Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Leeds on 08/12/13. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
'(f) ,,_
ABSTRACT: {Floating breakwaters are inventoried. The various types are separated into 4 general categories, wMehSale Box, Pontoon, Mat, and Tethered
Float. The Tethered Float was identified as a special category but lacked sufficient prototype experience for detailed analysis. Advantages and disadvantages of the Box, Pontoon and Mat are presented. Hydraulic model test results
and prototype experience for these 3 types are presented. Alternative mooring
systems and anchorage methods are summarized. The engineering studies ttstt*
aBy^needed for a suitable design are outlined.
Costs and design data for selected prototype installations are tabulated.-]
INTRODUCTION
304
BOX
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Leeds on 08/12/13. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
SOLID R E C T A N G L E
R E I N F O R C E D CONCRETE UNITS
A R E T H E MOST COMMON T Y P E .
S T A N D A R D B A R G E SIZES ON
I N L A N D WATERWAYS A R E
195' X 35' X 12' A N D 1 7 5 ' X 26' X 1 1 '
I N C L I N E D BARGES (ONE E N D SU BMERGED1HAVE BEEN T E S T E D .
PONTOON
TWIN P O N T O O N
FLO TAT/ON
BALLAST
C A T A M A R A N SHAPE
ALSO C A L L E D ALASKA
OPEN COMPARTMENT
TYPE
*- WOOD SHEET
SECTION
nr.
^M=
MAT
S C R A P T I R E S S T R U N G ON P O L E
F R A M E W O R K OR B O U N D T O G E T H E R
WITH C H A I N OR B E L T I N G . FOAM
F L O T A T I O N IS U S U A L L Y N E E D E D .
T I R E MAT
L O G R A F T C H A I N E D OR
CABLEDTOGETHER.
TETHERED
FLOAT
FLOAT
TETHER
ANCHOR - / '
F L O A T S P L A C E D IN ROWS.
V
PLATFORM ^
SECTION
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Leeds on 08/12/13. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
In recent times, many types, of floating breakwaters have been modeltested and some have been constructed. Ref. 8 provides a comprehensive survey of floating breakwater types. These breakwaters can be subdivided into four general categories: box, pontoon, mat, and tethered
float. Some floating breakwaters in each category are shown in Fig, 1.
The box, pontoon, and mat types have considerable model and prototype experience, which is summarized in this paper. The tethered float
is only identified as a unique type worthy of a separate category. However, since the known published information (summarized in Ref. 8) is
experimental, the tethered float breakwater is not examined further in
this paper.
PROTOTYPE PERFORMANCE
Three types of tire mats have been model-tested and constructed: Wave
Maze, Goodyear, and Wave-Guard (also called Pole-tire and pipe-tire)
as shown in Figs. 2-4. Advantages of the tire mat'breakwater are: (1)
Low cost; (2) easily removed and beached for maintenance or to prevent
ice damage; (3) can be constructed with unskilled labor and minimal
equipment; (4) lower anchor loads than box type; and (5) much lower
reflected waves than box type. Disadvantages are:
1. Lack of buoyancy.Loss of trapped air in tire crown, marine growth,
and silt accumulation in tire bottom can sink the breakwater. In order
to ensure flotation, foam is usually needed for extra buoyancy and regular maintenance is needed to control marine growth. Holes in tire bottom can be used to prevent or reduce silt accumulation.
2. Design life.Design life of the tire breakwater is still unknown. A
properly designed breakwater and mooring system with adequate maintenance may have a 15-20-yr life.
3. Limited application.Present use has shown that tire mat breakwaters are only effective in mild wave climates (less than 3-ft high, 3308
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Leeds on 08/12/13. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
'
B-
<=*=*=*(II 3 S l
ocDcajn n
ngggEjK^acz^r,
] J J [ JrCZHmcZKZIKZZH-
-H
CHAIN
- o o o ( [ JJ
ANCHOR
Q-
TIRE-STRING
J [ ]}CZHZ3C=M=K=>-
-H
fl flf1)c=H^H=H=H=i-
-Q
-CZMZ3C3{[]J
307
1.0
1
H
/L<*0-04
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Leeds on 08/12/13. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
GOODYEAR-
^-WAVE-GUARD
C, 0.5
Dt
(cm)
GOODYEAR
WAVE-GUARD
WAVE-MAZE
i
H=WAVE HEIGHT
l_ = WAVE LENGTH
B = BREAKWATER WIDTH
p = BREAKWATER DRAFT
d=WATER DEPTH
W
(cm)
D/d
d/L
3
L
B/D
7-42
14
5-11
1
/W
sec period waves). Wide mats or a series of unconnected mats may extend application to more severe wave climates.
4. Litter entrapment.Field experience shows the tire mat breakwaters tend to accumulate floating debris, which some consider unattractive.
Fig. 5 shows the wave attenuation performance of the Goodyear, Wave
Maze, and Wave-Guard breakwaters. Caution must be used in extrapolating the L/W (wavelength-to-breakwater width) parameter for design.
Final design generally is based on "model" or "prototype" tests of the
site-specific proposed mat dimensions and predicted wave climate. Refs.
7 and 10 present prototype scale wave tank tests of the Goodyear and
Wave-Guard breakwaters. Model test data for the Wave Maze are found
in Ref. 11.
Box
BREAKWATER
Most box-type breakwaters have been constructed of reinforced concrete modules. The modules either have flexible connections or are preor post-tensioned to make them act as a single unit. Modular and mooring connections are primary points of concern for this type of design.
Presently installed floating box breakwaters have a cross section less than
25 ft (7.6 m) wide with 5 ft (1.5 m) or less draft. Large units can be made
either of steel or concrete. New or use^d barges may be suitable when
large units are needed. Standard barges built for the inland waterways
are 175 ft (53.3 m) long, 26 ft (7.9 m) wide, and 11 ft (3.4 m) deep. Jumbo
barges are 195 ft (59.4 m) long, 35 ft (10.7 m) wide, and 12 ft (3.7 m)
deep. Barges 175 ft (53.3 m) by 26 ft (7.9 m) cost about $230,000 new,
and the 195 ft (59.4 m) by 35 ft (10.7 m) barges cost about $300,000 new
(1981 prices). Used barges can be purchased for 50% or less than new
308
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Leeds on 08/12/13. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
FIG. 6.Physical Model of Solid Rectangular Box-Type Floating Breakwater Evaluated In Two- and Three-Dimensional Wave Flume for Potential Application at
Olympia Harbor, Washington (Ref. 4)
BREADTH
FEET
DRAFT
FEET
CAPACITY
26
JUMBO
175
195
1000
330-290
35
40-52
JUMBO
1500
2500-3000
LENGTH
FEET
BREADTH
FEET
DRAFT
FEET
CAPACITY
STANDARD
175
26
1000
JUMBO
195
35
1500
TYPE
STANDARD
SUPER
TONS
TONS
BREADTH
FEET
DRAFT
FEET
CAPACITY
TONS
1
MODEL SCALE:
BTWT DlMEN-
V
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Leeds on 08/12/13. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
N
w n FT
\V
1 : 10
inurr
V-
FIG. 8.Wave Transmission Coefficient, c,, versus Breakwater Width to Wavelength, W/L, for Box-Type Breakwater Tested for Olympia Harbor, Washington
(After Ref. 4)
Disadvantages are: (1) High cost compared with the mat type; (2)
maintenance, if damaged, may require towing to dry dock; and (3) connectors can be a problem if not adequately designed.
Fig. 8 shows the wave attenuation performance of the box-type breakwater. The caution of using the L/W (or W/L) parameter discussed above
\ \
W
FIG. 9.Module of Open Compartment (Ladder Type) Floating Breakwater Used
In Two-Dimenslonal Model Study of Olympia Harbor, Washington (Ref. 4)
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Leeds on 08/12/13. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
2J-FT
120-FT
6-FT
4.5-FT
WIDE
LONG
DEEP
DRAFT
FIG. 11.Wave Transmission Coefficient, c,, versus Breakwater, Width to Wavelength, W/L, for Ladder Type Breakwater for Olympia Harbor, Washington (After
Ref. 4)
Floating breakwater can be held in place by: (1) Piling, which allows
the breakwater to rise and fall with the tide but not move laterally; (2)
concrete mass or ship anchors and line; or (3) stake piles and line. The
three types of moorings are shown in Figs. 14-16. Pile-anchored breakwaters are limited to fairly shallow sites [about 30-ft (9.1-m) water depth]
and require suitable bottom material to allow adequate pile penetration
and sufficient lateral strength. Stake piles can be steel H beams or timber. Generally, they are driven below the mud line to develop the greatest strength and prevent destruction of wood piles by marine borers.
Stake piles are suitable for fairly firm foundations and water depth less
than 50 ft (15.2 m). Anchors can be the deadweight type, such as concrete blocks or ship anchors. Deadweight anchors (shown in Fig. 17) can
be used in any water depth, but work best in sand or mud bottoms to
311
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Leeds on 08/12/13. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
3.5 SEC
.-'
-3.0 SEC
*'s
2.0 SEC'
0
^ - 2 . 5 SEC
1
1
3
1
4
d =?9.5 FT
allow some embedment. Concrete block anchors with skirts use soil shear
strength to develop greater load capacity than similar weight concrete
block anchors. Propellant-embedded anchors (shown in Fig, 18) could
also be considered. Mooring lines can be synthetic (such as nylon), chain,
steel cable, or combinations of these three. Line elasticity must be considered to estimate loads transferred to the anchor or stake pile. Two
methods which have been proposed to reduce the impact loads on the
anchor are to include tires in the mooring line (Fig. 19) or clump weights
hanging on the line (Fig. 20). These devices are intended to act as shock
absorbers; however, a prototype test of a concrete box floating breakwater in Puget Sound, Washington, showed anchor forces were higher
with clump weights than without. Mooring lines can be crossed as shown
in Fig. 21, or uncrossed as in Fig. 22. An advantage of crossed lines is
to provide additional keel clearance for boats moored alongside. If crossed
312
V ^1
i
WAVH PERIOD
SEC
25
WAVE PERIOD
SEC
3.0
'
// /
//
3/
1
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Leeds on 08/12/13. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
1
WAVE PERIOD
SEC
3.5
7 /
^
-IDENT
WAVE
HEIGH
J/A
^^
NCIDENT
WAVE: P E R I O D
SEC
2.0
WAVE
b r ^ "
HEIGHT
LEGEND
TYPE
WERAGE
FOP1CI
O N E - T H I R D HIGHEST
TOTAL I N I T I A L FORCE ON T H E
S E A - S I D E ANCHORS WAS IOC LB PER
OF S T R U C T U R E WIDTH
|0|
(np-
"T2I
B R E A K W A T E R Uh IT
K51
R51
I31
lol
CHAIN OR L I N E
}^/>>jj/;^}^j,///^,,^T^ffTj>j?jjj>}?}/^rTTr^rr/t?jf/j))'i'j'//^)'i>}'///>}i>/lf
tjt (f f
',!M.i/""<j
mm
tuu^'
'J<!1W^
<<.<!,m.lt.<&!.M""}{<il.W<j(.'.
FIRM
BOTTOM
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Leeds on 08/12/13. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
NAVY ST0CKLES5
ANCHOR
S T A T O ANCHOR
D A N F O R T H ANCHOR
BOSS ANCHOR
L I G H T WEIGHT
(LWT) ANCHOR
MUSHROOM
ANCHOR
EMBEDMENT ANCHORS
PENETRATIOl
y<
7VX7
^7X7^
" ^ W
-^=-
r~~T
ANCHOR
LINE
Zh.
FIG. 21.Crossed Anphor Lines
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Leeds on 08/12/13. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
lines are used, they should be offset to prevent chafing. Mooring line
scope is usually between 3-1 and 5-1 regardless of anchorage type.
BREAKWATER LAYOUT
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Leeds on 08/12/13. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
Location
(D
Lund, British
Columbia,
Canada
Tenekee, Alaska
Construction
date
(2)
Type
(3)
(Height)
(width)
(length),
in feet
(4)
Design
Wave
Transmission H
coeffiin
cient
feet
(5)
(6)
T, in
seconds
(7)
Anchor type
(8)
Total
cost
per
foot,
in
dollars
(9)
1966
Pontoon
A frame
0.4
4.5
2.8
Deadweight
230
1972
Pontoon
Alaska
type
Box
Reinforced
concrete
Box
Reinforced
concrete
0.5
Deadweight
425
0.3
2.5
Stake pile
175
3.5
Deadweight
580
0.5
3.2
3.5
Deadweight
1,400
0.4
2.0
2.8
Piling through
cast holes
1,175
(30) (540)
Ship anchor
46b
(19.5) (400)
Tied to piling
24b
(30) (650)
Mushroom
anchors and
railroad
wheels
16"
Port Orchard,
Washington
1974
University of
Washington
Laboratory
Friday Harbor,
Washington
Ketchican,
Alaska
1978
East Bay
Olympia,
Washington
Little Harbor
Gilford,
Connecticut
Keewandin Point
Alexandria
Bay, New York
Lake Champlain
Westpoint,
New Jersey
1983
1980
1977
1979
1978
Pontoon
Alaska
type
Box
Reinforced
concrete
Mat
Goodyear
tire
Mat
Goodyear
tire
Mat
Goodyear
tire
DESIGN STUDIES
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Leeds on 08/12/13. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
with borehole data can be used to evaluate the stake pile mooring system.
8, Model Tests.Models are usually needed to predict wave transmission conditions a n d anchor load. Mathematical models can be u s e d
for preliminary design; however, physical hydraulic models are usually
needed for final design. Two-dimensional flume models are u s e d for
wave transmission characteristics a n d anchor loads. Three-dimensional
models are needed to determine wave heights at various locations in a
boat basin as a result of wave transmission u n d e r the breakwater a n d
diffraction through the basin entrance. Irregular wave generators should
be used for both two- and three-dimensional hydraulic model tests w h e n
possible.
9. Estimate Costs for Suitable Designs.
10. Evaluate Environmental Impacts.
11. Select Best Design.Consider reliability, durability, cost, a n d social and environmental impacts.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Atturio, J. M., and Jones, D. B., "Sloping Float Breakwater: Initial Model
Tests and Handling Tests of Navy Lighter (NL) Pontoon Modules," Technical
Note N-1601, U.S. Navy Civil Engineering Laboratory, Port Hueneme, Calif.,
Feb., 1981.
2. Baird, A. V., and Ross, N. W., "Field Experiences with Floating Breakwater]
in the Eastern United States," MP 82-4, U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center, CE, Fort Belvoir, Va., July, 1982.
^
3. Bottin, R. R., and Turner, K. A., "Seabrook Lock Complex, Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, Design for Wave Protection at Lock Entrance; Hydraulic
Model Investigation," Technical Report HL-80-7, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, Vicksburg, Miss., May, 1980.
4. Carver, R. D., "Floating Breakwater Wave-Attenuation Tests for East Bay
Marina, Olympia Harbor, Washington; Hydraulic Model Investigation,"
Technical Report HL-79-13, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, Vicksburg, Miss., July, 1979.
5. Carver, R. D., Markle, D. G., and Dubose, W. G., "Sloping Float Breakwater
Study: Oregon Inlet, N.C.," U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment
Station, CE, Vicksburg, Miss., unpublished.
6. Davidson, D. D., "Wave Transmission and Mooring Force Tests on Floating
Breakwater, Oak Harbor, Washington; Hydraulic Model Investigation,"
Technical Report H-71-3, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,
CE, Vicksburg, Miss., Apr., 1971.
7. Giles, M. L., and Sorensen, R. M., "Prototype Scale Mooring Load and
Transmission Tests for a Floating Tire Breakwater," TP 78-3, U.S. Army Coastal
Engineering Research Center, CE, Fort Belvoir, Va., Apr., 1978.
8. Hales, Lyndell Z., "Floating Breakwater: State-of-the-Art, Literature Preview," TR 81-1, U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center, CE, Fort
Belvoir, Va., Oct., 1981.
317
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Leeds on 08/12/13. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
318