DESIGN OF COMPACT CIRCULARLY POLARIZED

ANTENNA FOR GPS APPLICATION

A THESIS
Submitted by

PRASANTH V
1568006
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
COIMBATORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
COIMBATORE-641014
(A Government Aided Institution Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI

JUNE 2016

DESIGN OF COMPACT CIRCULARLY POLARIZED

ANTENNA FOR GPS APPLICATION
A THESIS
Submitted by

PRASANTH V
1568006
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
COIMBATORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
COIMBATORE-641014
(A Government Aided Institution Affiliated to Anna University)

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI

JUNE 2016

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this thesis titled DESIGN OF COMPACT CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED ANTENNA FOR GPS APPLICATION is the bonafide work of
PRASANTH V (1568006) who carried out the work under my supervision. Certified
further that to the best of our knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of
any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred
on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

------------------------------

SIGNATURE
Dr. A. RAJESWARI, M.E., Ph.D.,
Professor & head,
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Coimbatore Institute of Technology
Coimbatore - 641014.

----------------------------SIGNATURE

Ms.G.CHRSITINA, M.E.,
SUPERVISOR,
assistant professor
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering,
Coimbatore Institute of Technology,
Coimbatore-641014.

Submitted for 15MEC28 Mini Project viva-voce held on

------------------------------

-----------------------------INTERNAL EXAMINER

-------------------------EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ABSTRACT
Global Positioning System (GPS), is a technology that helps to locate an
entity on the global surface. GPS uses the L band frequencies (1 GHz 2 GHz).
In particular, the sub band of L band such as L1 (1575.42MHz), L2 (1227.60MHz)
and L5 (1176.45MHz) bands are used. These higher frequencies require high
permittivity substrate for antenna design leading to higher cost. It has been studied
that a high frequency antenna can be designed by using a lower permittivity
substrate using dual coupled shorting probe (DCSP) technique. Due to this shorting
loaded technique, which is also known as inverted F-antenna, reduction in the
overall size of the patch can also be obtained. In this project, the use of DCSP
method is to be analysed for designing a compact circularly polarized GPS antenna
and simulate it in HFSS software.

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wholeheartedly thank the management of Coimbatore Institute of
Technology, Coimbatore for providing me with the necessary infrastructure which
was very much helpful to complete my project work.

I take immense pleasure to express my heartfelt thanks to our principal

Dr.V.Selladurai, Ph.D., for providing me with the necessary facilities which
enabled me to successfully complete my project work.

I sincerely thank the efforts taken by Dr.A.Rajeswari, Ph.D., Professor and

Head, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Coimbatore
Institute of Technology, and senior tutor for guiding me all the way in successful
completion of my project work.

I express my profound gratitude to my supervisor Ms.G.Christina, M.E.,

Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
for guiding me to carry out my project work successfully.

I also express my sincere thanks to my project co-ordinators and committee

members, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for their
guidance all through the successful completion of my project work.

I also extend my thanks to all the teaching faculty and non-teaching staffs
of our department for their kind attitude towards me all through my project work.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER

TITLE

No.

1.

PAGE
No.

ABSTRACT

iii

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

vi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

viii

INTRODUCTION

1.1

ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS GPS APPLICATION

1.2

MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA

1.3

LINEAR POLARIZATION

1.4

CIRCULAR POLARIZATION

1.4.1 Different Types of Circularly Polarized Antennas.

1.4.2 Circularly Polarized Patch

1.4.3 Dual-Orthogonal Fed circularly Polarized Patch

OBJECTIVE

1.5
2.

LITERATURE REVIEW

3.

ANTENNA DESIGN PLATFORM

3.1

ANSOFT HFSS

3.2

ANSOFT TERMS

11

3.3

SET SOLUTION TYPE

11

3.4

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

12

3.5

ANALYSIS SETUP

13

3.6

HFSS RESULTS

13

4.

PROPOSED ANTENNA DESIGN

15

4.1

15

DESIGN FLOW
4.1.1 Selection of Substrate Material

16

4.1.2 Calculation of Patch Dimensions

16

4.1.3. Design Equations For Planer Invert-F Antenna

18

4.2 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PATCH ANTENNA

21

4.3 OPTIMIZATION OF PATCH ANTENNA THROUGH

21

SIMULATION
4.3.1. Feed Techniques
4.3.1.1 Microstrip Line Feed

22

4.3.1.2 Coaxial Feed

23

4.3.1.3 Aperture Coupled Feed

24

4.3.1.4 Proximity Coupled Feed

24

4.3.2. Methods of Analysis

4.3.2.1 Transmission Line Model

5.

22

25
26

4.4 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

28

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

31

5.1 CONVENTIONAL SHORTING LOADED PATCH

31

ANTENNA
5.2 STUDY OF REVERSE SHORTING STRIP

35

5.3 DCSP STRUCTURE

35

5.4 DESIGN OF A COMPACT CP ANTENNA LOADED

38

BY PROPOSED DCSP STRUCTURE

6.

CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK

40

REFERENCES

41

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.

TITLE

PAGE NO.

4.1

Properties of F4B_epoxy

16

4.2

Dimensions of GPS antenna

20

5.1

Dimensions of GPS antenna

32

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.

TITLE

PAGE NO.

1.1

GPS (Global Positioning System) Application

1.2

Structure of a microstrip patch antenna

1.3

Common shapes of microstrip patch elements

1.4

Types of Polarized EM Wave

1.5(a)

Dual-Fed Patch

1.5(b)

Singly Fed Patch

1.6(a)

3.1

Dual-Fed Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antennas 7

Circular Patch Square Patch
Dual-Fed Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antennas 7
Square Patch
Ansoft HFSS Window
11

3.2

Solution Type

12

4.1

Flow Chart Of The Proposed Antenna Design

15

4.2

Top View

16

4.3

Bottom View

17

4.4

3D View

17

4.5

Planar Inverted-F Antenna

18

4.6

Proposed GPS Antenna

21

4.7

Microstrip Line Feed

22

4.8

Coaxial Feed

23

4.9

Aperture Coupled Feed

24

4.10

Proximity coupled feed

25

4.11(a)

Microstrip Line Figure

26

1.6(b)

vi

4.11(b)

Electric Field Lines

26

4.12(a)

Top View of Antenna

27

4.12(b)

Side View of Antenna

27

5.1(a)

Top View pf Conventional Shorting Loaded Patch

31
Antenna

5.1(b)

Side View of Conventional Shorting Loaded

31
Patch Antenna

5.2

Rectangular plot of simple 5.8 GHz patch with

circular polarization

33

5.3

Radiation pattern of simple 5.8 GHz patch with

circular polarization

33

5.4

Top View of Reverse Shorting Strip

34

5.5

Rectangular plot of simple 3 GHz patch antenna with

circular polarization

35

5.6

Radiation pattern of simple 3 GHz patch with circular

35
polarization

5.7

Top View of DCSP Structure

36

5.8

Rectangular plot of simple 3.4GHz patch with

circular polarization

37

5.9

Radiation pattern of simple 3.4GHz patch with

circular polarization

37

5.10

Rectangular Plot of Simple 3.8 GHz And 5.8 GHz

Patch With Circular Polarization

39

5.11

Radiation Pattern Of Simple 3.8 GHz And 5.8 GHz

Patch With Circular Polarization

39

vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

GPS

Global Position System

FCC

Federal Communication Council

VSWR

Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

UWB

Ultra Wideband

FR-4

Fiber Reinforcement -4

DRA

Dielectric Resonator Antenna

WLAN

Wireless Local Area Network

VNA

Vector Network Analyzer

HFSS

High Frequency Structure Simulator

SMA

Sub Miniature Version -A

viii

CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION
__________________________________________________

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 ANTENNA FOR GPS APPLICATION
Global Positioning System (GPS), is a technology that helps to locate an entity
on the global surface. GPS uses the L band frequencies (0.5 GHz 1.5GHz). In
particular, the sub band of L band such as L1 (1575.42MHz), L2 (1227.60MHz) and L5
(1176.45MHz) bands are used. The most common antenna type for GPS applications is
the patch antenna.

Figure 1.1 GPS (Global Positioning System) Application

Compact circularly polarised microstrip antennas (CPMAs) are useful for handheld,
portable wireless global positioning system (GPS) devices because of their ability to
receive polarised signals from transmitting antennas regardless their orientation. GPS
antennas with the right-handed circular polarisation (RHCP) are required to operate in
triple L1 (1.575 GHz), L2 (1.227 GHz) and L5 (1.176 GHz) bands.

1.2 MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA

An antenna is a device generally used to transform RF signal which is
traveling on a conductor into an electromagnetic wave in free space. Antenna
demonstrates a property known as reciprocity which means that an antenna can
maintain the same characteristics regardless if it is transmitting or receiving.
Microstrip patch is one type of antennas.
Basic form of the microstrip patch antenna consists of a radiating patch and a
ground plane separated by a dielectric substrate as shown in figure 1.2. The patch is
generally made up of conducting material such as copper or gold and can take any
possible shape like rectangle, square, triangle, circle etc.,

Figure 1.2 Structure of a microstrip patch antenna

The microstrip antenna consists of a very thin substrate than free space wavelength 0
(t << 0) metallic strip placed on a substrate whose height is a small fraction of 0 (h <<
0, and 0.003 0 h 0.05 0) above the ground plane [7]. The micstrip patch is designed
such that its pattern maximum is normal to the patch. This is accomplished by properly
choosing the mode (field configuration) of excitation beneath the patch. For a
rectangular patch, the length L of the element is usually 0/3 < L < 0/2. There are many
substrates that can be used for microstrip antenna design, and their dielectric constants
are usually in the range of 2.2 r 12 [7]. A thicker substrate can increase the radiated
power and improve impedance bandwidth. Thick substrate with low dielectric constant
2

provides better fringe fields thus better radiation, larger bandwidth, better efficiency,
smaller edge impedance and loosely bound fields for radiation into space, but at the
larger element size. And thin substrates with high dielectric constant also desirable for
microwave circuitry because of tightly bound fields which minimize undesired radiation
and coupling, leads to smaller element sizes.

Figure 1.3 Common shapes of microstrip patch elements

Microstrip antennas are used as embedded antennas in handheld wireless devices
such as cellular phones, and also employed in Satellite communications. Some of their
principal advantages are given [8] below:

Light weight and low fabrication cost.

Supports both, linear as well as circular polarization.

Can be easily integrated with microwave integrated circuits.

Capable of dual and triple frequency operations.

Mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surfaces.

Microstrip patch antennas suffer from more drawbacks as compared to

conventional antennas. Some of their major disadvantages are given [8] below:

Narrow bandwidth.

Low efficiency and Gain.

Unwanted radiation from feeds and junctions.

Low power handling capacity.

3

1.3. LINEAR POLARIZATION

To understand what one means by linear polarization, it is first important to
understand the simplest classic model of an electromagnetic wave. Solutions to
Maxwells equations can come in many forms but one of the simplest is a traveling
electromagnetic wave, with the electric field and magnetic fields orthogonal to each
other, but individually varying only in one vector direction. A visualization of such a
wave is shown below.

Figure 1.4 Types of Polarized EM Wave

1.4 CIRCULAR POLARIZATION

Figure 1.4 shows the types of Polarized EM Wave. The Circular polarization
represents the simplest form of electromagnetic wave. However it is also rare to find a
completely linearly polarized wave in nature. In reality most electromagnetic waves are
circularly polarized. This is because the solutions to Maxwells equations also allow for
the possibility of electromagnetic fields and magnetic fields which, while still
orthogonal to each other, are functions in time of sine and cosine with respect to a
particular vector direction. The result is that the waves rotate as a function of time as
well as travel in a particular vector direction. A visualization of this is shown below.

A common type of radiation is actually elliptical polarization. This is simply a

form of circular polarization in which the electric field in one direction is not strictly
equal to the electric field in the perpendicular direction .The amount of polarization can
therefore be determined by measuring the power, and by extension the magnitude of the
electric field, using an antenna placed in two directions perpendicular to each other and
also perpendicular to the direction in which the wave is travelling.

1.4.1. Different Types of Circularly Polarized Antennas.

Generally antenna radiates an elliptical polarization, which is defined by three
parameters: axial ratio, tilt angle and sense of rotation. When the axial ratio is infinite
or zero, the polarization becomes linear with the tilt angle defining the orientation. The
quality of linear polarization is usually indicated by the level of the cross polarization.
For the unity axial ratio, a perfect circular polarization results and the tilt angle is not
applicable. In general the axial ratio is used to specify the quality of circularly polarized
waves. Antennas produce circularly polarized waves when two orthogonal field
components with equal amplitude but in phase quadrature are radiated. Various
antennas are capable of satisfying these requirements. They can be classified as a
resonator and traveling-wave types. A resonator-type antenna consists of a single patch
antenna that is capable of simultaneously supporting two orthogonal modes in phase
quadrature or an array of linearly polarized resonating patches with proper orientation
and phasing. A traveling-wave type of antenna is usually constructed from a microstrip
transmission line. It generates circular polarization by radiating orthogonal components
with appropriate phasing along discontinuities is the travelling-wave line.

1.4.2. Circularly Polarized Patch

A microstrip patch is one of the most widely used radiators for circular
polarization. some patches, including square, circular, pentagonal, equilateral
triangular, ring, and elliptical shapes which are capable of circular polarization
operation. However square and circular patches are widely utilized in practice. A single

patch antenna can be made to radiate circular polarization if two orthogonal patch
modes are simultaneously excited with equal amplitude and out of phase with sign
determining the sense of rotation. Two types of feeding schemes can accomplish the
task as given in figure 1.5. The first type is a dual-orthogonal feed, which employs an
external power divider network. The other is a single point for which an external power
divider is not required.

1.4.3 Dual-Orthogonal Fed circularly Polarized Patch

The fundamental configurations of a dual-orthogonal fed circularly polarized
patch using an external power divider is shown in figure 1.6. The patch is usually square
or circular. The dual-orthogonal feeds excite two orthogonal modes with equal
amplitude but inphase quadrature. Several power divider circuits that have been
successfully employed for CP generation include the quadrature hybrid, the ring hybrid,
the Wilkinson power divider, and the T-junction power splitter. The quadrature hybrid
splits the input into two outputs with equal magnitude but 900 out of phase. Other types
of dividers, however, need a quarter-wavelength line in one of the output arms to
produce a 90 phase shift at the two feeds. Consequently, the quadrature hybrid provides
a broader axial ratio bandwidth. These splitters can be easily constructed from various
planar transmission lines.

Figure 1.5 (a) Two types of excitations for circularly polarized microstrip antennas
dual-fed patch

Figure 1.5 (b) Two types of excitations for circularly polarized microstrip antennas:
singly fed patch

Figure 1.6 Typical configurations of dual-fed circularly Polarized microstrip antennas:

(a) circular patch and (b) square patch

1.5 OBJECTIVE
To design compact circularly polarized antenna for GPS application. Compare and
Analysis the performance on different types of sorting loaded techniques in GPS
antenna.

CHAPTER 02
LITERATURE REVIEW
______________________________________________________

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
In this chapter, a brief discussion on few literatures that survey design of microstrip
patch antenna and GPS application is presented.
Cao sun et al (2016) Design of a Low-Cost Triple-Band Compact Circularly
Polarized Antenna for GPS Application [1]. These higher frequencies require high
permittivity substrate for antenna design leading to higher cost. It has been studied that
a high frequency antenna can be designed by using a lower permittivity substrate using
dual coupled shorting probe (DCSP) technique. Due to this shorting loaded technique,
which is also known as inverted F-antenna, reduction in the overall size of the patch can
also be obtained. In this project, the use of DCSP method is to be analysed for designing
a triple band GPS antenna and simulate it in HFSS software. Antenna is designed with
the use of F4b substrate (h=1mm, permittivity=2.35).
Ming Chen et al (2012) Design of a Compact Dual-Band (L1/L2) GPS Antenna
[2]. A small slot-loaded patch antenna design developed for receiving both L1 and L2
bands GPS signals is discussed. The dual band coverage is achieved by using a patch
mode at L2 band and a slot mode at L1 band. High dielectric material and meandered
slot line are employed to reduce the antenna size down to 25.4 mm in diameter. The
RHCP is achieved by combining two orthogonal modes via a small (0-90) degree hybrid
chip. Both patch and slot modes share a single proximity probe conveniently located on
the side of the antenna. Antenna is designed with the use of Rogers TMM10i substrate
(h=1.27mm, permittivity=9.8).
Yijun Zhou et al (2007) Dual Band Proximity-Fed Stacked Patch Antenna for
Tri-Band GPS Application [3]. A novel proximity-fed stacked patch antenna is
presented to cover the new GPS band, namely L5 (1176 MHz, available after 2007)
together with the L1 and L2 bands (1575 and 1227 MHz). High permittivity dielectric
material is used to minimize the antenna size down to 1.2 1.2, implying an aperture
size of only
8

/8 /8 at the L5 band. Quadrature phase feeding is employed to ensure RHCP

radiation, with a broadside gain of 2 dBi. Because of its reduced size, the presented
antenna can be used within a GPS antenna array or other tri-band GPS applications. The
design procedures and employed tuning techniques to achieve the desired performance
are presented. Antenna is designed with the use of Emerson & Cuming HIK500 K30
for the lower substrate (r2 = 30) and Emerson & CummingHIK500 K16 (r1 = 16) for
the superstrate. Substrate of height is (h1=6.4mm, h2=6.4).
Wang-Ta Hsieh et al (2012), Dual-Band Circularly Polarized Cavity-Backed
Annular Slot Antenna for GPS Receiver [4]. A circularly polarized (CP) cavitybacked annular slot antenna for GPS receiver is designed to operate in both the L1 and
L2 bands of the Global Positioning System (GPS). The measured impedance
bandwidths with VSWR less than 2 are 3.7% (1.191.235 GHz) and 1.2% (1.5651.585
GHz), respectively, the measured 3 dB axial-ratio (AR) bandwidth are 0.9% (1.220
1.231 GHz) and 0.6% (1.5721.581 GHz), respectively. The overall volume of the
antenna is 0.4o 0.4o 0.0864o at 1.2 GHz with low gain of 1.45 dBic (L1 band)
and 1.10 dBic (L2 band).

CHAPTER 03
ANTENNA DESIGN PLATFORM
__________________________________________________

CHAPTER 3
ANTENNA DESIGN PLATFORM

3.1 ANSOFT HFSS

HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) is a high-performance full-wave
electromagnetic (EM) field simulator for arbitrary 3D volumetric passive device
modelling that takes advantage of the familiar Microsoft Windows graphical user
interface. It integrates simulation, visualization, solid modelling, and automation in an
easy-to-learn environment where solutions to 3D EM problems are quickly and
accurately obtained. Ansoft HFSS employs the Finite Element Method (FEM), adaptive
meshing, and brilliant graphics to give you unparalleled performance and insight to all
of your 3D EM problems. Ansoft HFSS can be used to calculate parameters such as SParameters, Resonant Frequency, and Fields. It allows solving any arbitrary 3D
geometry such as complex curves and shapes. Ansoft is a choice of tool for the highproductivity research, development, and virtual prototyping [9].

The typical uses include

Package Modeling BGA, QFP, Flip-Chip
PCB Board Modeling Power/Ground planes, Mesh Grid Grounds,
Backplanes
Silicon/GaAs - Spiral Inductors, Transformers
EMC/EMI Shield Enclosures, Coupling, Near- or Far-Field Radiation
Antennas/Mobile Communications Patches, Dipoles, Horns, Conformal Cell
Phone Antennas, Quadrafilar Helix, Specific Absorption Rate(SAR), Infinite
Arrays, Radar Cross Section (RCS), Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS)
Connectors Coax, SFP/XFP, Backplane, Transitions
Waveguide Filters, Resonators, Transitions, Couplers
Filters Cavity Filters, Microstrip, Dielectric

10

3.2 ANSOFT TERMS

The Ansoft HFSS window has several optional panels:
A Project Manager that contains a design tree and it lists the structure of the
project.
A Message Manager that allows you to view any errors or warnings that occur
before you begin a simulation.
A Property Window that displays and allows you to change model parameters or
attributes.
A Progress Window that displays solution progress.
A 3D Modeler Window which contains the model and model tree for the active
design.

Figure 3.1: Ansoft HFSS window

3.3 SET SOLUTION TYPE

This section describes how to set the Solution Type. The Solution Type defines the
type of results, how the excitations are defined, and the convergence. The following
Solution Types are available:
11

 Driven Modal - calculates the modal-based S-parameters. The S-matrix

solutions are expressed in terms of the incident and reflected powers of
waveguide modes.
Driven Terminal -calculates the terminal-based S-parameters of multiconductor
transmission line ports. The S-matrix solutions are expressed in terms of terminal
voltages and currents.
Eigenmode calculates the eigenmodes, or resonances, of a structure. The Eigen
mode solver finds the resonant frequencies of the structure and the fields at those
resonant frequencies.

Figure 3.2 Solution type

To set the solution type,

Select the menu item HFSS Solution Type

In solution Type window, choose any of the solution types.

Click the OK button

3.4 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Boundary conditions enable you to control the characteristics of planes, faces or
interfaces between objects. Boundary conditions are important to understand and are
fundamental to solution of Maxwells equations. There are three types of boundary
conditions. The first two are largely the users responsibility to define them or ensure
that they are defined correctly. The material boundary conditions are transparent to the
user.

12

 Excitations
Wave Ports (External)
Lumped Ports (Internal)
Symmetry Planes
Perfect Electric or Magnetic Surfaces
Radiation Surfaces
Background or Outer Surface
Material Properties
Boundary between two dielectrics
Finite Conductivity of a conductor

3.5 ANALYSIS SETUP

After designing the objects in the 3d modeller window, the analysis set up have to
be provided that comprises of
Add Solution Setup
Adapt Frequency
Convergence Criteria
Initial Mesh Options
Adaptive Options
Low-Order Basis Functions
Setup
Properties
Add Sweep
Sweep Properties and Types of Sweeps

3.6 HFSS RESULTS

When the design process is completed, the next process involves,
Validation Check
By clicking
HFSSValidation Check
13

 Validation Check icon

Analyze All
HFSS Analyze All
Analyze All icon
Then the fields can be plotted for any particular object by clicking on
HFSSFieldsPlot fields (E, H Fields)
Then the results can be viewed by clicking on
HFSSResults
Create model solution date report
Rectangular stacked plot
Polar plot
Data table
Smith chart
3D rectangular plot
3D polar plot
Solution data
Profile
Convergence
Matrix data
Mesh statistics

14

CHAPTER 04
PROPOSED ANTENNA DESIGN
__________________________________________________

CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED ANTENNA DESIGN
This chapter discusses the complete design flow of the L band unlicensed high
frequency microstrip patch antenna with switchable polarization
4.1 DESIGN FLOW

START

SELECTION OF SUBSTRATE MATERIAL

CALCULATION OF PATCH DIMENSIONS USING DESIGN

EQUATIONS
SELECTION OF ANALYZING METHOD AND FEEDING
TECHNIQUE

DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF THE PATCH ANTENNA THROUGH

SIMULATION USING ANSOFT HFSS

OPTIMIZATION OF THE PATCH ANTENNA THROUGH

SIMULATION

STOP

Figure 4.1 Flow chart of the proposed antenna design

The flowchart as shown in Figure 4.1 provides complete step by step design
flow of the proposed work. Each step mentioned in the flowchart is explained in the
forthcoming subsections in detail.

15

4.1.1 Selection of Substrate Material

F4B_epoxy is the better substrate for high frequency microwave system or
antenna design. After vigourous analysis, it is found that it provides better radiation,
low loss when a microstrip patch is excited by current.
Table 4.1. Properties of F4B_epoxy
Properties

Typical values

Dielectric constant, r

2.65

(for GPS band)

Dissipation factor/ Loss tangent, tan

0.02

Thickness, h

1 mm

Chemical Composition

epoxy resin, woven glass fabric

reinforcement.

The basic properties [1] of the selected material is given in Table 4.1
4.1.2 Calculation of Patch Dimensions

Figure 4.2: top view

16

Figure 4.3: bottom view

Figure 4.4: 3D view

17

Free space wavelength of 1.5 GHz resonating antenna is calculated using the
formula 0 = c0/fr. Generally, microstrip patch is designed and operated in the
fundamental mode TM01 with patch length equal to one half of wavelength in the
dielectric substrate d is calculated using the formula given in equation (4.1).

co
f r reff

(4.1)

Design equations for planer invert-F antenna

Figure 4.5: planar inverted-F antenna

The patch length and width are L1 and L2 respectively. The shorting pin of width W,
and begins at one edge of the PIFA. The feed is at a distance D from the shorting pin.
The PIFA is at a height H from the ground plane. The resonant frequency of the PIFA
is proportional to the effective length of the current distribution. In equation (4.2) from
calculated the frequency of the antenna.

Case 1: W = L1 ,when the width (W) of the short-circuit plate is equal to the length of
the planar element, for L1. This corresponds to the case of the short-circuit microstrip
antenna, which is a quarter-wavelength antenna. The effective length of the microstrip
antenna is L2 + H where, H is the height of the short-circuit plate. The resonance
condition in equation (4.3).

18

L2 + H =

(4.2)

where is the desired wavelength.

As, = where f is the desired operating frequency of PIFA and c is the speed of
light then,
C

f = 4(L2+H)

(4.3)

Case 2: W = 0, then short-circuit plate is represented by a thin short-circuit pin. The

effective length of the current is then L1 +L2 + H. For this case, the resonance
condition is expressed by

L1+L2+H=/4

(4.4)

Therefore,
C

f = 4(L1+L2+H)

(4.5)

Case 3: 0 < W < L1, the resonant frequency is a linear combination of the resonant
frequency is given by
C

f = 4(L1+L2+HW)

(4.6)

The compact antenna without necessitating the use of high-permittivity

substrates, including the metamaterial inspired near-field resonant parasitic antenna
proposed in [3]. However, the size of this antenna is still large (0/8 0/8). Above all,
due to the miniaturization techniques, these antennas employed are not sufficient to
decrease the size of the antenna to a certain degree; the realization of compact dualband antenna is highly dependent on high-permittivity substrate. Shorting loaded
technique, which is also known as inverted-F antenna, has a significant effect in
decreasing the size of patch antenna.

19

Similarly, wideband antenna for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is also
proposed and is quite small among all the reported GNSS antennas. So, shorting loaded
technique may be the solution to design compact patch antennas without necessitating
the use of high-permittivity substrates.

Table 4.2 Dimensions of GPS antenna

Dimensions

Calculated values

G(length of the substrate)

28 mm

G(Width of the substrate)

28 mm

h1(height of the substrate)

1 mm

t(thickness of the patch)

0.035 mm

Lp (length of the patch)

18 mm

Lp (Width of the patch)

18 mm

h(height of the antenna)

13 mm

R pin(sorting pin radius)

1 mm

L1,L2 (Length of the strip)

(11,16) mm

L3,L4 (Length of the strip)

(9,4) mm

L5,L6 (Length of the strip)

(5,3) mm

L7,L8 (Length of the strip)

(10,7) mm

L9 (Length of the strip)

7.7 mm

W (Width of the strip)

1.2 mm

W slot

2.5 mm

P feed

6.3 mm

Lf

4 mm

Lf1

2.5 mm

Wf

6.5 mm

R feed

1 mm

20

4.2 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PATCH ANTENNA

The proposed antenna has been designed using the dimensions calculated from
design equations with the help of Ansoft HFSS version 15.0. The complete design and
analysis are discussed in Chapter 5. A sample design structure is given in Figure 4.6.

Figure 4.6 proposed GPS antenna

4.3 OPTIMIZATION OF PATCH ANTENNA THROUGH SIMULATION
The GPS band microstrip antenna has been optimized with following important
parameters.

Substrate height

Dielectric constant

Patch dimensions

Type of feed

21

The detailed optimization flow is explained with necessary figures in chapter 5.The
fabricated GPS Band microstrip antenna and its test results also given in the chapter 5

4.3.1. Feed Techniques

Microstrip patch antennas can be fed by a variety of methods [7]. These methods
can be classified into two categories as contacting and non-contacting. In the contacting
method, the RF power is fed directly to the radiating patch using a connecting element
such as a microstrip line. In the non-contacting scheme, electromagnetic field coupling
is done to transfer power between the microstrip line and the radiating patch. The four
most popular feed techniques used are the microstrip line, coaxial probe (both are
contacting schemes), aperture coupling and proximity coupling (both are noncontacting schemes).

4.3.1.1 Microstrip Line Feed

In this type of feed technique, a conducting strip is connected directly to the edge
of the microstrip patch as shown in Figure 4.7. The conducting strip is smaller in width
as compared to the patch. This kind of feed arrangement has the advantage that the feed
can be etched on the same substrate to provide a planar structure.

Figure 4.7 Microstrip line feed

An inset cut can be incorporated into the patch in order to obtain good impedance
matching without the need for any additional matching element. This is achieved by
properly controlling the inset position. Hence this is an easy feeding technique, since it
22

provides ease of fabrication and simplicity in modeling as well as impedance matching.

However as the thickness of the dielectric substrate increases, surface waves and
spurious feed radiation also increases, which hampers the bandwidth of the antenna.
This type of feeding technique results in undesirable cross polarization effects.

4.3.1.2 Coaxial Feed

The Coaxial feed or probe feed is one of the most common techniques used for
feeding microstrip patch antennas [7]. Figure 4.8 shows the coaxial feed in which the
inner conductor of the coaxial connector extends through the dielectric and is soldered
to the radiating patch, while the outer conductor is connected to the ground plane.

Figure 4.8. Coaxial feed

The main advantage of this type of feeding scheme is that the feed can be placed
at any desired position inside the patch in order to obtain impedance matching. This
feed method is easy to fabricate and has low spurious radiation effects. However, its
major disadvantage is that it provides narrow bandwidth and is difficult to model since
a hole has to be drilled into the substrate. Also, for thicker substrates, the increased
probe length makes the input impedance more inductive, leading to matching problems.
By using a thick dielectric substrate to improve the bandwidth, the microstrip line feed
and the coaxial feed suffer from numerous disadvantages such as spurious feed radiation
and matching problem [8]. The non-contacting feed techniques which have been
discussed below, solve these problems.
23

4.3.1.3 Aperture Coupled Feed

In aperture coupling as shown in Figure 4.9 the radiating microstrip patch
element is etched on the top of the antenna substrate, and the microstrip feed line is
etched on the bottom of the feed substrate in order to obtain aperture coupling. The
thickness and dielectric constants of these two substrates may thus be chosen
independently to optimize the distinct electrical functions of radiation and circuitry. The
coupling aperture is usually centered under the patch, leading to lower crosspolarization due to symmetry of the configuration. The amount of coupling from the
feed line to the patch is determined by the shape, size and location of the aperture. The
ground plane separates the patch and the feed line and hence spurious radiation is
minimized.

Figure 4.9 Aperture coupled feed

Generally, a high dielectric material is used for bottom substrate and a thick, low
dielectric constant material is used for the top substrate to optimize radiation from the
patch. This type of feeding technique can give very high bandwidth of about 21% [8].
Also the effect of spurious radiation is very less as compared to other feed techniques.
The major disadvantage of this feed technique is that it is difficult to fabricate due to
multiple layers, which also increases the antenna thickness.

4.3.1.4 Proximity Coupled Feed

This type of feed technique is also called as the electromagnetic coupling
scheme. As shown in Figure 4.10, two dielectric substrates are used such that the feed
24

line is between the two substrates and the radiating patch is on top of the upper substrate.
The main advantage of this feed technique is that it eliminates spurious feed radiation
and provides very high bandwidth of about 13%, due to increase in the electrical
thickness of the microstrip patch antenna. This scheme also provides choices between
two different dielectric media, one for the patch and one for the feed line to optimize
the individual performances.

Figure 4.10 Proximity coupled feed

The major disadvantage of this feed scheme is that it is difficult to fabricate
because of the two dielectric layers that need proper alignment. Also, there is an
increase in the overall thickness of the antenna.

4.3.2. Methods of Analysis

The preferred models for the analysis of Microstrip patch antennas are the
transmission line model, cavity model, and full wave model (which include primarily
integral equations/Moment Method) [7]. The transmission line model is the simplest of
all and it gives good physical insight but it is less accurate. The cavity model is more
accurate and gives good physical insight but is complex in nature. The full wave models
are extremely accurate, versatile and can treat single elements, finite and infinite arrays,
stacked elements, arbitrary shaped elements and coupling. These give less insight as
compared to the two models mentioned above and are far more complex in nature Since
the design of microstrip antenna using the transmission line model is the simplest all it
gives good physical insight, this thesis focuses on the Transmission Line Model only.
25

4.3.2.1 Transmission Line Model

This model represents the microstrip antenna by two slots of width and height,
separated by a transmission line of length. The microstrip is essentially a non
homogeneous line of two dielectrics, typically the substrate and air.

Figure 4.11(a) Microstrip Line

Figure 4.11(b) Electric Field Lines

Hence, as seen from Figure 4.11(b), most of the electric field lines reside in the
substrate and parts of some lines in air. As a result, this transmission line cannot support
pure transverse-electric-magnetic (TEM) mode of transmission, because the phase
velocities would be different in the air and the substrate. Instead, the dominant mode of
propagation would be the quasi-TEM mode. Hence, an effective dielectric constant
(reff) must be obtained in order to account for the fringing and the wave propagation in
the line. The value of is slightly less then because the fringing fields around the
periphery of the patch are not confined in the dielectric substrate but are also spread in
air.
The expression for reff is given by [7] as:
reff

r 1 r 1
2

h
1 12 W

1\ 2

(4.7)

In the Figure 4.11(a) shown below, the microstrip patch antenna is represented
by two slots, separated by a transmission line of length and open circuited at both the
ends. Along the width of the patch, the voltage is a maximum and the current is a
minimum due to open ends. The fields at the edges can be resolved into normal and
tangential components with respect to the ground plane.

26

Figure 4.12(a) Top View of Antenna

Figure 4.12(b) Side View of Antenna

It is seen from Figure 4.12(b) that the normal components of the electric field at
the two edges along the width are in opposite directions and thus out of phase since the
patch is /2 long and hence they cancel each other in the broadside direction. The edges
along the width can be represented as two radiating slots, which are /2 apart and excited
in phase and radiating in the half space above the ground plane.
The fringing fields along the width can be modeled as radiating slots and electrically
the patch of the microstrip antenna looks greater than its physical dimensions. The
dimensions of the patch along its length have now been extended on each end by a
distance, So the dimensions of the patch are calculated by using the design equations
[1].
Patch width is represented by W and is calculated using resonant frequency of
the antenna and relative dielectric constant of substrate material given by the equation
(4.8)
W

co
2 fr

2
r 1

(4.8)

where fr is resonant or center frequency of radiation, c0 is speed of light (3108 m/sec).

The r values lies between 2.2 and 12. Increase in patch length occurs due to fringing
effect at radiating edges of the patch and is represented by 2 L , where
27

reff 0.3 h 0.264

L 0.412h

reff 0.258 W 0.813

h

(4.9)

Patch Length is represented by L and is calculated using

L

co
2 fr reff

2L

(4.10)

Effective patch length is obtained from the equation,

Leff L 2L

(4.11)

All the design equations given by (4.7) through (4.11) provide effective radiation from
the patch.
4.4 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
The performance of an antenna can be measured by many parameters. The
followings are important among them.
(a) Radiation Pattern
The antenna pattern is a graphical representation in three dimensional of the
radiation of the antenna as the function of direction. It is a plot of the power radiated
from an antenna per unit solid angle which gives the intensity of radiations from the
antenna [7]. Isotropic antennas are not realizable in practice but can be used as reference
to compare the performance of practical antennas. The radiation pattern provides
information on the antenna beam width, side lobes and antenna resolution to a large
extent.
The E plane pattern is a graphical representation of antenna radiation as a
function of direction in a plane containing a radius vector from the centre of the antenna
to the point of maximum radiation and the electric field intensity vector. Similarly the
H plane pattern is drawn considering the magnetic field intensity vector.
(a) Gain
Antenna gain is the ratio of maximum radiation intensity at the peak of
main beam to the radiation intensity in the same direction which would be
28

produced by an isotropic radiator having the same input power. Isotropic antenna
is considered to have a gain of unity. Microstrip antennas have poor gain because
of the poor radiation efficiency have poor gain.
(c) Directivity
If a three dimensional antenna pattern is measured, the ratio of normalized power
density at the peak of the main beam to the average power density is called the
directivity. Also defined as ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction from the
antenna to the radiation intensity is an average of over all directions.
(d) Bandwidth
It is defined as The range of usable frequencies within which the performance
of the antenna, with respect to some characteristic that conforms to a specified
standard. The bandwidth can be the range of frequencies on either side of the center
frequency where the antenna characteristics like input impedance, radiation pattern,
beam width, polarization, side lobe level or gain, are close to those values which have
been obtained at the center frequency.
(e) Return loss
Return loss or reflection loss is the reflection of signal power from the insertion
of a device in a transmission line or optical fiber. It is expressed as ratio in dB relative
to the transmitted signal power. If is the ratio of amplitude of the reflected wave and
that of the incient wave, then the return loss can be expressed in terms of the reflection
coefficient as: S11 (dB) = -20 log | | and the reflection coefficient can be expressed
as:

Z in Z 0
Z in Z 0

or

Vreflected
Vincident

(4.12)

Where
Zin = antenna input impedance,
Z0 = characteristic impedance of the transmission line.
For an antenna to radiate effectively, the return loss should be less than 10 dB.

29

(f) VSWR
A standing wave in a transmission line is a wave in which the distribution of
current, voltage or field strength is formed by the superimposition of two waves of same
frequency propagating in opposite direction. Then the voltage along the line produces
a series of nodes and antinodes at fixed positions. The value of VSWR should be
between 1 and 2 for efficient performance of an antenna.

VSWR

1
1

(4.13)

where is voltage reflection coefficient at the input terminals of the antenna

VSWR = voltage standing wave ratio.

30

CHAPTER 05
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
__________________________________________________

CHAPTER 5
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the simulation results obtained using Ansoft HFSS, step by step
optimization results

5.1 CONVENTIONAL SHORTING LOADED PATCH ANTENNA

Figure 5.1. (a) Top view of conventional shorting loaded patch antenna

Figure 5.1. (b) Side view of conventional shorting loaded patch antenna

31

Table 5.1 Dimensions of GPS antenna

Dimensions

Calculated values

G(length of the substrate)

60 mm

G(Width of the substrate)

60 mm

h(height of the substrate)

6 mm

t(thickness of the patch)

0.035 mm

Lp (length of the patch)

38 mm

Lp (Width of the patch)

38 mm

h(height of the antenna)

6 mm

R pin(sorting pin radius)

1 mm

L1,L2 (Length of the strip)

(8,6) mm

L3,L4 (Length of the strip)

(14,29.5) mm

L5 (Length of the strip)

(18) mm

W (Width of the strip)

3 mm

4.4

A prototype patch antenna model loaded with the conventional shorting probe
(derived from the antenna in [2]) is built as shown in Fig. 5.1(a) and 5.1(b). Four strips
extend to the corner of the patch. Each strip is coupled to a shorting strip and shorted to
the ground by a shorting pin. The strip and the pin form the first shorting probe. Besides
that, L-probe feed is utilized, and microwave composites (relative dielectric constant
r = 4.4 and loss tangent = 0.002) are used as the substrates. Detailed dimensions are
shown in Table 5.1. It is set to be the initial design (L3 = 14 mm and L5 = 18 mm) and
marked as antenna 1. Fig. 5.1(c) shows the boresight gain curve versus frequency with
variation of L3 and L5. The impedance curve is also shown in Fig.5.2, which explains
the result in Fig. 5.2. The first resonate frequency represents the main resonance point
and the antenna 1 radiation performance is quite good here, where as the second
parasitic resonance point represents a band notch and the radiation performance is quite
undesirable. In the band higher than the band notch, the antenna gain returns to normal.
32

So, it is assumed that if the band notch could be shifted to a dual-band antenna is
realized. However, it is impracticable for antenna due to the second resonance point
moves with the same speed as the main resonance point by increasing the length of the
shorting strip (L3 or L5), it means that the distance between the two bands could not
be adjusted, respectively

Figure 5.2 Rectangular plot of simple 5.8 GHz patch with circulary polarization
Rectangular plot of the simple 5.8 GHz patch antenna is simulated and given in
figure 5.2 The plot gives return loss (S11 in dB) and shows desirable response. The return
loss for 5.8 GHz with circular polarization is obtained as -0.90dB

Figure 5.3 Radiation pattern of simple 5.8 GHz patch with circuarly polarization
33

5.2 STUDY OF REVERSE SHORTING STRIP

In order to solve this problem, a trial shorting structure is proposed. The length
of the shorting strip is increased in the opposite direction as shown in Fig. 5.4, and this
reverse shorting strip is marked as L6 which equals 21 mm. All the other dimensions
are the same as antenna 1(L3 = 14 mm and L5 = 18 mm), and this antenna is marked as
antenna 2.
A detailed boresight gain and impedance comparison between increasing the
length of L3/L5 and L6 is made and shown in Figs. 5.4 and 5.5. It is obvious that the
band notch could be easily shifted to 3 GHz by increasing L6, which means that the
distance between the main and second resonate point is reduced. Besides that, the length
of L6 has less impact to the main resonance point than L3/L5, and the radiation
performance around 3 GHz remains unchanged. However, the gain in the high band
(around 3 GHz) does not return to normal as expected but deteriorates seriously. This
is due to the emergence of a third parasitic resonance point, which is shown in Fig. 5.5.
This third resonance point has a similar effect to the second parasitic resonance point,
which is also a band notch. Above all, the study indicates that only one shorting probe
is insufficient to achieve dual-band radiation.

Figure 5.4. Top view of reverse shorting strip

34

Figure 5.5 Rectangular plot of simple 3 GHz patch with circulary polarizationi F4b.

Figure 5.6 Radiation pattern of simple 3GHz patch with circuarly polarization

5.3 DCSP STRUCTURE

In this section, another parasitic shorting probe is added to the antenna. This new
parasitic shorting probe consists of two parts: the shorting strip is coupled to the
reversed part of first shorting probe and a shorting stub, which is marked as L9 and L10,
respectively, as shown in Fig. 5.7. This dual shorting probe structure can be regarded
as two LC loading in parallel added to the patch antenna. This structure is named

35

Figure 5.7. Top view of DCSP structure

as DCSP and this new antenna is marked as antenna 3 (L7 = 6 mm, L8 = 4 mm, L9 =
12 mm). A detailed boresight gain and impedance comparison between increasing the
length of the reverse shorting strip (L6) and adding this parasitic shorting probe is made
and shown in Fig. 5.7. In order to study the impact of coupled part of parasitic shorting
probe, the stub (L10) is first omitted. Compared to increasing L6, it is obvious that by
loading with this parasitic shorting probe, the third resonate point moves quickly to the
lower band, and the second and third resonance points are close to each other, which
forms a depression gain curve around 3.4 GHz.

More importantly, the radiation performance in high band returns to normal, and
a dual-band shorting loaded patch antenna is actually realized. However, as shown in
Fig. 5.8, the increase of L9 slightly deteriorates the antenna performance in the low
band. The solution is to increase the length of the stub part of parasitic shorting probe
(L10). The effect is shown in Fig. 5.8, and the antenna gain at high band improves while
hardly deteriorates at low band, which means that by adjusting the length of this stub,
we can adjust the second operating band of this antenna independently. Fig. 5.9 shows
the radiation pattern in both the 3.4 GHz antenna 3. It is obvious that the radiation at
the low band appears due to the current distributed on the first shorting probe, whereas
there is hardly any current distribution in the parasitic shorting probe, while the

36

radiation at high band appears due to the current distributed on both the first and
parasitic shorting probes On reviewing this whole process, the introduction of reverse
shorting strip (antenna 2) makes the band notch shift to 3 GHz, and the introduction of
parasitic shorting probe (antenna 3) enables the antenna radiate normally at 3.4 GHz.
Designing a dual-band shorting loaded patch antenna becomes realizable in this
communication.

Figure 5.8 Rectangular plot of simple 3.4 GHz patch with circulary polarization

Figure 5.9 Radiation pattern of simple 3.4 GHz patch with circuarly polarization
37

5.4 DESIGN OF A COMPACT CP ANTENNA LOADED BY PROPOSED DCSP

STRUCTURE
A compact GPS L1/L2 band antenna based on the DCSP structure is designed as
shown in Fig. 5.9. Compared to the prototype design, some improvements are made as
follows.
1) F4b with _r = 2.65 and loss tangent = 0.002 is employed as the substrate to
achieve cost reduction. Four layers of substrate are stacked together. Four of them in
the bottom are 3-mm thick and the top substrate is 1-mm thick.
2) Four slots are added to the patch, and the shorting strips (L5 in prototype
antenna) are stretched into the slots and coupled to the patch instead of coupling to the
strips (L3 in prototype antenna). This structure is proposed in [9], and it has the same
effect on the antenna in [1].
3) The patch and dual shorting structures are designed to be folded and divided
into two layers due to the space limitation. They are printed on the bottom and top layer
of the top substrate. The patch is assigned in the bottom layer. The shorting strip
corresponding to L5 in prototype antenna forks off at the point shown in Fig. 5.9. One
branch is extended to the upper layer through a hole and shorted to the ground by a
shorting pin which corresponds to the first shorting probe. The other branch is also
extended to the upper layer through a hole in the corner of the antenna and coupled with
the parasitic shorting probe in the upper layer, which is shorted to the ground by a
shorting pin too and corresponds to the parasitic shorting probe. The overall size of this
antenna is 28 mm 28 mm 13 mm. Detailed dimensions are shown in Table 4.1. As
it is known, dual-feed configuration is commonly used in dual-band CP antenna to
achieve CP radiation due to the axial ratio (AR) performance is quite good over the
whole operating band. In order to verify the CP radiation, a feed network in the form of
wideband 90 phase shifter is designed on the other side of a large ground plane
substrate with the dimension of 80mm 80mm 1 mm. In

the engineering design,

this feed network can be replaced by a compact hybrid coupler. The simulated results
are shown in Fig. 5.10

38

Figure 5.10 Rectangular plot of simple 3.8 GHz and 5.8 GHz patch with circulary
polarization
Rectangular plot of the simple 3.8 and 5.8 GHz patch antenna is simulated and
given in figure 5.10 The plot gives return loss (S11 in dB) and shows desirable response.
The return loss for 3.8 and 5.8 GHz with circular polarization is obtained as -10.00dB
and -26.00dB

Figure 5.11 Radiation pattern of simple 3.8 GHz and 5.8 GHz patch with circuarly
polarization

39

CHAPTER 06
CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK
__________________________________________________

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK

A compact circularly polarized antenna for GPS application is designed and the
simulation for conventional shorting loaded patch antenna, study of reverse shorting
strip , DCSP Structure and design of a compact circular polarized antenna loaded by
proposed DCSP structure is done . The DCSP technique that this communication
proposed enables this antenna to resonate at L1/L2 GPS bands. Simulated and measured
voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) is below 1.5 over both the bands. In this
communication, a miniaturization technique DCSP is used. A blank is filled that dualband radiation performance is first realized in shorting loaded patch antenna. In order
to verify this technique, a compact dual-band GPS antenna is designed. The results show
that this proposed DCSP technique is realizable and practical. Compare to the other
techniques dual coupled shorting probe technique is reduce the cost of the antenna and
easily removed from the parasitic resonance frequency. Therefore, the shorting loaded
technique eliminates the dependency on high-permittivity substrate for compact patch
antennas.

40

REFERENCES
__________________________________________________

REFERENCES
[1]

Chao sun Hheng ,Ying Liu (2016), Design Of Low Cost Dual Band Compact
Circularly Polarized Antenna For GPS Application, IEEE Transactions on
Antennas and Wireless Propagation , Vol.64, pp.365-370.

[2]

S. Gupta and G. Mumcu, Dual-band miniature coupled double loop GPS

antenna loaded with lumped capacitors and inductive pins, IEEE Transactions
on Antennas and Wireless Propagation., vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 29042910, Jun.
2013..

[3]

Y. Zhou, C. C. Chen, and J. L. Volakis, Dual band proximity-fed stacked patch

antenna for tri-band GPS applications, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Wireless Propagation., vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 220223, Jan. 2007

[4]

Hsieh, W.-T., Chang, T.-H., Kiang, J.-F.: Dual-band circularly polarized cavitybacked annular slot antenna for GPS receiver, IEEE Transactions on Antennas
and Wireless Propagation., 2012, 60, No 4, pp. 20762080

[5]

H. Wong, K. K. So, K. B. Ng, K. M. Luk, C. H. Chan, and Q. Xue, Virtually

shorted patch antenna for circular polarization, IEEE Transactions on Antennas
and Wireless Propagation., vol.9, pp.12131216, Dec.2010.

[6]

W. Son,W. Lim, M. Lee, S. Min, and J. Yu, Design of compact quadruple

inverted-f antenna with circular polarization for GPS receivers, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Wireless Propagation., vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 15031510,May2010.

[7]

Constantine A.Balanis (2013), Antenna Theory Analysis and Design John

Wiley & Sons Inc., 3rdEdition.

[8]

R. Garg (2011), Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook. Reading,MA, USA:

Artech House, Boston.

41

[9]

Hsieh, W.-T., Chang, T.-H., Kiang, J.-F.: Dual-band circularly polarized cavitybacked annular slot antenna for GPS receiver, IEEE Transactions on Antennas
and Wireless Propagation., 2012, 60, No 4, pp. 20762080.

42

PLAGIARISM RESULT
__________________________________________________