Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Review
Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
c
Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 25 April 2012
Accepted 18 June 2012
Available online 23 June 2012
Keywords:
Antimicrobial activity
Brown algae
Phlorotannins
a b s t r a c t
Marine organisms exhibit a rich chemical content that possess unique structural features as compared to
terrestrial metabolites. Among marine resources, marine algae are a rich source of chemically diverse
compounds with the possibility of their potential use as a novel class of articial food ingredients and
antimicrobial agents. The objective of this brief review is to identify new candidate drugs for antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogenic bacteria. Bioactive compounds derived from brown algae are
discussed, namely phlorotannins, that have anti-microbial effects and therefore may be useful to explore
as potential antimicrobial agents for the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Crown Copyright 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phlorotannins from marine brown algae
Antibacterial effect of phlorotannins . . .
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conflict of Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1. Introduction
Since the 1970s, more than 21,855 structurally diverse, bioactive natural products with an astounding array of biological activities have been discovered from marine microbes, algae and
invertebrates (Blunt et al., 2012). Even though, the ocean covers
more than 70% of the earths surface, we only use less than 10%
of the total ocean area (Schultes, 1978). In particular, many marine
organisms live in complex habitats exposed to extreme conditions
and in adapting to new environment surroundings, they produce a
wide variety of secondary metabolites which cannot be found in
other organisms. Moreover, considering its great taxonomic diversity, investigations related to the search for new bioactive compounds from the marine environment can be seen as an almost
unlimited eld. In addition, since the biological productivity of terrestrial ecosystems has also perhaps reached what it can achieve;
Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 516297094; fax: +82 516297099.
E-mail address: sknkim@pknu.ac.kr (S.-K. Kim).
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0278-6915/$ - see front matter Crown Copyright 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.06.028
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terrestrial metabolites (Larsen et al., 2005). In the marine environment, where all surfaces are constantly exposed to the threat of
surface colonisation, sessile organisms remain relatively free from
biofouling (Rhimou et al., 2010). Furthermore, the chemical compounds produced by marine organisms are less well known than
those of their terrestrial counterparts. Among marine organisms,
edible seaweeds have been identied as an under-exploited plant
resource and a source of functional foods. It is believed that the
physiological and genetic characteristics of seaweeds differ compared to those of terrestrial plants. They are extensively used in
food and medicine (Lee et al., 2008). The ability of seaweeds to produce secondary metabolites of antimicrobial value, such as volatile
HO
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7
Fig. 1. Structures phlorotannins derived from marine algae [ phloroglucinol (1), eckol (2), fucofuroeckol-A (3), phlorofucofuroeckol-A (4), dioxinodehydroeckol (5), 8,80 bieckol(6), 7-phloroeckol (7), & dieckol (8)].
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Marine algae have become an important source of pharmacologically active metabolites. Also, they are widely distributed and
abundant throughout the coastal areas of many countries. In addition, they are a source of useful secondary metabolites such as
agar, carragenean and alginate with interesting pharmaceutical
properties (Taskin et al., 2007). Among marine algae, brown algae
have been reported to contain higher phlorotannin contents as
marine phenolic compounds (Heo and Jeon, 2005). Phlorotannins
consist of polymers of phloroglucinol (1,3,5-tryhydroxybenzene)
units and are formed in the acetatemalonate pathway in marine
algae. Furthermore these phlorotannins are highly hydrophilic
components with a wide range of molecular sizes (126650 kDa)
(Ragan and Glombitza, 1986; Wijesekara and Kim, 2010).
Several phlorotannins puried from brown seaweeds such as
Ecklonia cava, E. kurome, E. stolonifera, Eisenia aborea, Eisenia
bicyclis, Ishige okamurae, Pelvetia siliquosa have medicinal and pharmaceutical benets and have shown strong anti-oxidant, antiinammatory, anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-diabetes and anti-cancer
properties (Cha et al., 2011; Eom et al., 2011; Gupta and
Abu-Ghannam, 2011; Kim et al., 2009).
Eckol, dieckol, and phloroglucinol from E. cava have shown potential for skin whitening effect (Heo et al., 2009) and anti-hypertensive effect (Wijesinghe et al., 2011). E. cava also contains other
phlorotannins including 6,60 -bieckol, 8,80 -bieckol, 8,4000 -dieckol,
dioxinodehydroeckol, fucodiphlorethol G, phlorofucofuroeckol-A,
triphlorethol-A (Ahn et al., 2004; Li et al., 2009). In addition,
Table 1
Phlorotannin compounds with antibacterial effect.
Source
Phlorotannin
Antimicrobial activity
IC50a
References
Eisenia
bicyclis
Eckol (2)
dieckol (8)
dioxinodehydroeckol
(5)
fucofuroeckol-A (3)
7-phloroeckol (7)
PhlorofucofuroeckolA (4)
Eckol (2)
3264 lg/mL
Eom (2012)
125250 lg/
mL
148 mg/mL
96.5
>800.8 lg/mL
22.3>800.8 lg/mL
3264 lg/mL
128256 lg/
mL
Ecklonia cava
Ecklonia cava
Ecklonia
kurome
Ecklonia
stolonifera
a
Dieckol (8)
8,80 -Bieckol (6)
eckol (2)
dieckol (8)
phlorofucofuroeckolA (4)
phloroglucinol (1)
Dieckol (8)
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the ranges of 3264 lg/mL (Lee et al., 2008). Although the current
knowledge on the relationship between the structure and activity
of the active phlorotannins is limited, the physiological activity
may depend on the degree of polymerization of phlorotannin
derivatives (Ragan and Glombitza, 1986; Eom et al., 2012). In
addition, in a comparison of other phlorotannins, using catechin
derivatives as positive control, it has been reported that the MICs
of ()-epigallocatechin, ()-EGCg, (+)-gallocatechin and ()-gallocatechin from green tea (Camellia sinensis) against MRSA were
64 lg/mL (Stapleton et al., 2004). Thus, the anti-MRSA activity of
phlorotannins isolated E. bicyclis was superior to or equal to those
of catechins derived from green tea (Eom, 2012).
Phlorotannins from E. kurome have been reported to show bactericidal activity against food-borne pathogenic bacteria (Ahn
et al., 2004). Moreover, the oral administration of the phlorotannins at a dosage rate of 1701500 mg/kg bw/day for 14 days in
mice did not report any cytotoxic effect. The interactions between bacterial proteins and phlorotannins were considered to
play an important role in the bactericidal action of phlorotannins
(Ahn et al., 2004). Therefore it is thought that phlorotannins from
brown algae could be very useful in the food and pharmaceutical
industries as antibiotic agents. In addition to phlorotannins, brown
algae include various health enhancing compounds such as fucoxanthin, sulphated polysaccharides, sterols, polyunsaturated fatty
acids, and soluble bers (Kim et al., 2002).
4. Conclusion
Marine natural products provide a rich source of chemically diverse compounds that can be used to develop novel, potential, and
useful therapeutic agents. Certain marine products have been reported to exhibit antimicrobial effects against several pathogens.
Hence, in an effort to discover an alternative antibiotic, marine
organisms have attracted much attention since more pathogens
are becoming resistant to antibiotics due to over-prescription. In
this brief review, phlorotannins derived from brown algae have
been considered from the perspective of their potential antimicrobial activity. Further work will be necessary to show whether they
can be effective as broad spectrum antibiotics against food-borne
pathogenic bacteria.
Conict of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conicts of interest.
Acknowledgement
This study was supported by a grant from The Marine Bioprocess Research Center of the Marine Bio 21 Project funded by The
Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime, Republic of Korea.
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