.Lab Codings

1.
SPECTRUM ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS MODULATION SCHEMES (BPSK):

clc;
clear all;
close all;
a=1; n=20; t=1/n;
fs=4000;
ts=1/fs;
fcarr=1000;
data=sign(randn(1,n));
st=ones((t/ts),1);
stt=st*data;
sttt=stt(:);
s=sttt>0;
for i=1:fs
if (s(i)==1)
tx(i)=a*cos(i*2*pi*fcarr/fs);
else
tx(i)=a*cos(i*2*pi*fcarr/fs+pi);
end
end
y=tx;
FFTY=fft(y);
FFTY=FFTY(1:(fs/2));
sp=abs(FFTY);
f1=1:(fs/2);
semilogx(f1,(20*log10(sp)));
legend('BPSK');
xlabel('frequency in hertz');
ylabel('power in db');
grid on;
OUTPUT:
QPSK:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
a=1; n=20; t=1/n;
fs=4000;
ts=1/fs;
fcarr=1000;
st=ones((t/ts),1);
stt=st*data;
sttt=stt(:);
s=sttt>0;
f1 =1:(fs/2);
for i=1:2:fs
if ((s(i)==0)&&(s(i+1)==0))
tx(i)=a*cos((i*2*pi*fcarr/fs)+(pi/2));
tx(i+1)=a*cos((i*2*pi*fcarr/fs)+(pi/2));
else if((s(i)==1)&&(s(i+1)==0))
tx(i)=a*cos((i*2*pi*fcarr/fs)+(pi));
tx(i+1)=a*cos((i*2*pi*fcarr/fs)+(pi));
end
end
end
y=tx;
FFTY=fft(y);
sp=abs(FFTY);
figure(1);
legend('QPSK');
grid on;
OUTPUT:
FSK:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
a=1; n=20; t=1/n;
fs=10000;
ts=1/fs;
fcarr=1000;
st=ones((t/ts),1);
stt=st*data;
sttt=stt(:);
s=sttt>0;
f1 =1:fs/2;
for i=1:fs
if (s(i)==1)
tx(i)=a*cos(i*pi*fcarr/fs);
else
tx(i)=a*cos(i*2*pi*fcarr*4/fs);
end
end
y=tx;
FFTY=fft(y);
sp=abs(FFTY);
f1=1:fs/2;
legend('FSK');
grid on;
OUTPUT:
ERROR PERFORMANCE:
clc;
clear all;
eb_no=1:20;
x=sqrt(eb_no);
for i=1:20
bpsk(i)=0.5*erfc(sqrt(10^(eb_no(i)/10)));
qpsk(i)=erfc((sqrt(10^(eb_no(i)/10)))- 1/4*(erfc(sqrt(10^(eb_no(i)/10)))^2));
qam(i)=3/2*(erfc(sqrt(0.2*10^(eb_no(i)/10))));
fsk(i)=0.5*exp(sqrt(10^(0.5*eb_no(i)/10)));
end
semilogy(eb_no,bpsk,eb_no,qpsk,eb_no,qam,eb_no,fsk);
xlabel('freq(hz)');
ylabel('ber');
legend('bpsk','qpsk','qam','fsk');
grid on;
OUTPUT:
PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS MODULATION SCHEMES OVER AWGN

CHANNEL:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
N=10^6;
d=rand(1,N)>0.5;
x=2*d-1;
ebno=-5.:2:20;
simber_rayleigh=zeros(1,length(ebno));
simber_awgn=zeros(1,length(ebno));
for i=1:length(ebno)
noise=1/sqrt(2)*((randn(1,N)+i*(randn(1,N))));
h=1/sqrt(2)*((randn(1,N)+i*(randn(1,N))));
n=noise*10^(-ebno(i)/20);
yawgn=x+n;
y_rayleigh=h.*x+n;
y_rayleigh_cap=y_rayleigh./h;
r_rayleigh=real(y_rayleigh_cap)>0;
r_awgn=real(yawgn)>0;
simber_rayleigh(i)=sum(xor(d,r_rayleigh));
simber_awgn(i)=sum(xor(d,r_awgn));
end
simber_rayleigh=simber_rayleigh/N;
simber_awgn=simber_awgn/N;
eb_no=10.^(ebno/10);
th_rayleigh=0.5*(1-sqrt(eb_no./(1+eb_no)));
th_awgn=0.5*erfc(sqrt(eb_no));
semilogy(eb_no,simber_rayleigh,'g*-','linewidth',2);
hold on;
semilogy(eb_no,simber_rayleigh,'r*-','linewidth',2);
hold on;
semilogy(eb_no,th_rayleigh,'ko-','linewidth',2);
hold on;
semilogy(eb_no,th_awgn,'bo-','linewidth',2);
hold on;
axis([-5 20 10^-5 1.2]);
legend('simulated rayleigh','simulated awgn','theorectical rayleigh','theoretical awgn');
title('Eb/No(dB) vs ber');
xlabel('Eb/No(dB)');
ylabel('ber');
OUTPUT:
2. MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
d=input('enter the dia of parabolic dishes:');
R=input('enter the reliability:');
D=input('enter the distance between stations:');
C_n=input('enter the c/n ratio:');
f=input('enter the freq:');
BW=input('enter the noise bw:');
A=input('enter the roughness factor:');
B=input('enter the terrain cond fact:');
C=3*10^8;
At=48; Ar=48; br=3;
Lp=(20*log10((D*4*pi*10^3*f*10^9)/C));
FM=(30*log10(D))+(10*log10)(f*A*B*610^9))-(10*log10(1-R))-(70);
Lb=br*2;
Lf=4.7*2;
N=-173.977+10*log10(BW);
Cmin=C_n+N;
Gs=FM+Lp+Lf+Lb-At-Ar;
Pt=Gs+Cmin;
G=(20*log10((d*pi*f*10^9)/C));
fprintf('\n fade margin :%d',FM);
fprintf('\n antenna gain :%d',G);
fprintf('\n free space path loss :%d',Lp);
fprintf('\n branching loss :%d',Lb);
fprintf('\n feeder loss :%d',Lf);
6
fprintf('\n Cmin :%d',Cmin);

fprintf('\n min tranx pow :%d',Pt);
fprintf('\n sys gain :%f',Gs);
OUTPUT:
OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
pt=input('enter the transmitted power:');
l=input('enter the length of cable:');
lc=input('enter the loss per kilometer:');
lf=input('enter the light source to fibre loss:');
ll=input('enter the fibre to light detector loss :');
c=input('enter the number of connectors:');
cc=input('enter the loss at each conctr:');
fb =l*lc;
lc =c*cc;
ll =fb+lc+lf+ll;
pr =pt-ll;
fprintf('rxd power :%d',pr);
OUTPUT:
MATLAB CODE FOR SATELLITE LINK DESIGN CODING:

clear all;
clc;
disp('ENTER UPLINK PARAMETERS')
disp('---------------------------------------')
pt=input('Earth station Transmitter output power :');
lbo=input('Earth Station back-off loss : ');
lbf=input('Earth station branching and feeder losses :');
at=input('Earth station Transmit antenna gain : ');
lu=input('Additional uplink atmospheric losses : ');
lp=input('Free-space path loss : ');
gte=input('Satellite receiver G/Te ratio : ');
bfb=input('Satellite branching and feeder losses : ');
br=input('Bit rate : ');
disp('---------------------------------------')
disp('ENTER DOWNLINK PARAMETERS')
disp('---------------------------------------')
disp('')
pt2=input('Satellite transmitter output power :');
lbo2=input('Satellite back-off loss : ');
lbf2=input('Satellite branching and feeder losses :');
at2=input('Satellite Transmit antenna gain : ');
ld=input('Additional downlink atmospheric losses : ');
lp2=input('Free-space path loss : ');
gte2=input('Earth station receiver G/Te ratio : ');
bfb2=input('Earth station branching and feeder losses : ');
br2=input('Bit rate : ');
disp('---------------------------------------')
EIRP=pt+at-lbo-lbf;
disp('UPLINK BUDGET')
disp('---------------------------------------')
%EIRP (Earth Station)
fprintf('EIRP (Earth Station) = %f dBW \n',EIRP);
c1=EIRP-lp-lu;
%Carrier power density at the satellite antenna :
fprintf('Carrier power density at the satellite antenna = %f dBW\n',c1);
cn0=c1+gte-(10*log10(1.38*(10^(-23))));
fprintf('C/No at the satellite = %f dB\n',cn0);
ebn0=cn0-(10*log10(br));
fprintf('Eb/No : = %f dB\n',ebn0);
cn=ebn0-10*(log10((40*(10^6))/(br)));
fprintf('for a minimum bandwidth system, C/N = %f dB\n',cn);
disp('---------------------------------------')
disp('DOWNLINK BUDGET')
disp('---------------------------------------')
%EIRP (satellite transponder)
EIRP2=pt2+at2-lbo2-lbf2;
fprintf('EIRP (satellite transponder) = %f dBW \n',EIRP2);
c12=EIRP2-lp2-ld;
%Carrier power density at the earth station antenna :
fprintf('Carrier power density at earth station antenna = %f dBW\n',c12);
cn02=c12+gte2-(10*log10(1.38*(10^(-23))));
fprintf('C/No at the earth station receiver = %f dB\n',cn02);
ebn02=cn02-(10*log10(br2));
fprintf('Eb/No : = %f dB\n',ebn02);
cn2=ebn02-10*(log10((40*(10^6))/(br2)));
fprintf('for a minimum bandwidth system, C/N = %f dB\n',cn2);
a=10^(ebn0/10);
b=10^(ebn02/10);
ebn0all=(a*b)/(a+b);
ebn02db=10*log10(ebn0all);
fprintf('Eb/No(overall) : = %f dB\n',ebn02db);
SAMPLE INPUT
ENTER UPLINK PARAMETERS
Earth station Transmitter output power :33
Earth Station back-off loss : 3
Earth station branching and feeder losses :4
Earth station Transmit antenna gain : 64
Additional uplink atmospheric losses : .6
Free-space path loss : 206.5
Satellite receiver G/Te ratio : -5.3
Satellite branching and feeder losses : 0
Bit rate : 120*(10^6)
ENTER DOWNLINK PARAMETERS
Satellite transmitter output power :10
Satellite back-off loss : .1
Satellite branching and feeder losses :.5
Satellite Transmit antenna gain : 30.8
Additional downlink atmospheric losses : .4
Free-space path loss : 205.6
Earth station receiver G/Te ratio : 37.7
Earth station branching and feeder losses : 0
Bit rate : 120*(10^6)
OUTPUT
UPLINK BUDGET
EIRP (Earth Station) = 90.000000 dBW
Carrier power density at the satellite antenna = -117.100000 dBW
C/No at the satellite = 106.201209 dB
Eb/No : = 25.409397 dB
for a minimum bandwidth system, C/N = 30.180609 dB
DOWNLINK BUDGET
EIRP (satellite transponder) = 40.200000 dBW
Carrier power density at earth station antenna = -165.800000 dBW
C/No at the earth station receiver = 100.501209 dB
Eb/No : = 19.709397 dB
for a minimum bandwidth system, C/N = 24.480609 dB
Eb/No(overall) : = 18.674255 Db
10
3. DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPRECTRUM

clc;
clear all;
close all;
f=round(rand(1,30));
pattern=[];
for k=1:30
if f(1,k)==0
sig=-ones(1,20);
else
sig=ones(1,20);
end
pattern=[pattern sig];
end
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(pattern);
axis([-1 620 -1.5 1.5]);
title('original data sequence');
d=round(rand(1,120));
carrier=[];
pnseq=[];
t=[0:2*pi 0:4*pi];
for k=1:120
if d(1,k)==0
sig=-ones(1,5);
else
sig=ones(1,5);
end
c=cos(t);
carrier=[carrier c];
pnseq=[pnseq sig];
end
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(pnseq);
axis([-1 620 -1.5 1.5]);
title('pn sequence');
ss=pattern.*pnseq;
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(ss);
axis([-1 620 -1.5 1.5]);
title('spreaded signal');
dss=ss.*pnseq;
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(dss);
axis([-1 620 -1.5 1.5]);
title('despreaded signal');
11
OUTPUT:
FREQUENCY HOPPING SPREAD SPRECTRUM:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
s=round(rand(1,25));
signal=[];
carrier=[];
t=(0:2*pi/119:2*pi);
for k=1:25
if s(1,k)==0;
sig=-ones(1,120);
else
sig=ones(1,120);
end
c=cos(t);
carrier=[carrier c];
signal=[signal sig];
end
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(signal);
axis([-100 3100 -1.5 1.5]);
title('original bit sequence:');
bpsk_sig=signal.*carrier;
12
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(bpsk_sig);
axis([-100 3100 -1.5 1.5]);
title('BPSK modulated signal:');
t1=(0:2*pi/9:2*pi);
t2=(0:2*pi/19:2*pi);
t3=(0:2*pi/29:2*pi);
t4=(0:2*pi/39:2*pi);
t5=(0:2*pi/59:2*pi);
t6=(0:2*pi/119:2*pi);
c1=cos(t1);
c1=[c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1];
c2= cos(t2);
c2=[c2 c2 c2 c2 c2 c2];
c3=cos(t3);
c3=[c3 c3 c3 c3];
c4=cos(t4);
c4=[c4 c4 c4];
c5=cos(t5);
c5=[c5 c5];
c6=cos(t6);
spread_signal=[];
for n=1:25
c=Randint(1,1,[1 6]);
switch(c)
case(1)
spread_signal=[spread_signal c1];
case(2)
case(3)
case(4)
case(5)
case(6)
end
end
subplot(4,1,3);
plot((1:3000),spread_signal);
axis([-100 3100 -1.5 1.5]);
title('spread signal with 6 frequency:');
freq_hopped_sig=bpsk_sig.*spread_signal;
subplot(4,1,4);
plot((1:3000),freq_hopped_sig);
axis([-100 3100 -1.5 1.5]);
title('frequency hopped sprad sprectrum signal:');
13
OUTPUT:
4. CHARACTERISATION OF MICROWAVE COMPONENTS

clc;
clear all;
disp('ISOLATOR');
disp('INPUT: ');
Ps=input('Enter Input Power: ');
Ps1=input('Enter Output Power: ');
p1=Ps1-Ps;
an1=p1/20;
sp1=10^(an1);
p2=Ps2-Ps;
an2=p2/20;
sp2=10^(an2);
sm1=[0 sp1;sp2 0];
iserloss1=Ps-Ps1;
isoloss1=Ps-Ps2;
disp('OUTPUT: ');
disp('Insertion Loss (dB): ');
disp(iserloss1);
disp('Isolation Loss (dB): ');
disp(isoloss1);
disp('S-matrix of Isolator: ');
disp(sm1);
disp('DIRECTIONAL COUPLER');
disp('INPUT: ');
14

p3=Ps3-Ps;
an3=p3/20;
sp3=10^(an3);
p4=Ps4-Ps;
an4=p4/20;
sp4=10^(an4);
p5=Ps5-Ps;
an5=p5/20;
sp5=10^(an5);
p6=Ps6-Ps;
an6=p6/20;
sp6=10^(an6);
p7=Ps7-Ps;
an7=p7/20;
sp7=10^(an7);
p8=Ps8-Ps;
an8=p8/20;
sp8=10^(an8);
p9=Ps9-Ps;
an9=p9/20;
sp9=10^(an9);
p10=Ps10-Ps;
an10=p10/20;
sp10=10^(an10);
p11=Ps11-Ps;
an11=p11/20;
sp11=10^(an11);
p12=Ps12-Ps;
an12=p12/20;
sp12=10^(an12);
p13=Ps13-Ps;
an13=p13/20;
sp13=10^(an13);
p14=Ps14-Ps;
an14=p14/20;
sp14=10^(an14);
sm2=[0 sp3 sp4 sp5;sp6 0 sp7 sp8;sp9 sp10 0 sp11;sp12 sp13 sp14 0];
couplefact1=Ps-Ps4;
direct1=Ps4-Ps5;
iserloss2=Ps-Ps3;
isoloss2=Ps-Ps5;
disp('OUTPUT: ');
disp('Coupling Factor (dB): ');
15
disp(couplefact1);
disp('Directivity (dB): ');
disp(direct1);
disp(iserloss2);
disp(isoloss2);
disp('S-matrix of Directional Coupler: ');
disp(sm2);
disp('MAGIC TEE');
disp('INPUT: ');
p15=Ps15-Ps;
an15=p15/20;
sp15=10^(an15);
p16=Ps16-Ps;
an16=p16/20;
sp16=10^(an16);
p17=Ps17-Ps;
an17=p17/20;
sp17=10^(an17);
p18=Ps18-Ps;
an18=p18/20;
sp18=10^(an18);
p19=Ps19-Ps;
an19=p19/20;
sp19=10^(an19);
p20=Ps20-Ps;
an20=p20/20;
sp20=10^(an20);
p21=Ps21-Ps;
an21=p21/20;
sp21=10^(an21);
p22=Ps22-Ps;
an22=p22/20;
sp22=10^(an22);
p23=Ps23-Ps;
an23=p23/20;
sp23=10^(an23);
p24=Ps24-Ps;
an24=p24/20;
sp24=10^(an24);
p25=Ps25-Ps;
an25=p25/20;
sp25=10^(an25);
16

p26=Ps26-Ps;
an26=p26/20;
sp26=10^(an26);
sm3=[0 sp15 sp16 sp17;sp18 0 sp19 sp20;sp21 sp22 0 sp23;sp24 sp25 sp26 0];
couplefact2=Ps-Ps16;
direct2=Ps16-Ps22;
iserloss3=Ps-Ps15;
isoloss3=Ps-Ps17;
disp('OUTPUT: ')
disp('Coupling Factor (dB): ');
disp(couplefact2);
disp('Directivity (dB): ');
disp(direct2);
disp(iserloss3);
disp(isoloss3);
disp('S-matrix of Directional Coupler: ');
disp(sm3);
SAMPLE INPUT AND OUTPUT:
ISOLATOR
INPUT:
Enter Input Power: 1
Enter Output Power: 2
OUTPUT:
Insertion Loss (dB):
-1
Isolation Loss (dB):
-2
S-matrix of Isolator:
0 1.1220
1.2589
0
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
INPUT:
17

OUTPUT:
Coupling Factor (dB):
-1
Directivity (dB):
-1
0
-2
S-matrix of Directional Coupler:
0 1.0000 1.1220 1.2589
1.4125
0 1.5849 1.7783
1.9953 2.2387
0 2.5119
1.0000 1.1220 1.2589
0
MAGIC TEE
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
Coupling Factor (dB):
-1
Directivity (dB):
-6
0
-2
S-matrix of Directional Coupler:
0 1.0000 1.1220 1.2589
1.4125
0 1.5849 1.7783
1.9953 2.2387
0 2.5119
1.0000 1.1220 1.2589
0
18
5.
STUDY OF RADAR RANGE EQUATIONS
i)DETECTION with SNR

close all;
clear all;
pt = 1.5e+6;
freq = 5.6e+9;
g = 45.0;
sigma = 0.1;
b = 5.0e+6;
nf = 3.0;
loss = 6.0;
range = linspace(25e3,165e3,1000);
c = 3.0e+8;
lambda = c / freq;
p_peak = 10*log10(pt);
lambda_sqdb = 10*log10(lambda^2);
four_pi_cub = 10*log10((4.0 * pi)^3);
k_db = 10*log10(1.38e-23);
to_db = 10*log10(290);
b_db = 10*log10(b);
range_pwr4_db = 10*log10(range.^4);
num = p_peak + g + g + lambda_sqdb + sigma;
den = four_pi_cub + k_db + to_db + b_db + nf + loss + range_pwr4_db;
snr = num - den;
%snr = radar_eq(pt, freq, g, sigma, b, nf, loss, range);
rangekm = range ./ 1000;
plot(rangekm,snr,'linewidth',1.5);
grid;
xlabel ('Detection range in Km');
ylabel ('SNR in dB');
OUTPUT:
19
ii)DETECTION with POWER

close all
clear all
pt = 1.5e+6; % peak power in Watts
freq = 5.6e+9; % radar operating frequency in Hz
g = 45.0; % antenna gain in dB
sigma = 0.1; % radar cross section in m squared
te = 290.0; % effective noise temperature in Kelvins
b = 5.0e+6; % radar operating bandwidth in Hz
nf = 3.0; %noise figure in dB
loss = 6.0; % radar losses in dB
range = linspace(25e3,165e3,1000); % range to target from 25 Km 165 Km, 1000 points
snr1 = radar_eq(pt, freq, g, sigma, te, b, nf, loss, range);
snr2 = radar_eq(pt, freq, g, sigma/10, te, b, nf, loss, range);
snr3 = radar_eq(pt, freq, g, sigma*10, te, b, nf, loss, range);
% plot SNR versus range
figure(1)
plot(rangekm,snr3,'k',rangekm,snr1,'k -.',rangekm,snr2,'k:')
grid
legend('\sigma = 0 dBsm','\sigma = -10dBsm','\sigma = -20 dBsm')
xlabel ('Detection range - Km');
ylabel ('SNR - dB');
snr1 = radar_eq(pt, freq, g, sigma, te, b, nf, loss, range);
snr2 = radar_eq(pt*.4, freq, g, sigma, te, b, nf, loss, range);
snr3 = radar_eq(pt*1.8, freq, g, sigma, te, b, nf, loss, range);
figure (2)
plot(rangekm,snr3,'k',rangekm,snr1,'k -.',rangekm,snr2,'k:')
grid
legend('Pt = 2.16 MW','Pt = 1.5 MW','Pt = 0.6 MW')
ylabel ('SNR - dB');
OUTPUT:
i)
With respect to loss:
20
ii) With respect to power:
iii)DETECTION RANGE FOR MISSILE AND AIRCRAFT

clc;
close all;
clear all;
snr = 13.0 ; % SNR
sigmaM = .5; % missile RCS
sigmaA = 4; % aircraft CS
te = 290.0; % effective noise temperature in Kelvins
b = 1e+6; % radar operating bandwidth in Hz
nf = 6.0; % noise figure in dB
tsc = 2; % scan time in seconds
thetae = 11.01; % elevation sezch angle in degrees
thetaa = 360; % azimuth search angle in degrees
range = linspace(15.e3,125e3,10000); % range to target from 1. Km 12 Km, 1000 points
% power_aperture(snr,tsc,sigma,range,te,nf,loss,,el_angle)
PAPm1 = power_aperture(snr,tsc,sigmaM,55e3,te,nf,loss,thetaa,thetae)
PAPa1 = power_aperture(snr,tsc,sigmaA,90e3,te,nf,loss,thetaa,thetae)
PAPm = power_aperture(snr,tsc,sigmaM,range,te,nf,loss,thetaa,thetae);
PAPa = power_aperture(snr,tsc,sigmaA,range,te,nf,loss,thetaa,thetae);
figure(1)
plot(rangekm,PAPm,'k',rangekm,PAPa,'k-.')
grid
legend('Missile case', 'Aircraft case')
ylabel ('Power aperture product - dB');
21
OUTPUT:
iv)VELOCITY
close all
clear all
pt = 1.e+6; % peak power in Watts
freq = 5.6e+9; % radar operating frequency in Hz
g = 40.0; % antenna gain in dB
sigma = 0.1; % radar cross section in m squared
te =300.0; % effective noise temperature in Kelvins
nf = 5.0; %noise figure in dB
range = [75e3,100e3,150e3]; % three range values
snr_db = linspace(5,20,200); % SNR values from 5 dB to 20 dB 200 points
snr = 10.^(0.1.*snr_db); % convert snr into base 10
gain = 10^(0.1*g); %convert antenna gain into base 10
loss = 10^(0.1*loss); % convert losses into base 10
F = 10^(0.1*nf); % convert noise figure into base 10
lambda = 3.e8 / freq; % compute wavelength
% Implement Eq.(1.57)
den = pt * gain * gain * sigma * lambda^2;
num1 = (4*pi)^3 * 1.38e-23 * te * F * loss * range(1)^4 .* snr;
tau1 = num1 ./ den ;
tau2 = num2 ./ den;
tau3 = num3 ./ den;
% plot tau versus snr
22
figure(1)
semilogy(snr_db,1e6*tau1,'k',snr_db,1e6*tau2,'k -.',snr_db,1e6*tau3,'k:')
grid
legend('R = 75 Km','R = 100 Km','R = 150 Km')
xlabel ('Minimum required SNR - dB');
ylabel ('\tau (pulse width) in \mu sec');
OUTPUT:
6.
ISDN:
clc;
clear all;
use=input('Enter the no. of users: ');
ts=input('Enter the no. of time slots: ');
on=0.35;
ton=zeros(use,ts);
n=ton;
for i=1:use
for j=1:ts
ton(i,:)=poissrnd((on*10),1,ts);
if (ton(i,j)>=3.5)
n(i,j)=1;
end
end
end
test=randint(use,ts,[1,1000]);
23
data=n;
for i=1:use
for j=1:ts
if n(i,j)==1
if test(i,j)>=1 & test(i,j)<=980
data(i,j)=64000;
elseif test(i,j)>980 & test(i,j)<=990
data(i,j)=128000;
elseif test(i,j)>990 & test(i,j)<=998
data(i,j)=256000;
else
data(i,j)=512000;
end
end
end
end
%timeslot vs bandwidth
d= sum(data);
figure(1);
bar(d);
xlabel('Time slot');
ylabel('Bandwidth(bps)');
%timeslot vs error rate
e=zeros(1,ts);
bm=1540000;
for i=1:ts
if d(i)>bm
e(i)=d(i)-bm;
end
end
figure(2);
bar(e);
xlabel('Timeslot');
ylabel('Error rate (bps)');
avg=sum(e')/ts;
ber=avg/bm;
buff=0;
disp('Average bit error rate without buffering');
disp(ber);
while (ber)>1e-6
buff=buff+10;
bm=bm+10;
for i=1:ts
if e(i)>0
e(i)=d(i)-bm;
end
end
s=sum(e');
ber=s/(ts*bm);
end
disp('Bit error rate with buffer');
disp(ber);
disp('Optimum buffer size');
disp(buff);
24
INPUT
Enter the no. of users: 50
Enter the no. of time slots: 100
OUTPUT
Average bit error rate without buffering
0.0743
Bit error rate with buffer
9.8224e-007
Optimum buffer size
699780
25
GENERATION OF ON OFF TRAFFIC:

clc;
clear all;
x=1:10;
t=1:100;
on=input('Enter the Average ON Time: ');
%Users Vs Average ON Time
ton=zeros(10,100);
for i=1:10
ton(i,:)=poissrnd((on*10),1,100);
end
a=ton';
b=mean(a);
c=b/1000;
figure(1);
bar(x,c,0.35);
xlabel('Users');
ylabel('Average ON Time');
%Timeslots Vs Number of Users
n=zeros(10,100);
for i=1:10
for j=1:100
if (ton(i,j)>=4.5)
n(i,j)=1;
end
26
end
end
d=sum(n);
figure(2);
bar(t,d);
xlabel('Time Slots');
ylabel('Number of Users');
%Time slots Vs Bandwidth
bw=64000*n;
for i=1:10
figure(3);
subplot(5,2,i);
bar(t,bw(i,:),0.2)
xlabel('Time Slots');
ylabel('BW Alloted');
end
INPUT
Enter the Average ON Time: 0.5
OUTPUT
27
28
Generation of Video traffic

clc;
clear all;
use=input('Enter The Number Of Users: ');
ts=input('Enter The Number Of Time Slots: ');
on=0.35;
ton=zeros(use,ts);
n=ton;
for i=1:use
for j=1:ts
ton(i,:)=poissrnd((on*10),1,ts);
if(ton(i,j)>=3.5)
n(i,j)=1;
end
end
end
test=randint(use,ts,[1,1000]);
data=n;
for i=1:use
for j=1:ts
if n(i,j)==1
if test(i,j)>=1 && test(i,j)<=980
data(i,j)=64000;
else
data(i,j)=384000;
end
end
end
end
%Time Slot Vs Bandwidth
d=sum(data);
figure(1);
bar(d);
xlabel('Time Slot');
ylabel('Bandwidth (bps)');
%Time Slots Vs Error Rate
e=zeros(1,ts);
bm=1540000;
for i=1:ts
if d(i)>bm
e(i)=d(i)-bm;
end
end
figure(2);
bar(e);
xlabel('Time Slot');
ylabel('Error Rate (bps)');
avg=sum(e)/ts;
ber=avg/bm;
buff=0;
disp('Average Bit Error Rate without Buffering: ');
disp(ber);
while ber>1e-6
buff =buff+10;
29
bm=bm+10;
for i=1:ts
if e(i)>0
e(i)=d(i)-bm;
end
end
s=sum(e);
ber=s/(ts*bm);
end
disp('Bit Error Rate with Buffer: ');
disp(ber);
disp('Optimum Buffer Size: ');
disp(buff);
INPUT
Enter The Number Of Users: 50
Enter The Number Of Time Slots: 100
OUTPUT
Average Bit Error Rate without Buffering:
0.1004
Bit Error Rate with Buffer:
9.9836e-007
Optimum Buffer Size:
763770
30
31
7.
BANDPASS FILTER:
clc;
alphap=2;
alphas=30;
omegap=[0.2 0.8];
omegas=[0.4 0.6];
[N,Wc]=buttord(omegap,omegas,alphap,alphas);
disp(N);
disp(Wc);
[Nu,De]=butter(N,Wc,'bandpass','s');
disp(Nu);
disp(De);
[Nu1,De1]=bilinear(Nu,De,1);
disp(Nu1);
disp(De1);
[H,W]=freqz(Nu1,De1);
plot(W,abs(H));
axis([0 3.5 0 2]);
title('frequency response of butterworth BPF using bilinear transformation');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');
ylabel('Magnitude|H(z)|');
OUTPUT:
32
HIGH PASS FILTER :

clc;
alphap=2;
alphas=70;
omegap=0.2;
omegas=0.4;
[N,wc]=buttord(omegap,omegas,alphap,alphas);
disp(N);
disp(wc);
[Nu,De]=cheby1(N,0.1,wc,'high','s');
disp(Nu);
disp(De);
disp(Nu1);
disp(De1);
[H,w]=freqz(Nu1,De1);
plot(w,abs(H));
title('frequency response of chebyshev HPF using bilinear transformation');
OUTPUT:
LOW PASS FILTER:

33
clc;
alphap=2;
alphas=30;
omegap=0.2;
omegas=0.4;
[N,wc]=cheb1ord(omegap,omegas,alphap,alphas);
disp(N);
disp(wc);
[Nu,De]=cheby1(N,0.1,wc,'s');
disp(Nu);
disp(De);
disp(Nu1);
disp(De1);
[H,w]=freqz(Nu1,De1);
plot(w,abs(H));
title('frequency response of chebyshev LPF using bilinear transformation');
OUTPUT:
34

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1.

SPECTRUM ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS MODULATION SCHEMES (BPSK):

PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS MODULATION SCHEMES OVER AWGN

fprintf('\n Cmin :%d',Cmin);

OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION:

MATLAB CODE FOR SATELLITE LINK DESIGN CODING:

3. DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPRECTRUM

FREQUENCY HOPPING SPREAD SPRECTRUM:

4. CHARACTERISATION OF MICROWAVE COMPONENTS

Ps3=input('Enter Output Power: ');

Ps26=input('Enter Output Power: ');

Enter Output Power: 2

STUDY OF RADAR RANGE EQUATIONS

i)DETECTION with SNR

ii)DETECTION with POWER

With respect to loss:

ii) With respect to power:

iii)DETECTION RANGE FOR MISSILE AND AIRCRAFT

GENERATION OF ON OFF TRAFFIC:

Generation of Video traffic

HIGH PASS FILTER :

LOW PASS FILTER:

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