CHANGING PATTERNS OF CULTURE

AMONG YOUTH: AN EXPLORATION OF

GENERATION GAP

THESIS
Submitted for the Degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
in

SOCIOLOGY
C.C.S. University, Meerut
Supervisor :
Dr. (Smt.) Alka Rani
Reader & Head
Deptt. of Sociology
J.V. College, Baraut (Baghpat)

Research Scholar :
Ruchi Rajvanshi
H.No. : 476, North Civil Lines,
Malviya Marg, Muzaffarnagar
Pin 251 001

Venue of Research :
Department of Sociology
Janta Vedic Degree College
1

Baraut (Baghpat)
2012

Dr.(Smt.) Alka Rani

Reader & Head
Deptt. Of Sociology
J.V. (P.G.) College, Baraut (Baghpat)
Res. :20/81, Gyandeep,
Subhash Nagar,
Baraut (Baghpat) 250611
Ph.:01234-263663
Mob.:09837512518

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that thesis entitled Changing Patterns of Culture Among
Youth: An Exploration of Generation Gap submitted by Ruchi Rajvanshi for the
award of Doctor of Philosophy, embodies the result of her original study and
investigation under my supervision and guidance. This study is the first of its kind
and is no way a reproduction of any other research work or literature. She has
completed all the requirements as per the statues and ordinances of the University.

Supervisor

Dr. (Smt.) Alka Rani

Declaration

I do hereby declare that the thesis entitled Changing Patterns of Culture

Among Youth: An Exploration of Generation Gap is my own research and
original work.
I further declare that it is to the best of my knowledge and belief that nobody
has either submitted or awarded degree on this topic under any other University /
Institution.
Submitted by Ruchi Rajvanshi.

Ruchi Rajvanshi

Dedicated
to
My Reverend Late Mother
Smt. Savita Rajvanshi
&
Respected Elders
&
Loving Youngers of the Society

PREFACE
Each society has got its social values, customs, traditions and conventions. Each
individual members of the society has different attitudes towards such values. He may
differ or agree with the values. This perspective can easily be seen in younger as well as
older.
The infant begins his life under the fostering affection and care of his parents and
other near and dear ones associated with his family. As he grows, he receives the first
lesson of life in his family and tries to imbibe the habit, ideas and patterns of behavior of
his family members. But when he comes in contact with other beings, he directly or
indirectly influenced by them also. Now he judges and speculates the things himself. Now
he wants to make his own culture.
Erikson (1968a) has rightly said that As a phase of individual development, youth
is observed to be both complex and contradictory.
We all are aware that young age has become a complex phenomenon. The young
wants to touch sky in a very short span. Not only youth but it has seen that the elders are
also getting flexible rather than conventional.
It is a problem of every family involving strains of caring and stress of intergenerational interactions. It has become an important biological, economic, socio-

psychological issue in the community where increasing modernization, urbanization and

social changes has made youngs care more problematic.
Today the youth is leading a life of confusion in mostly every walk of life. Impact of
values and norms are decreasing day-by-day. Youth today has become individualistic
rather than socialistic.
For this research we have chosen Muzaffarnagar city and Pinna village as our
study area. Pre-coded structure questionnaire schedule is used for collecting data.
Secondary data is also used whatever it was required.
The present study is divided into seven chapters. In first chapter, we have given
introduction of our chapter, in second chapter; we have briefly reviewed the literature and
pointed the critical evaluation of the literature. In chapter three we have described the
research design of the study including the study area i.e. India, Uttar Pradesh,
Muzaffarnagar city and Village Pinna. In fourth chapter we have discussed the gender
difference in youth culture. In fifth chapter we have discussed the generation difference in
youth culture. In sixth chapter we have discussed rural and urban difference in youth
culture and lastly in seventh chapter we have gone through the conclusions and some
suggestive recommendation are also mentioned.
In this proposed research work, it is expected that the study will bring some new
and valuable conclusions which can help in bridging the gap of two generations and
thereby resolve the problem of social adjustment.
5

To proceed our work for bridging the gap between generations we have taken
Muzaffarnagar city as urban area and a small village Pinna which is 8 km away from
district head quarter as a rural area. The young generation will be called parents youth
and older generation will be treated as parent. The age range of parents youth will be
18 to 25 years whereas the age of parents will be 45 to 58 years.
Total sample size is 320 subjects. Half of them 160 will be selected from young
generation (parents-youth) and other half of them from old generations (parents). In our
sample 160 males and 160 females will be selected with their equally distributed area.
There are seven chapters in our study in which chapter 4, chapter 5 and chapter 6
based on gender difference in youth culture, generation difference in youth culture and
rural and urban difference in youth culture will help us to throw light on the changing
patterns of culture among youth specially in seven areas viz. education, parent child
relations, politics, status of women, marriage, religion and socio-culture.
Also to study the youth culture nine dimensions named as Hero image, ideals, value
preferences, fashion, rituals, life goal, use of time, leisure and cultural activities have also
been selected. These dimensions can explain the youth culture very critically and
effectively.

The study of youth and generation gap is an important global issue in this era.
The present study though confined to a very small size sample and exploratory in nature
has thus helped us to give some insight for further study.
It is my pleasant duty to recall the helping hands at this important junction of my
academic career, I would like to avail this opportunity to express my profound gratitude to
my guide Dr. (Smt.) Alka Rani, Reader and Head, Department of Sociology, J.V. College,
Baraut (Baghpat) for her expert supervision, encouragement and suggestions at each and
every moment during the entire period of my research work.
My heartful thanks to Mrs. Gian Vati, W/O Late Dr. Hari Singh, Harendra Shastri
Ex-Principal, J.V. College, Baraut (Baghpat) for providing a blissful and encouraging
atmosphere during the days of my research.
My special thanks to Dr. Mridula Mittal, Lecturer-Chemistry Department, D.A.V.
College, Muzaffarnagar, Dr. Niti Mittal (Political Science) and Dr. Geetanjali Verma
(Sociology) for their invaluable help and guidance.
No words, no language is ever adequate to express my heartfelt veneration to my
father Dr. P.S. Rajvanshi, Retd. H.O.D. Botany Department, D.A.V. College,
Muzaffarnagar and my sisters Mrs. Neera Gupta and Mrs. Ritu Goel for showing their
unmatching love upon me during the course of my tiring involvement in pursuing the task.
It was with their ambitions only that I engage myself in higher pursuits and be able to
match with higher education.
7

My heart goes to the memory of my late mother reverend Smt. Savita Rajvanshi
who had always desired and wished for my attaining a distinguished status which I am
able to achieve just because of her blessings.
I also express my sincere thanks to my in laws who always boosted me up to achieve
my goal in life.
I would also like to express my thanks to my niece and nephew for their love and
affection which they poured to me.
My special thanks to my spouse Mr. Vishal Sharma and my lovely kids Suhani and
Aabhas who maintained a blissful atmosphere for me during the long course of this
investigation and always inspired me to advance and advance till the aim is achieved.
My special thanks goes to the librarians of D.A.V. College, Muzaffarnagar, C.C.S.
University, Meerut, Delhi University, J.N.U., New Delhi from where I have consulted
books, journals and periodicals.
I am extremely thankful to Mr. Deepak Baliyan for his efforts for typing the thesis.
I take pleasure in acknowledging my debt to all my friends who helped me
knowingly or unknowingly in the proceeding and completion of my research work.
I would be failing in my duty if I do not express my sincere gratitude to the good old
and young respondents who had been kind enough to provide me the required information
at the time of my field work.

Above all I thank almighty GOD for showering His blessing on me and all those
who have helped me to reach my destination.

Dated :

(Ruchi Rajvanshi)

CONTENTS
Page No.

Preface
Chapter I:

Introduction.....................................................1-14

Chapter II:

Review of Literature......................................15-25

Chapter III:

Research Design of the Study (Methodology). .26-

72
Chapter IV:

Gender Difference in Youth Culture............73-121

Chapter V:

Generation Difference in Youth Culture. . .122-171

Chapter VI:

Rural and Urban Difference in Youth Culture.172-

219
Chapter VII:

Conclusion and Suggestions......................220-240

Annexure
Questionnaire
1

Bibliography................................................I - XVIII

INTRODUCTION
All over the world, different age groups are known for their
experiences, ideals, values and personality. Children are known for
their innocence, elders are known for their experience but our
youths are known for their liabilities, ambitions and hard work for
their better and prosperous future. Proper understanding and
channelization of youth can build a new society whereas its
negligence may have devastating effects. Youth today has become
individualistic rather than socialistic.

What is youth?
The term Youth denotes two aspects of the phenomenon
covered by it (Rosenmayer 1972:227). On one hand, it refers to a
phase in the development of individuals and on the other; it
designates a group in society. These two aspects are inter-related,
though they often form separate foci and analysis depending upon
the objectives of the researcher.
3

The youth in most countries have been subjected to the

envious criticism by their elders. Because of their allegedly wild
moral values, preoccupation with the immediate exuberant and
easy life-style and dereliction of social responsibilities; they are
often viewed as a social problem. The frequent upsurge of youth
protests is a source of worry to the parents, educators and political
leaders. There are also efforts on the part of the adults to evolve
strategies to bridle the youth and harness them to serve the
interest of the adult world.
According to Eisenstadt (1956; 21-28, See also 1972a), age
and differences of age are among the basic aspects of human life.
Every human being passes through different ages. At each age
one

attains

and

uses

different

biological

and

intellectual

capacities. At each age he performs different tasks and role in

relation to the other members of his society. And, every stage in
this progression constitutes an irreversible step in the unfolding of
his life from its beginning to its end!

According to J. Springhall (1998) youth is as a social group

with a pattern history, with a great anxiety out of its engagement
with popular culture and adult fears of corruption. The state of
moral panics evolves out of the disjuncture between reactions to
social or cultural phenomena appearing out of proportion to the
actual that posed.
According

to

Hollings

head

(1949:

6-7),

sociologically

adolescence (or, what is the same to him, youth), is the period in

the life of a person when the society in which he functions ceases
to regard him (male or female) as child and does not accord him
full adult status, roles and functions. In terms of behavior, he
elaborated that it is defined by the roles of the person is expected
to play, allowed to play, forced to play, or prohibited from playing
by virtue of his status in society.
Analyzing the sociological dimensions of the concept of youth,
Rosenmayer (1972: 227-28) identifies five conceptual approaches
that must be considered concurrently and over lapping areas
noted. These are as follows:
5

a. Youth as a phase in the individual life cycle, defined in

biological terms or which strict reference to age.
b. Youth as a social subset, characterized by empirically
frequent forms of behavior in a roughly determined age range.
c. Youth as an incomplete status, evidenced by the existence of
individual, social and economic limitation to which grownups
are not subject:
d. Youth as a socially structured generation unit, exposed to
common conditions and experiences and generating common
activities, and
e. Youth as an ideal value concept, expressed primarily in
mental alertness, a forward looking out look etc, or what is
subsumed under the expression youth fullness.
The search for a new self-identification is a complex socio
psychological process, which the great commentator on youth
Erikson (1968a: Ch.4) has subsumed under the concept of
identity crises or identity confusion. The phrase identity crises
denote conditions in which a young person is uncertain about ones

status and role in society, and experiences a discontinuity between

his past and his future.
What is Culture?
According to Tylor, (1871) culture is that complex whole that
includes knowledge belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by a human being as a member of
society.
Sociologists define society as the people who interact in
such a way as to share a common culture. The cultural bond
may be ethnic or racial, based on gender or due to shared beliefs,
values and activities culture and society are intricately related. A
culture consists of the objects of a society where as a society
consists of the people who share a common culture.
What is Youth Culture?
Closely related to the emergence of youth groups is the
phenomenon of youth culture. The importance of youth culture
as a vantage point for understanding the sociology of adolescence
7

was first emphasized by Parsons as early as 1942. His influential

article (1954: 89-103) has become a point of departure for many
a researcher study and discussion on youth.
According to Parsons, youth culture refers to a set of
patterns and behavior phenomena which involves a highly complex
combination of age-grading and sex role elements, while some of
these elements may be found pre-adolescence and others in adult
culture, their peculiar combination with the particular age group is
unique and highly distinctive.
Parsons characterized youth culture as being more or less
irresponsible, and described its dominant theme as having a
good time. If the male youth culture lays emphasis on the value
of certain qualities of attractiveness, especially in relations to the
opposite sex, on its feminine side there is correspondingly a
strong tendency

to

accentuate

sexual

attractiveness. More

important, the youth culture has a strong tendency to develop in

directions which are either on the border line of parental approval
or beyond the pale
8

The concept of youth culture was later taken further by

James S. Coleman (1961) who stated that the characteristic
aspects of youth culture were loyalty to ones peers and the
gratuitousness of behavior, contrasting with the responsible
behavior of adults.
It can be seen that youth culture arises from a series of
behavior and ways of acting that are typical of young people and
that include limitation of economic activities to consumption rather
than productive activities, in contrast to the high involvement in
productive economic activities by adults, a strong individual search
for identity that evolves with strong identifications with the peer
group and on the basis of ones experience of reality, an attempt
to adapt to the cultural models transmitted by adults.
To distinguish the specific nature of young people, the terms
subculture and counter culture (Yinger 1960) often used and are
still in use today. Although attempts have been made to find the
differences between the two terms, it can be said that the
underlying concept is more or less the same in other words, they
9

indicate groups with particular value systems that are different

from the surrounding dominant culture. But there are differences
between these two terms that it probably would be useful to note.
According to Brake (1980) youth culture is not same vague
structural monolith appealing to those roughly under thirty, but is
a complex kaleidoscope of several subcultures, of different groups,
yet distinctly related to the class position of more in them. He
argues that sub culture arises as attempts to resolve collectively
experienced problems arising from contradictions in the social
structure, and that they generate a form collective identity from
which an individual identity can be achieved outside that ascribed
by class, education and occupation. This is neither a real
material/solution nor a permanent one.
What is Generation?
The word generation means a number of people of the same
age and having same vital contact with one another through their
common

experiences,

sameness
10

of

decisive

influences

and

similarity in historical problems. The youth of every era has seen

the old out of date, conservative and lacking in understanding the
youth.
According to Gangrade (1969), such a conflict between
younger and older generation has perhaps always existed.
What is Generation Gap?
Generation gap means difference in attitude or lack of
understanding between

younger

and

older

generation. This

generation gap has always been there but these days it has
reached to an explosive stage.
The values and patterns of life have changed to a great
extent. Today, everybody has to live and behave in his own way.
This attitude has widened the generation gap, which can ever be
filled.
According to Brannen et al, (2004) relations in childhood
from an individual identity as feelings and practices are shaped
from the inspirations or rejections of role models in family.

11

According to Tyyska, (2001) despite the fact that parents

want to control the behavior of their children, children always
strive towards independence that also cause ideological conflict
between the generations.
According to Kaufman, (1998) the parents and children are
connected throughout their lives. Parents-child relationship could
be deteriorated due to problems that can widen the generation
gap between mother-son as well as father-daughter.
The generation gap is a product of many social, psychological
and

economic

factors,

such

as

less

time

spend

together,

communication gap, separation/divorce or remarriage, imposition

of ideology, advice, educational choices and unawareness of
parents with new technologies and modern values and cohesion
with traditional values.
According to Suzzanne, (2000) time is the major cause of
generation gap, which may be due to lack of parental involvement
in lives of children which is changed now a days due to over load
of mothers, house hold chores and in many cases, working outside
12

the home. In last few years many changes had happened in the
structure and functions of the families e.g. increase in preschool
enrollment, extended years of financial dependence on their
parents and these are altering the time and money investments
that the children need from their parents.
According to Turner, (2006) parents involvement is very
much necessary for reducing the generation gap. Young people
seek both formal and informal network to use each other more
effectively. Self awareness, communication and dialogue are very
necessary. The parents of young people are in the transition of
experience especially with respect to their problems of generation
gap.
Difference of opinion is natural. No two people have similar
ideologies even if they are brought up in same family. As far as the
ideas are concerned the respondents also high lightened this issue
that whenever parents impose their ideology on their children this
produces generation gap because it snatch the ideas of children

13

about their own life and also have negative impact on their
personality.
Several studies conducted in the recent years have clearly
indicated that age is only one of the factors among others which
affects the ideology of parents and youth and brings generation
gap. Although factors like education, lack of communication,
traditional value system, media, rural vs urban environment,
economic status and culture also affect parents and youth.
In these days, the behavior patterns of youth are changed
and they have developed their own new culture patterns which is
not accordance to their parents. This has created burning
problems in society. They do not want to walk on that path, which
is shown by their parents.
Really it is a matter of great concern to think deeply over this
deep ditch of thoughts between the two generations. There is an
urgent demand of time to bridge the gap between parents and
youths, considering the view point of urban rural respondents,

14

male and female respondents and parents and parent-youth

respondents.
The study of youth and generation gap is an important
global issue in this era. The present study though confined to a
very small size sample and exploratory in nature has thus helped
us to give some insight for further study.

15

Review of Literature and Criticism

Today the concept generation conflict has become a global

issue. Quite often do we come across situations wherein a healthy
dispute can be seen between younger generations to their elders,
so what is all this about? The young getting careless or the
elders are getting more careful? Technically, it is defined as
occurring When older and younger people do not understand each
other because of their different experiences, opinions, habits and
behavior. So ultimately what comes out is a series of clashes
running haywire all across the world.
With the changing speed of society behavior patterns and
culture etc researchers & investigators tried to explore its basic
root cause so that the differences of both generations can
minimize and the gap may be bridge up.

16

This chapter presents a review of literature in which we come

to know about various studies done on generation conflict, culture
etc.
Chakravarty, T.K. (1975) found that traditional attitudes
among the younger generation people are changing very fastly but
their modern attitudes are not being reflected in actual process.
Chitnis, Suma. (1969) found that there are many differences
in attitudes and values of the parents and their off springs.
The National youth policy (2003) reiterates the commitment
of the entire nation to the composite and all round development of
the young sons and daughters of India and seeks to establish an
All India perspective to fulfill their legitimate aspirations so that
they are all strong of heart and strong of body and mind in
successfully accomplishing the challenging tasks of national
reconstructions and social charges that lie ahead.
Rai, R.N. (1999) concluded the result which indicated that
younger generations have more modern attitudes in personality,
socio-cultural, political and health areas. The generation gap
17

regarding attitudinal modernity was found to be wider in Hindus

then Muslims. Generation gap was wider in low caste people than
higher caste people.
According to Sinha K. Durganand (1971). Such a conflict
between younger and older generations has perhaps always
existed but it has become more conspicuous in recent times for
the simple reasons that the society in the developing countries is
moving today at a faster rate than in the past.
Frank Musgrove (1964) says that it has existed since the time
adolescent was inverted probably around the time James Watt
invented the steam engine in 1765.
According to Eisentedt (1956, 1979) Age and differences of
age are among the basic aspects of human life. Every human
being passes through various ages. At each age, he attains and
uses different biological and intellectual capacities. At each age
he performs different tasks and roles in relation to the other
members of his society and every stage in this progression

18

constitution an irreversible step in the unfolding of his life from its

beginning to its end.
Tiwari, B.B. and R.C. Mishra (1979) concluded that the two
generations tended to differ significantly on political and religious
values but there was a general agreement on the hierarchy of
values, differences of environment and educational backgrounds
did not have any significant effect on the value pattern of both
generations.
According to American sociologist Robert K. Merton the most
important values in American society are wealth, success, power
and prestige but that everyone does not have an equal opportunity
to attain these values.
According to Gangrade, K.D. (1975) points out that intergenerational differences in attitudes and values have become wide
because this society is moving at much faster speed than it did in
the past.

19

According to Talcott Parsons (1942) the intense parent child

relation affective relations in a nuclear family are not broken off
immediately but require a period of transition before being served.
According to James S. Coleman (1961), the characteristic
aspect of youth culture were loyalty to ones peers and the
gratuitousness of behavior, contrasting with the responsible
behavior of adults.
MC Burney and O Reelly (1985) emphasized the diversity
among school and concluded that no one model fits all areas.
Yang (1981) reported that the decision of youth to enter
college was strongly influenced by the expectations of their
parents.
Lee (1984) advised that parents, regardless of their racial
background, need to be fully aware of their influence on the
aspirations and expectations of young men and women.
According to Williams and Junussbaum (2001) the imbalance
between generations is evident from thinking patterns as mostly
younger generations prefers modern and technologically advance
20

values and the things which are old fashioned, outdated and worn
out are decremented.
According to Tyyska (2001) parents want to control the
behavior

of

their

children,

children

always

strive

towards

independence that also causes ideological conflict between the

generations.
According to Turner (2006) the parents of the young people
are in transition of experience especially with respect to their
problem of generation gap.
According to Kaiser (2004) the hierarchy is only destructive
when status is based in attitudes like gender, race, class rather
than experience and wisdom.
According to Peer et al. (2001) the intensity of generation
gap among parents and children diversified from one community
to another. The major impacts are the stress and depression. It
depends upon three factors.
i.

Children set up with their parents.

21

ii.

Internal arrangement in relation among parents and

iii.

children.
Intra-specific variability among parents and child relation.
The diversity in the behavior of both parents and children
will result in the manipulation of their thoughts then widens
the generation gap and the stability of family life depends
upon lessening this gap.
Gold Scheider et al. (2001) Concluded that the financial

support provided by the mothers to their married or unmarried

children depends upon the differences in resources and values as
well as disagreements on various issues.
Sinha and Gengrade (1971) selected a sample of 92 middle
class males and 92 females from urban community in Delhi
metropolitan area. The result showed clear opinion difference
between youngs and olds on the issues of joint family.
According to Hoge (2002) Parents child relationship depends
upon the transmission of values specially the religious values from
one generation to next. The domination of predicted children
22

values more than their parents values predictive that values of

socialization in the cultural sub groups more than their nuclear
families. The primary and the secondary groups are transmitted
more effectively than the political values because they are more
important for the family identity and integration and when it does
not happen this produces the generation gap between parents and
children.
According to Parsons (1954), youth culture refers to a set of
patterns and behavior phenomenon which involves a highly
complex combination of age, grading and sex role elements.
Jha, G.N. (1999) concludes that boys gave top priority to
political value and girls preferred religious value most. Aesthetic
value was preferred least by both the groups. Boys and girls differ
significantly in respect of their performances for theoretical,
economic, aesthetic, political and religious values.
Surabhi and Reeta Kumar (2004) concluded that when grand
children and grand parents live together, the attitude of boys

23

towards discipline is less favorable than that of girls particularly in

the early adolescent girls.
Ree (1970) founded that in India, the joint family system
gives old age security. Mother becomes, grandmothers and always
keeps the company of their children and grand children in
patriarchal set up. Change from joint family to nuclear family and
from nuclear family to democratic family, implies resistance to
authority and power of parents.
Peterson

(1978)

found

adolescents

from

large

urban

communities thought more highly about themselves than did

adolescent from rural communities. However, similarities were
found between rural and inner city youth with having lower self
esteem than other urban and sub-urban youth.
Barcinas (1989) concluded that urban students have higher
educational and occupational aspirations than rural youth.
A.K. Cohen (1955: 51) saw a major determinant of sub
cultures among youth as what people do depends upon the
problems they contend with.
24

Gangrade (1975) selected a sample of 1000 students in the

age group of 16 22. A high percentage of parents was found to
be in between 41 to 50 years age.
There are researches who have found that changes in the
setup of family systems i.e. from joint to nuclear family have
increased the gap between generations.
Some scholars believe that there is an urgent need for setting
up welfare programs and social security system for the youth.
It has also come into light by different studies that females
are also getting privilege in their life. They have got the decision
making power to some extent.
Some scholars believe that policies should be made for the
youth to march forward and build confidence in them. The parents
must do well from the beginning to enlist the roles of the social
experts for the proper upbringing of their youth.

Research Design of the Study (Methodology)

25

India is a country of very diverse culture, with many

languages, religions and traditions. Children begin by coping and
learning to accept and assimilate in this diversity. According to
Amartya Sen, the India born Nobel Laureate in Economics, the
culture of modern India is a complex blend of its historical
traditions, influences from the effort of colonialism over centuries
and current western culture both collaterally and dialectically.
According to Tylor (1871), While social scientists have
conceptualized culture in a variety of different ways for a variety
of different purposes, most sociological definitions of culture flow
from the nation that culture is that complex whole that includes
knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by a member of society.
Youth is the universal phenomenon. Generally, youth is
defined in biological terms i.e. age. Youth as a biological category
falls in between childhood and adulthood. Due to the impact of
globalization, mass media and communication a rapid change is
26

perceptible in our society. The youth of today is not ready to think

and act according to the elders. He develops his own pattern of
culture as a result of interaction with the changing social setup.
Youth always feel somewhat exasperated with age and age
has always been suspicious of youth. Growth in literacy, power and
globalization demands a proper understanding. This changed
attitude and patterns of culture can be clearly observed in the
form of modernization and in the dimensions of their culture
perspective.

Objectives of the study

The main objectives of this study were as follows:
1. To ascertain the degree in which generation (Parents Youth
and Parents), gender (Male and Female) and locale (Rural and
Urban) influence the seven areas of modernization and
different dimensions of youth culture.
2. To interpret the areas of modernization and dimensions of
youth culture. Both generations and both genders of rural and
urban backgrounds.
27

3. To analyse the selected dependent variable of both genders.

4. To compare the modernization pattern as well as dimensions of
youth culture of rural and urban subjects.
5. To ascertain the overall significance of difference among the
group in respect to generation, gender and locale.
Hypothesis
On the basis of the review of literature and other observations,
our problem reflects the need of further researches. Thus, the
following null-hypothesis has been proposed for their testification.
1. There will be no significant difference in the seven areas of
modernization and dimensions of youth culture of parentsyouth and their parents.
2. There will be no significant difference in the modernization and
dimensions of youth culture of male and female.
3. There will be no significant difference in the areas of
modernization and dimensions of youth culture of rural and
urban residents.
4. There will be no significant effect of interaction of the
Generation and Gender

on

variables.
28

the two selected dependent

5. There will be no significant effect of interaction of the

Generation and locale on patterns of modernization and
dimensions of youth culture.
6. There will be no significant effect of interaction of the gender
and locale on dependent measures.
7. There will be no significant effect of the interactions between
Generation, Gender and locale on their modernization patter
and dimensions of youth culture.
Design
The function of research design is to provide for the
collections of relevant information with minimum expenditure of
effort, time and money. Thus, selection of an appropriate design, a
standardized tool for measuring the variables concerned is a very
prime step in any investigation.
Survey of recent literature clearly shows that due to the
effect

of

modern

mass

media,

globalization,

effect

of

westernization etc. are directly affecting the thorough behavior of

Indian youth and old persons of both genders whether they are
29

residing in rural or urban locale. In other words, both generations

are bearing different levels of modernization (particularly in seven
areas) and different categories of defined dimensions of youth
culture.
In the proposed research work, generations (Parents Youth
and Parents), gender (Male and Female) and locale (Rural and
Urban) have been treated as independent variables each having
two operative levels with seven areas of modernization and nine
segments of the youth cultures dimensions have been measured
as dependent variables. These two dependent variables analyzed
the pattern of culture of our subjects.
In this research work persons having age range of 18 to 25
years have been treated as Parents Youth while persons
belonging to the age range of 45 to 58 years have been regarded
as Parent. Gender of the subjects is a natural and biological
determinant, thus, selection of male and female subjects have
been done as well. Locale is an important factor for behavior
paradigm. Persons of village have been treated as rural population
30

while subjects residing in the urban area at least from five years
have been selected as urban population.
It is quite obvious that there are three independent variables
each having two levels of their operations. Thus, a factorial design
of 2x2x2 have been proposed here, in which there are 8 sub
groups.
VARIABLES
1. Independent Variables
Parents Youth**
(a)

Generation
Parents
Male

(b)

Gender
Female
Rural

(c)

Locale
Urban

[**Bengston, V.L. et. Al. (1974) used parents youths and

Parents as independent variables]
2. Dependent Variables:a. Seven areas
of modernization
Modernization inventory]
31

[by

Comprehensive

b. Selected nine dimensions of youth culture [To measure the

said dimensions an Questionnaire Schedule will be prepared
by the researcher as per requirement]
RESEARCH TOOLS
1. CMI (Comprehensive Modernization Inventory): by
Dr. S.P Ahluwalia & Dr. A.K. Kalia
This inventory contains 49 items. It measures the change in
the behavior patterns of the subject in the seven areas i.e.,
Education, Parents-Child relations, Politics, Status of women,
marriage, religion and Socio-Culture. But in our research there
are 43 inventory items.
Some selected items are positive and some are negative in
its nature having five alternatives for the response of the
subjects in the direction of strongly disagree to strongly agree.
We have taken 2 to 9 alternatives according to the questions
raised by researcher.
2. Dimension's of Youth Culture
32

To study the youth culture nine dimensions named as Hero

image, Ideals, Value preference, Fashion, Rituals, Life goal, Use
of time, Leisure and Culture activities have been selected on the
basis of the view of literature. These dimensions can explain the
youth culture very critically and effectively. Researcher will seek
vast

information

about

these

dimensions

through

an

'Questionnaire Schedule" which will be developed accordingly.

SAMPLE
There are 8 cells in this proposed research work. The
generation, young generation has been called "Parent's Youth" and
old generation has been treated as "Parent". Those nuclear family
have been selected for the purpose in which mother-father and
their 'Parent's Youth' (Boy and Girl) are available. Thus, our
sample is a 'purposive sample'. The age range of 'Parent's Youth' is
18 to 25 years whereas the age of 'Parents' is 45 to 58 years.
Total sample size is 320 subjects. Half of them 160 have been
selected from young generation (Parent's Youth) and other half of
33

them from old generation (Parent). In our sample 160 males and
160 females have been selected with their equally distributed
criteria. Remote rural and well urbanized subjects, at their equal
number, i.e. 160 have been selected on their residential basis of at
least five years of duration.
Relevant variables like SES, occupation of the subject,
education of the subjects and nature of the family have been
controlled through standardized techniques.

Table No. 3.1: PRESENTATION OF SAMPLE BREAK - UP

(2X2X2 FACTORIAL)
Generati
on
Gender

Parents Youth
Male

Parents

Female

Male

Female

Locale

Rur
al

Urba
n

Rur
al

Urba
n

Rur
al

Urba
n

Rur
al

Urba
n

No. of
Subjects

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

AREA OF STUDY

34

In the terms of the size of population, India is the second

largest populous country in the world next only to China. Indias
population

is

1,210,193,422

on

31st

March

2011.

Already

containing 17.5% of the worlds population, India is projected to

be the worlds most populous country by 2025, Surpassing China,
its population reaching 1.6 billion by 2050. Its population growth is
1.41% ranking 102nd in the world in 2010.
India has more than 50% of its population below the age of
25 and more than 65% below the age of 35. It is expected that, in
2020, the average age of Indian will be 29 years, compared to 37
for China and 48 for Japan, and by 2030 Indias dependency ratio
should be just over 0.4.

35

Table 3.2: Basic Demographic Indicators of India

POPULATION

DECADAL
POPULATION
2001-2011

Persons

1,21,01,93,422

Males

62,37,24,248

Females

58,64,69,174

GROWTH
Persons
Males
Females

DENSITY OF
(per sq. km.)
SEX RATIO
1000 males)

POPULATION
(females

Absolute

Percentage

18,14,55,986
9,15,01,158
8,99,54,828

17.64
17.19
18.12

382

per

940

POPULATION IN THE AGE

GROUP 0-6
Persons
Males
Females
LITERATES
Persons
Males
Females

Absolute

Percentage to
total population

15,87,89,287
8,29,52,135
7,58,37,152

13.12
13.30
12.93

Absolute

Literacy rate

77,84,54,120

74.04

44,42,03,762
33,42,50,358

82.14
65.46

Source - Census of India-2011 (www.censusindia.gov.in)

According to table 3.2 estimated population on March 2011 is

1,210,193,422 out of which male population is 623,724,248 and
36

female population is 586,469,174. The decadal growth from 20012011 is 17.64% in which the growth of male population is 17.19%
and the growth of female population is 18.12%. The total sex ratio
of male-female is 914 females per 1000 males. Total literacy rate
is 70.04% in which 82.4% are males and 64.46% are females.
This chapter deals with geographical, demographic and socioeconomic features of India. This chapter is divided into three
sections. In the first section the geographical and the demographic
situation of Uttar Pradesh is described in brief. In section two we
have discussed about Muzaffarnagar district in brief and in section
three, we have mentioned about Pinna village.

37

UTTAR PRADESH
Uttar Pradesh is the rainbow land where the multi-hued
Indian culture has blossomed from times immemorial. It is blessed
with a variety of geographical land and many cultural diversities,
Uttar Pradesh, has been the area of activity of historical heroes
like Rama, Krishana, Buddha, Mahavira, Ashoka, Harsha, Akbar
and Mahatma Gandhi.
Geographical Features:
Uttar Pradesh is bounded by Uttarakhand and Nepal in North,
Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh in South, Rajasthan, Haryana
and Delhi in West and Bihar and Jharkhand in East.
Climate, Rainfall and Seasons:
Rich and tranquil expanses of meadows, perennial rivers,
dense forest and fertile soil of Uttar Pradesh have contributed
numerous golden chapters to the annals of Indian history. It lies in
the warm temperature zone. It has tropical monsoon climate and
the year may be divided in three seasons - winter from October to

38

February, summers from March to mid June Monsoon from mid

June to September.
Nearly 90% of the rainfall in the state is caused by monsoon
from the Bay of Bengal from June to October. As the monsoon
moves westward, its intensity decreases. Winter rainfall is not very
frequent and is scanty. No part of the state receives less than
500mm rainfall.
Area and Population:
Total land area of Uttar Pradesh is 2,38,566 sq. km., lies
between latitude 24 deg to 31deg and longitude 0.77 deg to 84
deg east. Area wise it is the fourth largest state of India. The
population of Uttar Pradesh is 199,581,477 and its growth rate is
20.09%. Lucknow is capital with, 71 districts in the state. The
major language of Uttar Pradesh is Hindi and Urdu.

People, Culture and Religion:

Uttar Pradesh is the heart of India where history goes back to
the Vedic Age. The culture of Uttar Pradesh is a product of a mixed
39

heritage of Hindu and Muslim influences. Two great epics, the

Ramayana and the Mahabharata and great religion Buddhism
and Jainism were born and flourished here. It played a prominent
role in Indias first war of Independence in 1857.
The Britishers gave it the name of the United Provinces of
Agra and Oudh. In 1935 the name was shortened to United
Provinces. After independence, the states of Rampur, Banaras and
Tehri Garhwal were merged with United Provinces. The name of
the United Provinces was changed to Uttar Pradesh in 1950.
Economy:
For about 73% of the population of Uttar Pradesh, agriculture
is the main occupation. Wheat, rice, gram, barley, maize and bajra
are

the

principal

food

crops.

Cotton,

linseed,

groundnut,

sugarcane, tea, seasum, rapeseed, mustard and tobacco are the

main cash crops. Uttar Pradesh is the main opium growing state of
India. In some parts of the state, jute is also cultivated. It is the
largest producer of food grains, sugarcane and oilseeds. The state
is known as Sugarcane bowl.
40

The important industries of the state are cotton and woolen

textiles, leather and footwear, distilleries and breweries, paper,
chemicals, agricultural implements and glass and glass products.
Handloom is the largest cottage industry of the state. The
traditional handicrafts are silk fabric, metal ware, wood work,
ceramics, stone work, dolls, artistic bather articles, perfumery,
bamboo products and musical instruments.
Major irrigation projects coming up in the state are: Eastesh
Ganga Canal, Modernization of Maudaka Dam. Sardas Sahayak,
Saryu Canal and Urmil Dam.
Airports are located in Lucknow, Kanpur, Varanasi, Allahabad,
Agra, Jhansi, Bareilly, Hindon (Ghaziabad), Gorakhpur, Sarsawa
(Saharanpur) and Fursatganj (Rae Bareilly).
Basic Demographic Indicators:
The basic demographic indicators for the state compared to
the whole of India are presented in table 3.3 Uttar Pradesh is the
most populous state in India with a population of 199,581,477
according to the 2011 Census. The decadal population growth rate
41

in the state during 2001 2011 (20.01%) was slightly higher than
that for the country as a whole (21.34%). The population density
(per sq. km) for the year 2011 is 828 for Uttar Pradesh compared
to 324 for India. Within the state, the pressure of population on
land varies greatly. Population density is very high in the eastern
and western districts.
India is predominantly an Agricultural country and most
people live in rural areas. 80% of the population of Uttar Pradesh
lives in rural areas compared to 72% in India. The sex ratio of the
population (no of females per 1000 males) for the year 2011 was
908 for the state compared to 940 for all India.
Table 3.3: Basic Demographic Indicators of Uttar Pradesh
Description

2011

2001

Approximate Population

19.95 Crore

16.62 Crore

Actual Population

199,581,477

166,197,921

Male

104,596,415

87,565,369

94,985,062

78,632,552

Population Growth

20.09%

25.80%

Percantage of total Population

16.49%

16.16%

Sex Ratio

908

898

Child Sex Ratio

899

942

Female

42

Density/km2

828

690

Density/mi2

2,146

1,787

240,928

240,928

Total Child Population (0-6 Age)

29,728,235

31,624,628

Male Population (0-6 Age)

15,653,175

16,509,033

Female Population (0-6 Age)

14,075,060

15,115,595

Literacy

69.72 %

56.27 %

Male Literacy

79.24 %

67.30 %

Female Literacy

59.26 %

43.00 %

Total Literate

118,423,805

75,719,284

Male Literate

70,479,196

48,901,413

Female Literate

47,944,609

26,817,871

Rural

Urban

Population (%)

77.72 %

22.28 %

Total Population

155,111,022

44,470,455

Male Population

81,044,655

23,551,760

Female Population

74,066,367

20,918,695

Population Growth

17.81 %

28.75 %

Sex Ratio

914

888

Child Sex Ratio (0-6)

904

879

Child Population (0-6)

24,248,066

5,480,169

Child Percentage (0-6)

15.63 %

12.32 %

88,396,557

30,027,248

Average Literacy

67.55 %

77.01 %

Male Literacy

78.48 %

81.75 %

Female Literacy

55.61 %

71.68 %

Area km2

Description

Literates

Source Directorate of Census Operation in Uttar Pradesh (2011).

43

As per details from Census 2011, Uttar Pradesh has

population of 19.95 Crore, an increase from figure of 16.62 Crore
in 2001 census. Total population of Uttar Pradesh as per 2011
census is 199,581,477 of which male and female are 104,596,415
and 94,985,062 respectively. In 2001, total population was
166,197,921 in which males were 87,565,369 while females were
78,632,552.
The total population growth in this decade was 20.09 percent
while in previous decade it was 25.80 percent. The population of
Uttar Pradesh forms 16.49 percent of India in 2011. In 2001, the
figure was 16.16 percent.
Literacy rate in Uttar Pradesh has seen upward trend and is
69.72 percent as per 2011 population census. Of that, male
literacy stands at 79.24 percent while female literacy is at 59.26
percent. In 2001, literacy rate in Uttar Pradesh stood at 56.27
percent of which male and female were 67.30 percent and 43.00
percent literate respectively.

44

In actual numbers, total literates in Uttar Pradesh stands at

118,423,805 of which males were 70,479,196 and females were
47,944,609.
Total area of Uttar Pradesh is 240,928 sq. km. Density of
Uttar Pradesh is 828 per sq km which is higher than national
average 382 per sq km. In 2001, density of Uttar Pradesh was 690
per sq km, while nation average in 2001 was 324 per sq km.
Sex Ratio in Uttar Pradesh is 908 i.e. for each 1000 male,
which is below national average of 940 as per census 2011. In
2001, the sex ratio of female was 898 per 1000 males in Uttar
Pradesh.

45

MAP OF UTTAR PRADESH

46

Muzaffarnagar
In 2011, Muzaffarnagar had population of 4,138,605 of which
male and female were 2,194,540 and 1,944,065 respectively. In
2001 census, Muzaffarnagar had a population of 3,543,362 of
which males were 1,893,832 and remaining 1,649,530 were
females.

Muzaffarnagar

District

population

constituted

2.07

percent of total Maharashtra population. In 2001 census, this

figure

for

Muzaffarnagar

District

was

at

2.13

percent

of

Maharashtra population.
The initial provisional data released by census India 2011,
shows that density of Muzaffarnagar district for 2011 is 1,033
people per sq. km. In 2001, Muzaffarnagar district density was at
884 people per sq. km. Muzaffarnagar district administers 4,007
square kilometers of areas.
Average literacy rate of Muzaffarnagar in 2011 were 70.11
compared to 60.67 of 2001. If things are looked out at gender
wise, male and female literacy were 79.11 and 60.00 respectively.
For 2001 census, same figures stood at 71.91 and 47.81 in
47

Muzaffarnagar District. Total literate in Muzaffarnagar District were

2,459,547 of which male and female were 1,467,774 and 991,773
respectively. In 2001, Muzaffarnagar District had 1,738,529 in its
district.
With regards to Sex Ratio in Muzaffarnagar, it stood at 886
per 1000 male compared to 2001 census figure of 871. The
average national sex ratio in India is 940 as per latest reports of
Census 2011 Directorate. In 2011 census, child sex ratio is 859
girls per 1000 boys compared to figure of 859 girls per 1000 boys
of 2001 census data.

48

Table 3.4: Basic Demographic Indicators of Muzaffarnagar

Description
Actual Population
Male
Female
Population Growth
Area Sq. Km
Density/km2
Proportion to Uttar Pradesh
Population
Sex Ratio (Per 1000)
Child Sex Ratio (0-6 Age)
Average Literacy
Male Literacy
Female Literacy
Total Child Population (0-6
Age)
Male Population (0-6 Age)
Female Population (0-6 Age)
Literates
Male Literates
Female Literates
Child Proportion (0-6 Age)
Boys Proportion (0-6 Age)
Girls Proportion (0-6 Age)
Description
Population (%)
Total Population
Male Population
Female Population
Sex Ratio
Child Sex Ratio (0-6)
Child Population (0-6)
49

2011
4,138,605
2,194,540
1,944,065
16.80%
4,007
1,033

2001
3,543,362
1,893,832
1,649,530
24.65%
4,007
884

2.07%

2.13%

886
859
70.11
79.11
60.00

871
859
60.67
71.91
47.81

630,329

677,902

339,201
291,128
2,459,547
1,467,774
991,773
15.23%
15.46%
14.98%
Rural
71.24 %
2,948,529
1,565,711
1,382,818
883
857
460,824

364,637
313,265
1,738,529
1,099,632
638,897
19.13%
19.25%
18.99%
Urban
28.76 %
1,190,076
628,829
561,247
893
862
169,505

Male Child(0-6)
Female Child(0-6)
Child Percentage (0-6)
Male Child Percentage
Female Child Percentage
Literates
Male Literates
Female Literates
Average Literacy
Male Literacy
Female Literacy

248,177
212,647
15.63 %
15.85 %
15.38 %
1,722,171
1,043,386
678,785
69.23 %
79.19 %
58.01 %

91,024
78,481
14.24 %
14.48 %
13.98 %
737,376
424,388
312,988
72.25 %
78.91 %
64.83 %

Source Directorate of Census Operation in Uttar Pradesh (2011).

Communication
Muzaffarnagar District is situated in the Western Region of
Uttar Pradesh, 120 km. from Delhi. It lies on National Highway No.
58, Delhi to Dehradun. Muzaffarnagar District is well connected by
the rail and road network
Ancient Period
Muzaffarnagar district, situated in the fertile Doab region of
Yamuna and Ganges rivers, was suitable for human habitation in
50

ancient times. The earliest settlement discovered in this district is

in Mandi village and belongs to the Harappan civilization; it
appears that this Janapada was a part of Harappa civilisation, for
the pots and pans and other objects, which are of the type of that
era, are seen occasionally in use here and in neighbouring villages.
The area witnessed the arrival of Aryans from the present Punjab
and, in the Ramayana-Mahabharata epic period, it was considered
a part of the Kuru (East) Mahajanapada territory; Usinara and
Panchala Mahajanapadas were its eastern neighbours then.
According to a local tradition, the legendary Mahabharata war between the Kauravas and the Pandavas - was fought in the fields
of the present village of 'Pachenda' and their army camps were
located respectively at the sites now famous as 'Kaurawali' and
'Pandavli'. Being close to Hasthinapur and Kurukshetra, it should
have been important during Mahabharata period. It was probably
on a trade route as some Greco-Roman coins have also been
excavated. Further archeological excavations are in progress. Most
of the empire building invasions, from the east and the west,
51

across the vast swathe of Gangetic plains of India, passed through

Muzaffarnagar/Saharanpur regions. However, not much reliable
information is known.
Medieval Period
Muzaffarnagar's early medieval history is obscure till the
Indo-Mughal period. Timur's army had marched to Delhi through
this region in 1399; its people fought it unsuccessfully. In Mughal
Emperor Akbar's time, most of the Muzaaffarnagar district region,
called Sarwat then, belonged to the sarkar (cercle) of Saharanpur.
Akbar bestowed pargana of Sarwat on Sayyid Mahmud Khan
Kundliwal which remained with his descendants up to 17th
century. After killing Peer Khan Lodi styled as Khan Jahan lodi,
Shahjahan bestowed title of deceased Peer Khan Lodhi and
Pargana of Sarwat on Sayyid Muzaffar Ali Khan, whose son
Munawar

Lashkar

Ali

established

the

town

and

named

it

Muzaffarnagar in honour of his father, and Sarwat also became

Muzaffarnagar. The history of this district remained closely
associated with these Sayyid rulers. It was the birthplace of the
52

Sayyid Brothers, Hasan and Abdullah, famous as king makers in

Mughal history. Marathas rose as power that controls most of doab
region in 18th century.
Colonial Period
The last of the invaders were the British, who marched into it
from the east and, in 1803, the expanding British East India
Company occupied the region of Saharanpur, which included the
present Muzaffarnagar district. This district's boundaries and
jurisdiction changed frequently and its separate existence may be
said to start from 1826. When North India rebelled against British
occupation in 1857, Muzaffarnagar region was part of this uprising,
now referred to as the First War of Indian Independence. The
centre of revolt operations was Shamli, which was liberated for
some time. After the uprising failed, British retribution was severe
here, with a large scale massacre of freedom fighters in Shamli
and of their Rohillas Pathan supporters in Thanabhavan and
nearby, crippling the region completely. However, the covert spirit
of self-rule survived and in 1899 an office of the Indian National
53

Congress was opened in Muzaffarnagar city, to continue the

freedom

struggle

through

peaceful

means.

Muzaffarnagar's

prominent freedom fighters of this period are: Pt. Sunder Lal, Lala
Hardayal, Shri Shanti Narayan and Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan,
who became the first prime minister of Pakistan, after the partition
of British India in 1947, Haji Ahmad Bakhsh, who became MLA for
1957-1967 was a prominent freedom fighter who lost his son while
he was in jail during freedom struggle. he could not attend the
burial of his only son because British jailor did not permit him to
go without maafinaama. when he refused to give maafinaama he
was penalized by 50 kodas on his back.
Legends
Several legends have formed in this district around a number
of devotional/religion places, e.g. Sukartal, Kharad etc. In the
village of Kharad, there are two famous temples of Maa (Hindu
Mother goddess) Shakubari Devi and Maa Sitla Devi. Another part
of this village, known as the 'Forest', also has its own legends and
is famous as the place of Gods and Sages. It is believed that in
54

this forest, a saint, Sant Baba Gopal Giri, worshipped gods and
goddesses and he was rewarded with a formula to get alive after
death. Some old people say that, there are such medicines in this
forest that can make alive any dead body, as happened in the
times of Baba Gopal Giri. It is believed that in his sleep, Baba
Gopal Giri had a dream that Maa Shakumbri Devi desires to stay in
this forest. After this, the Baba took donations from nearby
villagers and made the temple of Maa Shakumbri Devi. On
completion of the temple, Goddess Shakumbri Devi made it her
abode and the Baba fell dead.
Geography
Muzaffarnagar district is roughly rectangular in shape, lying
between 291130N and 294515N and between 77345E
and 787E. Its total area is 4049 km2. The greatest length of
district, from east to west, is 97.6 km, and its greatest breadth,
from north to south, 57.6 km; the average length and breadth
are about 85 km and 50 km respectively. It has an average
55

elevation of 232 metres. The district is covered by two major holy

rivers from two sides; in the east there is the Ganges and in the
west there is the Yamuna. The Yamuna and Ganges rivers
separate it from the neighbouring districts, (Karnal, Haryana) to
its west and (Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh) to the east, respectively;
Saharanpur and Meerut districts are to its north and south.
Till the September 2011, the district was divided into 14
blocks, these were:
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Block Name
Kookra
Bhagra
Purkazi
Chatrawal
Morna
Jansath
Khatauli

Sr. No.
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Block Name
Budhana
Shahpur
Kandla
Kairana
Un
Shamli
Thanabhavan

Source Directorate of Census Operation in Uttar Pradesh (2011).

TABLE 3.5

56

In the end of 2011, the district lost Shamli and Kairana

tehsils, which became a new district, Prabudhanagar, with Shamli
city as its district head-quarter.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census Muzaffarnagar district has a
population of 4,138,605, roughly equal to the nation of Lebanon
or the US state of Oregon. This gives it a ranking of 49th in India
(out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of
1,033

inhabitants

per

square

kilometre

(2,680 /sq mi).

Its

population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 16.8 %.

Muzaffarnagar has a sex ratio of 886 females for every 1000
males, and a literacy rate of 70.11 %.
As per the 2001 census figures, Muzaffarnagar district's
population, is 9,45,768 - males 3,839,300 and females 1,645,300
- and the number of literates is 173,530 - males 109,630 and
females 63,9000. It has a majority of Muslims and a large

57

population of Hindu. Sikhs, Christians and Jains are other

communities present.
Minority population is about 37% of the total population of
the district. Muzaffarnagar is a category "B1" district i.e. having
socio-economic parameters below the national average.
Economy
Muzaffarnagar is an important industrial district with sugar,
steel and paper being the major products. It has 11 sugar mills
such as Tikaula Sugar Mills & Distilleries run by Mr. Nirankar
Swarup s/o Shri Somansh Prakash which receive produce from
district and the surrounding region; more than 70% of its
population is engaged in agriculture. The Muzaffarnagar market
of Jaggery (heat-dried sugar-cane juice, called 'Gud' in local
language) is the largest in the world. There are a number of steel
plants viz. Rana Steels, Barnala Steels, U.P Steels, Sidhbali Steels
etc. A very famous resort at Delhi Dehradun highway Grand

58

Cheetal. Some state of the art centers for health, like Dr. Tarique
Salim's Max Relief near Almaspur Chauraha.
Cultural Life
Culturally, it is part of Western Uttar Pradesh, with IndoIslamic flavour. The older parts of the city have a Mughal feel,
many monuments of Mughal period are spread in the villages and
towns of this district. Jansath Tehsil, about 22 km from district
headquarters, has many Havelies (grand mansions) of the
Sayyids: Sheeshmahal, Killi Darwaja etc. are a few of them.
"Jansath House" is an old palatial bangalow situated at
Ansari Road, owned by senior advocate Sh Jamil Ahmad, this
bangalow was earlier owned by Sayyid Brothers of Jansath.
Maulana Iftikharul Hassan saheb of Kandhla on his visit to city
stay at this bangalow and give his sermons here.
Bahoro Ka Mandir, situated on Ansari Road, Muzaffarnagar is
a very quiet spiritual place to spend time as very few people visit
59

it. The special thing about this temple is its Ekadash Shivalinga
(eleven Shivlingas). The peculirity of this temple is that it is birth
place of a great saint Shree 1008 Narayan Swami Ji.
Vahelna, 4 km from the city, is a holy site for Jains. Vahelna
is an excellent example of Hindu-Muslim brotherhood as the walls
of Mosque, Shiv Mandir and Jain Mandir touch each other.
World famous Muslim cleric and author of books on Islamic
jurisprudence, Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi is from Thana Bhawan
of this District. Founder of tablighi Jamaat Movement Maulana
Ilyas is from Kandhla in Muzaffarnagar district. Writer of Fazail e
AAmal is also from the same Kandhla.
Famous Hindi writer Vishnu Prabhakar is from Mirapur in
Muzaffarnagar.
Education
There are two medical colleges and five engineering colleges
in this district. There are three or four management colleges and
60

eight degree colleges in the city. The educational resources of

Muzaffarnagar are very good. The city is rapidly developing its
educational system.
D.A.V. (PG) College, Muzaffarnagar is a well known Science
college in this region. It has also been selected by the UP
Government as one of the best three colleges of Uttar Pradesh.
The

College

awards

these

degrees:

BCA,

BBA,

B.Sc.-

Biotechnology, M.Sc.- Biotechnology, M.Sc.- Microbiology and

M.Sc.- Biochemistry.
The city also has a Medical College Muzaffarnagar Medical
College situated on Merrut-Muzaffarnagar Highway nearly 10 km
on the outskirts of the city which is affiliated to CCS university &
approved by Medical Council of India. Along with M.B.B.S, this
college is offering various other courses.
Up to 12th education, there are several good schools like
Holy Angel's Convent school, S.D. public School, Bhagwanti
saraswati vidya mandir, Gyan Deep Public School, D.A.V Public
61

school, S.D. inter college, G.C. public school, M.G. Public school,
Lala Jagdish Prasad saraswati vidya mandir inter college etc.
phulat is 5 km far from khatauli tehsil this place is well
known by lot wali's and this village also participate in 1857
revolution for freedom of India, evenladies also take part in
revolution.

62

MAP OF MUZAFFARNAGAR DISTRICT

63

PINNA
From rural area we have selected a small village Pinna
which is 8 km away from district head quarter. It has a population
of about 9171 persons living in around 1623 households. In which
total number of male population is 4950 and female population is
4221.
Table 3.6: Basic Demographic Indicators of Village Pinna
No of Households
Total Population
Male Population
Female Population
Total
Agriculture
Labour
Marginal
Agriculture
Labour - Male
Literate Population
Male Literate
Female Literate

1623
9171 Population below 06
yrs
4950 Population below 06
Male
4221 Population below 06
Female
324
105 Marginal
Agriculture
Labour - Female
5618 Illiterate Population
3605 Male
population
2013 Female
population

illiterate
illiterate

124
8
711
537

219
355
3
136
5
218
8

Source Tehsil, Muzaffarnagar.

Pinna is one of the village in Baghra Mandal in Muzaffarnagar

district in Uttar Pradesh State. Pinna is located 5.8 km distance

64

from its Mandal Main town Baghra. It is 436 km. far from its State
Main City Lucknow.
Nearby villages of this village with distance are Kinauni (1.4
km), Salempur (2.7 km), Jagaheri (2.8 km), Narottampur (2.9
km), Kheri Dudhadhari (3.1 km), Nearest towns are Baghra (5.8
km), Muzaffarnagar (8 km), Charthawal (7.6 km), Shahpur (14.5
km).
Pinna pincode is 251001. Schools located nearby are Ganga
Ram Memorial Academy and Arya Vaidik Kanya Vidyalaya. College
located nearby are Shri Krishna College of Management and
Technology, F.D. Islamia Inter College and Gargi Vaidik Kanya
Mahavidyalaya.
Banks nearby Pinna are Indian Bank, Pinna, Pubjab National
Bank Jasoi, Punjab National Bank, Kaji Khera and Punjab National
Bank Baghra.

MAP OF VILLAGE PINNA

65

Sampling

66

The samples have been drawn out of population using the

purposive sampling technique 320 units were selected for study.
Data Collection
Primary and secondary data have been used for the research
work. Observations, interview and questionnaire technique have
been used for the collection of primary data. Additionally
secondary data have also been used to explain some facts where
necessary.
Classification and Analysis of Data
Classification,

tabulation

and

analysis

of

primary

and

secondary data collected by the various sources have been done

according to necessity of our study.
Statistical Techniques
After collecting the primary and secondary data for the
classification

tabulation

and

analysis

some

statistical

and

mathematical techniques have been used by specially percentage

technique.
Statistical Analysis
67

In our research proposal 2x2x2 factorial design have been

used. Research analyzed the result on the basis of appropriate
statistical tools which have been decided accordingly.
Results and Discussion
In view of the statistical analysis, the result will be discussed
and evaluated on the scientific basis. The comparative discussion
based on chapter wise results will be made and hypothesis of the
present study will be put to test under the discussion of results in
forthcoming chapters.

68

Gender Difference in Youth Culture

Gender is a range of characteristics of femininity, masculinity
and others described as third gender.
According to Oxford Dictionary, the word Gender has been
used since the 14th century as a grammatical term, referring to
classes of noun designated as a masculine feminine or neuter in
some languages. The sense, The state of being male or female
has also been used since the 14th century but this did not become
common until the mid 20th century. Although the words gender
and sex both have the sense the state of being male or female,
they are typically used in slightly ways. Sex tends to refer to
biological differences, while gender refers to cultural or social
ones.
According to the World Health Organization, As the result of
socially constructed ideas about the behavior, actions and roles a
particular sex performs. The beliefs, values and attitude taken up
and exhibited by them is as per the agreeable norms of the society
69

and the personal opinion of the person is not taken into the
primary consideration of assignment of gender and in position of
gender roles as per the assigned gender.
The characteristics of males and females or the ways in which
males differ from girls, have implications for the approaches the
use when we thoroughly study them. In general, boys are part of
the culture of the street, while girls learn through the culture of
the house.
In the present chapter we will highlight the difference of
opinion of males and females in seven areas of behavior patterns
i.e. education, parent child relation, politics, status of women,
marriage, religion and socio culture.

70

Table 4.1: What is your opinion about coalition

government?
Gender

Fully
satisfied

Partially
satisfied

Partially
dissatisfied

Fully
dissatisfied

Not yet
decided

Total

40
25%

33
20.62%

23
14.37%

37
23.12%

27
16.87%

160
50.00%

44
27.5%

39
24.37%

19
11.87%

21
13.12%

37
23.12%

160
50.00%

Total

84
26.25%

72
22.5%

42
13.12%

58
18.12%

64
20%

320
100.00
%

It is depicted in table 4.1 that only 25% males are fully

satisfied with coalition govt., 23.12% are fully dissatisfied, 20.62%
are partially satisfied, 16.87% had not decided yet and only
14.37% are partially dissatisfied.
Whereas 27.5% females are fully satisfied with coalition
government, 24.37% are partially satisfied, 23.12% had not
decided yet, 13.12% are fully dissatisfied and only 11.87% are
partially dissatisfied.
Therefore we can say by seeing the above table that females
are more satisfied than males in coalition govt.
Table 4.2: To which party you belong?
Gende
r

SP

BSP

Congres
s

BJP

RLD

71

Independen
t

Other
s

Total

17
10.62%

26
16.25%

Total

43
13.43
%

28
17.5
%
20
12.5
%
48
15%

43
26.87%

43
26.87%

36
22.5%

49
30.62%

79
24.68%

92
28.75
%

13
8.12
%
11
6.87
%
24
7.5%

7
4.37%

9
5.62%

160
50.00%

10
6.25%

8
5%

160
50.00%

17
5.31%

17
5.31
%

320
100.00
%

Table 4.2 shows that 26.87% males belongs to Congress and

BJP, 17.5% belongs to BSP, 10.62% belongs to SP, 8.12% belongs
to RLD, 5.62% belongs to others and only 4.37% belongs to
Independent.
While 30.62% females belongs to BJP, 22.5% belongs to
congress, 16.25% belongs to SP, 12.5% belongs to BSP, 6.87%
belongs to RLD, 6.25% belong to independent and only 5%
belongs to others.
Hence we can say that the maximum percentage of males
and females are of congress and BJP party where as minimum
percentage is of Independent party.
Table 4.3: Participation in politics:
Gende
r
M

By own
wish
91
56.87%

By parents
wish
32
20%
72

By familys
wish
37
23.12%

Total
160
50.00%

82
51.25%

37
23.12%

41
25.62%

160
50.00%

Total

173
54.06%

69
29.56%

78
24.37%

320
100.00%

Table 4.3 clearly shows that 56.87% males participate in

politics by their own wish, 23.12% by familys wish and 20% by
their parents wish.
On the other hand 51.25% females participate in politics by
their own wish, 25.62% by familys wish and 23.12% by their
parents wish.
It is clear from above description that maximum no. of males
and females participation in politics is by their own wish and
maximum no. of participation in politics is by their parents wish.
Table 4.4: Are you in favor of women reservations in
politics?
Gender

Yes

No

Total

99
61.14%

61
38.12%

160
50.00%

127
79.37%

33
20.62%

160
50.00%

Total

226
70.62%

94
29.37%

320
100.00%

73

We come to know from table 4.4 that 61.14% males are in

favor of women reservations in politics and 38.12% are not in
favor.
Whereas it is clearly evident that 79.37% females are in
favor of women reservation in politics and only 20.62% are not in
favor.
Thus we can say that maximum no. of females are agree and
in favor of women reservation in politics rather than males.
Table 4.5: Do you think that for doing your own work any
political help is?
Gender

Must

38
23.75%
29
18.12%
67
20.93%

F
Total

Sometimes feel
it must
69
43.12%
81
50.62%
150
46.87%

Cant say
25
15.6%
17
10.62%
42
13.12%

Do it
ourselves
28
17.5%
33
20.62%
61
19.06%

Total
160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00%

Table 4.5 shows that 43.12 males think that for doing own
work political help is sometimes must, 23.75 feel that taking
political help is must, 17.5% do their work themselves and only
15.6% said that they cant say.

74

While 50.62% females also feel that sometimes taking any

political help is must, 20.62% do their work themselves, 18.12%
feel it must and only 10.62% are not sure.
Thus it can be said that females feel that taking any political
help is must rather than males.
Table 4.6 Decision of Marriage:
Gender
M
F
Total

Decision should
be of parents
89
55.6%
87
54.37%
176
55%

Decision should be
of boy/girl herself
71
44.37%
73
45.62%
144
55%

Total
160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00%

Table 4.6 clearly shows that 55.6% males think that decision
of marriage should be of parents while 44.37% think that they
should have taken the decision themselves.
On the other hand 54.37% female think the decision of their
marriage should be of parents and 45.62% think that they should
have taken the decision themselves.
Hence both gender accepts/think that the decision of
marriage should be of parents rather than to themselves.
75

Table 4.7: To which types of marriage you are agree?

Gender

In caste

90
56.25%
91
56.87%
181
56.56%

F
Total

Inter-caste and
Interreligion
70
43.75%
69
43.12%
139
43.43%

Total
160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00%

Table 4.7 clearly depicts that 56.25% males think that

marriage should be done in caste only and 43.75%

agree that

marriage can be done inter-caste and inter religion.

Whereas 56.87% females agree by this fact that marriages
should be done in caste only and 43.12% females are agree to do
marriages inter-caste and inter religion.
Hence we can conclude that both the genders have same
view point regarding marriage.
Table 4.8: Your opinion about marriage?
Gender

Marriage
settled by
parents

Love
Marriage

Neutral
(According to
parents/by own
wish)

Total

63
39.37%

38
23.75%

59
36.87%

160
50.00%

76

78
48.75%

28
17.5%

54
33.75%

160
50.00%

Total

141
44.06%

66
20.62%

113
35.31%

320
100.00%

Table 4.8 reveals that 39.37% males are in opinion of doing

marriages settled by their parents, 36.87% feels that they like to
do marriage settled by their parents or by themselves, only
23.75% feel they like to do love marriages.
While 48.75% females think that they will also do marriage
settled by their parents, 33.75% feels that they like to do
marriage either settled by their parents or by themselves, only
17.5% like to do love marriage.
Hence we can conclude that both the genders like to do
marriage settled by their parents and both have less opinion about
love marriage.
Table 4.9: Age of marriage :
Gender

More than :
21 for boy
18 for girl

More than:
18 for boy
16 for girl

143

12
77

Less than :
18 for boy
Less than 16
for girl
5

Total

160

F
Total

89.37%
143
89.37%
286
89.37%

7.5%
9
5.62%
21
6.56%

3.12%
8
5%
13
4.06%

50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00%

It is clearly depicted from table 4.9 that 89.37% males agree

that the age of marriage should be more than 21 years for boy
and more than 18 for girl. 7.5% that the age of marriage should
be more than 18 for boy and more than 16 for girls and only
3.12% feels that the age of marriage of boy should be less than
18 for boy and less than 16 years for girls.
Whereas 89.37% females also feel that the age of marriage
should be more than 21 for boys and more than 18 for girls,
5.62% feels that the age of marriage should be more than 18 for
boys and more than 16 for girls while only 5% feels that less than
18 for boys and less than 16 for girls.
Hence it is clearly revealed that both the gender strongly feel
that the age of marriage should be more than 21 years for boys
and more than 18 for girls and only 3.12% males and 5% females
are agree with less age limit.
78

79

Table 4.10: Choice of stay after marriage?

Gender
M
F
Total

With
parents
98
61.4%
82
51.25%
180
56.25%

Separately
32
20.1%
35
21.87%
67
20.93%

Not yet decided/

cant say
30
18.75%
43
26.87%
73
22.81%

Total
160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00%

Table 4.10 clearly shows that 61.4% males want to stay with
parents after marriage, 20% feels that they want to stay
separately and only 18.75% are not sure of their stay.
Whereas 51.25% females want to stay with parents after
marriage, 26.87% think that they are not yet sure of their stay
after marriage and only 21.87% females want to stay separately.
Therefore we can say that most of the males and females
want to stay with their parents after marriage.

Table 4.11: Your own decision perspectives?

Gender
M
F

Take the
decision our
self
66
41.25%
61
38.12%

Leave on
parents
30
18.75%
49
30.62%
80

Take the
decision by
asking parents
64
40%
50
31.25%

Total
160
50.00%
160
50.00%

Total

127
39.68%

79
24.68%

114
35.62%

320
100.00%

Table 4.11 reveals that 41.25% males take the decision

themselves, 40% take the decision by asking to the parents and
18.75% leave on parents.
On the other hand 38.12% females take the decision
themselves, 31.25% take the decision by asking to their parents
and 30.62% leave the decision on their parents.
Hence we can conclude that the ratio of males of taking
decision themselves is higher than females.
Table 4.12: Parents do partiality between boys and girls?
Gender
M
F
Total

Yes
44
27.5%
37
23.12%
81
25.31%

No
96
60%
92
57.5%
188
58.75%

Partially
20
12.5%
31
19.37%
51
15.93%

Total
160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00%

Table 4.12 clearly emphasizes on the fact that 60% males

feel that parents are not partial for their kids, either he is boy or
girl. 27.5% feel that yes they do, whereas only 12.5% feel that
partially they do.
81

While 57.5% females feel that parents are not partial for any
gender, 23.12% feels yes they do whereas only 19.37% feel that
some parents do partiality between their sons and daughters.
Thus, we can conclude that maximum respondents of malefemale think that parents do not do partiality between boys and
girls.

Table 4.13: Relation of parents with youth?

Gender

Very
cordial

Cordial

Normal

Hard

Very
good

Total

40
25%

49
30.62%

52
32.5%

9
5.62%

10
6.25%

160
50.00%

32
20%

51
31.87%

62
38.75%

7
4%

8
5%

160
50.00%

Total

72
22.5%

100
31.25%

114
35.16%

16
5.00%

18
5.62%

320
100.00%

Table 4.13 throws light that 32.5% males feel that the
relations of youth with their parents are normal, 30.62% feel that
relations are cordial, 25% feel that relations are very cordial,
whereas 6.25% feel that relations are very hard and only 5.62%
feel that relations are hard.
82

Whereas 38.75% females feel that the relations are normal,

31.87% feel that relations are cordial, 20% feel that relations are
very cordial and only 5% feel that relations are very hard and 4%
feel that relations are hard.
From the above description we can say that the relations of
parents with youth either they are male or female have normal
relations whereas very least percentage (5.62/4%) of respondents
feel that relation of parents with youth are hard and very hard.
Table 4.14: According to you how modern children
understand things?
Gender

By beating

By teaching

By scolding

Total

31
19.37%

102
63.75%

27
16.87%

160
50.00%

40
25%

99
61.87%

21
13.12%

160
50.00%

Total

71
22.18%

201
62.81%

48
15.00%

320
100.00%

Table 4.14 throws light on the fact that 63.75% males feel
that modern children understand things by teaching, 19.37%
83

children understand things by beating and only 16.87% feel that

modern children understand things by scolding.
61.87% females also feel that modern children understand
things by teaching, 25% feels that modern children understand
things

by

beating

and

13.12%

feel

that

modern

children

understand things by scolding.

We can easily conclude that males and females think that
maximum percentage (63.75%, 61.87%) of children understands
things by teaching and minimum percentage (16.87%, 13.12%) of
modern children understand things by scolding.
Table 4.15: Are you agree with co-education?
Gender

Yes

No

Partially

Total

80
50%

56
35%

24
15%

160
50.00%

100
62.5%

26
16.25%

34
21.25%

160
50.00%

Total

180
56.25%

82
25.62%

58
18.12%

320
100.00%

Table 4.15 clearly shows that 50% males are agree with coeducation, 35% are not agree with co-education and only 15%
have partial views.
84

It is also evident from above table that 62.5% females are

agree with co-education, 21.25% have partial views and only
16.25% are not agree with co-education.
Hence above table clearly shows that maximum percentage
of females is agree than male about co-education.
Table 4.16: Are you in favor of women education?
Gender
M
F
Total

Yes
93
58.12
100
62.5%
193
60.31%

No
38
23.75%
26
16.25%
64
20.00%

Partially
29
18.12%
34
21.25%
63
19.68%

Total
160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00%

Table 4.16 clearly shows that 58.12% males are agree with
women education, 23.75% are not agree with women education
and 18.12% have partial views on women education.
62.5% females are agree with women education, 21.25%
females are not agree with women education and only 16.25%
have partial views about women education.
Thus the above description shows that maximum percentage
of females is more agree with women education than males.
85

Table 4.17: In which type of education you are in favor of?

Gende
r

Professional
(ITI &
Others)

Traditional
Education

43
26.87%
120
75%
163
50.93%

37
23.12%
15
9.37%
52
16.25%

F
Total

Higher
Technical
Education
(MBA, MCA
etc.)
80
50%
25
15.62%
105
32.81%

Total

160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00%

Table 4.17 clearly shows that 50% males are in favor of

higher technical education, 26.87% are in favor of professional
education and 23.12% are in favor of traditional education.
75% female are in favor of professional education, 15.62%
are in favor of higher technical education and only 9.37% are in
favor of traditional education.
Thus it is clearly revealed from above table that 50% of
males are in favor of higher technical education and 75% females
are in favor of professional education. The minimum percentage of
males and females are in favor of traditional education.
Table 4.18: Your priority?
Gende
r

To
earn
money

To live
with
materialist

To do
social
services
86

To do
politic
s

To
earn
fame

Total

M
F
Total

42
26.25%
32
20%
74
23.12
%

ic comfort
46
28.75%
53
33.12%
99
30.93%

29
18.12%
43
26.87%
72
22.5%

14
8.75%
6
4%
20
6.25%

29
18.12%
26
16.25%
55
17.18
%

160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00
%

Table 4.18 clearly reveals that 28.75% males give priority in

life to live with materialistic comfort, 26.25% to earn money,
18.12% give priority to do social services and to earn fame and
8.75% to do politics.
While 33.12% females also give priority to live with
materialistic comfort, 26.87% to do social services, 20% to earn
money, 16.25% to earn fame and only 4% to do politics.
We can conclude that maximum respondents give priority in
life to live with materialistic comfort and the minimum respondents
give priority to do politics.

87

Table 4.17
Table 4.17: In which type of education you are in favor of?
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

M
F

Table 4.18

88

Table 4.18 : Your priority:

60
50
40
30

20

10
0

Table 4.19: Whom do you consider your ideal?

Gende
r

Leader

Actor/
Actress

Teacher

Mother

Father

Others

Total

33
20.62%

13
8.12%

29
18.12%

25
15.62%

46
28.75%

14
8.75%

160
50.00%

10
6.25%

5
3.12%

38
23.75%

62
38.75%

36
22.5%

9
5.62%

160
50.00%

Total

43
13.43%

18
5.62%

67
20.93%

87
27.18%

82
25.62%

23
7.18%

320
100.00%

It is depicted in table 4.19 that 28.75% male consider their

father as their ideal, 20.62% consider to leader, 18.12% to
teacher, 15.62% to mother, 8.75% to others and 8.12% to
actor/actress.
89

While 38.75% females consider their mother as their ideal,

23.75% to their

teachers, 22.5%

to father, 6.25% to leader,

5.62% to others and 3.12% to actor / actress.

From the above data it is clear that maximum males consider
their father as an ideal and females to their mothers while the
minimum percentage is given to actor/actress.
Table 4.20: Whom do you give priority the most?
Gende
r

To
country

To
state

To
district

To
village

To
caste

To
religion

To
family

Total

57
35.62%

10
6.25%

15
9.37%

10
6.25%

10
6.25%

13
8.12%

45
28.12%

160
50.00%

40
25.1%

6
4%

10
6.25%

21
13.12%

13
8.12%

20
12.5%

54
31.25%

160
50.00%

Total

97
30.31%

16
5.00%

25
7.81%

31
9.68%

23
7.18%

33
10.31%

95
29.68%

320
100.00%

Table 4.20 throws light that 35.62% males give priority to

country, 28.12% to family, 9.37% to district, 8.12% to religion,
6.25% to state, village and caste.
On the other hand 31.25% females give priority to family,
25.1% to country, 13.12% to village, 12.5% to religion, 8.12% to
caste, 6.25% to district and only 4% to state.
90

Hence we can conclude that the maximum percentage of

males give priority to the country and minimum to state, village
and caste whereas maximum percentage of females give priority
to family and minimum to state.

Table 4.21: What should be the base of reservation?

Gende
r

Caste

Religio
n

Economica
l Condition

Gender

Orpha
n

Total

33
20.62%

24
15%

72
45%

16
10%

15
9.37%

160
50.00%

41
25.62%

27
16.87%

66
41.25%

16
10%

10
6.25%

160
50.00%

Total

74
23.12
%

51
15.93
%

138
43.12%

32
10.00
%

25
7.81%

320
100.00
%

Table 4.21 clearly reveals that 45% males think that the base
of reservation should be economical condition, 20.62% to caste,
15% to religion, 10% to gender and 9.37% to orphan.
Whereas 41.25% female respondents think that the base of
reservation should be economical condition, 25.62% to caste,
16.87% to religion, 10% to gender and only 6.25% to orphan.

91

It can be concluded that maximum respondents feel that the

base of reservation should be economical condition and males feel
that least priority should be given to being orphan.

Table 4.22: How often do you do prayers?

Gender

Regular

Once in a
week

Only on
festivals

Never

Total

38
20%

24
15%

88
55%

10
6.25%

160
50.00%

101
63.12%

25
15.62%

26
16.25%

8
5%

160
50.00%

Total

139
43.43%

49
15.31%

114
35.62%

18
5.62%

320
100.00%

Table 4.22 depicted that 51.4% males do prayers only on

festivals, 20% regularly, 15% once in a week and 6.25% never.
While the 63.12% females do prayer regularly, 16.25% on
festivals, 15.62% once in a week and 5% never.
It can be concluded from the above table that female
respondents are more regular in doing prayer than males do. The
least percentage of respondents are there who never perform
prayers.
92

Table 4.23: How do you spend your free time?

Gende
r

In reading
magazine
s

In
prayers
or in
temples

In social
functions
(marriage
/ birthday
also)

In
gardenin
g

Others

Total

34

In
listening
or
watchin
g
TV/radio
63

24

12

16

11

160

21.25%
41

39.37%
52

15%
22

7.5%
22

10%
15

6.87%
8

50.00%
160

Total

25.62%
75

32.5%
115

13.75%
46

13.75%
34

9.37%
31

5%
19

50.00%
320

23.43%

35.93%

14.37%

10.62%

9.68%

5.93%

100.00%

Table 4.23 shows that 39.37% males spend their free time in
listening or watching radio/TV, 21.25% in reading magazines, 15%
in prayers or in temples, 10% in gardening, 4.5% in social
functions (marriage, birthday) etc and 6.87% in other activities.
Whereas 32.5% females want to spend their free time in
listening or watching TV / radio, 25.62% in reading magazines,
13.75%

in prayers

or

in temples and in social functions

(marriages, birthday) etc, 9.37% in gardening and only 5% in

other activities.
On the basis of above description we can conclude that
maximum respondents either male or female wants to spend their
93

free time in watching / listening radio / TV and minimum

respondents want to spend their free time in other activities.

Table 4.24: Which type of programmes do you like to watch

on TV?
Gende
r

Educational

Comedy

Cartoon

Financial
report

News

Social

Total

39
24.37%

37
23.12%

14
8.75%

16
10%

39
24.37%

15
9.37%

160
50.00%

43
26.87%

28
17.5%

9
5.62%

9
5.62%

30
18.75%

41
25.62%

160
50.00%

Total

82
25.62%

65
20.31%

23
7.18%

25
7.81%

69
21.56%

56
17.5%

320
100.00%

Above Table 4.24 clearly shows that 24.37% males want to

watch programmes on TV that are based on education and news,
23.12% want to watch comedy based programmes, 10% wants to
watch financial report and only 9.37% males want to watch
cartoon and social based programmes.
Whereas

26.87%

females

want

to

watch

educational

programs, 25.62% females want to watch social programmes,

94

18.75% wants to watch news, 17.5% want to watch comedy

based programmes, 5.62% want to watch financial report and
cartoon programmes.
From the above data it is clearly revealed that maximum
male and female want to watch education based programmes.
Whereas the least male respondents want to watch financial and
social programmes and the least female respondents like to watch
cartoon based programmes.

95

Table 4.25: Do you think that TV is a source of knowledge?

Gender

Yes

No

Partially

Total

85
53.12%

34
21.25%

41
25.62%

160
50.00%

84
52.5%

19
11.87%

57
35.62%

160
50.00%

Total

169
52.81%

53
16.56%

98
30.62%

320
100.00%

Table 4.25 points out that 53.12% males think that TV is a

source of knowledge, 25.62% think that it is partially, and only
21.25% think that TV is not a source of knowledge.
One the other hand 52.5% female respondent think that TV
is a source of knowledge, 32.62% feel partial about it and only
11.87% think that it is not a source of knowledge.
Thus above description clearly shows that the percentage of
respondents who feel that TV is a good source of knowledge is
much higher than the percentage of those who feel that TV is not
a good source of knowledge.
Table 4.26: In which form do you take fashion?

96

Gender

It gives
feel of
novelty
40
25%

We look
different
from
others
37
23.12%

It
satisfies
own
interests
48
30%

Traditional
pattern are
more
suitable
35
21.87%

Total

160
50.00%

64
40%

31
19.37%

43
26.87%

22
13.75%

160
50.00%

Total

104
32.50%

68
21.25%

91
28.43%

57
17.81%

320
100.00%

Table 4.26 clearly reveals that 30% males feel that fashion
satisfies own interest, 25% feels that it gives a sense of novelty,
23.12% feel that changing fashion make its look different from
others and only 21.87% feel that traditional pattern are more
suitable.
On the other hand 40% female feel that fashion gives a
sense of novelty, 26.87% feels that it satisfy our interest, 19.37%
feel that we look different from others, only 13.75% feels that
traditional patterns are more suitable.
Hence above data clearly presents a picture of fashion before
us that maximum male respondent follows fashion because it
satisfies their interest whereas maximum female respondents
97

follow fashion because it brings a sense of novelty in them. The

least no of male/female respondents follow fashion because they
feel that traditional patterns are more suitable.
Table 4.27: How do you feel about boys and girls do wear
dresses opposite to tradition?
Gender

Boys should
wear boys
clothes

Girls should
wear Girls
clothes
40
25%

Both
manner of
dressing
should be
different
76
47.5%

44
27.5%

F
Total

Total

160
50.00%

26
16.25%

52
32.5%

82
51.25%

160
50.00%

70
21.87%

92
28.75%

158
49.37%

320
100.00%

Table 4.27 clearly depicted that 47.5% male respondents feel

that the dressing manner of both male and female should be
different, 27.5% feel that boys should wear boys clothes and 25%
feel that girls should wear girls clothes.
While 51.25% female respondents feel that the dressing
manner of both male and female should be different, 32.5%% feel

98

that girls should wear girls clothes, 16.25% feel that boys should
wear boys clothes.
The above description clearly shows that both male and
female respondents feel that the dressing manner of both genders
should be different.

99

Table 4.26
Table 4.26 : In which form do you take fashion?
70
60
50
40
30

20

10
0

Table 4.27

100

Table 4.27 : How do you feel about boys and girls do wear dresses opposite to tradition?
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
M
F

Table 4.28: How do you feel to spend money on fashion?

Gender

We should
spend too
much
money

We should
spend by
looking to
others

We should
spend
according to
our economical
condition

Total

22
13.75%

28
17.5%

110
69.6%

160
50.00%

12
75%

15
9.37%

133
83.12%

160
50.00%

Total

34
10.62%

43
13.43%

243
75.93%

320
100.00%

Table 4.28 clearly shows that 69.6% male respondents feel

that we should spend money according to our economical
101

condition, 17.5% feel that we should spend money by looking to

others and 13.75% feel that we should spend too much money for
following fashion.
Whereas 83.12% female respondents feel that we should
spend money according to our economical condition, 9.37% feel
that we should spend money by looking at others and only 7.5%
feels that we should spend too much money for fashion.
Hence, from the above data it is clear that maximum
respondents feel that we should spend money on fashion
according

to

our

economical

condition.

Whereas

the

least

respondents feel that we should not spend too much money on

fashion.
Table 4.29: Fashion?
Gender

We should
do it
according to
our taste

By looking
others
reactions

According to
time which
is in trend

Total

103
64.6%

12
7.5%

45
28.12%

160
50.00%

80
50%

20
12.5%

60
37.5%

160
50.00%

102

Total

183
57.18%

32
10.00%

105
32.81%

320
100.00%

Table 4.29 throws light on this fact that 64.6% male

respondents feel that we should do fashion according to our taste,
28.12% feel that fashion should have according to time which is in
trend and only 7.5% feel that fashion should be done by looking
others reaction.
While 50% females feel that fashion should be done
according to our taste, 37.5% feel that it should be done according
to trend and only 12.5% feel that fashion should be done by
looking at others.
Thus above description tells that maximum males think that
we should do fashion according to our taste and maximum female
think fashion should be done according to our taste and least
respondents feel that it should be done by looking others reaction.

103

Table 4.30: Women Should?

Gende
r

Live like
house wife

Should
participate as
a house wife
and working

If they are
working
they
should take
help of
male

If they are
working they
should take
help of family
and male
members

Total

48
30%

55
34.37%

34
21.25%

23
14.37%

160
50.00%

20
12.5%

76
47.5%

32
20%

32
20%

160
50.00%

Total

68
21.25%

131
40.93%

66
20.62%

55
17.18%

320
100.00%

Table 4.30 emphasizes on the fact that 34.37% male respondents

feel that women should participate as a house wife and working, 30%
feel that they should live like house wife, 21.25% feel that if the women
are working they should take help of male members and only 14.37%
feel that if women are working they should take help of family and male
members.
On the other hand 47.5% female respondent feel that they should
participate as a house wife and working, 20% feel that if they are
working they should take help of male members and family members
and only 12.5% women feel that they should live like a house wife.

104

Thus the above data reveals that maximum no. of male and
female respondents are in favor that women should participate as a
housewife and working. The least male respondents feel that if the
female are working they should take help of male members while on
the other hand least female respondents are in favor that they should
live like a house wife.

Table 4.31: Participation of women in politics?

Gender

Appropriat
e in politics

Un
appropriat
e in politics

Should
be
limited
only till
voting

Should
vote
according
to men

Total

56
35%

52
32.5%

24
15%

28
17.5%

160
50.00%

95
59.37%

36
22.5%

19
11.87%

10
6.25%

160
50.00%

Total

151
47.18%

88
27.50%

43
13.43%

38
11.87%

320
100.00
%

Table 4.31 clearly reveals that 35% male feel that the
participation of women in politics is appropriate, 32.5% feel that it
is not appropriate, 17.5% feel that women should do voting
according to men and 15% feel that participation should be limited
only till voting.
105

While the 59.37% female respondents feel that participation

in politics of women is appropriate, 22.5% feel that women
participation is un-appropriate, 11.87% feel that the participation
should be limited only till voting and 6.25% female respondents
feel that they should vote according to men.
Thus above description clearly throws light on this fact that
maximum

percentage

of

males

and

females

participation of women in politics is appropriate.

106

think

that

Table 4.32: Women should?

Gende
r

Ditto
Men

Should
not
follow
man in
all
matters

37
23.12%

29
18.12%

41
25.62%

53
33.12%

160
50.00%

20
12.5%

39
24.37%

41
25.62%

60
37.5%

160
50.00%

Total

57
17.81%

68
21.25%

82
25.62%

113
35.31%

320
100.00%

They
should
have their
own logic

Do work by
mutual
understandin
g

Total

Table 4.32 throws light on the fact that 33.12% male

respondents

feel

that

women

should

do

work

by

mutual

understanding, 25.62% feel that women should put their own

logic, 23.12% feel that they should ditto men and only 18.12%
male think that women should not follow men in all matters.
While 37.5% females feel that women should work by mutual
understanding, 25.62% feel that women should have their own
logic, 24.37% feel that they should not follow men in all matters,
only 12.5% female think that they should ditto men.

107

Thus we can conclude that maximum male and female

respondents are in favor of women doing working by mutual
understanding whereas the least male respondents feel that
women should not follow men in all matters and very low
percentage of female respondent think that they should ditto men.
Table 4.33: Rituals are?
Gender

Appropriate

Unappropriate

For social
prestige

Total

99
61.87%

37
23.12%

24
15%

160
50.00%

106
66.25%

24
15%

30
18.75%

160
50.00%

Total

205
64.06%

61
19.06%

54
16.87%

320
100.00%

Table 4.33 emphasizes on this fact that 61.87% males think

that rituals are appropriate, 23.12% think these as un-appropriate
and only 15% feel that rituals are performed for social prestige.
On

the

other

hand

66.25%,

female

consider

ritual

appropriate, 18.75 females performed rituals for social prestige

and only 15% feel that rituals are un-appropriate.
108

Thus the fact that comes before us from the above data is
that both genders consider rituals as appropriate but the least
answers about rituals are that males perform rituals for social
prestige and female consider rituals as un-appropriate.
Table 4.34: Rituals should be?
Gender

Traditionally
accepted

Newer
patterns
should be
accepted
33
20.62%

Accepted by
keeping
adjustment
between tradition
and
modernization
59
36.87%

68
42.5%

F
Total

Total

160
50.00%

52
32.5%

35
21.87%

73
45.62%

160
50.00%

120
37.50%

68
21.25%

132
41.25%

320
100.00%

Table 4.34 clearly shows that 42.5% male feel that rituals
should be accepted traditionally, 36.87% feel that rituals should be
accepted

by

keeping

adjustment

between

tradition

and

modernization and only 20.62% feel that new pattern should be

accepted.

109

While 45.62% females feel those rituals should be accepted

by keeping adjustments between traditions and modernization,
32.5% females feel that rituals should be accepted traditionally
and only 21.87% females feel those new patterns should be
accepted

by

keeping

adjustment

between

tradition

and

modernization. Whereas the least male / female respondents feel

that new patterns should be accepted.
Thus it is clearly revealed that maximum male respondent
feel that rituals should be accepted traditionally and maximum
female respondents feel that rituals should be accepted

110

Table 4.35: In using Rituals?

Gender

There
should
be
equality
in men
and
women
83
51.87%

Un equality
of men and
women is
appropriate

Men
should
get more
privilege

Women
should
get more
privilege

Total

27
16.87%

36
22.5%

14
8.75%

160
50.00%

101
63.12%

20
12.5%

4
2.5%

35
21.87%

160
50.00%

Total

184
57.50%

47
14.68%

40
12.50%

49
15.31%

320
100.00%

Table 4.35 reveals that 51.87% male feel that in using rituals
there should be equality in men and women, 22.5% male feel that
men should get more privilege, 16.87% feel that un equality of
men and women is appropriate and only 8.75% male feel women
should get more privilege in using rituals.
On the other hand 63.12% female feel that there should be
equality in men and women in using rituals, 21.87% feel that
women should get more privilege, 12.5% feel that un-equality of
men & women in appropriate and only 2.5% female feel that men
should get more privilege.
111

Hence it is clearly revealed that both genders believe that

there should be equality in men and women. Whereas while male
respondents feel that less privilege should be given to women in
using rituals, the least female respondents feel that man should
get more privilege.
Table 4.36: Do you consider that the biased attitude on the
ground of caste, religion, gender and economic condition
is?
Gender

Appropriate

Un
appropriate
56
35%

To some
extent
consider it
partial
50
31.25%

54
33.75%

F
Total

Total

160
50.00%

48
30%

63
39.37%

49
30.62%

160
50.00%

102
31.87%

119
37.18%

99
30.93%

320
100.00%

Table 4.36 depicts that 35% male feel that the biased
attitude based on the ground of caste, religion, gender and
economical condition is un-appropriate, 33.75% feel it appropriate
and 31.25% think that to some extent it is partial.

112

Whereas 39.37% female also feel it un-appropriate, 30.62%

feel it that to some extent it is partial and only 30% respondent
think that it is un-appropriate.
The above description clearly shows that the maximum
percentage of male and female respondents think that the biased
attitude is un-appropriate.

Gender

Ladies Sangeet

In sports

In exhibitions

In club

In nautanki

SammelanIn kavi

SandhyaIn Bjajan

In social
functions

Total

magiciansIn circus /

Table 4.37: In which cultural activity do you participate?

5
3.12%

48
30%

20
12.5%

24
15%

5
3.12%

9
5.62%

9
5.62%

8
5%

32
20%

160
50.00%

33
20.62%

28
17.5%

16
10%

11
6.87%

3
1.87%

1
0.62%

6
4.12%

20
12.5%

42
26.25%

160
50.00%

Tota
l

38
11.87
%

76
23.75
%

36
11.25
%

35
10.93
%

8
2.50
%

10
3.12
%

15
4.68
%

28
8.75
%

74
23.12
%

320
100.00
%

Table 4.37 shows that 30% male respondents want to

participate in sports activities, 20% in social functions, 15% in
clubs,

12.5%

in

exhibitions,

5.62%

in

nautanki

and

kavi

sammelan, 5% in Bhajan sandhya and 3.12% in ladies sangeet

and in circus and magic shows.

113

While above table clearly shows that 26.25% female want to

participate in social functions, 26.25% in ladies sangeet, 17.5% in
sports, 12.5% in bhajan sandhya, 10% in exhibitions, 6.87% in
clubs, 4.12% in kavi sammelan, 1.87% in circus and magic shows
and 0.62% in nautanki.
Hence the above description clearly reveals that maximum
male respondents want to participate in sports activity and
minimum in ladies sangeet, circus and magic shows, whereas
maximum female respondents want to participate in social
functions and minimum in nautankies.

114

Generation Difference in Youth Culture

Ever since antiquity, the concept of generation has been held

in a biological and consequently in a genealogical sense of regular
descent of a group of organisms from a progenitor. But since the
early nineteenth century, there has developed a social and
historical concept of generations as comprising the structure not
only of societies but also of history itself.
Historically, August Comte the founder of modern sociology,
considered the duration of human life a decisive element in
determining the velocity of human evolution and therefore the
passing of one generation to another.
According to Durganand Sinha (1972) Coming to history,
Hindu mythology also has many illustrations of the younger
generation rebelling against the older one. Prahalad against his
father, Krishna against his uncle Kansa are two instances. Mughal

115

history has so many sons rebelling against their fathers, is a

Mughal Syndrome.
According to Turner (2006) Parents involvement is very
much necessary for reducing the generation gap. Young people
seek both formal and informal network to use each other more
effectively. Self awareness, communication and dialogue are very
necessary. The parents of the young people are in transition of
experience especially with respect to their problem of generation
gap.
According to Kaiser (2004) The young should listen to the
old but must take their own decisions with discretion and a
balanced perspective. In order to bridge the gap between parents
and children it is necessary to address the parents real and
appropriate concerned. It is not only in effective and potentially
destructive to assimilate. Some of the changes are quiet negative.
The hierarchy is only destructive that only based on attitudes like
gender, race, class rather than experience and wisdom.

116

In India we are yet in the initial stages, but the gap has
appeared and it is growing to bigger day by day.
The problem in fact has grown and intensified due to the rise
in complexities of life. These complexities have arisen in the wake
of modernism where everything allied to tradition, custom and the
world was to be turned upside down. The problem arises mainly
when parents for yet how did they behave, what problems did
they encounter and what feeling yet they feel when they were
children, especially teenagers. When the children enter the stormy
teens the problem of generation gap comes out with greater
intensity than ever. Children too fail to see their parents point of
view and blindly stick to breaking rules.
In the present chapter we will discuss the difference of
opinion of one generation to another in the seven areas i.e.
education, parents-child relations, politics, status of women,
marriage, religion and socio culture.
Table 5.1: What is your opinion about coalition
government?
117

Generation

Fully
satisfied

Partially
satisfied

Partially
dissatisfied

Fully
dissatisfied

Could
not
decide

Total

Parents
(45-58)

45
28.12%

36
22.5%

24
15%

26
16.25%

29
18.12%

160
50.00%

Parents
youth
(18-25)

40
25.1%

35
21.87%

25
15.62%

30
18.75%

30
18.75%

160
50.00%

Total

85
26.56%

71
22.18%

49
15.31%

56
17.5%

59
18.43
%

320
100.00%

Table 5.1 shows that 28.12% parents are fully satisfied with
coalition government, 22.5% are partially satisfied, 18.12 could
not decide 16.25% are fully dissatisfied and 15% are partially
dissatisfied.
Whereas in the same manner 25% parents-youth are also
fully satisfied with coalition government, 21.87% are partially
satisfied, 18.75% are fully dissatisfied and 18.75% also could not
decide and only 15.62% parents youth are partially satisfied.
Hence we can say that the highest percentage of respondents
is fully satisfied with coalition government while the lowest

118

percentage of respondent of parents and parents-youth are

partially dissatisfied with coalition govt.
Table 5.2: To which party are you related?
Generation

SP

BSP

Congress

BJP

RLD

Parents
(45-58)

17
10.62
%
26
16.25
%
43
13.43
%

25
15.62
%
28
17.5
%
53
16.56
%

37
23.12
%
42
26.25
%
79
24.68
%

53
33.12
%
32
20
%
85
26.56
%

6
3.75
%
13
8.12
%
19
5.93
%

Parents
youth
(18-25)
Total

Indepen
-dent
14
8.75
%
10
6.25
%
24
7.5
%

Other
s
8
5.00
%
9
5.62
%
17
5.31
%

Total
160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00
%

Table 5.2 highlights the percentage of the parents opinion

about the choice of party. In it we can clearly see that 33.12%
parents are in favour of BJP, 23.12% of congress, 15.62 of BSP,
10.62% of SP, 8.75% of independent, 5.1% of others and only
3.75% of RLD.
On the other hand the table clearly depicts that 26.25%
parent-youth are in favour of congress 20% to BJP, 17.25% to
BSP, 16.25% to SP, 8.12% to RLD, 6.25% to independent and only
5.62% to others.
Thus the above table clearly throws light that maximum
parents are in favor of BJP, and the lowest percentage to RLD

119

whereas maximum parent-youth are in favor of congress and the

lowest percentage to other party.
Table 5.3: Participation in Politics?
Generation

By own wish

By parents wish
32
20%

By familys
wish
37
23.12%

Parents (45-58)

91
56.4%

Parents youth
(18-25)
Total

Total
160
50.00%

94
58.75%

34
21.25%

32
20%

160
50.00%

185
57.81%

66
20.62%

69
21.56%

320
100.00%

Table 5.3 shows that 56.4% parents believe that they want to
participate in politics by their own wish 23.12% by family's wish
and 20% by parents wish.
58.75% parents youth also believe that they want to
participate in politics by own wish, 21.25% by parents wish and
only 20% want to participate by their family wish.
Thus it is clearly evident that maximum respondents want to
participate in politics by own wish, 20% parents by their parentsyouth wish and 20% by their familys wish.
Table 5.4: Are you in favor of women reservation in
politics?
Generation

Yes

No
120

Total

Parents (45-58)

111
69.37%

49
30.62%

160
50.00%

Parents youth
(18-25)

113
70.62%

47
29.37%

160
50.00%

Total

224
70.00%

96
30%

320
100.00%

Table 5.4 depicts that 69.37% parents are in favor of women

reservation in politics and 30.62% are not in favor.
Whereas 70.62% parents youth are in favor of women
reservation in politics and 29.37% are not in favor.
Thus

the

above

data

clearly

shows

that

maximum

respondents of parents and parent-youth are in favor of women

reservation in politics and the minimum percentage of respondents
of both generations are not in favor.
Table 5.5: Do you think that for doing your own work any
political help is?
Generation

Must
34
21.25%

Sometimes
feel it must
74
46.25%

Cant
say
23
14.37%

Do it
ourselves
29
18.12%

Parents
(45-58)
Parents
youth
(18-25)

160
50.00%

33
20.62%

72
46%

19
11.87%

36
22.5%

160
50.00%

121

Total

Total

67
20.93%

146
45.62%

42
13.12%

65
20.31%

320
100.00%

Table 5.5 tells us that 46.25% parents think that for doing
our work sometimes it feel must to take any political help, 21.25%
feel it must, 18.12% feel that they do their work by themselves
and 14.37 feel that they cant say.
Whereas 46% parents youth also sometimes feel it must to
take any political help 22.5% do it themselves, 20.62% feel it
must and 11.87% parents youth are not confident.
Thus for above description we come to this end that
maximum respondents feel it sometimes must to take political
help and minimum respondents say that they cant say.
Table 5.6: Decision of marriage?
Generation

Decision
should be of
parents

Decision should be
of boy/girl
himself/herself

Total

Parents (4558)

108
66.24%

52
32.5%

160
50.00%

Parents youth
(18-25)

72
45%

88
55%

160
50.00%

Total

180
56.25%

140
43.75%

320
100.00%

122

Table 5.6 concludes that 66.24% parents feel that the

decision of marriage should be of parents and 32.5% think that
the decision of marriage should be of boy/girl himself/herself.
While 55% parents-youth feel that the decision of marriage
should be of boy and girl and 45% feel that the decision should be
of parents.
Hence we come to this conclusion from above data that the
parents feel that the decision of marriage should be of parents and
parents-youth feel that the decision of marriage should be of boy
and girl. The clear difference of opinion reveals that parents and
parent-youth have different opinions about taking the decision of
marriage.
Tale 5.7: To which type of marriage you are agree?
Generation

In caste

Parents
(45-58)
Parents youth
(18-25)
Total

102
63.75%
81
50.62%
183
57.18%

Inter caste
and inter
religion
58
36.25%
79
49.37%
137
42.81%
123

Total
160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00%%

Table 5.7 throws light that 63.75% parents are in favour of in

caste marriage, 36.25% are in favor of inter-caste and inter
religion marriage.
On the other hand 50.62% parent-youth are also in favor of
inter-caste marriage and 49.37% are in favor of inter-caste and
inter religion.
Hence we can say that maximum respondents of both
generations are in favor of in caste marriages and minimum
respondents are in favor of inter-caste and inter-religion.
Table 5.8: What is your opinion about marriage?

Generation
Parents
(45-58)
Parents
youth
(18-25)
Total

16
10%

Marriage
according
to parents
or mixed
opinion
58
36.25%

160
50.00%

53
33.12%

45
28.12%

62
38.75%

160
50.00%

139
43.43%

61
19.06%

120
37.5%

320
100.00%

Marriages
settled by
parents

Love
marriages

86
53.75%

124

Total

Table 5.8 clearly shows that 53.75% parents are in favor of

marriages settled by parents, 36.25% by marriages according to
parents or mixed opinion, 10% parents are in favor of love
marriages.
While 38.75% parents-youth are in favor of marriages fixed
according to parents or mixed opinion 33.12% are in favor of
marriage settled by parents and 28.12% are in favor of love
marriages.
Thus the above table clearly reveals that parents are in favor
of such marriages that are settled by parents and they are in less
favor of love marriages. On the other hand maximum parentyouth are in favor of such marriages that are either settled by
parents or themselves. Moreover both generations are not in favor
of love marriages.

125

Table 5.9: Age of Marriage?

Generatio
n

More than More than

21 for
18 for
boys and
boys and
18 for
16 for
girls
girls

Less than
18 for
boys and
16 for
girls

Total

Parents
(45-58)

144
90%

10
6.25%

6
3.75%

160
50.00%

Parents
youth
(18-25)

141
88.12%

11
6.87%

8
5%

160
50.00%

Total

285
89.06%

21
6.56%

14
4.37%

320
100.00
%

Table 5.9 clearly shows that 90% parents think that the age
of marriage should be more than 21 for boys and more than 18 for
girls, 6.25% think that the age of marriage should be more than
18 for boys and more than 16 for girls, only 3.75% think that the
126

age of marriage should be less than 18 for boys and less than 16
for girls.
88.12% parent-youth also think that the age of marriage
should be more than 21 for boys and 18 for girls, 6.87% think that
more than 18 for boys and more than 16 for girls and only 5%
think that the age for marriage should be less than 18 for boys
and less than 16 for girls.
Hence

we

come

to

this

conclusion

that

maximum

respondents of both generation think that the age of marriage

should be more than 18 for boys and more than 18 for girls and
very less respondents are in favor of the age less than 18 for boys
and less than 16 for girls.

Table 5.10: Choice of stay after marriage?

Generatio
With
Separate
Cant
Total
n
parents
stay
say
127

Parents
(45-58)

100
62.5%

28
17.5%

32
20%

160
50.00%

Parents
youth
(18-25)

77
48.12%

39
24.37%

44
27.5%

160
50.00%

Total

177
55.31%

67
20.93%

76
23.75%

320
100.00%

Table 5.10 depicts that 62.5% parents choose to stay after

marriage with their parents, 20% cant say and 17.5% want to
stay separately.
Whereas 48.12% parents-youth want to stay after marriage
with their parents, 27.5% cant say and 24.37% want to stay
separately.
Thus above table clearly reveals that max. respondents want
to stay with parents after marriage and less respondents want to
stay separately.
Table 5.11: Your own decision perspective?
Generatio Take the Leave on Take the
Total
n
decision
parents
decision
ourselves
by
asking
128

Parents
(45-58)
Parents
youth
(18-25)
Total

58
36.25%

34
21.25%

parents
68
42.5%

69
43.12%

41
25.62%

50
31.25%

160
50.00%

127
39.68%

75
23.43%

118
36.87%

320
100.00%

160
50.00%

Table 5.11 tells that 42.5% parents think that the decision
perspective should be taken by asking parents, 36.25% take the
decision themselves and 21.25% leave the decision on their
parents.
On the other hand 43.12% parent-youth take the decision
themselves, 31.25% take the decision by asking parents and only
25.62% leave the decision on parents.
Hence we come to this conclusion that parents think that the
decision perspective should be parents and maximum parents
youth take the decision themselves. Whereas both come in same
category of leaving the decision on parents.

Table 5.12 : Parents do partiality in boys and girls?

129

Generatio
n
Parents
(45-58)
Parents
youth
(18-25)
Total

Yes

No

Partially

Total

42
26.25%
40
25%

80
50%
101
63.12%

38
23.75%
19
11.87%

160
50.00%
160
50.00%

82
25.62%

181
56.56%

57
17.81%

320
100.00%

Table 5(1)12 focuses on the fact that 50% parents feel that
parents do not do partiality between boys and girls, 26.25% feel
that yes they do and 23.75% feel that they partially do.
Whereas 63.12% parents-youth feel that parents do not do
partiality between boys and girls, 25% feel that yes they do and
only 11.87% feel that they partially do.
Thus we come to know from above description that maximum
parents and parents-youth do not think that do partiality between
boys and girls and minimum parents and parent-youth feel that
they have partial opinion about it.
Table 5.13: Relation of parents and youth?
Generatio
n
Parents

Very
cordial
25

Cordial

Normal

Hard

56

63

12

130

Very
hard
4

Total
160

(45-58)
Parents
youth
(18-25)
Total

15.62%
45
20.12%

35%
44
27.5%

39.37%
51
31.87%

7.5%
11
6.87%

2.5%
9
5.62%

50.00%
160
50.00%

70
21.87
%

100
31.25
%

114
35.62
%

23
7.18
%

13
4.06
%

320
100.00
%

Table 5.13 throws light on the fact that 39.37% parents feel
that the relation of parents and youth are normal, 35% feel
cordial, 15.62% very cordial, 7.5% hard and 2.5% very hard.
Whereas 31.87% parents-youth also feel that the relations of
parents and youth are normal, 28.12% very cordial, 27.5%
cordial, 6.87% hard and 5.62% very hard.
Thus we come to this conclusion that both parents and parent
youth feel that the relation of parents and youth are normal and
very few respondents feel that the relations are very hard.
Table 5.14: According to you how modern children
understand things?
Generatio
By
By
By
Total
n
beating
teaching scolding
Parents
23
110
27
160
(45-58)
14.37%
68.75%
16.87%
50.00%
Parents
49
90
21
160
youth
30.62%
56.25%
13.12%
50.00%
(18-25)
131

Total

72
22.5%

200
62.5%

48
15%

320
100.00%

Table 5.14 depicts that 68.75% parents feel that modern

children understand things by teaching, 16.87% feel that by
scolding and 14.37% feel that by beating.
On the other hand 56.25% parent youth feel that modern
children understand things by teaching, 30.62% by beating and
13.12% by scolding.
Thus from the above description we come to know to this
conclusion that maximum modern children understand things by
teaching and minimum modern children respondents understand
things by scolding.
Table 5.15: Are you in favor of co-education?
Generation
Parents
(45-58)
Parents
youth
(18-25)
Total

Yes
97
60.62%
94
58.75%

No
45
28.12%
32
20%

Partially
28
17.5%
34
21.25%

191
59.68%

77
24.06%

52
16.25%

132

Total
160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00%

Table 5.15 depicts that 60.62% parents are in favor of coeducation, 28.12% are not in favor and 17.5% are partially in
favor.
Whereas 58.75% parents-youth are in favor of co-education,
21.25% are partially agreed and 20% are not agreeing with coeducation.
Hence

we

come

to

this

conclusion

that

maximum

respondents from both generation are in favor of co-education.

Table 5.16: Are you in favor of women education?
Generatio
n
Parents
(45-58)

Yes

No

Partially

Total

109
68.12%

25
15.62%

26
16.25%

160
50.00%

Parents
youth
(18-25)

107
66.87%

28
17.5%

25
15.62%

160
50.00%

Total

216
67.5%

53
16.56%

51
15.93%

320
100.00%

133

Table 5(1)16 clearly reveals that 68.12% parents are in favor

of women education, 16.25% are partially in favor and 15.62%
are not in favor of women education.
Whereas 66.87% parents-youth are in favor of women
education, 17.5% are not in favor and 15.62% partially favor.
Thus the table clearly indicates that maximum respondents
favors women education while the response for not in favor and
partially favor is vary by both the generations.
Table 5.17: In which type of education are you in favor?

Generation
Parents
(45-58)
Parents
youth
(18-25)
Total

Professional
(ITI and
others)

Traditional

58
36.25%

35
21.87%

High technical
education
(MBA, MCA,
IIT and
others)
67
41.87%

54
33.75%

28
17.5%

78
48.75%

160
50.00%

112
35%

63
19.68%

145
45.31%

320
100.00
%

Total
160
50.00%

Table 5.17 tells that 41.87% parents are in favor of high

technical education like MBA, MCA, IIT and others, 36.25% are in

134

favor of professional education and 21.87% parents are in favor of

traditional education.
On the other hand 48.75% parents-youth are also in favor of
higher technical education, 33.75% are in favor of professional
education and only 17.5% parents youth are in favor of traditional
education.
Thus

the

above

data

clearly

shows

that

maximum

respondents of both generations are in favor of high technical

education and minimum respondents are in favor of technical
education.
Table 5.18: Your priority?
Generation

To earn
money

To live with
materialistic
comfort

To do
social
service

To do
politics

To
earn
fame

Total

Parents
(45-58)

24
15%

44
27.5%

70
43.75%

10
6.25%

12
7.5%

160
50.00%

Parents
youth
(18-25)

51
31.87%

55
34.37%

24
15%

10
6.25%

20
12.5%

160
50.00%

Total

75
23.43%

99
30.93%

94
29.37%

20
6.25%

32
10%

320
100.00%

135

Table 5.18 reveals that 43.75% parents give priority to do

social service, 27.5% to live with materialistic comfort, 15% to
earn money, 7.5% to earn fame and 6.25% to do politics.
While 34.37% parents-youth want to give priority to live with
materialistic comfort, 31.87% to earn money, 15% to do social
service, 12.5% to earn fame, 6.25% to do politics.
Thus it is quite evident from above description that parents
prefer to do social service and parents-youth want to live with
materialistic

comfort.

Whereas,

clear

percentage

of

both

generations is revealed in the table that they give less priority to

do politics.
Table 5.19: Whom do you think your ideal?
Generatio
n
Parents
(45-58)
Parents
youth
(18-25)
Total

Leader

Teache
r
35
21.87%
32
20%

Mother

Father

Other

Total

16
10%
27
16.87%

Actor/
actress
10
6.25%
8
5%

44
27.5%
45
28.12%

40
25%
34
21.25%

15
9.37%
14
8.75%

160
50.00%
160
50.00%

43
13.43%

18
5.62%

67
20.93
%

89
27.81
%

74
23.12
%

29
9.06
%

320
100.00
%

136

Table 5.19 shows that 27.5% parents think their mother as

their ideal, 25.62% to their father, 21.87% to teacher, 10% to
leaders, 9.37% to others and only 6.25% to actor/actress.
On the other hand 28.12% parents youth are also in favor
that they think mother as their ideal, 21.25% to father, 20% to
teacher, 16.87%

to

leader, 8.75%

to

others

and

5%

to

actor/actress.
Hence

we

come

to

this

conclusion

that

maximum

respondents think their mother as their ideal and minimum

respondents think actor and actress as their ideal.
Table 5.20: Whom do you give priority the most?
Generatio
n

To
country

To
state

To
distric
t

To
village

To
caste

To
religion

To
family

Total

Parents
(45-58)

55
34.37%

10
6.25%

11
6.87%

13
8.12%

15
8.12%

12
7.5%

44
27.5%

160
50.00%

Parents
youth
(18-25)

30
18.75%

13
8.12%

14
8.75%

18
11.25%

10
6.25%

21
13.12%

54
33.75%

160
50.00%

Total

85
26.56
%

23
7.18
%

25
7.81%

31
9.68%

25
7.81
%

33
10.31
%

98
60.62%

320
100.00
%

137

Table 5.20 reveals the fact that 34.37% parents give priority
to country, 27.5% to family, 8.12% to village and caste, 7.5% to
religion, 6.87% to district and 6.25% to state.
On the other hand 33.75% parents-youth give priority to
family, 18.75% to country, 13.12% to religion, 11.25% to village,
8.75% to district, 8.12% to state and 6.25% to caste.
Thus the above description clearly shows that maximum
parents respondent give priority to country and less priority to
state and maximum parents-youth respondent give priority to
family and less priority to caste.
Table 5.21: What should be the base of reservation?
Generatio
n
Parents
(45-58)
Parents
youth
(18-25)
Total

49
30.62%

Religio
n
26
16.25%

Economical
condition
60
37.5%

25
15.62%

23
14.37%

74
23.12%

49
15.31%

Caste

8
5.1%

To be
orphan
17
4.37%

160
50.00%

77
48.12%

19
11.87%

16
10%

160
50.00%

137
42.81%

27
8.43%

33
10.31%

320
100.00%

Gender

Total

Table 5.21 throws light on the fact that 37.5% parents feel
that the base of reservation should be economical condition,

138

30.62% to caste, 16.25% to religion, 5% to gender and only

4.37% to be orphan.
Whereas 48.12% parent-youth think that the base of
reservation should be economical condition, 15.62% to caste,
14.37% to religion, 11.87% to gender and 10% to be orphan.
Thus

it

is

quite

obvious

that

maximum

generation

respondents think that the base of reservation should be

economical condition and maximum generation think that being
orphan could not be the base of reservation.

139

Table 5.20
Table 5.20 : Who do you give priority the most :
60
50
40
Parents (45-58)

30

Parents youth

20
10
0

Table 5.21
Table 5.21: What should be the base of reservation:
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Parents (45-58)
Parents youth

140

Table 5.22: How often do you do prayers?

Generation

Regular
(daily)

Once in a
week

Only on
festivals

Never

Total

Parents
(45-58)

102
63.75%

26
16.25%

17
10.62%

15
9.37%

160
50.00%

Parents
youth
(18-25)

79
49.37%

41
25.62%

27
16.87%

13
8.12%

160
50.00%

Total

181
56.56%

67
20.93%

44
13.75%

28
8.75%

320
100.00%

Table 5.22 tells us that 63.75% parents do prayers daily,

16.25% once in a week, 10.62% only on festivals and 9.37%
never do prayers.
Whereas 49.37% parent-youth do prayers daily, 25.62%
once in a week, 16.87% only on festivals and 8.92% never do.
Hence it is quite clear from above table that maximum
parents and parents-youth perform prayers daily.

141

Table 5.23: How do you spend your free time?

Generation

In reading
magazines

In
listening
or
watching
TV/radio

In
prayer
or in
temple

In social
functions

In
gardening

Others

Total

Parents
(45-58)

48
30%

51
31.87%

22
13.75%

12
7.5%

14
8.75%

13
8.12%

160
50.00%

Parents
youth
(18-25)

30
18.75%

63
39.37%

23
14.37 %

20
12.5%

11
6.87%

13
8.12%

160
50.00%

Total

78
24.37%

114
35.62%

45
14.06%

32
10.00%

25
7.81%

26
8.12%

320
100.00%

Table 5.23 reveals that 31.87% parents want to spend their

free time in watching or listening TV/radio, 30% in reading
magazines, 13.75% in prayers or in temples, 8.75% in gardening,
8.12% in others and 7.5% in social functions like marriage,
birthday etc.
While 39.37% parent-youth also want to spend their free
time in listening and watching tv/radio, 18.75% in reading
magazines, 14.37% in prayers or in temples, 12.5% in social
functions like marriages, birthday etc, 8.12% in others and 6.87%
in gardening.
142

Thus it is quite obvious that maximum respondents want to

spend their free time in watching or listening TV/radio, while
parents generation give less attention to social functions and
parent-youth give less attention to gardening.
Table 5.24: Which type of programmes do you like to watch
on TV?
Generatio
n

Educationa
l

Comed
y

Cartoon
s

Financia
l reports

News

Social

Total

Parents
(45-58)

35
21.87%

25
15.62%

8
5%

17
10.62%

39
24.37%

36
22.5%

160
50.00%

Parents
youth
(18-25)

35
21.87%

40
25%

15
9.37%

18
11.25%

30
18.75%

22
13.75%

160
50.00%

Total

70
21.87%

65
20.31
%

23
7.18%

35
10.93%

69
21.56
%

58
18.12
%

320
100.00
%

Table 5.24 conveys that 24.37% parents want to watch news

programmes, 22.5% social, 21.87% to educational, 15.62% to
comedy,

10.62%

to

financial

reports

and

5%

to

cartoon

programmes.
While 25% parent-youth like to watch comedy programs,
21.87% educational, 18.75% news, 13.75% social, 11.25%
financial reports and only 9.37% to cartoon programmes.
143

Hence it is clear that maximum parent generation want to

watch news programmes and maximum parents-youth generation
want to watch comedy programmes. Less interest of parent and
parent-youth can be seen in cartoon programmes.
Table 5.25: Do you think that TV is a source of knowledge?
Generation
Parents
(45-58)
Parents
youth
(18-25)
Total

Yes
100
62.8%
78
48.75%

No
21
13.12%
32
20%

Partially
39
24.37%
50
31.25%

Total
160
50.00%
160
50.00%

178
55.62%

53
16.56%

89
27.81%

320
100.00%

Tale 5(1)25 conveys that 62.8% parents think that TV is a

good source of knowledge, 24.37% feel partially and 13.12% feel
that TV is not a good source of knowledge.
48.75% parent-youth also think that TV is a good source of
knowledge, 31.25% feel partially and only 20% feel that tv is not
a good source of knowledge.
Therefore it is clearly evident that both generations think that
TV is a good source of knowledge.
Table 5.26: How do you consider fashion?
144

Generatio
n

It feels
novelty

Parents
(45-58)
Parents
youth
(18-25)
Total

57
35.62%
51
31.87%
108
33.75
%

We look
differen
t from
others
26
16.25%
41
25.62%

It
satisfie
s our
interest
38
23.75%
52
32.5%

Traditiona
l pattern
are more
suitable
39
24.37%
16
10%

Total

160
50.00%
160
50.00%

67
20.93%

90
28.12%

55
17.18%

320
100.00%

Table 5(1)26 depicts that 35.62% parents consider that

fashion gives novelty, 24.37% feel that traditional patterns are
more suitable, 23.75% consider that it satisfies our interest,
16.25% consider that fashion helps in looking different from
others.
While 32.5% parents-youth feel that it satisfies out interest,
31.87% feel that it feels novelty, 25.62% consider that we look
different from others and only 10% feel that traditional patterns
are more suitable.
Thus we come to this conclusion that maximum parents
consider about fashion that it feels / gives novelty and maximum
145

parent-youth consider that it satisfies out interest. The least

respondent of parent youth generation think that traditional
patterns are more suitable.

146

Table 5.27: How do feel about boys and girls who wear
dresses opposite to traditional?
Generation

Boy should
wear boys
cloth
26
16.25%
48
30%

Girls
should
wear girls
cloth
36
22.5%
48
30%

Both manner
of dressing
should be
different
98
61.25%
64
40%

Parents
(45-58)
Parents
youth
(18-25)
Total

Total

160
50.00%
160
50.00%

74
23.12%

84
26.25%

162
50.62%

320
100.00%

Table 5.27 reveals that 61.25% parent feel that the boys and
girls should wear different clothes, 22.5% feel that girls should
wear girls clothes and 16.25% feel that boys should wear boys
clothes.
40% parent-youth also feel that the boys and girls should
wear different clothes, 30% feel that girls should wear girls cloths
and 30% also feel that boys should wear boys cloths.
Thus the above data clearly reveals that maximum parents
and parent-youth feel that boys and girls dressing manner should
be different to each other.
147

Table 5.28: How do you feel to spend money on fashion?

Generation

We should
spend too
much
money

We should
spend by
looking
others
15
9.37%

We should
spend
according to
our
economical
condition
125
78.12%

Parents
(45-58)

20
12.5%

Parents
youth
(18-25)
Total

Total

160
50.00%

22
13.75%

27
16.87%

111
69.37%

160
50.00%

42
13.12%

42
13.12%

236
73.75%

320
100.00%

Table 5.28 tells us that 78.12% parents feel that we should

spend money on fashion according to our economical conditions,
12.5% feel that we should spend too much money and 9.37% feel
that we should spend money by looking to others.
Whereas 69.37% parents-youth also feel that we should
spend money according to our economical conditions, 16.87% feel
that we should spend money by looking to others and 13.75% feel
that we should spend too much on fashion.
148

Hence the above description conveys that max. respondents

feel that we should spend money on fashion according to our
economical conditions.

149

Table 5.29: Fashion?

Generation

We should
do it
according
to our
taste

By looking
others
reactions

According to
time
whatever
the trend it

Total

Parents
(45-58)

81
50.62%

25
15.62%

54
33.75%

160
50.00%

Parents
youth
(18-25)
Total

96
60%

13
8.12%

51
31.87%

160
50.00%

177
55.31%

38
11.87%

105
32.81%

320
100.00
%

Table 5(1)29 conveys that 50.62% parents think that we

should do fashion according to our taste, 33.75% think that we
should do fashion according to time which is in trend and 15.62%
feel that we should do fashion by looking others reaction.
While 60% parents youth also feel that we should do fashion
according to our taste, 31.87% feel that we should do fashion
according to time which one is in trend and 8.12% feel that we
should do fashion by looking at others.

150

Thus this is come to conclusion that maximum respondents

feel that we should do fashion according to our taste and min.
respondents feel that we should do fashion by looking others
reactions.
Table 5.30: Women should?

Generatio
n

Parents
(45-58)
Parents
youth
(18-25)
Total

Live like
housewif
e

Should
participat
e as a
housewif
e and
working

38
23.75%

59
36.87%

If they
are
working
they
should
take
help of
male
member
s
30
18.75%

32
20%

76
47.5%

30
18.75%

22
13.75%

160
50.00%

70
21.87%

135
42.18%

60
18.75%

55
17.18%

320
100.00%

If they are
working
they
should
take help
of family
and make
members

Total

33
20.62%

160
50.00%

Table 5(1)30 tells us that 36.87% parents think that women

should participate as a house wife and working, 23.75% feel that
they should live like housewife, 20.62% feel that if they are
working they should take help of family and male members and

151

18.75% feel that if they are working they should take help of male
members.
Whereas 47.5% women feel that women should participate
as a housewife and working, 20% feel that women should live like
housewife, 18.75% feel that if women are working they should
take help of male members and 13.75% feel that if they are
working they should take help of family members and male
members.
Hence we can say by seeing above description that max.
respondents feel that women should participate as a housewife
and working and min. respondents of parent category feel that if
women are working they should take help of male members and
minimum respondents of parents youth feel that if women are
working they should take help of family and male members.

Table 5.31: The participation of women is?

152

Generation

Appropriate
in politics

Unappropriate
in politics

Should
be
limited
till
voting

Should
vote
according
to men

Total

Parents
(45-58)

78
48.75%

35
21.87%

23
14.37%

24
15%

160
50.00%

Parents
youth
(18-25)

77
48.12%

53
33.12%

20
12.5%

10
6.25%

160
50.00%

Total

155
48.43%

88
27.5%

43
13.43%

34
10.62%

320
100.00%

Table 5(1)31 tells that 48.75% parents feel that the

participation of women in politics is appropriate, 21.87% feel that
it is un-appropriate, 15% parent feel that women should vote
according to men and 14.37% feel that their participation should
be limited till voting.
Whereas

48.12%

parents

youth

also

feel

that

the

participation of women in politics is appropriate, 33.12% feel that

their participation is un-appropriate, 14.37% feel that their
participation should be limited till voting while only 6.25% parents
youth feel that they should vote according to men.

153

Hence

above

description

conveys

us

that

maximum

respondent of both generations think that the participation of

women in politics is appropriate.
Table 5.32: Women should ?

Generatio
n

Ditto
men

Not
ditto
men

Parents
(45-58)
Parents
youth
(18-25)

28
17.5%

28
17.5%

They
should
have
their own
logic
41
25.62%

24
15%

40
25%

40
25%

56
35%

160
50.00%

52
16.25
%

68
21.25
%

81
25.31%

119
37.18%

320
100.00
%

Total

Do work by
mutual
understandi
ng

Total

63
39.37%

160
50.00%

Table 5.32 shows that 39.37% parents feel that women

should work according to mutual understanding, 25.62% feel that
they should have their own logic, while 17.5% parents feel that
women should ditto men and same percentage (17.5%) feel that
women should not ditto men.
While 35.5% parents-youth also feel that women should
work according to mutual understanding, 25% feel that women
should not ditto men and 25% also feel that women should have
154

their own logic and only 15% parents-youth generation feel that
women should ditto men.
Thus

the

respondents

above

feel

description

tells

women

should

that

us

that

work

maximum
by

mutual

understanding and minimum percentage of respondents feel that

women should ditto men.
Table 5.33 Rituals are?
Generation

Appropriate

Un
appropriate

For social
prestige

Total

Parents
(45-58)

103
64.37%

34
21.4%

23
14.37%

160
50.00%

Parents
youth
(18-25)

100
62.50%

29
18.12%

31
19.37%

160
50.00%

Total

203
63.43%

63
19.68%

54
16.87%

320
100.00%

Table 5.33 conveys that 64.37% parents feel that rituals are
appropriate, 21.4% feel that rituals are un-appropriate and
14.37% feel that rituals are performed for social prestige.

155

While

62.5%

parents-youth

also

feel

that

rituals

are

appropriate, 19.37% feel that rituals are performed for social

prestige and only 18.12% feel that rituals are un-appropriate.
Hence above table clearly reveals that max. respondents feel
that rituals are appropriate, while less parents feel that rituals
should be performed for social prestige and less percentage feel
that rituals are un-appropriate.
Table 5.34: Rituals should be?

Generation

Taken
traditionall
y

Taken in
new
form

Used by keeping
adjustment
between
traditionally and
modernization

Parents
(45-58)

67
41.87%

40
25%

53
33.12%

160
50.00%

Parents
youth
(18-25)

55
34.37%

30
18.75%

75
46.87%

160
50.00%

Total

122
38.12%

70
21.87%

128
40.00%

320
100.00
%

Total

Table 5.34 emphasizes on the fact that 41.87% parent youth

feel that rituals should be taken traditionally, 33.12% feel that
rituals should be used by keeping adjustment between tradition
156

and modernization and 25.12% parents feel that rituals should be

taken in new form.
Whereas 46.87% parents-youth feel that rituals should be
used by keeping adjustment between tradition and modernization,
34.37% feel that rituals should be taken traditionally and 18.75%
parent youth feel that rituals should be taken in new form.
Thus we can conclude by above datas that maximum
respondents of parent generation feel that rituals should be taken
traditionally while max. parent youth generation feel that rituals
should be used by keeping adjustment between traditional and
modernization.

157

Table 5.35: In using rituals?

Generatio
n

There
should be
equality
in men
and
women
96
60%

Un
equality of
men and
women is
appropriat
e
18
11.25%

Men
should
get
more
privileg
e
27
16.87%

Women
should
get
more
privilege

Total

19
11.87%

160
50.00%

Parents
youth
(18-25)

85
34.37%

30
18.75%

20
12.5%

25
15.62%

160
50.00%

Total

181
56.56%

48
15.00%

47
14.68
%

44
13.75%

320
100.00
%

Parents
(45-58)

Table 5.35 clearly shows that 60% parents feel that using
rituals there should be equality in men and women, 16.87%
parents feel that men should get more privilege, 11.87% feel that
women should get more privilege and 11.25% parents feel that
un-equality of men and women is appropriate.
While 34.37% parents youth also feel that in using rituals
there should be equality in men and women, 18.75% feel that un
equality of men and women is appropriate, 15.62% feel that

158

women should get more privilege and 12.5% feel that men should
get more privilege.
Thus we can say that maximum respondents of both
generations feel that in using rituals there should be equality in
men and women whereas less percentage of parents youth feel
that men should get more privilege.
Table 5.36: Do you consider the biased attitude on the
ground of caste, religion, gender and economical condition?
Generation

Appropriate

Un-appropriate

To some
extent partial

Total

Parents
(45-58)

54
33.75%

52
32.5%

54
33.75%

160
50.00%

Parents
youth
(18-25)

51
31.87%

65
40.62%

44
27.5%

160
50.00%

Total

105
32.81%

117
36.56%

98
30.62%

320
100.00%

Table 5.36 throws light on the fact 33.75% parents feel that
the biased attitude based on the ground to caste, religion, gender
and economical condition is appropriate, 33.75% feel to some
extent appropriate and 32.5% feel that biased attitude is unappropriate.
159

On the other hand 40.62% parent youth feel that biased

attitude is un-appropriate, 31.87% feel that biased attitude is
appropriate and 27.5% feel that to some extent biased attitude is
appropriate and to some extent un-appropriate.
Thus we can say that maximum parents-youth think that
biased attitude is un-appropriate whereas maximum parents
consider that boys attitude is appropriate and to some extent
partial attitude is right.

160

Generation

Ladies sangeet

Sports

Exhibitions

Clubs

Circus magic

Nautanki

Kavi Sammelan

Bhajan Sandhya

Social Function

Total

Table 5.37: In which cultural activity do you participate?

Parents
(45-58)

14
8.75
%

28
17.50
%

16
10.00
%

12
7.50
%

10
6.25
%

3
1.87
%

4
2.50
%

18
11.25
%

55
34.37
%

160
50%

Parents
youth
(18-25)

23
14.37
%

45
28.12
%

20
12.50
%

23
14.37
%

3
1.87
%

7
4.37
%

8
5.00
%

10
6.25
%

21
13.12
%

160
50%

Total

37
11.56
%

73
22.81
%

36
11.25
%

35
10.93
%

13
4.06
%

10
3.12
%

12
3.75
%

28
8.75
%

76
23.75
%

320
100
%

Table 5.37 tells 34.37% parents say that they want to

participate in social functions, 17.5% in sports, 11.25% in bhajan
sandhya, 10% in exhibitions, 8.75% in ladies sangeet, 7.5% in
clubs, 6.25% in circus or magic, 2.5% in kavi sammelan and
4.37% in nautankies.
Whereas 28.12% parent-youth want to participate in sports,
14.37% in ladies sangeet and clubs, 13.12% in social function,

161

12.5% in exhibitions, 6.25% in bhajan sandhya, 5% in kavi

sammelan, 4.37% in nautankies and 1.87% in circus or magic.
Thus we can conclude by seeing above data that max.
parents want to participate in social functions while maximum
parent youth want to participate in sports activities whereas less
percentage of parent respondents want to participate in kavi
sammelans and less percentage of parents youth want to
participate in circus or magic.

162

Rural & Urban Difference in Youth Culture

Social Life in the country side moves and develops in a rural
setting just as a social life in the urban area moves and develops
in an urban setting.

Their

respective settings considerably

determine rural and urban social life.

Peterson

(1978)

found

adolescents

from

large

urban

communities thought more highly about themselves than did

adolescents from rural communities however similarities were
found between rural and inner-city youth with both having lower
self esteem than urban and sub-urban youth.
Outstanding sociologists have laid down a number of
significant criteria for distinguishing the rural social world from the
urban social world, such as the social composition of population,
the cultural heritage, the magnitude of material wealth, social
stratification of the population, the degree of the complexity of
social structure and social life, the intensity and variety of social

163

contacts and others. The following are the most criteria for
distinguishing the rural social world from the urban social world.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Occupational differences
Environmental differences
Differences in the size of the communities
Differences in the density of the population
In the present chapter we will highlight the difference in
opinions of rural and urban people in seven areas of behavior
patterns i.e. education, parent child relation, politics, status of
women, marriage, religion and socio culture.

164

Table 6.1: What is your opinion about coalition

government?

Locale

Fully
satisfied

Partially
satisfied

Partially
dissatisfied

Fully
dissatisfied

Could
not
decide

Rural
Area
Urban
Area

50
31.25%
34
21.25%

40
25.00%
32
20.00%

24
15.00%
25
15.62%

24
15.00%
34
21.25%

22
13.75%
35
21.81%

Total

84
26.25%

72
22.50%

49
15.31%

58
18.12%

57
17.81%

Total
160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00
%

Table 6.1 tells that 31.25% rural people are fully satisfied
with coalition govt., 25% are partially satisfied, 15% are partially
dissatisfied and fully dissatisfied and 13.75% could not decide.
Whereas 21.87% urban people could not decide about
coalition government, 21.25% urban people are fully satisfied and
fully dissatisfied, 20% are partially satisfied and 15.62% are
partially dissatisfied.
Thus

the

respondents

above

are

table

agree

clearly

with

reveals

coalition

govt.

that

maximum

whereas

less

percentage of rural people has the opinion that they could not

165

decide

and

less

percentage

of

urban

people

are

partially

dissatisfied.
Table 6.2: To which party are you related?
Locale
Rural
Urban
Total

SP

BSP

Cong.

BJP

RLD

20
12.5%
16
10%
36
11.25%

33
20.62%
20
12.5%
53
16.56%

34
21.25%
45
28.12%
79
24.68%

41
25.62%
58
36.25%
99
30.93%

15
9.37%
4
2.5%
19
5.93%

Indepe
-ndent
11
6.87%
6
3.75%
17
5.31%

Others

Total

6
3.75%
11
6.87%
17
5.31%

160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00%

Table 6.2 shows that 25.62% rural people are related to BJP,
21.25% to congress, 20.62% to BSP, 12.5% to SP, 9.37% to RLD,
6.87% to Independent and 3.75% to others.
While 36.25% urban people are also related to BJP, 28.12%
to congress, 12.5% to BSP, 10% to SP, 6.87% to others, 3.75% to
independent and only 2.5% to RLD.
Thus it is clear from above description that maximum rural
people and urban people are related to BJP party. Whereas very
less percentage of rural people are related to other party and very
less percentage of urban people are related to RLD party.
Table 6.3: Participation in Politics?
Locale

By own
wish

By parents
wish
166

By family
wish

Total

Rural

82
51.25%

40
25%

38
23.75%

160
50.00%

Urban

95
59.37%

29
18.12%

36
22.50%

160
50.00%

Total

177
5.31%

69
21.56%

74
23.12%

320
100.00
%

Table 6.3 emphasizes that 51.25% rural people say that they
participate in politics by their own wish, 25% say that their
participation in politics is by parents wish and only 23.75% say
that they participate in politics by their family wish.
On the other hand 59.37% urban people also say that they
participate in politics by their own wish, 22.5% say that they
participate by family wish and 18.12% say that their participation
in politics is by parents wish.
Hence we can say that maximum respondent participate in
politics by their own wish whereas less percentage of rural people
participate in politics by family wish and less percentage of

167

respondent of urban area participate in politics by their parents

wish.
Table 6.4: Are you in favor of women reservation in
politics?
Locale
Rural

Yes
No
Total
108
52
160
67.5%
32.5%
50.00%
Urban
117
43
160
73.12%
26.87%
50.00%
Total
225
95
320
70.31%
29.68%
100.00%
Table 6.4 express the fact that 67.5% rural people are in

favor of women reservation in politics and 32.5% people are not in

favor.
While 73.12% urban people are also in favor of women reservation
in politics and 26.87% people are not in favor.
Thus we may conclude that maximum respondent either of rural
area or of urban area is in favor of women reservation in politics.
Table 6.5: Do you think that for doing your own work any
political help is?
Locale

Must

Sometimes
feel it must

Cant say
168

Do it
ourselves

Total

Rural

35
21.87%

75
46.87%

20
12.5%

30
18.75%

160
50.00%

Urban

27
16.87%

75
46.87%

22
13.75%

36
22.5%

160
50.00%

Total

62
19.37%

150
46.87%

42
13.12%

66
20.62%

320
100.00%

Table 6.5 : reveals that 46.87% rural people think that for
doing their work any political help is sometimes must, 21.87%
think that taking help is must, 18.75% say that they do their work
themselves and only 12.5% people say that they cant say.
Whereas,

46.87%

urban

people

also

think

that

they

sometimes feel it must to take any political help, 22.5% people do

their work themselves, 16.87% think it must and only 13.75%
urban people think that they cant say.
Thus above data clearly shows that max. respondents of
urban and local area think that sometimes it is must to take
political help for doing our work.
Table 6.6: Decision of marriage?
Locale
Rural

Decision
should be of
parents
90

Decision should
of boy/girl
himself/herself
70
169

Total
160

Urban
Total

56.25%
98
61.25%
188
58.75%

43.75%
62
38.75%
132
41.25%

50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00%

Table 6.6 throws light on the fact that 56.25% rural people
think that the decision of marriage should be of parents and
43.75% people feel that the decision of marriage should be of boy
and girl himself/herself.
Whereas 61.25% urban people think that the decision of
marriage should be of parents and 38.75% people think that the
decision should be of boy and girl himself/herself.
Thus the above table clearly quotes that rural and urban
people think that the decision of marriage should be of parents.
Table 6.7: To which type of marriage are you agree?
Locale

In caste

Inter caste/inter
religion marriage

Total

Rural

87
54.37%

73
45.62%

160
50.00%

Urban

95
59.37%

65
40.62%

160
50.00%

170

Total

182
56.87%

138
43.12%

320
100.00%

Table 6.7 clearly tells us that 54.37% rural people are agree
with the marriage done in caste and 45.62% rural people are
agree with the marriage done inter caste and inter religion.
While 59.37% urban people also agree with the marriage
done in caste and 40.62% are agree with inter caste and inter
religion marriages.
Thus we can say that maximum respondent of rural and
urban people are agree with the marriages done in caste.
Table 6.8: What is your opinion about marriage?
Locale

Marriages
settled by
parents

Love
marriage

Rural

70
43.75%
64
40%
134
41.87%

36
22.5%
37
23.12%
73
22.81%

Urban
Total

Marriage settled
according to
parents or mixed
opinion
54
33.75%
59
36.87%
113
35.31%

Total

160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00%

Table 6.8 clearly tells that 43.75% rural people are agree
with such marriage that are settled by parents, 33.75% are agree

171

with the marriages settled according to parents or mixed opinion,

22.5% are agree with love marriages.
Whereas 40% urban people are also agree with marriages
settled by parents, 36.87% are agree with marriages settled
according to parents or mixed opinion and 23.12% are agree with
love marriages.
Hence we may conclude that maximum respondents are
agree with such marriages settled by parents and minimum
respondents are agree with love marriages.
Table 6.9: Age of marriage?
Locale

More than 21
for boy and
more than 18
for girls
139
86.87%

More than 18
for boy and
more than 16
for girls
8
5%

Less than 18
for boys and
less than 16
for girls
13
8.12%

160
50.00%

Urban

152
95.1%

6
5.62%

2
1.25%

160
50.00%

Total

291
90.93%

14
4.37%

15
4.68%

320
100.00%

Rural

Total

Table 6.9 shows that 86.87% rural people are agree with the
age of marriage more than 21 for boys and more than 18 for girls,
172

8.12% are agree with the age less than 18 for boy and less than
16 for girls, 5% are agree with more than 18 for boy and more
than 16 for girls.
Whereas 95% urban people are also agree with the age more
than 21 for boy and more than 18 for girls, 5.62% urban people
think that more than 18 for boy and more than 16 for girls and
only 1.25% people think that the age of marriage should be less
than 18 for boys and less than 16 for girls.
Hence it is clearly revealed that maximum respondents think
that the age of marriage should be more than 21 for boys and
more than 18 for girls.

173

Table 6.10: Choice of stay after marriage?

Locale

With
parents

Separate
Stay

Rural

88
55%
97
60.62%
185
57.81%

33
20.62%
28
17.5%
61
19.06%

Urban
Total

Cant say
not yet
decided
39
24.37%
35
21.87%
74
23.12%

Total
160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00
%

Table 6.10 quotes that 55% rural people say that after
marriage they want to stay with their parents, 24.37% say that
they have not decided yet and 20.62% of rural people say that
they want to stay separately.
Whereas 60.62% urban people say that after marriage they
want to stay with parents, 21.87% say that they have not decided
yet and only 17.5% say that they want to stay separately.
Thus it is clearly revealed from above table that maximum
respondent say that they want to stay with their parents after
marriage.
Table 6.11: Your own decision perspective?
174

Locale
Rural
Urban
Total

Take the
decision
ourselves
57
35.62%
72
45%
129
40.31%

Leave on
parents
56
35%
23
14.37%
79
24.68%

Take the
decision by
asking parents
47
29.37%
65
40.62%
112
35.00%

Total
160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00%

Table 6.11 reveals that 35.62% rural people say that they
take the decision by themselves, 35% say that they leave on
parents and 29.37% say that they take the decision by asking
parents.
While 45% urban parents also say that they take the decision
themselves, 40.62% feel that they take the decision by asking
parents and 14.37% urban people say that they leave on parents.
Hence we may conclude that maximum rural people and
urban people take the decision themselves.
Table 6.12: Parents do partiality in boys and girls?
Locale
Yes
No
Partially
Total
Rural
54
84
22
160
33.75%
52.5%
13.75%
50.00%
Urban
28
94
38
160
17.5%
58.75%
23.75%
50.00%
Total
82
178
60
320
175

25.62%

55.62%

18.75%

100.00
%

Table 6.12 tells that 52.5% rural people say that parents do
not partiality between boys and girls, 33.75% say that yes they do
and 13.75% tells that they partially do.
Whereas 58.75% urban people also say that parents do not
do partiality between boys and girls, 23.75% say that they are
partial and only 17.5% urban people say that yes they do.
Therefore the above data clearly describes that maximum
respondent of both generations feel that parents do not do
partiality between boys and girls.
Table 6.13: Relations of parents and youth?
Locale

Very
cordial

Cordial

Normal

Hard

Very
Hard

Total

Rural

35
21.87%

53
33.12%

53
33.12%

12
7.5%

7
4.37%

160
50.00%

Urban

37
23.12%

47
29.37%

58
36.25%

4
2.5%

14
8.75%

160
50.00%

Total

72
22.5%

100
31.25%

111
34.68%

16
5.00%

21
6.56%

320
100.00
%

176

Table 6.13 shows that 33.12% rural people think that the
relations of parents and youth are cordial and normal, 21.87%
parents feel that the relations are very cordial, 7.5% feel that the
relations are hard and only 4.37% people feel that the relations
are very hand.
On the other hard 36.25% urban people feel that the
relations of parents and youth are normal, 29.37% feel that the
relations are cordial, 23.12% feel that the relations are very
cordial, 8.75% feel that the relations are very hard and only 2.5%
people think that the relations are hard.
Thus we may conclude that max. respondent of rural people
feel that the relations of parents and youth are cordial as well as
normal while max. urban people think that the relations are
normal whereas min. respondent of rural people feel that the
relations are hard and less percentage of urban people feel that
the relations are very hard.

177

Table 6.14: According to you how modern children

understand things?
Locale
Rural
Urban
Total

46
28.75%
28
17.5%

By
teaching
85
53.12%
109
68.12%

By
scolding
29
18.12%
23
14.37%

74
23.12%

194
60.62%

52
16.25%

By beating

Total
160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00
%

Table 6.14 emphasizes on the fact that 53.12% rural people

think that modern children understand things by teaching, 28.75%
think that by beating and 18.12% think that by scolding.
Whereas 68.12% urban people also think that the modern
children understand things by teaching, 17.5% think that by
beating and only 14.37% people think that by scolding.
Hence we can say that modern children understand things by
teaching not by scolding.
Table 6.15: Are you agree with co education?
Locale
Rural

Yes
80
50%

No
44
27.5%
178

Partially
36
22.5%

Total
160
50.00%

Urban

97
60.62%

33
20.62%

30
18.75%

Total

177
55.31%

77
24.06%

66
20.62%

160
50.00%
320
100.00%

Table 6.15 throws light on the fact that 50% rural people are
agree with co-education, 27.5% are not agree and 22.5% are
partially agree and disagree.
While 60.62% urban people also agree with co-education,
20.62% are not agreed and 18.75% are partially agreed and
disagree.
Thus it is clear from above description that maximum urban
and rural respondents are agree with co-education.
Table 6.16: Are you in favor of women education?
Locale
Rural
Urban
Total

Yes
92
57.5%

No
35
21.87%

Partially
33
20.62%

118
73.75%

12
7.50%

30
18.75%

210
65.62%

47
14.68%

63
19.68%

Total
160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00
%

179

Table 6.16 emphasizes that 57.5% rural people are in favor

of women education, 21.87% are not in favor and 20.62% are
partially in favor and in disfavor.
Whereas 73.75% urban people are in favor of women
education, 18.75% are partially in favor or in disfavor and 7.5%
are not in favor of women education.
Thus it is evident from above data that max. no. of
respondents of rural and urban people are in favor of women
education.
Table 6.17 : In which type of education are you in favor of?
Locale

Professiona
l ITI,
others

Traditional

Rural

60
37.5%

46
28.75%

Higher technical
education
(MBA, MCA, IIT
etc)
54
20.62%

45
28.12%

17
10.62%

98
61.25%

105
32.81%

63
19.68%

152
47.50%

Urban

Total

180

Total

160
50.00%

160
50.00%
320
100.00%

Table 6.17 lays the fact that 37.5% rural people are in favor
of professional education, 28.75% are in favor of traditional
education and 20.62% are in favor of higher technical education.
On the other hand 61.25% urban people are in favor of high
technical education, 28.12% are in favor of professional education
and 10.62% are in favor of traditional education.
The above data clearly reveals that rural people are in favor
of professional education while urban people are in favor of higher
technical education.

181

Table 6.16
Table 6.16 : Are you in favor of women education?
120
100
80

Rural
Urban

60
40
20
0

Yes

No

Partially

Table 6.17
Table 6.17: In which type of education are you in favor of?
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Rural
Urban

182

Tale 6.18: Your priority?

Locale

To earn
money

To live with
materialisti
c comfort

To do
social
work

To do
politic
s

To earn
fame

Total

Rural

40
25%

53
33.12%

39
24.37%

12
7.5%

16
10%

160

38
23.75%

46
28.75%

33
20.62%

12
7.5%

31
19.37%

78
24.37
%

99
30.93%

72
22.5%

24
7.50%

47
14.68
%

Urban

Total

50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00
%

Table 6.18 emphasizes that 33.12% rural people give priority

to live with materialistic comfort, 25% to earn money, 24.37% to
do social service, 10% to earn fame and 7.5% to do politics.
Whereas 28.75% urban people also want to live with
materialistic comfort, 23.75% to earn money, 20.62% to do social
service, 19.37% to earn fame and only 7.5% to do politics.
Thus it is clear that maximum respondent to both rural and
urban people want to live with materialistic comfort and less
percentage of respondents are in favor of doing politics.
Table 6.19: Whom do you think your ideal?
Locale

Leader

Actor/
actress

Teacher

Mother

183

Father

Other

Total

Rural

Urban
Total

34
21.25%

13
8.12%

37
23.12%

40
25%

30
18.75%

6
3.75%

17
10.62%

5
3.12%

30
18.75%

43
26.87%

46
28.75%

19
11.87%

51
15.93%

18
5.62%

67
20.93%

83
25.93%

76
23.75%

25
7.81%

160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00
%

Table 6.19 tells that 25% rural people think their mother as
their ideal, 23.12% to their teacher, 21.25% to leader, 18.75% to
father, 8.12% to actor/actress and 3.75% to others.
Whereas 28.75% urban people think their father as their
ideal, 26.87% to mothers, 18.75% to teachers, 11.87% to others,
10.62% to leaders and only 3.12% to actor/actress.
Thus we may conclude that maximum rural respondent
consider their mother as their ideal whereas maximum urban
respondents consider their father as their ideal.
Table 6.20: Whom do you give priority the most?
Locale
Rural

Country
39
24.37%

State
12
7.5%

District
15
9.37%

Village
23
14.37%

Caste
11
6.87%

Religion
18
11.25%

Family
42
26.25%

Urban

59
36.87%

4
2.5%

10
6.25%

8
5%

7
4.37%

15
9.37%

57
35.62%

Total

98
30.62%

16
5.00
%

25
7.81%

31
9.68%

18
5.62%

33
10.31%

99
30.93%

Total
160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00
%

184

Table 6.20 lays the fact that 26.25% rural people give priority
to their family, 24.37% to country, 14.37% to village, 11.25% to
religion, 9.37% to district, 7.5% to state and 6.87% to caste.
While 36.87% urban people give priority to country, 35.62%
to family, 9.37% to religion, 6.25% to district, 5% to village,
4.37% to caste and 2.5% to state.
Thus it is clear from above data that max. rural people give
priority to family and urban people give priority to country.

Table 6.21: What should be the base of reservation?

Locale

Caste

Religion

Rural

51
31.87%

Urban
Total

Gender

23
14.37%

Economical
condition
49
30.62%

19
11.87%

To be
orphan
18
11.25%

23
14.37%

29
18.12%

89
55.62%

8
5%

11
6.87%

74
23.12
%

52
16.25%

138
43.12%

27
8.43%

29
9.06%

Total
160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00
%

185

Table 6.21 tells us that 31.87% rural people think that the
base of reservation should be caste, 30.62% think economical
condition, 14.37% think religion, 11.87% think gender and
11.25% think to be orphan.
While 55.62% urban people think that the base of reservation
should be economical conditions, 18.12% think religion, 14.37%
think caste, 6.87% think to be orphan and 5% think that gender
should be the base of reservation.
Hence we may conclude that maximum no. of rural people
think that the base of reservation should be caste and urban
people think that the base of reservation should be economical
condition.
Table 6.22: How often do you do prayers?

186

Table 6.22 depicts that 58.75% rural people do prayers daily,

21.87% people do prayers once in a week, 15.62% do prayers
only on festivals and 3.75% never do.
Whereas 57.5% urban people also do prayers daily, 20% do
once in a week, 16.87% do prayers only on festivals and only
5.62% people never do prayers.
Thus it is quite evident that the most people either rural or
urban do prayers daily and very less percentage of people never
do prayers daily.
Table 6.23: How often do you spend your free time?
Locale

In reading
magazines

In
prayer
or in
temples

In social
functions
(marriage,
etc)

In
gardening

Others

Total

29
18.12%

In
listening
or
watching
radio/TV
64
40%

Rural

28
17.5%

20
12.5%

12
7.5%

7
4.37%

160

Urban

36
22.5%

65
40.62%

18
11.25%

14
8.75%

7
4.37%

20
12.5%

Total

65
20.31%

129
40.31%

46
14.37%

34
10.62%

19
5.93%

27
8.43%

50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00
%

Table 6.23 emphasizes that 40% rural people spend their free
time in listening or watching radio / TV, 18.12% like to read

187

magazines, 17.5% in prayers or in temples, 12.5% in social

functions, 7.5% in gardening and 4.37% in others.
While 40.62% urban people also like to spend their free time
in listening or watching radio/TV, 22.5% in reading magazines,
12.5% others, 11.25% in prayers or in temples, 8.75% in social
functions and only 4.37% in gardening.
Thus it is clear that maximum respondents of rural and urban
area spend their free time in listening or watching TV/ radio.
Table 6.24: Which type of programmes do you like to watch
on TV?
Locale

Educational

Comedy

Cartoon

Financial
Reports

News

Social

Total

Rural

31
19.37%

33
20.62%

11
6.87%

20
12.5%

32
20%

33
20.62%

160
50.00%

Urban

37
23.12%

32
20%

20
16.3%

8
5%

37
23.12%

26
16.25%

160
50.00%

Total

68
21.25%

65
20.31%

31
9.68%

28
8.75%

69
21.56%

59
18.43%

320
100.00%

Table 6.24 depicts that 20.62% rural people like to watch

comedy and social programmes, 20% news, 19.37% education,
12.5% financial reports, 6.87% cartoon.
188

On the other hand 23.12% urban people like to water

educational and news programmes, 20% comedy, 16.25% social,
12.5% cartoon and 5% financial report.
Hence we may conclude that maximum rural respondent like
to watch comedy and social programmes and maximum urban
people like to watch educational and news based programs.
Table 6.25: Do you think that TV is a source of knowledge?
Locale
Rural

Urban

Total

Yes

No

Partially

Total

77

38

45

160

48.12%

23.75%

28.12%

50.00%

76

23

61

160

47.5%

14.37%

38.12%

50.00%

153

61

106

320

47.81%

19.06%

33.12%

100.00%

Table 6.25 lays the fact that 48.12% rural people think that
TV is a source of knowledge, 28.12% people feel partially and
23.75% feel that TV is not a source of knowledge.
While 47.5% urban people also think that TV is a good source
of knowledge, 38.12% feel it partially and 14.37% think that TV is
not a source of knowledge.
189

Thus we may say by seeing above data that maximum

respondent of rural and urban area think that TV is a source of
knowledge.
Table 6.26: How do you consider fashion?

Locale

It feels
novelty

We look
different
from
others

It
satisfies
our
interest

Traditional
patters are
more
suitable

Total

Rural

54
33.75%

42
26.25%

42
26.25%

22
13.75%

160
50.00%

Urban

56
35%

26
16.25%

49
30.62%

29
18.12%

160
50.00%

Total

110
34.37%

68
21.25%

91
28.43%

51
15.93%

320
100.00%

Table 6.26 shows light on the fact that 33.75% rural people
feel that fashion feels novelty, 26.25% people consider about
fashion that we look different from others and same percentage of
people feel that it satisfies our interest only 13.75% people feel
that traditional patterns are more suitable.
35% urban people also consider that fashion feels novelty,
30.62% consider that it satisfies our interest, 18.12% consider
190

that traditional patterns are more suitable and 16.25% consider

that we look different from others.
Hence we can say that maximum respondents of urban and
rural area consider that fashion feels novelty,
Table 6.27: How do you feel about boys and girls who wear
opposite to tradition?
Locale

Boys should
wear boys
clothes

Girls should
wear girls
clothes

Both manner of
dressing should
be different

Total

Rural

42
26.25%

51
31.87%

67
41.87%

160
50.00%

Urban

32
20%
74
23.12

35
21.87%
86
26.87

93
58.12%
160
50

160
50.00%

Total

320
100.00%

Table 6.27 clearly shows that 41.87% rural people feel that
the dressing of boys and girls should be different, 31.87% think
that girls should wear girls clothes and 26.25% feel that boys
should wear boys clothes.
Whereas 58.12% urban people also feel that the dressing of
boys and girls should be different, 21.87% feel that girls should

191

wear girls clothes and 20% feel that boys should wear boys
clothes.
Thus we can say that maximum respondents of rural and
urban people feel that the dressing sense of boys and girls should
be different.
Table 6.28: How do you feel to spend money on fashion?
Locale

We should
spend too
much
money

We should
spend by
looking
others

Rural

24
15%
10
6.25%
34
10.62%

31
19.37%
12
7.5%
43
3.41%

Urban
Total

We should
spend according
to our
economical
condition
105
65.62%
138
86.25%
243
75.93%

Total

160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00%

Table 6.28 depicts that 65.62% rural people feel that we

should spend money on fashion according to our economical
conditions, 19.37% feel that we should spend by looking to others
and 15% feel that we should spend too much money on fashion.
While 86.25% urban people also feel that we should spend
on fashion according to our economical condition, 7.5% feel that
192

we should spend by looking to others and only 6.25% feel that we

should spend too much money on fashion.
Hence we come to this conclusion that max respondents of
both rural and urban area feel that we should spend money on
fashion according to our economical condition.
Table 6.29: fashion?
Locale

Rural
Urban
Total

We should
do it
according to
our taste
92
57.5%
86
53.75%
178
55.62%

By looking
others
reactions

According to
time which is in
trend

Total

9
5.62%
16
10%
25
7.81%

59
36.87%
58
36.25%
117
36.56%

160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00%

Table 6.29 emphasize that 57.5% rural people think that we

should do fashion according to our taste, 36.87% people feel that
we should do fashion according to time which is in trend and
5.62% people feel that we should do fashion by looking others
reactions.
Whereas 53.75% urban people also feel that we should do it
according to our taste, 36.25% feel that we should do it which is
193

in trend and only 10% feel that we should do fashion by looking

others reactions.
It is clear from the above description that max. no. of
respondents feel that we should do fashion according to our taste
and very less percentage of people feel that we should do it by
looking others reactions.

194

Table 6.30: Women should?

Locale

Live like
housewif
e

Should
participate
as a
housewife
and
working

If they are
working
they should
take help of
male
members

If they are
working
they
should
take help
of male
and family

Rural

46
28.75%

60
37.5%

34
21.25%

20
12.5%

Urban

25
15.62%

67
41.87%

32
20%

36
22.5%

Total

71
22.18%

117
36.56%

66
20.62%

56
17.5%

Total

160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00
%

Table 6.30 tells that 37.5% rural people think that women
should participate as a housewife and working, 28.75% feel that
women should live like housewife, 21.25% feel that if women are
working they should take help of male members and only 12.5%
feel that if they are working they should take help of male and
family members.
While 41.87% urban people also feel that women should
participate as a housewife and working, 22.5% feel that if they are
working they should take help of male and family members, 20%
195

feel that if they are working they should take help of male
members and only 15.62% urban people feel that women should
live like housewife.
Thus table clearly describes that maximum respondents of
both rural and urban area feel that women should take participate
as a housewife and working.
Table 6.31: The participation of women is?

Locale

Rural
Urban
Total

Appropriate
in politics

Un
appropriate
in politics

68
42.5%
91
56.87%

56
35%
32
20%

Should
be
limited
only till
voting
24
15%
19
11.87%

159
49.68%

88
27.5%

43
13.43%

Should
vote
according
to men
12
7.5%
18
11.25%
30
9.37%

Total
160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00
%

Table 6.31 depicts that 42.5% rural people feel that the
participation of women in politics is appropriate, 35% feel that the
participation of women in politics is un-appropriate, 15% rural
people feel that the participation should be limited only till voting

196

and 7.5% rural people feel that women should vote according to
men.
Whereas 56.87% urban people feel that the participation of
women in politics is also appropriate, 20% feel it un-appropriate,
11.87% feel that participation should be limited and only till
voting, 11.25% feel that women should vote according to men.
Hence we may conclude that maximum respondents of both
rural and urban area think that the participation of women in
politics is appropriate.

197

Table 6.32: Women should?

Locale

Ditto
men

Not
ditto
men

Rural

33
20.62%
19
11.87%
52
16.25%

48
30%
28
17.5%
76
23.75%

Urban
Total

They
should
have their
own logic
39
24.37%
36
22.5%
75
23.43%

Do work by
mutual
understandin
g
40
25%
77
48.12%
117
36.56%

Total

160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00
%

Table 6.32 clearly shows that 30% rural people think that
women should not ditto men, 25% think that women should do
work by mutual understanding, 24.37% think that women should
have their own logic and 20.62% people feel that women should
ditto men.
While 48.12% urban people feel that women should do work
by mutual understanding, 22.5% people feel that women should
have their own logic, 17.5% feel that women should have their
own logic, 17.5% urban people feel that women should not ditto
men and 11.87% people feel that women should ditto men.

198

Thus it is clear from above description that rural people feel

that women should not ditto men and maximum urban people feel
that women should do work by mutual understanding.
Table 6.33: Rituals are?
Locale
Rural
Urban
Total

Appropriate
/ Useful
99
61.87%
110
68.75%
209
65.31%

Un
appropriate
29
18.12%
24
15.00%
53
16.56%

For social
Prestige
32
20.00%
26
16.25%
58
18.12%

Total
160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00%

Table 6.33 shows us that 61.87% rural people feel that rituals
are appropriate/ useful, 20% people feel that for social prestige
and 18.12% rural people feel that rituals are un appropriate.
Whereas 68.75% urban people also feel that rituals are
appropriate/useful, 16.25% feel that for social prestige and
18.12% feel that rituals are un-appropriate.
Hence we may conclude that maximum respondents of both
rural and urban area are in favor of that rituals are appropriate.
Table 6.34: Rituals should be?

199

Locale

Rural
Urban
Total

Taken
Taken in
Used by keeping
traditionall new form adjustment between
y
traditionally and
modernization
75
22
63
46.87%
13.75%
39.37%
49
41
70
30.62%
25.62%
43.75
124
63
133
38.75%
19.68%
41.56%

Total

160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00%

Table 6.34 clearly shows that 46.87% rural people feel that
rituals should be taken traditionally, 39.77% rural people feel that
rituals should be used by keeping adjustment between traditions
and modernization and 13.75% people feel that rituals should be
taken in new form.
On the other hand 43.75% urban people feel that rituals
should be used by keeping adjustment between traditions and
modernization, 30.62% people feel that rituals should be taken
traditionally and 25.62% people feel that rituals should be taken in
new form.
Hence we may conclude that rural and urban people feel that
rituals should be taken traditionally.

200

Table 6.35: In using Rituals?

Locale

Rural
Urban
Total

There
Un equality
should be of men and
equality
women is
in men
appropriate
and
women
73
33
45.62%
20.62%
112
18
70%
11.25%
185
51
57.81%
15.93%

Men
should
get more
privilege

Women
should
get more
privilege

Total

24
15%
16
10%
40
12.5%

30
18.75%
14
8.75%
44
13.75%

160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00
%

Table 6.35 tells us that 45.62% rural people think that in

using rituals there should be equality in men and women, 20.62%
think that un-equality of men and women is appropriate, 18.75%
think that women should get more privilege and 15% think that
men should get more privilege.
On the other hand 70% urban people also think that there
should be equality in men and women 11.25% think that unequality of men and women is appropriate, 10% think that men
should get more privilege and 8.75% think that women should get
more privilege.
Thus we come to know from above data that maximum
respondent of both rural and urban area that in using rituals there
should be equality in men and women.

Table 6.34
201

Table 6.34: Rituals should be :

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Rural
Urban

Table 6.35
Table 6.35: In using Rituals :
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

Rural
Urban

202

Table 6.36: Do you consider that the biased attitude on the

ground of caste, religion, gender and economical condition?
Locale

Appropriate

Un appropriate

Rural

63
39.37%
43
26.87%
106
33.12%

51
31.87%
69
43.12%
120
37.50%

Urban
Total

To some
extent partial
46
28.75%
48
30.00%
94
29.27%

Total
160
50.00%
160
50.00%
320
100.00%

Table 6.36 lays the fact that 39.37% rural people consider
that the biased attitude on the ground of caste, religion, gender is
appropriate, 31.87% consider it un-appropriate and 28.75%
consider that to some extent it is partial.
Whereas 43.12% urban people consider that the biased
attitude is un-appropriate, 30% consider that to some extent
partial and 26.87% consider it appropriate.
It is clearly evident from the data that maximum rural people
consider the biased attitude appropriate whereas the maximum
respondent of urban area considers it un-appropriate.
Table 6.37: In which cultural activity do you participate?
Locale

Rural

Urban
203

Total

Ladies Sangeet
Sports
Exhibition
Clubs
Circus/magic
Nautanki
Kavi Sammelan
Bhajan
Sandhya
Social
Functions
Total

22
13.75%
37
23.12%
25
15.62%
13
8.12%
9
5.62%
7
4.37%
17
10.62%
5
3.12%
25
15.62%
160
50.00%

16
10%
50
31.25%
11
6.87%
22
13.75%
2
1.25%
1
0.62%
6
3.75%
11
6.87%
41
25.62%
160
50.00%

204

38
11.87%
87
27.18%
36
11.25%
35
10.93%
11
3.43%
8
2.50%
23
7.18%
16
5.00%
66
20.62%
320
100.00%

Table 6.37 shows that 23.12% rural people like to participate

in sports activity, 15.62% in social functions and exhibitions,
13.75% in ladies sangeet, 10.62% in kavi sammelan, 8.12% in
clubs, 5.62% in circus and magic shows, 4.37% in nautanki and
3.12% in bhajan sandhya.
While 31.25% urban people also like to participate in sports
activity, 25.62% in social functions, 13.75% in clubs, 10% in
ladies sangeet, 6.87% in exhibitions and bhajan sandhya, 3.75%
in kavi sammelan, 1.25% in circus / magic shows and 0.62% in
nautankies.
Thus it is very clear that max. respondents of rural and urban
area

wants

to

participate

in

sports

activity

whereas

less

percentage of rural people want to participate in bhajan sandhya

and very less percentage of urban people want to participate in
nautankies.

205

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

Independent India has developed a lot. Indian society is
developing rapidly due to which change in every section of society
can be seen. But the most affected section of society is youth.
Actually they are the backbone of the society. But todays youth is
leading a life of confusion in mostly every walk of life. Impact of
values and norms are decreasing day-by-day, youth today has
become individualistic than socialistic.
Young

age

is

inevitable,

ubiquitous

and

universal

phenomenon of human life and is a natural process. It is a part of

alls life and living.
Roszak (1972) has rightly said that as a group youth
constitutes an important segment of society. As a result of the
elongation of the process of individual development and the
increase in the size of youth population modern society is getting
younger.

207

According to Modood (2005: 69) Compared to their elders,

the young are less likely to speak to family members in a South
Asian language or to regularly attend a place of worship, or to
have an arrange marriage. Yet they do not cease to identify with
their ethnic or racial or religious group, though they may redefine
what that group is, say, from Pakistani to Muslim . For identity
has moved on from a time where it was largely unconscious and
taken for granted . It is now more likely to be based unconscious
and public projections . Shaped through intellectual, cultural and
political debates, such identities are fluid and susceptible to
change with the political climate. However to think of them as
weak is to overlook the pride with which may they may be
asserted . And their capacity to generate community, activism
and political campaigns.
It is a problem of every family involving strains of caring and
stresses of inter generational inter-reactions. It has become an
important biological, economic, socio-psychological issue in the

208

community where increasingly modernization, urbanization and

socio changes has made younger are more problematic.
According to Kaufman (1998) the parents and children are
connected throughout their lives. Parent-child relationship could
be deteriorated due to problems that can widen the generation
gap between mother-son as well as father-daughter.
In the families where parents are unable to give proper time
to their children due to any of the reasons, generation gap is seen
to be widened. Communication is not only verbal instructions and
exchanges but also interactions including unconsciousness that
pass between two generations.
Generation gap has been emerging enormously in all
societies of the world but it has become more complex in the
society like India where family life has been regarded as an
important source of mutual sharing. But the rapid socio-economic
changes and conversion from joint to nuclear family system are
giving birth to this gap.

209

These and many more reasons, justify amply the urgency to

examine this multi faceted, multipronged, socio-economic issue of
the youths. Unless we handle it deftly by its forelock now and here
and take appropriate and preventive steps, we may well nigh be
caught napping at a point of no return.
According to Tiwari, B.B. and R.C. Mishra, (1979) the two
generations tended to differ significantly on political and religious
values but there was a general agreement on the hierarchy of
values, differences of environment and educational back grounds
did not have any significant effect on the value patterns of both
generations.
The problem of bridging the gap between parents and youth
plays a major role for creating unrest in people.
In the present proposed research work, generation (parents
youth and parents) gender (male and female) and locale (rural
and urban) have been treated as independent variables each
having two operative levels whereas seven areas of modernization
and nine segments of the youth cultures dimensions has been
210

measured as dependent variables. These two dependent variable

analyzed the pattern of culture of our subjects.
Total no. of sample size of respondents were 320. Half of
them 160 have been selected from young generation (parent
youth) and other half of them from old generations (parent). In
our sample 160 males and 160 females have been selected with
them equally distributed criteria. Remote rural and urbanized
subjects, at their equal no. 160 have been selected on their
residential basis of at least five years of duration. Primary and
secondary

data

have

been

used

for

the

research

work.

Observation, interview and questionnaire technique has been used

for the collection of primary data.
For this study our main objectives were
(i)

To ascertain the degree in which generation (parents youth

and parents), gender (male and female) and locale (rural
and urban) influence the seven areas of modernization and
different dimensions of youth culture.

211

(ii)

To interpret the areas of modernization and dimensions of

youth culture. Both generations and both genders of rural

and urban back grounds.

(iii) To analyze the selected dependent variables of both
genders.
(iv) To compare
(v)

the

modernization

patterns

as

well

as

dimensions of youth culture of rural and urban subjects.

To ascertain the overall significance of difference among the
group in respect to generation, gender and locale.

Hypothesis
(i) Our first hypothesis is there will be no significant difference
in the seven areas of modernization and dimensions of youth
culture of parents-youth and their parents is not approved
as clear cut difference of opinion has been seen in some
areas viz choice of marriage, type of marriage, ruling party,
priority in life, frequency of offering prayers and participation
(ii)

in cultural activities.
Our second hypothesis is there will be no significant
difference in the modernization and dimensions of youth
212

culture of male and female cannot be approved as we find

through our survey that both the respondents of males and
females have different opinions about women reservation in
politics, decision perspective, co-education, ideal, frequency
of offering prayers, fashion, participation in politics and in
cultural activities.
(iii) Our third hypothesis is there will be no significant difference
in the areas of modernization and dimensions of youth
culture of rural and urban residents which is not approved
on the basis of the answers given to the researchers about
participation in politics, co-education, decision perspective,
base of reservation, TV as a source of knowledge, manner of
dressing, womens role in family.
(iv) Our fourth hypothesis is there will be no significant effect of
interactions of the generation and gender on the two
selected dependent variables is approved on the basis of
(v)

their response to questions raised by researcher.

Our fifth hypothesis is there will be no significant effect of
interaction of the generation and locale on the patterns of
213

modernization and dimensions of youth culture is approved.

Reason may be there is not much effect of age and
background of the respondents.
(vi) Our sixth hypothesis is there will be no significant effect of
interaction of the gender and locale on dependent measures
is clearly approved. As it is seen through result that there is
no significant effect and role of gender and locale on the
behavior of respondents.
(vii) Our seventh hypothesis is there will be no significant effect
of the interactions between generation, gender and locale on
their modernization patterns and dimensions of youth
culture categories are also approved as all have almost same
responses to the questions raised by researcher.
Now we would like to have a glance on some major findings
depending upon the facts and figures. It is noticeable that our
independent variables Generation, Gender and Locale are fully
satisfied with coalition government, choice of party, participation
of women in politics. The reason may be dissatisfaction on one
ruling party and today majority of one party is seen nowhere.
214

There is no discrimination in opinions of respondents of rural and

urban area about the participation of women in politics. The
reason may be increasing ratio of educated people in society. It is
also clear that males and females of rural and urban area of all
age group are satisfied by the age limit of marriage of boys and
girls. Reason may be the dire consequences of early marriages
are quite evident to everyone. Clear cut difference of opinion
about mode of marriage has been seen particularly between
parents and parents-youth. Parents have given less positive
opinions about inter-caste marriage, inter-religion marriage, love
marriage and are in favor to do such marriages that are settled
by them. Whereas, as society is changing at its high speed,
young generation are also changing. They want to elect or reject
his/her spouse by their own choice. The relation between parents
and youth are also becoming cordial day by day. Reason may be
the friendship attitude of parents with their offspring. Today
parents want to sit, share and listen not only the grievances and

215

anxieties of their kids but also consult with them about their
future plans and ask their opinions also.
Co-education and women education is also getting approval
but the respondents belong to rural area and particularly male
respondents are not much flexible about their positive opinions.
Perhaps still today they think that co-education and women
education does not do much good. It only decreases the value
and moral patterns of boys and girls. On the other hand parents
have understood the value of girls education. Now they like to
send their girls to do higher studies whether it is co-ed school /
college or the simple one. Parents now consider that their child is
equal either he is a boy or a girl. Reason may be increasing
number of literate parents in the society. It is also evident and
has become clear that females are more attached and linked to
their parents than males. Reason may be since birth they see
their parents performing deeds for them. The role of mother in
upbringing the child cannot be overlooked. She always remains a
true guide, torch bearer and care taker of her children needs and
216

anxieties. This may be the reason that maximum respondents,

particularly females consider their mother as their ideal.
Difference in frequency of offering prayers has come before
us. Whereas, female respondents and parents respondents want
to perform prayers regularly, male respondents and parentsyouth perform prayers once in a week or only on festivals. It is
also pertinent to note that maximum percentage of parent
respondents and urban people consider that modern children
understand things by teaching. Reason may be changing attitude
of parents towards children and changing attitude of children
towards parents. Now children feel bad, even the worst if they
are beaten. They want to put their own logic. Todays youth of
any gender do not want to take traditional education either they
belongs to rural background or to other background because he
knows that in todays competitive life traditional studies are
worthless and fruitless if they are not providing any material
based benefits.

Moreover, every national and multinational

217

company wants to employ high technical trained candidates to

bring boost to their organization.
Clear cut opinions of parents, parents-youth, male-female,
rural-urban has seen about the participation of women in politics.
No doubt change is coming as male parents of rural area are also
giving their silent consent to consider women as their Pradhan,
Mukhiya and Chairman. Now women are free to put their own
logic to elect or reject any political member of their community.
Rapid change in the position of women in their family is coming
but still there is lag in the progress. Very less percentage of
respondents are agreed that women should remain / work merely
as a housewife. Reason may be increasing and soaring price of
commodities, population and limited resources has made men
compel to think twice and change his ideology that only one
earning hand will be sufficient for the entire family. Women
should also come ahead and become a part of survival.
Clear cut difference of opinion has seen that maximum
urban respondents are agreed that women should do work by
mutual understanding than rural respondents. Reason may be still
218

today in some rural areas it is considered that women is a second

gender. They feel that women should follow men. The role of TV
in todays life cannot be overlooked. TV is considered as the best
source of entertainment and getting knowledge. Reason may be
everyone wants to know, small to big news by just clicking a
switch. Moreover TV has also become the best medium to quench
the thirst of entertain of people.
Fashion is also a burning question for todays youth. They
treat fashion as it brings novelty in them and they do look
different from others. Maximum percentage of respondents is also
in favor that the dressing manner of both the gender should be
different to their gender respectively.
Rituals, customs and traditions are once considered to be
the backbone of our society. But now due to the awareness of
education and increasing influence of science has made men
more rational than emotional. Today everyone wants flexibility in
rituals to some extent. They should be used by keeping
adjustment between traditional patterns and modern patterns. It
is also clearly revealed that biased attitude of people on the basis
219

of caste, gender and economical condition is un-appropriate.

Reason may be a men should be judged by his caliber and quality
of working not by any virtue of caste and gender.
In todays hustle and bustle of life people want some free
hours to spend according to their own choice. It is clearly
revealed that choices are vary to each other. Some want to spend
his leisure time in social functions and some in sports.
On the basis of our facts and figures we have some
suggestive recommendations in our mind and also given by our
respondents are as follows:
Suggestions for Parents
(i) Before giving any guidance or training to the child, parents
(ii)

have to be a model for the child to follow.

Parents purpose should be to assist each child to grow and
develop in a manner which is both personally satisfying to

the child and socially acceptable.

(iii) If parents provide their best training and guidance at
appropriate time to their children automatically they add
happiness to the family relationship.

220

(iv) Proper guidance by parents makes better educational and

(v)

vocational adjustment.
It is always important to be aware of the ill effects of
discouragement or rejection by parents. This makes the

child to feel inferior and inadequate.

(vi) Establish rapport with the young persons, a comfortable
relationship involving mutual trust, healthy discussion can
solve many problems.
(vii) Proper guidance and training by parents although always
needed, but it is especially necessary at critical stages of life
cycle like adolescence and youth.
(viii) In working with children the parents need to be more aware
of the purpose of the childs action i.e. the reason behind
childs behavior and action.
(ix) The parents must understand as early as possible that each
child is a unique individual who has distinct assets, liabilities
(x)

and purposes.
By rearing their children through democratic techniques
parents may prepare their children as a responsible citizen
of democratic era.

221

(xi) Parent can help children to make maximum use of their own
capabilities as well as other available resources which
ultimately enriches their life.
(xii) Healthy rearing by parents results in good parenthood by
their children.
(xiii) Many of the youth are emotional or aggressive by birth.
They get involved at everyday information of activist
activities to the concerned parents is a must. Such youth
need deep socialization which includes pros and cons of
every activist activity. This can be done by proper parenting.
Suggestions for Society
As a social being, we should allow youth to live in such social
structure that can show the youth a path of rationality. As a
guardian of a child, the growing youth must be treated carefully
but with flexible attitude. Not only parents but teachers as
character builders and members of civil society are required to
rethink about such types of incidents and the ways of socialization.
Right type of education must be considered as the source of
inculcation of right values i.e. respect, love, tolerance etc. The
222

youth should always be taught to function, to think and to remain

within boundaries. It is our prime duty to ponder over the
problems of youths and try to build such paths that can be able to
curve out the problem.
Suggestions for Psychological Problems
Psychological factors also play an important role in proper
upbringing of the children and youths. Majority of the youths are
not adequately mature and find difficult to overcome the
conflicting situation on many occasion. In-fact in the period of
crises and stress they need sincere counseling and proper look
after until the matter is over.
Suggestions for Government
Government can play a decisive role in the upbringing of
youth as it is the duty of government to protect the citizens by
civil laws, administration and moral education in the form of
educational curriculums. Our respected political leaders are not
ready

to

understand

the

pains

and

grievances

of

young

generations in front of their political interests. Government policies

223

should be free from caste and creed basis. Youth should not be
given chance to feel frustrated on the basis of disparity.
Suggestions for Media
Mass media is the result of technological development. It is
performing many functions in the modernizing traditional societies.
Its role and impact on the society is still under an evaluation
process. As a preventive measure the concerned governments
should ban such programs and scenes in the films which, exhibit
violence in the name of glory. In fact, this is an ill socialization of
the young generation. People must understand the impact and
significance of mass media in the life of young population. A few
decades ago a young child jump multi-storied building after
watching the TV program Shaktiman.
Hence, media telecast should include patience, quietness,
tolerance, co-operation, love and affection. There should be
programs on big and small screens which can inspire and motivate
youths

to

uphold

and

strengthen

the

concept

integration, brotherhood and communal harmony.

224

of

national

As we are aware of the burning issues of generation gap

faced by youth, it is the utmost duty of intellectuals to research in
the field for bridging the gap between parents and youth. Dr.
Annie Besant has rightly said that The destiny of a nation is
folded within its budding youth as the flower within the close
embrace of the petals. What our youth think today, the Nation will
think tomorrow. But in the present scenario youth is leading a
very confused state of mind. He is in a dilemma what to do or
what not to do? First he should try to know what he wants, what
people have done and what he will have to do? These are points to
consider and it needs right kind of guidance from family,
school/college and social, political premise. An attempt should be
made in this direction. Bigger challenges are before us to face.
Much has done and more is required. A bit of fire is enough for
revolution. Now the time has come to build character not only of
the youth but also of the parents.

225

CHANGING PATTERNS OF CULTURE AMONG YOUTH: AN

EXPLORATION OF GENERATION GAP

QUESTIONNAIRE
Initial Information
Name of Respondent
Gender
(a) Female
Generation

(b) Male

(a) Parents (45-58) years

(b) Parents Youth (18-25) years

Locale

(a) Rural

(b) Urban

Main Information:
(1) What is your opinion about coalition government?

(2)

(a)

Fully satisfied

(b)

Partially satisfied

(c)

Partially dissatisfied

(d)

Fully dissatisfied

(e)

Could not decide yet

To which party you are related?

(a) S.P.
(b)
(c)

(3)

BSP
Congress

Participation in Politics?
(4)

(a)

By own wish
1

(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)

BJP
RLD
Independent
Others

(7)

(5)

(b)

By parents wish

(6)

(c)

By family wish

Are you in favour of women reservation in politics?

(8)

(9)

(a)

Yes

(b) No

Do you think that for doing your own work any help is?
(10) (a)

Must

(11) (b)

Sometimes feel it must

(12) (c)

Cant say

(13) (d)

Do it ourselves

(14) Decision of marriage?

(15) (a)

Decision should be of parents

(16) (b)

Decision should be of boy/girl (himself/herself

(17) To which type of marriages are you agree?

(18) (a)
(19) (b)

In Cast

Inter caste and inter-religion marriages

(20)
(21) What is your opinion about marriage?
(22) (a)

Marriages settled by parents

2

(23) (b)

Love marriage

(24) (c)

Marriages settled according to parents or

(25)

mixed opinion

(26) Age of Marriage?

(27) (a)

More than (21) for boy and more than (18) for girl

(28) (b)

More than (18) for boy and more than (16) for girl

(29) (c)

Less than (18) for boy and less than (16) for girl

(30) Choice of stay after marriage?

(31) (a)

With parents

(32) (b)

Separate stay

(33) (c)

Cant say

(34) Your own decision perspective?

(35) (a)

Take the decision ourselves

(36) (b)

Leave on parents

(37) (c)

Take the decision by asking parents

(38)
(39) Parents do partiality between boys and girls?

(40) (a)

Yes

(b) No

(c)

Partially
(41) Relation of parents with youth?
(42) (a)

Very

cordial
(43) (b)

Cordial

(44) (c)

Normal

(45) (d)

Hard

(46) (e)

Very hard

(47) According to you how modern children understand things?

(48) (a)

By beating

(49) (b)

By teaching

(50) (c)

By scolding

(51) Are you agree with co-education?

(52) (a)

Yes

(b) No

(c)

Partially
(53) Are you in favour of women education?
(a) Yes
(b) No
(c) Partially
(54) In which type of education are you in favour of(55) (a)

Professional (ITI and others)

(56) (b)

Traditional Education

(57) (c)

High Technical Education (MBA,MCA, IIT etc)

4

(58) Your Priority?

(59) (a)

To earn Money

(60) (b)

To live with materialistic comforts

(61) (c)

To do social service

(62) (d)

To do Politics

(63) (e)

To earn Fame

(64) Whom do you think your ideal?

(65) (a)

Leader

(68) (d)

Mother

(66) (b)

Actor/Actress

(69) (e)

Father

(67) (c)

Teacher

(70) (f)

Others

(71) Whom do you give priority the most?

(72) (a)

To Country

(76) (e)

To Caste

(73) (b)

To State

(77) (f)

To Religion

(74) (c)

To District

(78) (g)

To Family

(75) (d)

To Village

(79) What should be the base of Reservation?

(80) (a)

Caste

(82) (c)

Economical Condition

(81) (b)

Religion

(83) (d)

Gender

(84) (e)

To be Orphan

(85) How often do you do Prayers?

(86) (a)

Regular (daily)

(87) (b)

Once in a week

(88) (c)

Only on Festivals

(89) (d)

Never

(90) How do you spend your Free Time?

(91) (a)

In Reading Magazines

(92) (b)

In Listening or Watching Radion/T.V.

(93) (c)

In Offering Prayers and in Temples

(94) (d)

In Social Functions (Marriages and Bday etc)

(95) (e)

In Gardening

(96) (f)

Others

(97) Which type of Programmes do you like to watch on T.V.?

(98) (a)

Educational

(101)

(99) (b)

Comedy

Reports

(100)

(c)

Cartoon

(d)

Financial

(102)

(e)

News

(103)

(f)

Social

(104)

Do you think that T.V. is a source of Knowledge?

(105)

(a)

Yes

(b) No

(c)

Partially
(106)

How do you consider Fashion?

(107)

(a)

It feels novelty

(108)

(b)

We look different from others

(109)

(c)

In satisfies our interest

(110)

(d)

Traditional Methods are more suitable

(111)

What do you feel when boys and girls wear clothes

opposite to tradition?
(112)

(a)

Boys should wear Boys clothes

(113)

(b)

Girls should wear Girls clothes

(114)

(c)

Both (Girls and Boys) manner of clothing

should be different
(115)

How do you take spending money on Fashion?

(116)

(a)

We should spend too much money

(117)

(b)

We should spend by looking others

(118)

(c)

We should spend in keeping our economical

condition
(119)
(120)

Fashion?

(121)

(a)

We should do it according to our taste

(122)

(b)

By looking others reaction

(123)

(c)

According to latest Trend

(124)

Women should?

(125)

(a)

Live like House Wife

(126)

(b)

Participate as a House Wife and Working

(127)

(c)

Take help of male members of family, if

they are working

(128)
The Participation of women in politics?
(129)
(a) Appropriate
(130)

(b)

Un-appropriate

(131)

(c)

Should be limited only by Voting

(132)

(d)

Should vote according to Males

(133)
Women Should?
(134)
(a) Ditto Men

(135)

(b)

Not Ditto Men

(136)

(c)

Put their Logics

(137)

(d)

Perform work by mutual understanding

(138)
Rituals are?
(139)
(a) Appropriate
(140)

(b)

Un-appropriate

(141)

(c)

Performed due to social prestige

(142)
Rituals should be?
(143)
(a) Taken Traditionally
(144)

(b)

Taken in innovative form

(145)

(c)

Used

by

keeping

adjustment

between

traditional and modernization patterns

(146)

In Using Rituals?

(147)

(a)

There should be equality in Males and

(b)

Unequality

Females
(148)

of

Males

and

Females

appropriate
(149)

(c)

Males should get more privilege

(150)

(d)

Females should get more privilege

is

(151)

Do you consider the partial attitude on the ground of

Caste, Religion, Gender and Economical Condition?

(152)

(a)

Appropriate

(153)

(b)

Un-appropriate

(154)

(c)

Should have some Discrimination

(155)

In which cultural activity do you participate?

(156)

(a)

In Ladies Sangeet

(157)

(b)

In Sports

(158)

(c)

In Exhibitions

(159)

(d)

In Clubs

(160)

(e)

In Circus/Magic Shows

(161)

(f)

In Nautankis

(162)

(g)

In Kavi Samellan

(163)

(h)

In Bhajan Sandhya

(164)

(i)

In Social Functions

(165)

(166)

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