Spaceflight101 Com Spacerockets Long March 7

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Long March 7 Launch Vehicle

Long
March
7, also
known
as
Chang
Zheng
7 (CZ-
American Launchers
7), is a
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Atlas V 401
Atlas V 421
Atlas V 501
Photo: via 9ifly.cn

Chinese Space Launch Vehicle that builds the medium-lift component in
Chinas next generation of orbital launch systems, operated alongside the
Long March 5 and 6 as well as the existing CZ-2/3/4 rockets. The new line of
Atlas V 531
Atlas V 541
CZ-5/6/7 rockets facilitates a major shift in launch vehicle technology,
Atlas V 551
switching from mostly hypergolic- or solid-fueled launchers to more
Delta II 7320
environmentally friendly Kerosene/LOX propellants.
Delta II 7920
Taking the medium-lift spot in the new generation of launchers, Long March
7 is joined by the light-lift Long March 6 and the heavy-lift Long March 5. The
Delta IV Heavy
new launchers use modular systems and common components across the
Delta IV Heavy (RS-68A)
different rockets as a cost-saving and simplification measure, allowing a
Delta IV Medium+ (4,2)
quick build-up of heritage and permitting a streamlined production of launch

vehicles to support an ever growing number of missions.

Falcon 9 FT
Falcon Heavy
Falcon 9 v1.1 & F9R
The
need
for
the
Falcon 9 v1.0
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development
of
new
rockets arose due to a

shift
in
launch
Minotaur I
Minotaur V
requirements to medium-
Pegasus XL
and
SPARK Super Strypi
heavy-weight
payloads such as regular

flights of crew and cargo
vehicles
to
Chinas
upcoming space station.

The
existing
The Long March In China
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launchers
were on the lower end of

the required lift-class and
employed
highly
toxic
propellant
combinations,
not ideal for regular crew

missions. The goal of the
new line of rockets is to
establish a safe, reliable,
flexible
and
space
economical
launch
architecture.
Angara Launch Vehicle Family
The Long March 7 rocket

started
out
under
the
name Long March 2F/H as

a modernized version of
Russia
Angara 1.2
Angara 1.2PP
Angara A3
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Photo: CASC via 9ifly.cn
the CZ-2F used in Chinas

Crewed Space
Program.
Angara A5
Later the project evolved into a new medium-lift launcher to employ the
Angara A7
technologies developed for the new-generation of rockets and enable CZ-7
Dnepr
to fill the performance gap between the small CZ-6 and the heavy-lift Long
March 5.
Proton-M/Block DM-03
Proton-M/Briz-M
Development work for the Long March 7 was completed by the China
Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT), starting in 2010. The maiden
flight of the CZ-7 rocket was repeatedly delayed and is currently expected in
mid-2016.
Rockot
Soyuz 2-1A
Soyuz 2-1B
Initially, Long March 7 will be operated from the Wenchang Satellite Launch
Center on Hainan Island, though it is expected that the inland launch
centers will be adapted for use by the CZ-7 in the future. Over a period of
years, the CZ-5/6/7 rockets will demonstrate their capabilities and reliability
before they will become Chinas primary space launch vehicles when the
CZ-3/4 series retire in the first half of the 2020s. Crewed launches are
Soyuz 2-1v
Soyuz FG
Soyuz FG/Fregat
Soyuz U
expected to continue using the Long March 2F until the late 2020s before
Strela
shifting to a successor vehicle, likely Long March 7.
Zenit-3SL
Zenit-3SLB
China
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Long March 2F
Long March 3A
Long March 3B
Long March 3B/E
Long March 3C
Long March 3C/E
Photo: CASC
Long March 6
Long March 7 Specifications
Europe
The
Ariane 5 ECA
Type
Long March 7 (CZ-7)
Height
53.1 m
Diameter
3.35 m
Dry Mass
~44,000 kg
Launch Mass
595,000 kg
Stages
Boosters
Mass to LEO
13,500 kg
H-IIA 202
Mass to GTO
7,000 kg
H-IIA 204
Long
March
7
Ariane 5 ES
Vega
Japan
Epsilon
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Mass to SSO
H-IIB
5,500 kg
launch vehicle is a two-stage rocket with four liquid-fueled boosters

clustered around the first stage. Structurally, the vehicle employs a design
similar to the Long March 2F rocket currently used in Chinas manned space
India
program CZ-7 inherits the overall dimensions of the Long March 2F with
respect to core and booster diameter. The two stages as well as the
boosters consume Kerosene fuel and Liquid Oxygen as oxidizer.
Long March 7 stands 56.1 meters tall, has a core diameter of 3.35m, creating
GSLV Mk.II
GSLV Mk. III
PSLV
a span of over eight meters from booster side fin to booster side fin. The
vehicle has a launch mass of 595 metric tons and is capable of delivering
payloads of up to 13,500 Kilograms to Low Earth Orbit making it suitable for
the launch of crew and cargo craft to Chinas future space station. The
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vehicle can deliver satellites up to 5,500 Kilograms to a 700-Kilometer SunSynchronous Orbit, expanding performance to this particular orbit when
compared to the CZ-2 and 4 vehicles currently employed for SSO missions.
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Long March
Space X
NASA Space Rocket Fuel
The Long March 7 uses YF-100 engines on its boosters and core stage and
the YF-115 is employed on the second stage. These engines were
developed for use across the CZ-5/6/7 series to increase commonality and
streamline production.
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First Stage
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Image: Weibo/9ifly
The
Type
K3-1
Length
26m
Diameter
3.35m
of the
Inert Mass
~12,000kg
CZ-7
Propellant Mass
~174,000kg
Fuel
Kerosene
Oxidizer
Liquid Oxygen
Tank Material
Aluminum Alloy
Tank Construction
Separate Bulkheads
Tank Pressurization
Engine Bleed, Helium
Propulsion
2 x YF-100
first
stage
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Engine Type
Staged Combustion
Propellant Feed
Turbopump
YF-100 Thrust (SL)
1,180kN
YF-100 Thrust (Vac)
1,340kN
Impulse (SL)
300s
Impulse (Vac)
335s
Ox. To Fuel Ratio
2.6
YF-100 Flowrate
~410kg/s
Engine Length
2.99m
Engine Diameter
1.35m
Chamber Pressure
180bar
Throttle Range
65-100%
Burn Time
~215 sec
Attitude Control
Two-Axis Engine Gimbaling
launch vehicle is a K3-1 rocket module that shares commonality with the
first stage of the Long March 2F in that it retains the 3.35-meter diameter.
However, changes to the 2F version are stretched tanks, a different
propellant combination and different propulsion system. K3-1 stands
approximately 26 meters tall and has an inert mass on the order of 12.5
metric tons. At liftoff, it holds around 174 metric tons of Liquid Oxygen and
Kerosene propellants.
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The K3-1 rocket module contains the Kerosene fuel tank located below the
Liquid Oxygen Tank. The LOX feedline is routed through a tunnel in the fuel
tank which increases packing efficiency. Aluminum alloy is used for the
propellant tanks with a wall thickness of 1.7 millimeters.
Tanks holding pressurant gas to keep the tanks at the proper pressure
during flight are installed within the LOX tank for improved gas storage
efficiency.
The CZ-7 first stage is powered by a pair of YF-100 engines which are
individually gimbaled to provide three-axis control to the vehicle.
Development of the YF-100 engine started in the early 2000 under direction
by the China National Space Administration.
It is based on the Russian RD-120 engine that was acquired by China in the
1990s and is still in use aboard the Zenit rockets second stage.
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NASA Space Space Craft
Fuel Cost
Water Tank
YF-
100
engine
entered
its testing
program
in
2005
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which was
completed
by the end
of
2007
with
official
Photo: CASC
acceptance testing complete by May 2012 clearing the engine for use
aboard Chinas future launch vehicles. It is currently in use by the Long
March 5, 6 and 7 vehicles.
YF-100 is a high-pressure staged combustion engine employing an oxygenrich preburner that generates hot, high-pressure gas by burning a portion
of the fuel inflow in an oxygen-rich environment to drive the turbine of the
oxidizer and fuel turbopumps which use a single shaft and deliver the
propellants to the combustion chamber of the engine.
The YF-100 engine operates at a chamber
pressure of 180 bar to generate a sea level
thrust
of
1,180
Kilonewtons
(120,300
Kilogram force) that rises to 1,340kN in the

rarefied upper atmosphere (136,650kgf) at
corresponding specific impulses of 300 and
335 seconds.
YF-100 is 1.35 meters in diameter and
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measures 2.99 meters in length. The engine

operates at a mixture ratio of 2.6 and can be
throttled down to 65% of rated performance
to allow the vehicle to fly complex mission
Image: CASC
profiles.
YF-100 is available in a one-axis and two-axis gimbaled version. CZ-7 uses

two-axis gimabling for pitch, yaw and roll control throughout first stage
flight.
The first stage operates for approximately three minutes and 20 seconds
into the flight using a pyrotechnic separation system that disconnects the
two stages in the interstage area that remains attached to the first stage to
expose the engine compartment of the second stage. The interstage of the
CZ-7 measures approximately 3.3 meters in length.
Boosters
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Photo: CASC
Type
K2-1
Length
26.5m
Diameter
2.25m
Inert Mass
~6,000kg
Propellant Mass
~75,500kg
Fuel
Kerosene
Oxidizer
Liquid Oxygen
Tank Material
Aluminum Alloy
Tank Construction
Separate Bulkheads
Tank Pressurization
Engine Bleed, Helium
Propulsion
1 x YF-100
Long
March
7
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Engine Specs
See Stage 1 above
Burn Time
~185 sec
Attitude Control
employs four liquid-fueled rocket boosters clustered around the Core

Stage. They are referred to as K2-1 rocket modules and share the 2.25-meter
diameter of the Long March 2F rocket but are stretched to a length of
around 26.5 meters. The inert mass of the booster is around six metric tons.
The boosters also employ the common design facilitating the Liquid Oxygen
tank located above the Kerosene tank with the LOX feedline running
through the center of the fuel tank. The LOX tank of K2-1 is around 13
meters in length while the Kerosene tank is approximately 6.6 meters long,
allowing each booster to hold 75.5 metric tons of propellants.
The four boosters are topped by a light-weight aerodynamic cap and feature
outward facing fins to provide aerodynamic stabilization during the initial
flight sequence. Each of the boosters sports a single YF-100 engine, giving
Long March 7 a total liftoff thrust of 7,080 Kilonewtons (722 metric ton force)
which creates an initial thrust to weight ratio of 1.2.
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Photo: CASC
Second Stage.
Type
K3-2
Length
~11.5m
Diameter
3.35m
Inert Mass
~6,000kg
Propellant Mass
~65,000kg
Fuel
Kerosene
The
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Oxidizer
Liquid Oxygen
Tank Material
Aluminum Alloy
Tank Construction
Separate Bulkheads
Tank Pressurization
Helium
Propulsion
4 x YF-115
Propellant Feed
Turbopump
YF-115 Thrust (Vac)
180kN
Impulse (Vac)
341.5s
Total Thrust
720kN
Throttle Range
80-100%
Ox. To Fuel Ratio
2.5
YF-115 Length
2.33m
YF-115 Diameter
0.95m
Restart Capability
Yes
Burn Time
Variable
Attitude Control
second stage of the Long March 7 rocket is 3.35 meters in diameter, the
same as the first stage. The K3-2 rocket module is around 11.5 meters long
and has an inert mass of approximately 5.5 metric tons.
In design, the second stage is similar to the first stage with the Liquid
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Oxygen tank located above
the
Kerosene
tank and facilitating the
pressurant bottles. At launch, the second stage holds 65 metric tons of

propellants.
The K3-2 rocket module is powered by four YF-115 engines that are also
employed by the Long March 6 rocket. YF-115 has been developed between
2002 and 2014 as Chinas primary Kerolox engine optimized for operation in
vacuum conditions, making it suitable for upper stages.
It employs an oxidizer-rich staged combustion cycle, following the Russian
example after the Chinese obtained documentation detailing the Russian
RD-120 engine in the 1990s. The engine is Chinas first upper stage engine
to employ a staged-combustion cycle.
YF-115 is 2.33 meters long and 0.95 meters in diameter. It operates at a
chamber pressure of 120 bar to generate a thrust output of 180 Kilonewtons
as a specific impulse of 341.5 seconds. It has a nozzle ratio of 88, optimized
for operation in the rarefied upper atmosphere. The YF-115 engine can be
throttled between 80 and 100% of rated performance.
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Photo: CASC
Payload Fairing
Fairing Type
Composite Fairing
Fairing Diameter
4.2m
Fairing Length
12.4m
Payload Envelope
3.8m
The
Payload Fairing is positioned on top of the stacked vehicle and its

integrated spacecraft. It protects the vehicle against aerodynamic, thermal
and
acoustic
environments
that
the
launcher
experiences during
atmospheric flight. When the launcher has left the atmosphere, the fairing is
jettisoned. Separating the fairing as early as possible increases ascent
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performance.
The baseline fairing design for the Long March 7 is a fairing 4.2 meters in
diameter and 12.4 meters in length offering a payload envelope 3.8 meters
in diameter suitable for a variety of satellites including Geostationary
Communications Satellites. Other fairing options, based on the current CZ2/4 fairing designs will also be adapted for use on the Long March 7 rocket.
Photo: CASC
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Vehicle Derivations
In
an
initial
design proposal,
there were to be
three
Long
different
March
versions to cater
to
different
payload needs by
flying the vehicle
with zero, two or
four liquid-fueled
boosters.
Another proposal
called a pair of
CZ-7
versions
with either two or

four boosters as
well as the option
of adding a smalldiameter
Upper
developed
HO
Stage
for
Image: CALT (2014)
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the Long March 5 rocket.

In a paper published by CALT in 2014, two derived versions of the CZ-7 are
presented to be under study. The first version, tentatively known as CZ-734,
would fly the two-stage CZ-7 as presented on this page plus a cryogenic
third stage identical to that of the Long March 3A rocket. This would
increase the vehicles Geostationary Transfer Orbit capability to 7,000
Kilograms, allowing it to lift the heaviest communications satellites currently
in operation.
A second version, CZ-720, would only use the CZ-7 core stage with no
boosters plus a second stage identical to the third stage of Long March 3A
to allow the vehicle to lift 2,900 Kilograms into a 700-Kilometer Sun
Synchronous Orbit.
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The Rocket
Water Tank Cost of Gas Mass Spec
Optional 2nd/3rd Stage (as of 2014)

The
CZ3A-
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Image: CCTV
type
stage
is
Type
CZ-3A Third Stage
Length
12.38m
Diameter
3.0m
re-ignition capability
Launch Mass
20,933kg
to perform GTO or
Empty Mass
2,740kg
Fuel
Liquid Hydrogen
12.38
meters
Oxidizer
Liquid Oxygen
with
Propellant Mass
18,193kg
Propulsion
YF-75
inert mass of 2,740
Thrust
156.9kN
Kilograms. The third
Specific Impulse
4,312Ns/kg
Chamber Pressure
37.6bar
Area Ratio
80
Liquid Hydrogen and
Restart Capability
Yes
Liquid Oxygen.
cryogenic
upper
stage that provides
SSO
insertions.
Overall, the stage is

reduced
diameter
meters
long
of
having
3.0
an
stage carries a total

propellant
load
of
18,193 Kilograms of
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Prop Utilization
Yes
The
Burn Time
469s
located
LH2
tank
above
is
the
LOX tank and the two
Control
Engine Gimbaling (Pitch & Yaw)
Attitude Control Sys
4x70N, 8x40N (Roll, Pitch & Yaw)
bulkhead.
Prop Management
2x300N, 2x45N
tanks are equipped
share
common
The
two
with propellant level

sensors that provide information of the Propellant Utilization Sensor of the
vehicle that then provides data to the telemetry and control system to
adjust the mixture ratio to optimize the residual propellants left inside the
stage after burnout and increase overall launch vehicle performance. The
Propellant Level Meters are also used during propellant loading.
The stage is equipped with an YF-75 cluster of two cryogenic main engines
providing a total vacuum thrust of 156.9 Kilonewtons (1,600 Kilogram-force)
operating at a chamber pressure of 37.6 bar. The engines are optimized for
operation in vacuum conditions with an area ratio of 80:1. Two allow CZ-3E to
fly GTO missions, the engine can re-ignite on a second burn following an
initial boost into a Parking Orbit. This second burn then delivers that vehicle
to its elliptical GTO or escape trajectory. The engines can be gimbaled for
vehicle control.
Propellant tank pressurization is accomplished using high-pressure Helium
for the LH2 tank and a combination of Helium and gaseous LOX.
The stage is equipped with a monopropellant Propellant Management and
Attitude Control System. The Propellant Management System is used for
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propellant settling burns ahead of main engine burns. The system consists
of two 300-Newton thrusters and two 45-Newton thrusters. In addition to
propellant management, the thrusters are also used for performance
optimization during engine burns and for a variable Velocity Adjustment
after the second burn of the upper stage to optimize the insertion
trajectory.
The Attitude Control System of the stage is used during coast phases for
vehicle re-orientations and to orient the stack for spacecraft separation. It
consists of three banks of thrusters, one for each axis. Pitch control is
provided by two 70-Newton and two 40-Newton thrusters. For Yaw-actuation,
the system also uses two 70N and two 40N jets. Roll control is provided by
four 40N thrusters.
All PM and ACS thrusters are fed from a single Hydrazine tank that is
pressurized using high-pressure gas that is stored in two spherical tanks.
CZ-7 Vehicle Components All

Images: CASC
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Spaceflight101 Com Spacerockets Long March 7

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Saturday, June 25, 2016

Long March 7 Launch Vehicle

Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API

Antares 100 Series

Photo: via 9ifly.cn

CZ-5/6/7 rockets facilitates a major shift in launch vehicle technology,

switching from mostly hypergolic- or solid-fueled launchers to more

environmentally friendly Kerosene/LOX propellants.

Delta IV Heavy (RS-68A)

different rockets as a cost-saving and simplification measure, allowing a

Delta IV Medium+ (4,2)

quick build-up of heritage and permitting a streamlined production of launch

Delta IV Medium+ (5,2)

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rockets arose due to a

SPARK Super Strypi

payloads such as regular

upcoming space station.

The Long March In China

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were on the lower end of

not ideal for regular crew

Angara Launch Vehicle Family

The Long March 7 rocket

name Long March 2F/H as

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Photo: CASC via 9ifly.cn

the CZ-2F used in Chinas

technologies developed for the new-generation of rockets and enable CZ-7

shifting to a successor vehicle, likely Long March 7.

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Long March 7 Specifications

Long March 7 (CZ-7)

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launch vehicle is a two-stage rocket with four liquid-fueled boosters

The Long March In China

Fuel Efficient SUVs

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NASA Space Rocket Fuel

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Engine Bleed, Helium

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YF-100 Thrust (SL)

YF-100 Thrust (Vac)

Ox. To Fuel Ratio

Two-Axis Engine Gimbaling

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NASA Space Space Craft

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Kilogram force) that rises to 1,340kN in the

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measures 2.99 meters in length. The engine

YF-100 is available in a one-axis and two-axis gimbaled version. CZ-7 uses

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Engine Bleed, Helium

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