporte de fluidos en gran
volúmenes a grandes distancias

• El flujo de gases a través de los sistemas de tuberías

implica fluir en orientaciones horizontal, inclinado, y
verticales, y a través constricciones tales como reducciones
de control de flujo.
٢
ENERGIA DE FLUJO DE UN FLUIDO

٣
 EQUATION BERNOULLI'S

• P presion
• V velocidad
• Z altura
• Hp el head equivalente adiciona al fluido por el compresor A
• hf representa la perdida de friccion total entre los puntos A y B

٤
VELOCIDAD DEL GAS EN GASODUCTOS
VELOCIDAD DEL GAS EN GASODUCTOS

• V1 = velocidad del gas , ft/s

• qb = Flujo de Gas medido en condiciones standar, ft3/day (SCFD)
• d = diametro interno, in.
• Pb = presion base, psia
• Tb = base temperature, °R (460 + °F) ٦
• P1 = presion aguas arriba, psia
• T1 = Tempertaura gas aguas arriba(upstream), °R(460 + °F)
VELOCIDAD DEL GAS EN GASODUCTOS
Velocidad del gas en la seccion 2 esta dada por:

Velocidad del gas en cualquier punto de la tuberia:

٧
 VELOCIDAD DE EROSION

• V max =maxima
ρ velocida de erosion en ft/s
• ρ = densidad gas a temperatura de
r flujo, lb/ft3
ZRT
V max =100
29 G P

• Z = factor de compresibilitdad del gas,

• R = constante del gas = 10.73 ft3 psia/lb-mole ºR
• T = temperatura del gas , ºR
• G = Gravedad del gas (air = 1.00)
• P = Presion del gas, psia ٨
 Ejemplo 1
• Un gasoducto, DE 20 y 0.500 in. espesor, transports gas natural
con una gravedad especifica de 0.6 y una relacion de flujo de 250
MMSCFD, la temperatura de 60°F. Asumiendo flujo isotermico.
Calcular:
• La velocidad del gas inicial y final si la Presion inicial es de 1000
psig y la presion de salidad es 850 psig.
• La temperatura y presion base son 60 ºF y 14.696 psig
respectivamente. Asumir el factor de compresibilidad Z= 1.
• Cual e sla velocidad de erosion en base a los datos de arriba y
con un factor de compresibilidad de Z= 0.90?

٩
 Solucion
• Para un factor de compresibilidad Z = 1.00, la velocidad del gas a una
presion inicial de 1000 psig es:

١٠
velocidad del gas a una presion final de 850 psig es:

La velocidad de erosion se encuentra para Z= 0.90 es:

𝑍𝑅𝑇
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 100√
29𝐺𝑃

(0.90∗14.73∗520)
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 100√ = 53.33 ft/s
(29∗0.60∗1014.696)
 NUMERO DE REYNOLD’S

𝜌𝑉𝑑
𝑅𝑒 = (USCS - SI )
𝜇
• Re = numero de Reynolds
• V = velocidad promedio del gas en la tuberia, ft/s - m/s
• d = diametro interno, ft - m
• ρ = densidad del gas gas , lb/ft3 - Kg/m3
• µ = viscosidad del gas, lb/ft-s - Kg/m-s

١١
 NUMERO DE REYNOLD’S -USCS

• Pb = presion base, psia

• Tb = temperatura base, °R (460 + °F)
• γg = gravedad especifica del gas (air = 1.0)
• q = relacion de flujo, standard ft3/day (SCFD)
• d = diametro interno, in.
• µ = viscosidad del gas, lb/ft.s
NUMERO DE REYNOLD’S - SI

• Pb = Presion base, kPa

• Tb = temperatura base, °K (273 + °C)
• γg = gravedad especifica del gas (air = 1.0)
• q = flujo de gas, standard m3/day (SCFD)
• d = diametro interno, mm
• µ = viscosidad del gas, Poise ١٤
 Regimen de Flujo
• Re ≤ 2000 Laminar flow,
• 2000 > Re ≤ 4000 Critical flow
• Re > 4000 Turbulent flow

١٥
 Ejemplo
• Un gasoducto de OD=20 con 0.500 in. espesor,
transporta 100 MMSCFD. La gravedad especifica
del gas es de 0.60 y la viscosidad es 0.000008
lb/ft.s.
Calcular el numero Reynolds. Asumir la
temperatura y presion base 60°F y 14.696 psi,
respectivamente. ١٦
 Solucion
• Caudal = 100 Mmscfd
• Diametro interno = 20 - 2 x 0.5 = 19.0 in.
• Temperature base = 60 + 460 = 520 °R
• Viscosidad = 0.000008 lb/ft-s
• Usando la ecuacion:

١٧

• Desde 4000 numero de Reynold se encuentra en flujo turbulento

FRICTION FACTOR

fd
ff =
4
• ff = Fanning friction factor
• fd = Darcy friction factor
• For laminar flow
64
f =
Re
FACTOR FRICCION PARA FLUJO TURBULENTO
 INTERNAL ROUGHNESS
Type of pipe e, in e,mm
Drawn tubing (brass, lead, glass) 0.00006 0.001524
Aluminum pipe 0.0002 0.000508
Plastic-lined or sand blasted 0.0002-0.0003 0.00508-0.00762
Commercial steel or wrought iron 0.0018 0.04572
Asphalted cast iron 0.0048 0.1292
Galvanized iron 0.006 0.01524
Cast iron 0.0102 0.25908
Cement-lined 0.012-0.12 0.3048-3.048
Riveted steel 0.036-0.36 0.9144-9.144
PVC, drawn tubing, glass 0.000059 0.0015
Concrete 0.0118-0.118 0.3-3.0
Wrought iron 0.0018 0.045
Commonly used well tubing and line pipe:
New pipe 0.0005-0.0007 0.0127-.01778
12-months old 0.00150 0.381
24-months old 0.00175 0.04445

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٢٠

 TRANSMISSION FACTOR
• The transmission factor F is related to the
friction factor f as follows
2
F=
f

f = 4
F2

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٢١

 Relative Roughness

e
Relative roughness =
d

• e = absolute or internal roughness of pipe, in.

• d = pipe inside diameter, in.

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٢٢

 FLOW EQUATIONS FOR HIGH
PRESSURE SYSTEM
• General Flow equation
• Colebrook-White equation
• Modified Colebrook-White equation
• AGA equation
• Weymouth equation
• Panhandle A equation
• Panhandle B equation
• IGT equation
• Spitzglass equation
• Mueller equation
• Fritzsche equation

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٢٣

 GENERAL FLOW EQUATION (USCS)
( )d
0.5
Tb  P 1 2P
2 2 5

qsc = 77.54  (USCS )

 Pb   ZgT av av


fL
• qsc = gas flow rate, measured at standard conditions, ft3/day (SCFD)
• f = friction factor, dimensionless
• Pb = base pressure, psia
• Tb = base temperature, °R( 460 + °F)
• P1 = upstream pressure, psia
• P2 = downstream pressure, psia
• γg = gas gravity (air = 1.00)
• Tav = average gas flowing temperature, °R (460 + °F)
• L = pipe segment length, mi
• Zav = gas compressibility factor at the flowing temperature, dimensionless
• d = pipe inside diameter, in.

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٢٤

Steady flow in a gas pipeline

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٢٥

 GENERAL FLOW EQUATION (SI)
( )
0.5

3
T  P  
2
b P d 2
1
5
2
q sc = 1.1494x 10    (SI )
 Pb   Z g T av av
fL

• qsc = gas flow rate, measured at standard conditions, m3/day

• f = friction factor, dimensionless
• Pb = base pressure, kPa
• Tb = base temperature, °K (273 + °C)
• P1 = upstream pressure, kPa
• P2 = downstream pressure, kPa
• γg = gas gravity (air = 1.00)
• Tav = average gas flowing temperature, °K (273 + °C)
• L = pipe segment length, km
• Zav = gas compressibility factor at the flowing temperature, dimensionless
• d = pipe inside diameter, mm

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٢٦

 General flow equation in terms of the
transmission factor F
( )d
0.5
Tb  P 1 2P
2 2 5

qsc = 38.77F    (USCS )

 Pb  ZgT av L
av

2
F=
f
( )d
0.5
Tb P 1 2P
2 2 5
4
qsc = 5.747x10 F    (SI )
 Pb  ZgT av 
L
av

• F = transmission factor

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٢٧

EFFECT OF PIPE ELEVATIONS
0.5
2 s 2 5
2
(USCS )
Z T L
0.5
2 s
4

gZ avTavLe
s
Le = L
s
s = (0.0375)g(z)/(ZavTav) (USCS)
s = (0.0684)g(z)/(ZavTav) (SI)
• s = elevation adjustment parameter, dimensionless
• ∆Z = elevation difference
• e = base of natural logarithms (e = 2.718...)

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٢٨

Gas flow through different elevations

(e s1 1) e s1(e s2 1) e sn1 (e (e s3 1)

e s1s+sn 21)
Le = L1 + L 2+ L 3 +.......+ Ln si  0
s1 s2 s3 s n

(es - 1)
j=
s
Le = j1L1 + j2L2e s1 + j3L3e s3 +.......+ jnLne sn1 si  0

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٢٩

 AVERAGE PRESSURE IN PIPE
SEGMENT

2  P 1P2 
Pav = P 1+P 2 + 
3  P1 +P 2 

• Or

Pav =  2 

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٣٠

 COLEBROOK-WHITE EQUATION
• A relationship between the friction factor and the Reynolds
number, pipe roughness, and inside diameter of pipe.
• Generally 3 to 4 iterations are sufficient to converge on a
reasonably good value of the friction factor

1 
= 2 log e ( ) +
3.7d
 
2.51
  Turbulent flow
f    R
e f

• f = friction factor, dimensionless

• d = pipe inside diameter, in.
• e = absolute pipe roughness, in.
• Re = Reynolds number of flow, dimensionless

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٣١

COLEBROOK-WHITE EQUATION

1 
 2.51
= 2 log
   Turbulent flow in smooth pipe
f  Re f

1
f
(
= 2 log e3.7d ) turbulent flow in fully rough pipes

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٣٢

 Example
• A natural gas pipeline, NPS 20 with 0.500
in. wall thickness, transports 200
MMSCFD. The specific gravity of gas is
0.6 and viscosity is 0.000008 lb/ft-s.
Calculate the friction factor using the
Colebrook equation. Assume absolute
pipe roughness = 600 µ in.

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٣٣

 Solution
• Pipe inside diameter = 20 - 2 x 0.5 = 19.0 in.
• Absolute pipe roughness = 600 ~ in. = 0.0006 in.
• First, we calculate the Reynolds number
• Re = 0.0004778(14.7/(60+460))x(( 0.6 x 200 x 106)
/(0.000008x 19)) = 10,663,452
• This equation will be solved by successive iteration.
• Assume f = 0.01 initially; substituting above, we get a
better approximation as f = 0.0101. Repeating the
iteration, we get the final value as f = 0.0101. Therefore,
the friction factor is 0.0101.

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٣٤

 MODIFIED COLEBROOK-WHITE
EQUATION

1
= 2 log(e
3.7d ) +

 2.825
  turbulent flow
f    R
e f

(
e
)
1.4125F 
F = 2 log 3.7d +

 with transmission factor
  Re  

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٣٥

 AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION
(AGA) EQUATION
3.7d 
 e 
 Re 
1.412Ft 

• Df known as the pipe drag factor depend on bend index,

Its value ranges from 0.90 to 0.99
• Ft = Von Karman smooth pipe transmission factor
 Re 
Ft = 4log 0.6
 Ft 
PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٣٦
 Bend Index
• Bend index is the sum of all the angles and bends in the pipe
segment, divided by the total length of the pipe section under
consideration
total degrees of all bends in pipe section
BI =
total length of pipe section
Material BendIndex
ExtremelyLow Average ExtremelyHigh
5°to10° 60°to80° 200°to300°
Baresteel 0.975-0.973 0.960-0.956 0.930-0.900
Plasticlined 0.979-0.976 0.964-0.960 0.936-0.910
Pigburnished 0.982-0.980 0.968-0.965 0.944-0.920
Sandblasted 0.985-0.983 0.976-0.970 0.951-0.930

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٣٧

 WEYMOUTH EQUATION
( )
0.5
Tb  P 1 e2 P d 
2 s 2 16/3

qsc = 38.77E    (USCS )

 P b  gZ avTavLe 


• qsc = gas flow rate, measured at standard conditions, ft3/day (SCFD)

• f = friction factor, dimensionless
F =11.18d 1/6 (USCS )
• Pb = base pressure, psia
• Tb = base temperature, °R(460 + °F)
• P1 = upstream pressure, psia
• P2 = downstream pressure, psia
• γg = gas gravity (air = 1.00)
• Tav = average gas flowing temperature, °R (460 + °F)
• Le = equivalent pipe segment length, mi
• Zav = gas compressibility factor at the flowing temperature, dimensionless
• d = pipe inside diameter, in.

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٣٨

 WEYMOUTH EQUATION

( )
0.5
b P 1 e2 P d 
T 3
2 s 2 16/3

qsc = 3.7435x10 xE    (SI )

 Pb  gZ avTavLe 

• qsc = gas flow rate, measured at standard conditions,m3/day
• f = friction factor, dimensionless F = 6.521d 1/6
• Pb = base pressure, kPa (SI )
• Tb = base temperature, °K(273 + °C)
• P1 = upstream pressure, kPa
• P2 = downstream pressure, kPa
• γg = gas gravity (air = 1.00)
• Tav = average gas flowing temperature, °K (272 + °C)
• Le = equivalent pipe segment length, km
• Zav = gas compressibility factor at the flowing temperature, dimensionless
• d = pipe inside diameter, mm

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٣٩

 PANHANDLE A EQUATION

 (P e P2 ) 0.5394
1.0788 2 s 2
Tb  1
qsc = 435.87E    0.8539  d 2.6182 (USCS )
 Pb  g xTavxLexZ 
 

( )
0.5394
Tb 
1.0788  P e P2 2
1
s 2
3
qsc = 4.5965x10 E    0.8539  d 2.6182 (SI )
 Pb  g xTavxLexZ 


• E = pipeline efficiency, a decimal value less than 1.0

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٤٠

 PANHANDLE A EQUATION
Transmission Factor

0.07305
qg 
F = 7.2111E   (USCS )
 d 

0.07305
qg 
F =11.85E   (SI )
 d 

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٤١

 PANHANDLE B EQUATION

 (P e P )
0.51
1.02 2 s 2
Tb  1
 d 2.53
2
qsc = 737E    0.961 (USCS )
 Pb  g xTavxLexZ
 


 (P e P2 )
0.51
1.02 2 s 2
Tb 
2
1
qsc =1.002x10 E    0.961  d 2.53 (SI )
 Pb  g xTavxLexZ 
 

• E = pipeline efficiency, a decimal value less than 1.0

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٤٢

 PANHANDLE A EQUATION
Transmission Factor

0.01961
qg 
F =16.7E   (USCS )
 d 

0.01961
qg 
F =19.08E   (SI )
d 

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٤٣

 INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
(IGT) EQUATION

Tb  P2 e P
2
(
s
 2
1 )
0.555

qsc =136.9E   0.8 0.2 d 2.667 (USCS )

 Pbg xTavxLexZx  

• µ = gas viscosity, lb/ft.s

3Tb  P e P
2
(
s 2
2 1
0.555
)
qsc =1.2822x10 E   0.8  0.2 d 2.667 (SI )
 Pb  xT 
xLav exZx 
g 

• µ = gas viscosity, Poise

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٤٤

 SPITZGLASS EQUATION
Low Pressure
(P 1e P 2 )
0.5
Tb  s

qsc = 3.839x103E   (USCS
d 2.5)
gxTavxLexZ av (1+3.6/d +0.03d )
 Pb  

• Pressure less than or equal 1.0 psi

Tb  P 1e P 2( s ) 0.5


qsc = 5.69x102E    ) d 2.5
(SI
 Pb gxTavxLexZ av (1+91.44/d +0.03d ) 

• Pressure less than or equal 6.9 kPa

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٤٥

 SPITZGLASS EQUATION
High Pressure
(P 1e P 2 )
0.5
Tb  s

qsc = 729.608E    d 2.5)
(USCS
gxTavxLexZ av (1+3.6/d +0.03d )
 Pb  

• Pressure more than 1.0 psi

(P 1e s P 2 )
0.5
Tb  
qsc =1.0815x102E    ) d 2.5
(SI
 Pb gxTavxLexZ av (1+91.44/d +0.0012d ) 

• Pressure more than 6.9 kPa

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair

٤٦
 MUELLER EQUATION

( )
0.575
Tb  2P 1 e P
2 s
 2

qsc =85.7368E   0.7391 0.2609 d 2.725 (USCS )

 Pbg xTavxLex  

• µ = gas viscosity, lb/ft.s

(P )
0.575
T 
2
b
s
1 e P22 
qsc = 3.0398x102xE   0.7391 0.2609 d 2.725 (SI )
 Pb g xTavxLex  

• µ = gas viscosity, cP

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٤٧

 FRITZSCHE EQUATION

 (P 1 e P )
0.538
Tb
2 s 2

qsc = 410.1688E   0.8587  d 2.69

2
(USCS )
 Pb g xT xL av 
 e

( )
0.538
Tb  P 1 e P2 s 2

qsc = 2.827E   0.8587 

2
d 2.69 (SI )
 Pb  g xT xL av
 e

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٤٨

EFFECT OF PIPE ROUGHNESS

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٤٩

COMPARISON OF FLOW
EQUATIONS

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٥٠

COMPARISON OF FLOW
EQUATIONS

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٥١

 Flow Characteristics of Low-
Pressure Services

0.54
total pressure drop in service, in H O
ft /hr =  
( K )(
3 2


 p
)'
 / (L +Lef )  

• Kp = pipe constant
• γ = sp gr of gas
• γ' = sp gr 0.60
• L = length of service, ft
• Lef = equivalent length of fittings given below

٥٢
PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair
 Values of Kp
Pipesizeandtype Kp
3/4-inCTScopper -6
1.622x10
1-inIDplastic -6
0.279x10
1-inCTScopper -6
0.383x10
1¼-inCTScopper -6
0.124x10
1¼-inNSsteel -6
0.080x10
-6 ٥٣
1½-inNSsteelPE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair

0.037x10
Equivalent lengths of pipe fittings
Fitting Equivalentlength,ft
•1-inor1¼-inCurbcockforcopperservice
3.5
•1¼-incurbcockfor1¼-insteelservice
13.5
•1½-incurbcockfor1½-insteelservice
12.0
•1½-instreetelbowfor1¼-insteelservice
7.5
•1½-instreetelbowfor1½--insteelservice
7.5
•1¼-instreetteefor1¼-insteelservice
10.5
•1½-instreetteeonsleeveor1¼-inholeinmain
15.0
•1¼x1x1¼-instreettee
23.0
•1½x1¼x1½-instreettee
19.0
•Combinedoutletfittings
2.0
•¾-incopper
6.0
•1-incopperorplastic
8.0
•1¼-insteel
22.0
•1½-insteel

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٥٤

Equivalent lengths of pipe fittings

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٥٥

Flowing Temperature in (Horizontal])
Pipelines
Ts +C 4 /C 2 (C1C5)/(C 2(C 2 +C3)) CC1C42 +C3 5Lx C5(C1 +C3Lx )
/C

=  +
TLx
+C
C /C
( C1 2Lx ) 2 3

C1 = zv1cpL +(1zv1)cp
C 2 = k /m
C3 =(zv 2 zv1)(cpL cpv)/L

P 1 P2
C4 = zv1cpL dL +(1z v1)c pv dv v2+
 + Q 2 1v 1 + gh /L  T1
L L L m

)(P1 P 2) c 
C5 = (zv 2 zv1 2
+c   +v 2 v
 pL dL
1
pv dv 
L L

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٥٦

Flowing Temperature in (Horizontal])
Pipelines
• zv = mole fraction of vapor (gas) in the gas-liquid flowstream
• P = pressure, lbf/ft2
• L = pipeline length, ft
• v = fluid velocity, ft/sec
• cp = fluid specific heat at constant pressure, Btu/lbm.ºF
• µd = Joule-Thomson coefficient, ft2.ºF/lbf
• m = mass flow rate, lbm/sec
• Q = phase-transition heat, Btu/lbm
• k = thermal conductivity, Btu/ft.sec.ºf
• g = gravitational acceleration, equal to 32.17 ft/sec2
• h = elevation difference between the inlet and outlet, ft
• do = outside pipe diameter, ft
• Ts = temperature of the soil or surroundings, of

٥٧
PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair
SUMMARY OF PRESSURE DROP
EQUATIONS
Equation Application
GeneralFlow Fundamentalflowequationusingfrictionor
transmissionfactor;usedwithColebrook-White
frictionfactororAGAtransmissionfactor
Colebrook- Frictionfactorcalculatedforpiperoughnessand
White Reynoldsnumber;
mostpopularequationforgeneralgastransmission
pipelines
Modified ModifiedequationbasedonU.S.BureauofMines
Colebrook- experiments;giveshigherpressuredropcomparedto
White originalColebrookequation
AGA Transmissionfactorcalculatedforpartiallyturbulent
andfullyturbulentflowconsideringroughness,bend
index,andReynoldsnumber
PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٥٨
 SUMMARY OF PRESSURE DROP
EQUATIONS
Equation Application
PanhandleA Panhandleequationsdonotconsiderpiperoughness;
PanhandleB instead.anefficiencyfactorisused;less
conservativethanColebrookorAGA
Weymouth Doesnotconsiderpiperoughness;usesanefficiency
factorusedforhigh-pressuregasgatheringsystems;
mostconservativeequationthatgiveshighest
pressuredropforgivenflowrate
IGT Doesnotconsiderpiperoughness;usesanefficiency
factorusedongasdistributionpiping

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٥٩

 PIPELINE WITH INTERMEDIATE
INJECTIONS AND DELIVERIES
• A pipeline in which gas enters at the beginning
of the pipeline and the same volume exits at the
end of the pipeline is a pipeline with no
intermediate injection or deliveries
• When portions of the inlet volume are delivered
at various points along the pipeline and the
remaining volume is delivered at the end of the
pipeline, we call this system a pipeline with
intermediate delivery points.

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٦٠

PIPELINE WITH INTERMEDIATE
INJECTIONS AND DELIVERIES

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٦١

 PIPELINE WITH INTERMEDIATE
INJECTIONS AND DELIVERIES

• Pipe AB has a certain volume, Q1, flowing through it.

• At point B, another pipeline, CB, brings in additional volumes
resulting in a volume of (Q1 + Q2) flowing through section BD.
• At D, a branch pipe, DE, delivers a volume of Q3 to a customer
location, E.
• The remaining volume (Q1 + Q2 - Q3) flows from D to F through pipe
segment DF to a customer location at F.
PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٦٢
 SERIES PIPING

• Segment 1 - diameter d1and length Le1

• Segment 2 - diameter d2 and length Le2
• Segment 3 - diameter d3 and length Le3
Le = Le1 +Le2 +Le3
PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٦٣
 SERIES PIPING

CL
Psq = 5
d
• ∆Psq = difference in the square of pressures (P12 - P22) for
the pipe segment
• C = constant
• L = pipe length
• d = pipe inside diameter

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٦٤

 SERIES PIPING
5
CL1 = CLe2  d1 
d 25 Le2 = L2  
d15 d 2 
5
d1 
Le3 = L3 
d3 

 d1 
5
d
5
 1
Le = L1 +L2   +L3 
d 2  d3 

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ٦٥

 PARALLEL PIPING

Q = Q1 + Q2
where
Q = inlet flow at A
Q1 = flow through pipe branch BCE
Q2 = flow through pipe branch BDE

٦٦
 PARALLEL PIPING

( P P
B
2
E
2
= )
K1LQ
1 12
(P P
B
2
E =
2 K
)2LQ2 2
5
d1 5 d2
2.5
 L 2  d 
0.5
Q1 1
=   
Q2  L1  d2 
where
• K1, K2 = a parameter that depends on gas properties,
gas temperature, etc.
• L1 , L2 = length of pipe branch BCE, BDE
• d1,d2= inside diameter of pipe branch BCE, BDE
• Q1 , Q2 = flow rate through pipe branch BCE, BDE
٦٧
 PARALLEL PIPING

( )
2 2
LQ K LQ K1 L1
2
PB P=E 2KeLeQ 5 = 5 =
1
5
2 2 2

de 5 d1 d 2 d e

2
L1Q = L 2Q =LeQ
2 2
1+const   1/5 2

de =d1    
1 2 1
5 5 5
d1 d 2 de
  const1 

 d1   L 1 
5

const1 =     Q1 = Q const1/(1 + const1)

d2   L2 
٦٨
LOCATING PIPE LOOP

Different looping scenarios

٦٩
 Summary
• This part introduced the various methods of calculating the
pressure drop in a pipeline transporting gas and gas mixtures.
• The more commonly used equations for pressure drop vs. flow
rate and pipe size
• The effect of elevation changes and the concepts of the
Reynolds number, friction factor, and transmission factor were
introduced.
• The importance of the Moody diagram and how to calculate the
friction factor for laminar and turbulent flow were explained.
• Comparison of the more commonly used pressure drop
equations, such as AGA, Colebrook-White, Weymouth, and
Panhandle equations.
• The use of a pipeline efficiency in comparing various equations
• The average velocity of gas flow and the limiting value of
erosional velocity was discussed.
٧٠
 Summary
• Several piping configurations, such as pipes in series,
pipes in parallel, and gas pipelines with injections and
deliveries
• The concepts of equivalent length in series piping and
equivalent diameter in pipe loops were explained and
illustrated using example problems.
• The hydraulic pressure gradient and the need for
intermediate compressor stations to transport given
volumes of gas without exceeding allowable pipeline
pressures were also covered.
• The importance of temperature variation in gas pipelines
and how it is taken into account in calculating pipeline
pressures were introduced with reference to commercial
hydraulic simulation models..
٧١