EE 307: Energy Conversion

Engr. John Michael Abrera

c.) 0.866 LEADING

d.) (Voltage Regulation Calculations): Determine
the % IZ, % IR and % IX. Also, determine the
general voltage regulation.

QUIZ # 3, COVERAGE: TRANSFORMERS:

Example Problems:
1. The maximum flux density in a core of a 240 /
4400 V, 50 Hz, single phase transformer is

1.2Wb /m2 . If the EMF per turn is 8 V,

Determine:
a.) Primary and secondary turns
b.) Area of the core
2. The core of a 100 KVA, 11000/550V, 50 Hz,
single phase transformer has a cross section of
20 x 20 cm.
Find:
a.) Number of HV and LV turns per phase.
b.) EMF per turn if the maximum core density is
not to exceed 1.3 Tesla. Assume a stacking factor
of 0.9
TRANSFORMER
EQUIVALENT
REACTANCE AND IMPEDANCE:

(Seatwork): 4. A 100 KVA, 2400 / 240 V, 60 Hz

power transformer with the following:
Rp = 0.42 ohms, Xp = 0.72 ohms, Rs = 0.0038
ohms, Xs = 0.0068 ohms.
Find:
a.) Reqp, Xeqp and Zeqp
b.) V drop due to Reqs and Xeqs
c.) % VR UNITY pf
d.) % VR 0.8 LAGGING pf
e.) % VR 0.8 LEADING pf

RESISTANCE,
TRANSFORMER LOSSES:

Example Problem:
1. A 30 KVA, 2400 / 120 V distribution transformer
has a high voltage winding resistance of 0.1 ohms
and a leakage resistance of 0.22 ohms. The low
voltage winding resistance Is 0.035 ohms and the
leakage reactance is 0.012 ohms. Find the
equivalent winding resistance, reactance and
impedance referred to the
a.) HV side and b.) LV side
USING PHASOR DIAGRAMS
REGULATION CALCULATIONS:

3. Calculate the regulation of a transformer in

which the percent resistance drop is 1.0% and the
percent reactance drop is 5.0%, when the power
factors are as follows:
a.) 0.8 LAGGING
b.) UNITY
c.) 0.8 LEADING

AND

VOLTAGE

Example Problems:
1. A 25 KVA, 2300 / 230 V distribution transformer
has the following resistance and leakage
reactance values: Rp = 0.8 ohms, Xp = 3.2 ohms,
Rs = 0.009 ohms, Xs = 0.03 ohms.
Calculate the voltage regulation for the following
loadings:
a.) UNITY power factor
b.) LAGGING power factor of 0.8
c.) LEADING power factor of 0.866
2. A 100 KVA, 2400 / 240 V distribution
transformer with Esc = 72 V, isc = 41.6 A, Psc =
1,180 W (all instruments in high tension side, low
tension side short circuited).
Find the regulation for the following power
factors:
a.) UNITY
b.) 0.8 LAGGING

Example Problem:
For a 100 KVA distribution transformer with a
copper loss of Psc = 1,180 watts, find the value of
the copper loss for the following loading
conditions:
a.) 125 KVA, b.) 75 kVA, c.) 85 kW at 0.772 pf
TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY:
Example Problems:
1. Given a 100 KVA, 2400 / 240 V transformer
with the following short circuit values:
Esc = 72 V, isc = 41.6 A, Psc = 1,180 W,
Eoc = 240 V, Poc = 820 W
a.) Find the transformer efficiency at , . , 1,
1 and 1 loading condition at 0.8 PF lagging.
b.) Determine the KVA loading so that the
transformer will be at maximum efficiency
2. A 4 KVA, 220 / 400 V transformer has
equivalent resistance and reactance referred to
the low voltage side of 0.5 ohms and 1.5 ohms
respectively.
Find
the
efficiency
of
this
transformer at load at power factor of 0.8. The
core loss is 100 W.
3. 600 KVA, efficiency at 92% at full load and 93%
at half-load. Determine its core loss, copper loss

USEFUL FORMULAS:

m
E=4.44
N m fwhen
and
efficiency
operated
at 0.8 pf and 60%
, = A
of full load.

E DAY EFFICIENCY:
ALL
(EMF per turn)
N

Example:
2 KVA,
2
1.RGiven
100
Psc = 1180 W, Poc = 750 W.
eqp=R p +a R s
Loading conditions:
1 hr, 150% 2rated
KVA, pf = 0.8,
X eqp =X
p + a2 X
2 hrs,
125% rateds KVA, pf = 0.8,
3 hrs, rated KVA, pf = 0.9,
R P rated KVA, pf = 1.0
6 hrs,
Reqs=50%
+Rs
8 hrs, 25%
a2 rated KVA, pf = 1.0
4 hrs, no load.

Xp

X eqs =

+ Xs

a ( turns ratio )=

E1 N 1
=
E2 N 2

X = Z 2R2
Z = R 2+ X 2
Power factor:

=arc c os (PF)

PHASOR DIAGRAMS:

E = ( V cos +iR ) + ( V sin iX )

E = ( V +iR ) + ( iX ) UNITY
2

Es = ( V s cos +iR ) + ( V s sin + iX )

2

- LAGGING
LEADING

REGULATION:

%IZ =

Esc
Erated

%IR=

Psc
V Arated

( )
( )

%IX = %IZ 2%IR 2

%VR=

V NLV FL
100
V FL

VR=%IRcos IXsin +

( %IXcos %IRsin )2
200

kV Amaxeff =KV Arated P c /P sc

ALL-DAY EFFICIENCY:
Loading (kW) = (KVA) (pf) (load)
Pco (KW) = core loss / constant loss