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4. Outline / identify the main hazards that may be present during the
demolition of a building. (page no:1- 17).
(8)
Premature collapse of structures.
Work at height.
Plant and machinery.
Contact with live overheads.
Contact with buried services.
Asbestos.
Dust.
Movement of vehicles.
Explosives.
Noise and vibration.
Hazardous substances from previous use of the building.
Biological hazards from vermin or stagnant water.
Sharp objects, including glass and nails from the demolition, or syringes left
by trespassers.
Manual handling.
Battering - the sides of the excavation can be sloped back (battered) at an angle
that is sufficiently shallow that the soil will not slip.
Shoring - the sides of the excavation can be supported (shored) with metal or
timber that is fixed in place inside the excavation.
Trench box - the sides of the excavation can be temporarily supported by a metal
box that can be lifted into the excavation and moved along to give a protected work
area.
Barriers should consist of guard-rails (as for a scaffold work platform) to
prevent people falling in, and toe boards to prevent objects being kicked down into
the excavation.
Good lighting (both within the excavation and at the edges) and signage should be
provided.
Long excavations should be provided with crossing points (bridges) that should
be similarly guarded in with barriers and toe-boards.
Access to the excavation should be achieved by properly positioned and secured
ladders. Ladders should extend 5 rungs above the edge of the excavation to give a
secure stepping off point. They should be routinely inspected.
1.
Poor lighting
Not using hand rails
Not following rules(eg. Running)
Improper footwear
Spillages
Insufficient treads and risers
Slippery surfaces
Provision of handrails.
Dimensions of treads and risers.
Provision of landings.
Provisions for disables persons.
Possibility of using a lift as an alternative.
Avoid the need to carry large or heavy items up or down stairs.
Appropriate footwear low heels.
Provision of non slip surfaces.
13. Identify the safe working practices for the use of a mobile elevating work
platform (MEWP) or a Scissor lift. (In the test book page no:1-30)
Vehicle sited on firm, stable ground.
Sufficient clearance from obstructions and overheads when operating.
Barriers around MEWPs to prevent it being struck by vehicles or mobile
plant.
Barriers also act to keep people out from underneath the cradle.
Guard-rails incorporated into the cradle. Safety harnesses worn as an
additional backup.
Controls of the MEWP should be inside the cradle so that the person actually
working at height has some
control.
Not driven with the cradle raised t7777777777777777777p;cvunless
specifically designed to do so.
Must not be overloaded.
Must be inspected as an item of lifting equipment designed to carry people.
Use restricted to trained, authorized staff only.
Tools and parts are only used for their intended purpose, within their design
specification (e.g. the maximum speed of a cutting disc should not be exceeded)
and in an environment that they are suitable for.
Necessary guards and safety devices are always used (e.g. the self-adjusting guard
fitted to a portable circular saw).
Necessary personal protective equipment is always used (e.g. eye protection when
using a chain saw).
Trailing power cables or pipes are carefully positioned so that they do not present a
trip hazard and will not be damaged by the tool or passing vehicles, etc.
Make sure third party certificate is available to ensure the fitness of the equipment.
If required ensure all personnel are moved away from the equipment before being
used.
b) Identify measures that could be taken to help ensure that an item of work
equipment remains in a suitable condition.
(3)
Regular maintenance.
Do not overload the machine during its work process.
Only trained personnel to work on the machine.
Never use the equipment for those jobs which are not designed for it.
19) Outline factors to be considered when undertaking an assessment of health
risks from a hazardous substance to be used in the workplace.
(8)
The control measures that are already in place - such as ventilation systems and
PPE.
20) During redecoration work temporary access is to be provided for office
workers through an external storage area where vehicles are operating.
Outline the control measures to reduce the risk of injury to the office workers
when using this temporary access.
(8)
Make sure that adequate warning signs are posted on the site.
Training to be given to all employees with regards to the temporary arrangement.
Banksman to be provided on the crossing areas.
If possible one way system to be implemented.
During night time ensure that adequate lighting arrangements are provided for clear
visibility to operators as well as pedestrians.
Reduce the speed limit during these time to ensure more safe.
Provision of high visibility jackets to all pedestrians.
On all crossing special marking to be provided for crossing the road.
Provision of a physical barrier to separate the pedestrians and vehicles to be done.
21) Outline the hazards associated with the use of a materials hoist on a
construction site.
(8)
Falling objects such as the load falling from the hoist, or the hoist itself falling
due to structural failure.
Being struck by the load during a lifting operation.
Becoming entangled in moving parts.
Falls from height from a landing level or from the platform of the lift itself.
Being struck by landing levels, parts of any enclosure or other projections while
riding on the platform of the lift.
Element 2: Transport hazards and risk control
1.
Identify measures to reduce the risk to pedestrians and vehicles in the work
place.
(5)
As part of the risk assessment, transport hazards must be identified and assessed
The provision of designated safe crossing points and refuges
Fitting vehicles with audible or visual alarms for example to give warning of a
reversing operation
The use of a banksman to ensure safe vehicle movement in areas where pedestrians
are likely to be present
Ensuring a good standard of visibility by the provision of mirrors, transparent
doors and CCTV
2.
The first one relates to leaving the forklift truck on a firm level surface.
Park in a designated area, to ensure that it cannot rollaway.
The truck must not be left in a position where it could obstruct the emergency
exits, walkways or fire points, and must be parked away from other vehicles.
The truck should be left with the mast tilted slightly forward and forks resting on
the floor to make sure that it is stable and not likely to overturn.
The truck must not be left until the break has been applied and the power switched
off.
Park away from other vehicles on a firm, level surface.
Where a start key is used, the key must be removed and returned it to a responsible
person, as appropriate.
3.
a) Outline why a vehicle may not be able to stop effectively (4)
Lack of proper / adequate braking system
Over speeding
Loss of control of the vehicle.
Incompetent driver / operator
Lack of proper maintenance of the vehicle.
Chance of oil spillage on the road / Slippery Surface
b) Outline activities associated with vehicles when they are not moving that
could result in risk of injury (4)
(In Test book go to page 2-2)
Loading, eg. When doing manual handling jobs like loading crates from a truck
Unloading eg. When unloading crates from a truck
Securing When workers climb onto the vehicle in order to secure the load can
lead to fall hazard.
4.
Outline the precautions that might be needed to ensure the safety of pedestrians
in vehicle maneuvering areas. (8)
5.
Outline the means by which the risk of accidents from reversing vehicles
within a workplace
can be reduced. (page no: 2-4)
(8)
6.
No braking system
Over speeding
Improper maintenance of brake system
Loss of control
(b) Outline activities associated with vehicles when they are not moving that
could result in risk of injury. (page no:2-2)
Loading both manual and mechanical loading of vehicles can create risk, e.g.
the manual handling risk associated with lifting crates into the back of a lorry, or
the risk of collision when loading a flat- bed lorry using a forklift truck.
Unloading both manual and mechanical unloading can create risk, e.g. tipping
operations can result in the vehicle overturning or people being struck by the
material being tipped.
Securing when workers have to climb onto a vehicle in order to secure the load,
e.g. a driver might have to climb onto the top of a lorry to sheet over the load to
prevent it blowing out when moving at speed, or climb onto the top of a road
tanker to close hatches. Both of these operations involve work at height.
Coupling when vehicles are attached to trailers or other towed equipment there
is potential for collision and crushing.
Maintenance work when mechanics have to access various parts of the vehicle
and may have to work at height or under the vehicle.
Outline additional factors that should be considered for the use of a mobile tower
scaffold. (8)
9) A new vehicle route is to be provided into the goods delivery area of workplace.
Outline features of the vehicle route that could reduce the risk of pedestrians being
injured by vehicles.
(8)
Vehicle traffic route layout good design of roads and routes can be used to keep
vehicles at a distance from pedestrian walkways and other vehicles. One way
systems are an effective method of reducing the risk of vehicle/vehicle collisions.
Segregation of vehicles and pedestrians wherever possible pedestrians should be
provided with a separate walkway. It may be necessary to barrier this route to
provide additional physical protection.
In some situations (such as in loading bays), safe havens should be provided that
pedestrians can retreat into during vehicle movements.
Separate site and building entrances should be provided for vehicles and
pedestrians so that they are not forced into close proximity at these bottlenecks.
Speed limits should be set for traffic routes and then clearly indicated by signage,
and enforced. Traffic calming measures such as speed bumps might be used where
experience shows there is a problem with vehicles speeding.
Banksmen may be used to ensure that vehicle manoeuvres in the vicinity of
pedestrians are carried out safely.
1.
Hernias
Work-related upper limb disorders (WRULDs)
Cuts, burns, dislocation and broken bones
b.
Identify factors in relation to the task that will increase the risk of injury.
(page no:3-7) (4)
At what height is the load being picked up, carried or put down
Is the task very repetitive
Is there a high work-rate
Is a long carrying distance involved
Does the task involve stooping (worker has to keep their legs straight and bend
their back) to move the load
Does the task involve twisting (turning the shoulders while the feet stay still)
Can rest breaks be taken as the worker requires them
Does the task involve lifting the load through a vertical distance
Does the task involve reaching above shoulder height
Does the task involve the worker holding the load away from their trunk (torso)
2.
a.
Before lifting
Check the weight and stability of the load.
Plan the route of the carry.
Establish a firm grip.
The lift
Bend the knees and use the leg muscles to lift.
Keep the back upright.
Keep the load close to the body.
Avoid twisting, over-reaching, jerking.
Setting down
Use the same principles as when lifting.
Maintain good balance.
Set the load down and then adjust its position using body weight.
a.
Forklift Trucks
Hoists
Conveyors
Cranes
3.
Outline the precautions that should be taken when using mobile cranes. (page
no:3-18) (8)
Ensuring that the load to be lifted is within the safe lifting capacity of the crane
safe lifting capacity will vary with the length of the jib and the distance away from
the crane that the jib is positioned to (radius), so capacity can vary from one lift to
the next.
Carefully siting the crane on even, stable ground in a safe position away from
structures or overheads that might be struck during the lifting operation.
Using the outriggers correctly.
Checking that the crane has been maintained and has a certificate of thorough
examination in accordance with local laws.
Restricting use of the crane to trained and competent operators only.
Ensuring that each lift is planned and supervised by a competent person and that
the driver and slinger are competent.
Providing a banks man to give directions to the crane operator with good means of
communication between driver and other operators.
Ensuring that safety devices such as overload indicators are operational and are
used correctly, these devices are frequently disabled or ignored by the crane
operator.
Checking that there are no obstructions such as buildings or overhead lines in the
vicinity of the lift.
Checking weather conditions and obeying any manufacturers recommendations
about maximum wind speed.
4.
Battery powered fork-lift trucks are used to move materials in a warehouse lift
trucks.
Identify FOUR hazards associated specifically with battery-powered fork lift
trucks. (page no: 3-15)
(4)
Battery-powered vehicles can be very quiet or almost silent, increasing the risk of
collision with pedestrians.
Battery leads can short and result in burns and electric shock.
b.
Outline the means by which the risk of accidents from reversing vehicles
within a workplace can be reduced. (page no: 2-4)(8)
3.
Outline the specific causational factors that may have contributed to Work
Related Upper Limb Disorders. (page no:3-8)
Manual handling risk assessment focuses on four main factors:
The task.
The load.
The environment.
Individual capabilities
The task:
At what height is the load being picked up, carried or put down
Is the task very repetitive
Is there a high work-rate
Is a long carrying distance involved
Does the task involve stooping (worker has to keep their legs straight and bend
their back) to move the load
Does the task involve twisting (turning the shoulders while the feet stay still)
Can rest breaks be taken as the worker requires them
Does the task involve lifting the load through a vertical distance
Does the task involve reaching above shoulder height
Does the task involve the worker holding the load away from their trunk (torso)
The load:
The load can be assessed by asking questions such as:
How heavy is the load?
How large and bulky is the load?
Is the load an easy shape to lift?
How stable is the load?
Where is the centre of gravity (C of G) of the load?
Task Factors:
Repetition the need for repetitive movements when carrying out the task (e.g.
typing for several hours).
Force the physical force required to perform the task and the strain this puts on
the body (e.g. closing stiff catches on a machine).
Posture any requirement to adopt an awkward posture (e.g. stooping over into a
bin to pick out contents).
Twisting any twisting action required by the task (e.g. twisting the wrist when
using a screwdriver).
Rest the potential for the worker to rest and recover from any fatigue (e.g. a
worker on a production line cannot stop the line; they have to keep working even
when fatigued). Environment Factors:
Lighting the availability of natural and artificial light and the effect on the
workers ability to see the work clearly. The presence of glare may also cause a
problem.
Equipment design the shape of the equipment and how this affects ease of use
(e.g. a large, shaped handle on a scraper makes it easier to hold and use).
Equipment adjustability the scope there is for the user to adjust the equipment to
suit their personal requirements (e.g. the height of the seat for a computer user)
4.
5.
Outline the possible risks to health associated with the use of display screen
equipment (DSE). (page no: 3-3)
WRULDs associated with repetitive use of the keyboard and mouse for long
periods of time.
Eye strain temporary eye fatigue associated with prolonged use of the screen.
Back pain and other MSDs associated with sitting in a fixed position, perhaps
with poor posture, for long periods of time.
Fatigue and stress associated with the type of work being done, e.g. call centre
staff may be Subjected to verbal abuse during telephone calls.
1.
2.
Identify the Mechanical hazards related with the work equipment. (page no: 48,9,10)
Crushing
Shearing
Entanglement
Cutting or severing
Drawing in or trapping
Impact
Friction or abrasion
High pressure fluid injection
Outline the precautions that should be taken in order to ensure the safety of
employees carrying out maintenance work on process equipment.
Maintenance should only be carried out by competent staff.
Ensure isolation of power source is confirmed.
Stored power should be released or secured to prevent accidental discharge.
Where power cannot be isolated live parts should be covered with insulating
materials.
Use of personnel protective equipment which are insulated like rubber gloves.
Running of dangerous moving parts at low speed when need to work in live
machines.
Provision of maintenance guards which are allowing access to required areas only.
Use of handling aids to prevent chance of manual handling.
Use of a safe system of work like permit to work to be implemented
3.
Identify precautions that would need to be considered before welding work
can commence.
Maintain a safe workplace - If possible, move the material to be welded or cut to a
safe location designated specifically for welding and cutting.
Keep fire hazards away- Areas for welding, cutting, and heating must be kept clear
and free of flammable liquids and solvents.
Provide fire barriers - If welding or cutting cannot be performed in a designated
location or away from combustible materials, provide metal sheets or a fireresistant screen to prevent heat, sparks, and slag from reaching these materials.
Be alert for cracks or crevices - Sparks and slag can travel long distances.
Provide fire extinguishing equipment - Be prepared to put out fires. Service-able
fire extinguishers, fire hoses, or sand buckets should be on hand.
Consider the need for a fire watcher - Operators may not become aware of a fire
starting while welding or cutting.
Know the local fire codes for welding and cutting.
Inspect the work area after completing operations - Make sure there are no hot
sparks or hot metal which could start a fire later.
Before welding or cutting in a new location for the first time, please do the risk
assessment. They may know of some serious fire hazard that might otherwise be
overlooked.
4.
Outline control measures to reduce the risk to workers when using non-powered
hand tools.
Tools must be suitable for the task that they are going to perform and for the
environment in which they are to be used, e.g. non-sparking tools (do not produce
sparks when struck) is suitable for use in a potentially flammable atmosphere.
Users should be given appropriate information, instruction and training. Many
workers serve some form of apprenticeship or spend several years in training
where they acquire an understanding of safety in the use of the tools for their trade,
but not all workers come to the workplace with this knowledge (which may seem
like common knowledge to others).
Tools should be visually inspected routinely before use to ensure they are in an
acceptable condition. This should be done by the user. Spot checks by line
management will ensure that users comply. Substandard tools should be
maintained or discarded.
Tools should be maintained in a safe condition, e.g. blades should kept sharp and
handles firmly attached.
Supervision is important to ensure that safe working practices are adhered to and
misuse does not become commonplace.
5.
a. Identify the hazards that could be faced by the worker who is using a petroldriven strimmer to maintain roadside grass verges.
Contact with the moving parts of the strimmer
The possibility of being struck by flying stones or other materials
Slips / Trips / Falls
Manual handling hazards
The danger posed by moving traffic, noise and vibration
Dust and fumes.
The hazards associated with the storage and transfer of petrol.
Weather condition like exposure to ultraviolet radiation
b. List the five items of personnel protective equipment that should be provided to
the worker who is engaged in using petrol driven strimmer to maintain roadside
grass verges.
Ear defenders
Eye protection
Respiratory protection
Gloves
Safety footwear
Gaiters
High visibility jackets
c. Outline measures other than the use of protective equipment that might be
necessary to ensure the health and safety of the worker who is engaged in using
petrol driven strimmer to maintain roadside grass verges.
The use of traffic control or barriers
The selection and maintenance of equipment to reduce to a minimum the levels of
noise and vibration
The provision of information, instruction, training and supervision and health
surveillance
Completion of a risk assessment for the job to be done
6.
a. Identify four hazards associated with the use of bench top grinder. (4)
Abrasion on contact with rotating abrasive wheel.
Drawing in at nip-point between wheel and tool rest.
Ejection of parts of the wheel during normal use or if it bursts.
Entanglement with the spindle on which the wheel is mounted.
Electricity.
Hot parts caused by friction (especially the workpiece being ground).
Health hazard from dust.
Noise and vibration.
b. Other than a guard, Identify four control measures that could be introduced to
reduce risk to a worker using a bench top grinder. (4)
Secure grinder in position.
Tool rest adjusted to minimise nip point between rest and wheel.
Use and setting restricted to trained operators only.
Eye protection (impact resistant).
Hearing protection may be necessary.
Installation of LEV may be required to control dust.
Routine maintenance, including inspection and portable appliance testing for
electrical safety.
Regular checks of the grinding wheel.
Regular checks to ensure correct grinding material has been selected.
c. Outline the basic requirements that you would consider when selecting a guard
or safety devices for a bench top grinder. (4)
The guard or safety device should be suitable for the machinery
The guard should reduce the accident rate rather than increasing the accident rate
Select standard guard or safety device and it should be easy to use.
The guard should be tamper proof.
The guard should not obstruct the working cycle of the machine if required in such
operations.
d. Outline the merits and limitations of (page no:4-12)
i. an interlock guard
Merits:
The guard is intended to allow frequent access to a machine or danger zone
by removing the power source and preventing the equipment from operating while
the guard is open. When a guard is removed a safety interlock system prevents
machine operation For example, a microwave oven has a hinged door on the front
to allow easy access; this door is interlocked so that power to the microwave
generator is shut off when it is open.
Limitations:
The main limitation of an interlocked guard is that it is possible to bypass
the system so that the machine can be operated with the guard open. With simple
interlock systems this is easily done, but even complex interlock systems can be
defeated by a determined person. The dangerous parts or machinery may not be at
rest as the equipment is opened, and this may put the operator at risk (though this
can be overcome by good design and consideration of run down times).
ii.
a
trip device
Merits:
Trip devices are intended to minimise severity of an injury and are often
used as an additional control measure, e.g. in combination with an interlocked
access gate to ensure that an operator does not gain access by climbing over a
fence or being locked in by a colleague.
Limitations:
Identify four mechanical hazards presented by pedestal drill & outline in each
case how injury may occur. (page no:4-17)
Impact if struck by the workpiece if the bit jams and the workpiece rotates.
Electricity.
Noise.
Restrict access
c. Outline control measures which could reduce the risk from the wood dust. (12)
Installing Local Exhaust Ventilation
High standard of personal hygiene by changing overalls and washing hands before
eating and drinking.
13) a) Identify FOUR hazards associated with the use of
photocopiers.
(4)
Electricity.
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