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Mechanics
Gravitation
= r,
|=| |=r
/mo
where 1, 2,....
respectively.
+....+
=d , where d
The Y-components of the fields due to diametrically opposite elements cancel each other.
Thus, the X-components add up.
E = Gdm/z2 cos = Gcos/z2 dm = GMcos/z2 = GMx/(a2+x2)3/2
Field due to a uniform thin spherical shell
Consider a thin spherical shell of radius 'a', mass M and of negligible thickness. Out of the
spherical shell we consider a small ring of thickness (R d). The shaded ring has mass dm =
(M/2) sin d. The field at P due to thing ring is
dE = Gdm/z2 cos = GM/2 (sin d cos/z2)
From OAP,
z2 = a2 + r2 - 2ar cos
or
2z dz = 2ar sin d
or
sin d = z dz/ar
dE = GM/(4ar2)[z+(a2-r2)/z2]
Case I:
P is outside the shell, r > a
E = GM/(4ar2 ) [z+(a2-r2)/z2 ](r-a)(r+a) = GM/r2
We see that the shell may be treated as a point particle of the same mass placed at its
centre to calculate the gravitational field at an external point.
Case II:
P is outside the shell, r > a
E = GM/(4ar2)[z+(a2-r2)/z2 ](a-r)(a+r) = 0
We see that the field inside a uniform spherical shell is zero.
Gravitational field outside a solid sphere
The sphere can be thought of as composed of many shells from radius = 0 to radius = a.
The point P is at a distance r from the centre of all these concentric shells.
=>
E = G/r2[M1 + M2 +...]
E = GM/r2
Consider a point P on the surface of the shaded sphere. Since this point is inside the shells
having radii larger than r, they do not contribute to the field at P. Shells that are less than
radius 'r', contribute to the gravitational field at P.
The mass of the sphere of radius r is
..
The adjacent graph shows the variation of E due to a solid sphere of radius R with the
distance r from its centre.
E=
GM/r2
(r > R)
E = (GM/R ) r
3
(r < R)
This result holds good for the earth if it is assumed to be a uniform solid sphere.
As by definition, g = F g/m and also E = F g/m , so g = E, i.e. acceleration due to gravity and
gravitational intensity E at a point are synonymous.
Illustration:
Two concentric shells of masses M1 and M2 are present. Calculate the gravitational force on
'm' due to M1 and M2 at points P, Q and R.
Solution:
Field at P, EP = 0
=>
F=0
Field at Q, due to M2 will be zero but there will be field due to m1,
EQ = (GM1)/b2
=>
F = (GM1m)/b2
g = GM/R2
G = 6.67 10-11 Nm2 kg-2
M = 6 1024 kg
R = 6.37 104 m
...... (1)
Ans.
Due to altitude
Consider a mass m at a height h from the surface of the earth. Now, the force acting on the
mass due to gravity is F = G
the earth.
If the acceleration due to gravity at the given height is g', then mg' = G
=>
g' = G
(Expanding binomially and neglecting the higher order terms).
(ii)
Due to depth:
If a particle of mass m is kept at a depth 'd' form the surface of earth, then gravitational
force exerted on the particle of mass 'm'.
(GM' m)/(R-d)2 = GM(R-d)/R3
Acceleration of the body with respect to the earth's centre O is (Rcos ) 2 directed towards
the axis of rotation (i.e. the centripetal acceleration).
From Newton's second law in the radial direction
or
or
Illustration:
Find the value of g at a height equal to the radius of Earth.
Solution:
g = GM/(R+h)2 and g0 = GM/R2 (At the surface of Earth).
g/g0 = R2/(R+h)2 = R2/4R2 .h = R
=> g = g0/4 = 9.8/4 = 2.45 m/s2.
Caution:
Illustration:
Ans.
At what angular velocity Earth should rotate, for the weight of an object at the equator to
be zero? What would be the duration of a day in this case?
Radius of Earth = 6.4 106 m
g0 = 9.8 m/s2
Solution:
For the weight to be zero, the value of g should be zero. That is
Here,
g' = g0 - Re2 = 0
or = (g0/Re ) = (9.8/(6.4106 )) = 1.2 10-3 rad/s
The duration of one day will be equal to the time period of rotation
T = 2/ = 2/1.2*10-3 sec.
Orbital Velocity
When a satellite revolves in an orbit around a planet, it requires centripetal force to do so.
This centripetal force is provided by the gravitational force between the planet and the
satellite. If the mass of the satellite is m and that of the planet is M, then the gravitational
force between them at a height h above the surface of the planet is
F = GMm/(R+h)2', where R is the radius of the earth.
If the speed of the satellite in its orbit is (R + h), then the required centripetal force is mv 2/
(R+h).
..
mv2/(R+h) = (G Mm)/(R+h)2
or
v = (GM/(R+h))=(GM/R(1+h/R)) = (gR/(1+h/R))
If the height is very small compared to the radius of the earth, then
v = gR
If the time period of the satellite is 24 hrs rotating in the same sense as the rotation of the
earth and if the plane of the orbit is at right angle to the polar axis of the planet (earth),
then the satellite will always be above a certain place of the earth.
This kind of a satellite is called geostationary satellite.
Illustration:
An artificial satellite of mass 100 kg is in circular orbit at 500 km above the earth's surface.
Take the radius of the earth as 6.5 106 m.
(a)
Find the acceleration due to gravity at any point along the satellite path.
(b)
Solution:
Here, h = 500 km = 0.5 106 m
R = 6.5 106 m
r = R + h = 6.5 106 + 0.5 106 = 7.0 106 m
(a)
(b)
..
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