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The
Second
dL
Law off Th
Thermodynamics
d
i
Objectives
IIntroduce
t d
th
the secondd llaw off thermodynamics
th
d
i
Discuss: thermal energy reservoirs, reversible and irreversible
processes heat engines,
processes,
engines refrigerators,
refrigerators and heat pumps
Discuss: the KelvinPlanck and Clausius statements of the second
law of thermodynamics and the concepts of perpetual-motion
machines
Apply the second law of thermodynamics to cycles and cyclic
devices
Describe the Carnot cycle;
y ; examine the Carnot pprinciples,
p , idealized
Carnot heat engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps
Determine the expressions for the thermal efficiencies and
coefficients
ffi i t off performance
f
(COP) ffor reversible
ibl hheatt engines,
i
hheatt
pumps, and refrigerators
Swinburne University of Technology
The
impossible
engineers
For example, the energy stored in a hot container (higher
A
6
Pf = Pi , Tf = Ti , u f = ui , v f = vi , etc.
7
Heat Engines
Heat engine a thermodynamic system operating in a
thermodynamic cycle in which convert heat to work
Characteristics:
They receive heat from a high-temperature source (nuclear
sink
They operate in a cycle
8
Heat Engines
Source, TH
Qin
Boiler
Turbine
Win
Wout
Heat
Engine
Wnet
Pump
Qout
C d
Condenser
Qout
Energy
gy sink ((lake,, river))
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Sink, TL
Wnett = Qini - Qoutt
Swinburne University of Technology
Thermal Efficiency, th
For a heat engine the desired result is the net work done and the input is
the heat supplied to make the cycle operate.
operate
th =
where
h
10
Wnet , out
Qin
Thermal Efficiency, th
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Thermal Efficiency, th
be completed.
Every heat engine must waste some energy by transferring it to a low
low-
Example 1
A steam power plant produces 50 MW of net work while burning fuel to
pproduce 150 MW of heat energy
gy at the high
g temperature.
p
Determine the
cycle thermal efficiency and the heat rejected by the cycle to the
surroundings.
th =
QH = 150 MW
Wnet = 50 MW
Wnet , out
QH
50 MW
=
= 0.333 or 33.3%
150 MW
Wnet , out = QH QL
QL = QH Wnet , out
= 150 MW 50 MW
QL = ?
13
= 100 MW
Swinburne University of Technology
Example 2
A 600 MW steam power plant, which is cooled by a nearby river, has a
thermal efficiencyy of 40 ppercent. Determine the rate of heat transfer to the
river water. Will the actual heat transfer rate be higher or lower than this
value? Why?
14
Example 3
An automobile engine consumes fuel at a rate of 28 L/h and delivers 60kW of
ppower to the wheels. If the fuel has a heatingg value of 44,000 kJ/kgg and a
density of 0.8 g/cm3, determine the efficiency of this engine.
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Heat
Engine
Wnet = Qin
Thermal efficiency
of 100%
Qout = 0
Refrigerators
17
WARM
house
QH desired
QH
output
Win
Win
QL desired
output
COLD
refrigerated space
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HP
REFRIGERATOR
QL
COLD
environment
HEAT PUMP
This
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QL
COPR =
Wnet , in
Win = Wnet , in = QH QL
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QH
Win
QL desired
output
COLD
refrigerated space
WARM
environment
COPR =
REFRIGERATOR
QL
QH Q L
WARM
house
QH desired
output
HP
Win
QL
COLD
environment
COPHP
QH
QH
=
=
Wnet , in QH Q L
HEAT PUMP
Under the same operating conditions the COPHP and COPR are related by
COPHP = COPR + 1
Most HP have seasonally averaged COPHP of 2 to 3
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22
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Example 4
A food refrigerator is to provide a 15,000 kJ/h cooling effect while rejecting
22,000 kJ/h of heat. Calculate the COP of this refrigerator.
g
Reservoir
22,000 kJ/h
Win
15,000 kJ/h
Reservoir
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Example 5
A heat pump is used to maintain a house at a constant temperature of 23oC.
C The heat
is losing heat to the outside air through the walls and the windows at a rate of 60,000
kJ/h while the energy generated within the house from people, lights and appliances
amounts to 4000
000 kJ/h.
/ For a CO
COP off 22.5, determine the required power input to the
heat pump.
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Source (TH)
QL
Win = 0
Refrigerator
QL
Source (TL)
Source (TH)
QH + QL
QH
Heat engine
T = 100%
QL = 0
Source (TH)
QL
Win = 0
Wnet = QH
Refrigerator
g
Equivalent
Refrigerator
g
QL
QL
Source (TL)
Source (TL)
Perpetual-Motion Machines
Any
If the
device violates the first law, it is a perpetualmotion machine of the first kind (PMM1).
(PMM1)
If the
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Perpetual-Motion Machines
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:WaterScrewPerpetualMotion.png
Reversible Processes
A reversible process a process that can be reversed
without leaving any trace on the surroundings
A
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Reversible Processes
Reversible processes are idealizations of actual
p
processes.
We use reversible process concept because:
they
h
they serve
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Reversible Processes
Internally reversible
process
a quasi-equilibrium
quasi equilibrium process,
process which
which, once having taken
place, can be reversed and leave no change in the system
when the process is reversed, the system passes through
exactly the same equilibrium states while returning to its
initial state
Totally reversible
process
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Irreversible Process
Friction
Unrestrained expansion of gases
Heat transfer through a finite temperature difference
Mixing
g of two different substances
Hysteresis effects
I2R losses in electrical circuits
Any deviation from a quasi-static process
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Heat
engine
Thermal
efficiency, COP
Kevin-Planck
Reversible
37
Carnot Cycle
The
The
Nicolas
Ni l
Sadi
S di Carnot
C
t (1769-1832)
(1769 1832) introduced
i t d d th
the conceptt
of cyclic operation and devised a reversible cycle that is
composed of four reversible processes, two isothermals
and two adiabatics
38
Carnot Cycle
39
Ref 1
Carnot Cycle
Process 3-4 Reversible
isothermal compression:
The system is brought in contact
with a heat reservoir at TL < TH and
a reversible isothermal heat
exchange takes place while work of
compression is done on the
system.
40
Ref 1
Carnot principles
(a)The efficiency of an irreversible heat engine is always less than
the efficiency of a reversible one operating between the same
two reservoirs
th < th , Carnot
th = g ( TL , TH ) = 1 f ( TL , TH )
Considering engines A, B, and C
Q1 Q1 Q2
=
Q3 Q2 Q3
We can write
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Thermal energy
reservoir at T1
Q1
Q1
Rev. HE
A
Q2
Q2
Rev. HE
B
WA
Rev. HE
C
T2
WB
WC
Q3
Q3
Thermal energy
reservoir at T3
f ( T1 , T3 ) = f ( T1 , T2 ) f ( T2 , T3 )
Swinburne University of Technology
These form the basis for establishing an absolute temperature scale (Kelvin
scale) related to the heat transfers between a reversible device and the
high- and low
high
low-temperature
temperature heat reservoirs
QL
TL
=
QH TH
43
th , rev
TL
= 1
TH
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Example 6
A Carnot heat engine receives 500 kJ of heat per cycle from a hightemperature heat reservoir at 652oC and rejects heat to a low-temperature
h t reservoiri att 30oC.
heat
C Determine
D t i
(a) The thermal efficiency of this Carnot engine.
(b) The amount of heat rejected to the low
low-temperature
temperature heat reservoir.
reservoir
(a) th , rev = 1 TL
TH
( 30 + 273) K
( 652 + 273) K
= 0.672 or 67.2%
TH = 652oC
= 1
((b))
QL
T
= L
QH TH
( 30 + 273) K
= 0.328
( 652 + 273) K
Q L = 500 kJ ( 0.328)
=
46
= 164 kJ
QH
WOUT
HE
QL
TL = 30oC
Example 7
An inventor claims to have invented a heat engine that develops a thermal
efficiency of 80 percent when operating between two heat reservoirs at 1000
K and 300 K. Evaluate his claim.
TH = 1000 K
th , rev
QH
WOUT
HE
QL
TL
= 1
TH
300 K
= 1
1000 K
= 0.70 or 70%
TL = 300 K
The claim is false since no heat engine may be more efficient than a Carnot
engine operating between the heat reservoirs.
reservoirs
47
Quality of energy
Consider a Carnot heat engine working between
two thermal reservoirs TL = 300 K and TH.
The
engine
g increases as the heat source
temperature TH is increased
TH (K)
1500
1000
500
350
th (%)
80
70
40
14.3
48
The higher the temperature, the more thermal energy can be converted to
work higher energy quality
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COPR =
49
COPHP
QH
QH
QL
=
=
QH Q L QH 1
QL
TH
TH
TL
=
=
TH TL TH 1
TL
Swinburne University of Technology
These are the maximum possible COPs for a refrigerator or a heat pump
operating between the temperature limits of TH and TL.
The COP of actual and reversible ((such as Carnot)) refrigerators
g
operating
p
g
between the same temperature limits compare as follows:
A similar relation can be obtained for heat pumps by replacing all values of
COPR by COPHP in the above relation.
relation
50
Example 8
An inventor claims to have developed a refrigerator that maintains the
refrigerated space at 2oC while operating in a room where the temperature is
25oC and has a COP of 13.5. Is there any truth to his claim?
TH = 25oC
QL
TL
COPR =
=
QH Q L TH TL
QH
Win
QL
( 2 + 273) K
=
( 25 2 ) K
= 11.96
TL = 2oC
The claim is false since no refrigerator may have a COP larger than the COP
for the reversed Carnot device.
device
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Example 9
A heat pump is to be used to heat a building during the winter. The building is
to be maintained at 21oC at all times. The building is estimated to be losing
heat at a rate of 135,000 kJ/h when the outside temperature drops to -5oC.
Determine the minimum power required to drive the heat pump unit for this
outside temperature.
temperature
Q& Lost
W&in
21 oC
Q& H
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HP
Q& L
-5 oC
The heat lost by the building has to be supplied by the heat pump.
kJ
Q& H = Q& Lost = 135000
h
Q& H
TH
=
=
Q& H Q& L TH TL
( 21 + 273) K
=
( 21 ( 5)) K
= 11.31
COPHP
Q& H
=
W&net , in
W&net , in =
Q& H
COPHP
135,000 kJ / h 1 h 1 kW
.
1131
3600s kJ / s
= 3.316 kW
=
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Summary
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