Sofia, Bridgens

Interpreta(on
of results from the
Membrane Structures Associa(on of Japan (MSAJ)
Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

Constants of Membrane Materials
Dr Ben Bridgens & Prof Peter Gosling
Newcastle University, UK
Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

Constants of Membrane Materials , Bridgens & Gosling




Warp : Fill stress ra(os

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1:1
1:2
1:1
1:0
1:1
0:1
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PVC-polyester, all load cycles from MSAJ biaxial test

PVC-polyester: strain data from MSAJ biaxial test

PVC-polyester, warp:ll load ra(o = 1:1





PVC-polyester, MSAJ test results
What values of elas(c

modulus and Poissons ra(o
should be used for analysis?


Various applicable methods should be examined and the most

sa4sfactory combina4on of elas4c constants must be
determined (commentary to MSAJ standard, p.20).
Strain minimisa(on
2
2/
+-%
# yx ( % N y
# xy ( Nx
* +'
* 0
s = 2 ,'
" Ny
" Nx
Ey " $ x ) & Ey
Ex " $ y ) -1 !
-.& Ex
in which N = stress, = strain, E = Youngs modulus, subscripts x and y denote

warp and ll (we\) direc(ons respec(vely, and = Poissons ra(o dened as:
xy = nega(ve ll (we\) direc(on strain caused by unit strain in the warp direc(on,
yx = nega(ve warp direc(on strain caused by unit strain in the ll (we\) direc(on.

2
2/
+-%
# yx ( % N y
# xy ( Nx
* +'
* 0
s = 2 ,'
" Ny
" Nx
Ey " $ x ) & Ey
Ex " $ y ) -1 !
-.& Ex
Warp
stress
(kN/m)
Fill
stress
(kN/m)
Measured
Warp
strain
(%)
Fill
strain
(%)
Calculated from
Ex, Ey, vxy, vyx
Dierence
(calculated minus
measured)
Warp
strain
(%)
Warp
strain
(%)
Fill
strain
(%)
Sum of strain dierences

Fill
strain
(%)
The reciprocal rela(onship
" xy " yx
=
Ex Ey
in anisotropic materials, a reciprocal rela(onship should be

sa(sed between tensile s(ness in the warp/we\ direc(on and
Poissons ra(o. However, in many cases of actual membrane materials,
results of measurement of these values dier from the reciprocal
rela(onship, which obstructs the assump(on of membrane materials as
anisotropic elas(c materials
(MSAJ M-02-1995 commentary, p.5)
MSAJ commentary states

that behaviour at zero load
(1:0 and 0:1) should not be
included in calcula(on of
elas(c constants

MSAJ commentary states

that behaviour at zero load
(1:0 and 0:1) should not be
included in calcula(on of
elas(c constants

PVC-polyester, loading curves for 5 load ra(os, warp direc(on

Plane dened by
elas(c constants
1:1
Warp strain (%)
10
2:1
1:2
1:0
6
4
2
0
0:1
25
20
15
10
5
Fill stress (kN/m)
10
15
20
Warp stress (kN/m)

25
PVC-polyester, loading curves for 5 load ra(os, ll direc(on
1:2
1:1
7
Fill strain (%)
1:0
6
5
2:1
4
3
0:1
2
25
20
15
Fill stress (kN/m)
10
10
15
20
25
Warp stress (kN/m)

PVC-polyester: strain data from MSAJ biaxial test
Residual strain

PVC-polyester: MSAJ test with residual strain removed

More appropriate for determina(on of elas(c constants?
B.N.Bridgens & P.D.Gosling (2004) A new biaxial test protocol for

architectural fabrics, Journal of the Interna(onal Associa(on for
Shell and Spa(al Structures, 45, 3 (December), pp 175-181
PVC-polyester: MSAJ test with residual strain removed

PVC-polyester: MSAJ test with residual strain removed, load ra(o = 1:1

PVC-polyester: MSAJ test with residual strain removed, load ra(o = 2:1

PVC-polyester, loading curves for 5 load ra(os, warp direc(on

- residual strain removed
Plane dened by
elas(c constants
Warp strain (%)
4
2
0
2
4
25
20
15
10
5
Fill stress (kN/m)
10
15
20
Warp stress (kN/m)

25
PVC-polyester, loading curves for 5 load ra(os, ll direc(on

- residual strain removed
Fill strain (%)
3
2
1
0
1
2
25
20
15
10
5
Fill stress (kN/m)
10
15
20
25
Warp stress (kN/m)

Determina:on of elas:c constants op:ons

" xy " yx
=
Use reciprocal rela(onship?
Ex Ey
Remove residual strain during test?

!
Include zero load data from 0:1 and 1:0 cycles?

Consider all load ra(os to give a single set of elas(c constants?
Or consider each load ra(o separately? Or do something else?

Poissons ratio
fill-warp, 'vyx'
Sum of strain
differences
squared, s
350
414
-0.17
-0.32
0.7347
Yes
339
431
-0.22
-0.27
0.7393
No
744
787
0.42
0.76
0.0439
Yes
818
718
0.63
0.55
0.0522
No
1157
919
0.29
0.17
0.0165
Yes
1132
935
0.25
0.20
0.0167
No
500
500
0.60
0.64
Single load ratio
1:1 Interpreta(on Yes
of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c
5482
4021
-3.00
-2.20
0.0019
Reciprocal
constraint
!
aplied?
Poissons ratio
warp-fill, 'vxy'
Fill stiffness, 'Ey'

(kN/m)
Warp stiffness,
'Ex' (kN/m)
Test data used to

determine elastic
constants
No
Type III PVC-polyester

All load ratios,
with residual
strain
All load ratios,
residual strain
removed
All load ratios,
residual strain
removed, 0:1 &
1:0 zeroed
Single load ratio
No
4560
4916
0.01
-6.14
0.0019
0.0016
All load ratios,

Single
load
ratio
residual
strain
2:1
removed
All load ratios,
Single
load
ratio
residual
strain
1:2 0:1 &
removed,
1:0 zeroed
Single load ratio
Single load ratio
1:0
1:1
Single load ratio
Single load ratio
0:1
2:1
Single load ratio

All load
1:2ratios,
residual strain
removed
Single load ratio
-0.32
0.7347
Yes
339
431
-0.22
-0.27
0.7393
No
Yes
No
Yes
744
818
1157
787
718
919
0.42
0.63
0.29
Type
III PVC-polyester
1132
935
0.25
Sum of strain
differences
squared, s
-0.17
Poissons ratio
fill-warp, 'vyx'
414
Fill stiffness, 'Ey'
(kN/m)
All load ratios,

residual strain
removed, 0:1 &
1:0 zeroed
All load ratios,
Single load ratio
with residual
1:1
strain
350
Warp stiffness,
'Ex' (kN/m)
All load ratios,

residual strain
removed
No
Reciprocal
constraint
!
aplied?
Test data used to

determine elastic
constants
All load ratios,

with residual
strain
Poissons ratio
warp-fill, 'vxy'
Type III PVC-polyester
0.20
0.0167
0.76
0.55
0.17
0.0439
0.0522
0.0165
No
350
500
414
500
-0.17
0.60
-0.32
0.64
0.7347
0.0019
Yes
339
5482
431
4021
-0.22
-3.00
-0.27
-2.20
0.7393
0.0019
No
744
4560
787
4916
0.42
0.01
0.76
-6.14
0.0439
0.0016
Yes
818
1211
718
4561
0.63
0.01
0.55
0.04
0.0522
0.0016
No
No
502
1157
500
919
1.13
0.29
0.50
0.17
0.0003
0.0165
Yes
Yes
3781
1132
1016
935
0.59
0.25
0.16
0.20
0.0003
0.0167
No
No
1253
500
8468
500
0.75
0.60
-*
0.64
0.0018
0.0019
Yes
Yes
1109
5482
10000
4021
0.70
-3.00
-*
-2.20
0.0013
0.0019
No
No
9999
4560
515
1211
-*
0.01
-*
0.01
1.23
-6.14
1.21
0.04
0.0007
0.0016
Yes
Yes
806
4916
790
4561
0.0008
0.0016
Type III PTFE-glass fibre

No
502
500
1.13
0.50
0.0003
No
764
603
Constants
of 3781
M
embrane 1016
Materials 1.12
, Bridgens &0.84
Gosling 0.0728
Yes
0.59
0.16
0.0003
Yes
No
752
1253
611
8468
1.08
0.75
0.88
-*
0.0730
0.0018
2:1
0:1
Single load ratio

1:2
No
502
500
1.13
0.50
0.0003
Yes
3781
1016
0.59
0.16
0.0003
No
1253
8468
0.75
-*
0.0018
Single load ratio

1:0
Single load ratio
0:1
Yes
No
Yes
1109
10000
9999
806
515
790
0.70
TypeIII
IIIPTFE-glass
PVC-polyester
Type
fibre
-*
-*
-*
1.23
1.21
Sum of
strain
Sum of strain
Sum
of strain
differencesdifferences
differences
squared,
s s
squared, s
squared,
0.0016
Poissons
ratio ratio
Poissons ratio
Poissons
fill-warp,
'vyx' 'vyx'
fill-warp, 'v
yx' fill-warp,
0.04
Poissons
ratio ratio
Poissons ratio
Poissons
warp-fill,
'vxy' 'vxy'
warp-fill, 'v
xy' warp-fill,
0.01
Fill'E
stiffness,
'Ey' 'Ey'
Fill stiffness,
Fill
stiffness,
y'
(kN/m) (kN/m)
(kN/m)
4561
WarpWarp
stiffness,
Warp stiffness,
stiffness,
'Ex' (kN/m)'Ex' (kN/m)
'Ex' (kN/m)
1211
ReciprocalReciprocal
Reciprocal
constraint constraint
constraint
!
!
!
aplied? aplied?
aplied?
Yes
Test to
data
to to
Test data used
Test used
data used
elasticelastic
determine determine
elastic
determine
constants constants
constants
2:1
0.0013
0.0007
0.0008
All load ratios,

350III PVC-polyester
414
-0.17
-0.32
0.7347
No
764
603
1.12
0.84
0.0728
Type
with residual
residual
strain
All removed
load
ratios,
339
431
-0.22
-0.27
0.7393
Yes
752
611
1.08
0.88
0.0730
No
350
414
-0.17
-0.32
0.7347
strain
with residual
! Constraint
to whether
the
been
All
load
ratios, refersYes
No
744
787 relationship
0.42 (Formula
0.762) has0.7393
0.0439
Type
IIIreciprocal
PVC-polyester
339
431
-0.22
-0.27
strain
applied. If No then all four elastic constants are independent.
residual strain
* Forratios,
load ratios Yes
of
1:0 only one
Poissons ratio
All removed
load
818
718value of-0.17
0.63
0.55must be
0.0522
No0:1 and 744
787
0.42
0.76
0.0439
350
414
-0.32
0.7347
considered, the other is multiplied by zero in all calculations.
residual
strain
with residual
All load ratios,
Yes
818
718
0.63
0.55
0.0522
339
431
-0.22
-0.27
0.7393
removed
strain
No
1157
919
0.29
0.17
0.0165
residual
strain
Table
1. Best-fit elastic moduli
All
removed,
0:1 &
All load
load ratios,
ratios,
No
744
787
0.42
0.76
0.0439
No
1157
919
0.29
0.17
0.0165
Yes
1132
935
0.25
0.20
0.0167
residual
strain
1:0 zeroed
residual
strain
removed,
0:1 &
Yes
818
718
0.63
0.55
0.05226
removed
No
500
500
0.60
0.64
0.0019
Yes
1132
935
0.25
0.20
0.0167
Single
load ratio
1:0 zeroed
All load ratios,
1:1
No
1157
919
0.29
0.17
0.0165
Yes
5482
4021
-3.00
-2.20
No
500
500
0.60
0.64
0.0019
residual
strain
Single load
ratio
removed,
1:1 0:1 & of rYes
No from 5482
4560
4916
0.01
-6.14
0.0016
Interpreta(on
esults
the MSAJ 4021
Tes(ng
for Elas(c
1132
935 Method
0.25
0.20
0.0167
-3.00
-2.20
0.0019
Single
load ratio
1:0 zeroed
2:1
Yes
1211
4561
0.01
0.04
0.0016
No
500
500
0.60
0.64
0.0019
4560
4916
-6.14
Single load ratio
1:1
2:1
No
502
500
1.13
0.50
0.0003
Determina:on of elas:c constants - conclusions

" xy " yx
Use reciprocal rela(onship? E = E
x
y
Not appropriate for

coated woven fabrics
Remove residual strain during test?

Appropriate for determina:on of elas:c constants; residual strain
! in design (installa:on + long term adjustment)
should be considered
Include zero load data from 0:1 and 1:0 cycles?

Removal of por:ons of test data to facilitate a par:cular solu:on
method will inevitably lead to a poorer representa:on of the
material behaviour e.g. beKer to use 5:1 rather than 1:0
Consider all load ra(os to give a single set of elas(c constants?

Or consider each load ra(o separately? Or do something else?
Elas:c constants for each load ra:o provide starkly diering values
that start to represent the true complexity of fabric behaviour
Consider parametric analysis, or use test data directly in analysis
Interpreta(on of results from the
Membrane Structures Associa(on of Japan (MSAJ)
Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

Constants of Membrane Materials
Dr Ben Bridgens & Prof Peter Gosling
Newcastle University, UK


Sofia, Bridgens

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Interpreta(on

of results from the

Membrane Structures Associa(on of Japan (MSAJ)

Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

Warp : Fill stress ra(os

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

PVC-polyester, all load cycles from MSAJ biaxial test

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

PVC-polyester: strain data from MSAJ biaxial test

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

PVC-polyester, warp:ll load ra(o = 1:1

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

PVC-polyester, warp:ll load ra(o = 2:1

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

PVC-polyester, warp:ll load ra(o = 1:2

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

PVC-polyester, warp:ll load ra(o = 0:1

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

PVC-polyester, warp:ll load ra(o = 1:0

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

PVC-polyester, MSAJ test results

What values of elas(c

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

Various applicable methods should be examined and the most

in which N = stress, = strain, E = Youngs modulus, subscripts x and y denote

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

Sum of strain dierences

The reciprocal rela(onship

in anisotropic materials, a reciprocal rela(onship should be

PVC-polyester, warp:ll load ra(o = 0:1

MSAJ commentary states

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

PVC-polyester, warp:ll load ra(o = 1:0

MSAJ commentary states

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

PVC-polyester, loading curves for 5 load ra(os, warp direc(on

Warp strain (%)

Warp stress (kN/m)

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

PVC-polyester, loading curves for 5 load ra(os, ll direc(on

Fill stress (kN/m)

Warp stress (kN/m)

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

PVC-polyester: strain data from MSAJ biaxial test

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

PVC-polyester: MSAJ test with residual strain removed

B.N.Bridgens & P.D.Gosling (2004) A new biaxial test protocol for

PVC-polyester: MSAJ test with residual strain removed

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

PVC-polyester, loading curves for 5 load ra(os, warp direc(on

Warp strain (%)

Warp stress (kN/m)

Interpreta(on of results from the MSAJ Tes(ng Method for Elas(c

PVC-polyester, loading curves for 5 load ra(os, ll direc(on

Fill strain (%)