PREPOSITIONS

A preposition indicates a relation between things mentioned in a sentence. For

example, in the sentence "The cat sleeps on the sofa", the word "on" is a preposition,
introducing the prepositional phrase "on the sofa".

Preposition Example

About -He walks about the town

-He went at about 3 o’clock

After -The white house is after the stadium

-Danielle is preparing the activities after the classes

Against -She is against you

-The boy is against the wall

Along -The lights along the bridge went out.

-There are candles along the hall

Around -She lived here around 1960

-They talked around two hours

At -I was at home

-We will be at the beach

Before -The police station is before the yard

-They will get married before a judge

Between -The child will be between you and me

 -The cat was between two dogs

For -This big gift is for you

-He came home for Christmas

From -She is from Peru

-I study from 7 to 2

Like -They play like horses

-She laughed like her dad

Over -I hit the ball over the last net

-The helicopter was over our heads

Trough -We passed trough a dark tunnel

-They explain the topic trough a poster

Up -My grandmother lived up the mountains

-I Tried to climb up the high rock

With -She danced with Aaron

-Albert was chatting with June

PHRASAL VERBS

Phrasal verbs are part of a large group of verbs called "multi-word verbs". A multi-
word verb is a verb like "pick up", "turn on" or "get on with". These verbs consist of a
basic verb + another word or words.

Examples:
(to) fall about: troncharse, partirse (de risa).
(to) fall apart: romperse, deshacerse, caerse a pedazos.
(to) fall away: disminuir/desaparecer/desprenderse.
(to) fall back: retroceder, retirarse.
(to) fall back on to: recurrir a, echar mano de, apoyarse en.
(to) fall behind: retrasarse, quedarse atrás, rezagarse.
(to) fall behind with: retrasarse.
(to) fall down: caer, caerse/ hundirse, derrumbarse, venirse abajo/fallar/ dejarse
engañar por, picar.
(to) fall in love: enamorarse de.
(to) fall in: desplomarse, venirse abajo/ alinearse, formar filas, ponerse en filas.
(to) fall in with: encontrarse con, juntarse con/convenir en, aprobar, aceptar
(to) fall into: dividirse en, clasificarse en/ adquirir.
(to) fall off: bajar, disminuir/ empeorar/ desprenderse, caerse.
(to) fall on: incidir en, recaer en, tocar a/atacar, caer sobre.
(to) fall out: reñir/ pelearse /romper filas/ caerse.
(to) fall over: caer, tropezar con/ caerse
(to) fall through: fracasar, quedar en nada.
(to) fall to: empezar a, ponerse a/ corresponder a, incumbir a, tocar a.
(to) fall under: clasificarse en, estar incluido,-a en.

WATER

Water is a ubiquitous chemical substance that is composed of hydrogen and oxygen

and is vital for all known forms of life.

In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also
has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam. Water covers 71% of
the Earth's surface. On Earth, it is found mostly in oceans and other large water
bodies, with 1.6% of water below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in the air as vapor,
clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation.

Water Cycle
The water cycle (known scientifically as the hydrologic cycle) refers to the continuous
exchange of water within the hydrosphere, between the atmosphere, soil water,
surface water, groundwater, and plants.

Water moves perpetually through each of these regions in the water cycle consisting
of following transfer processes:

• evaporation from oceans and other water bodies into the air and transpiration
from land plants and animals into air.

• precipitation, from water vapor condensing from the air and falling to earth or
ocean.

• runoff from the land usually reaching the sea.

Most water vapor over the oceans returns to the oceans, but winds carry water vapor
over land at the same rate as runoff into the sea, about 36 Tt per year. Over land,
evaporation and transpiration contribute another 71 Tt per year.

Effects on HUman Civilization

Civilization has historically flourished around rivers and major waterways;

Mesopotamia, the so-called cradle of civilization, was situated between the major
rivers Tigris and Euphrates; the ancient society of the Egyptians depended entirely
upon the Nile.

Large metropolises like Rotterdam, London, Montreal, Paris, New York City, Buenos
Aires, Shanghai, Tokyo, Chicago, and Hong Kong owe their success in part to their
easy accessibility via water and the resultant expansion of trade. Islands with safe
water ports, like Singapore, have flourished for the same reason. In places such as
North Africa and the Middle East, where water is scarcer, access to clean drinking
water was and is a major factor in human development.

Negative Effects on Health

Throughout the world, the prevalence of some diseases and other threats to human
health depend largely on local climate. Extreme temperatures can lead directly to loss
of life, while climate-related disturbances in ecological systems, such as changes in
the range of infective parasites, can indirectly impact the incidence of serious
infectious diseases. In addition, warm temperatures can increase air and water
pollution, which in turn harm human health.
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The United States of America (commonly referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA,
or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district.
The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous
states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans,
bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the
northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering

Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses
several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific

Bill Clinton

William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19, 1946) was
the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He was the third-youngest
president; only Theodore Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy were younger when entering
office. He became president at the end of the Cold War, and as he was born in the
period after World War II, he is known as the first Baby Boomer president.
His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, is currently the United States Secretary of State. She
was previously a United States Senator from New York, and also candidate for the
Democratic presidential nomination in 2008. Both are graduates of Yale Law School.

Lewinsky Scandal

Clinton's sexual relationship with a 22-year-old White House intern named Monica
Lewinsky led to the Lewinsky scandal. In a lame duck session after the 1998 elections,
the House voted to impeach Clinton, based on allegations Clinton lied about his
relationship with Lewinsky in a sworn deposition in the Paula Jones lawsuit. This made
Clinton only the second U.S. president to be impeached after Andrew Johnson.

Relationship between USA and Colombia

Colombia – United States relations have evolved from mutual cordiality during most of
the 19th and early 20th centuries to a recent partnership that links the governments
of both nations around several key issues, including fighting communism, the War on
Drugs, and especially since 9/11, the threat of terrorism.

During the last fifty years, different American governments and their representatives
have become involved in Colombian affairs through the implementation of policies
concerned with the above issues.