Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ASustainableRefrigeratingSystem
forthePRWIndustry
2012HeartlandChapterMeeting
Chicago,IL.October34,2012
RefrigerationThen
RefrigerationThen
RefrigerationNow
ModernRefrigerationEngine
Room
ShouldIChoseCO2 (R744)formyRefrigerating
System?
Whattemperaturesdoyouneedtomaintain?
Arethereproductfreezingrequirements?
IsmaintainingareducedAmmoniasystem
chargecritical?
Isnocontaminatingrefrigerantsinthefood
storage,processingandemployeeworkareas
desirableorneeded?
And,isprovidingaGreen refrigeration
systemimportant?
6
RefrigerationSystem FirstCost
SingleStageEconomizedSystem(Lowest)
CascadeCO2/NH3 System(MidRange)
TwoStageAmmoniaSystem(Highest)
rd
Independent3
PartyStudy
rd
Independent3
PartyStudy
2StageNH3
CO2/NH3
%Improvement
Reference
CascadeSystem
InEfficiency
System[kW/TR]
[kW/TR]
20FSuctionGroup
0.8
0.7
12.3
58FSuctionGroup
1.6
1.0
37.3
Combined20Fand58FSuctionGroups
1.2
0.9
28.7
HighTempSuctionGroup
0.7
0.8
8.5
TotalSystemkW/TR(Compressors)
TotalSystemkW/TR(Compressorsand
Condenser)
TotalSystemkW/TR(Compressors,
CondenserandAirUnits)
1.7
1.6
8.1
1.9
1.8
6.8
2.4
2.3
5.8
FieldTestMeasurement/Instrumentation
Flow Meters
10
CO2 SystemAdvantagesOperating
COP comparison of CO2/Ammonia with
conventionel Ammonia Systems at full load
2.20
2.00
CO2/Ammonia
DT cascade = 9F
COP
1.80
1.60
1.40
Two stage with
open intermidiate cooler
1.20
1.00
0.80
-70
-65
-60
-55
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
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CO2 SystemAdvantagesOperating
COP comparison of CO2/Ammonia with
conventionel Ammonia Systems at 50% load
2.40
2.20
2.00
CO2/Ammonia
DT cascade = 6F
COP
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
-65
-60
-55
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
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CO2 SystemAdvantagesOperating
13
CO2 SystemAdvantagesOperating
14
CO2 SystemAdvantagesOperating
15
RefrigerationSystem
Ammoniacondenser
Ammoniacompressor
CO2/NH3 heatexchanger(cascade
cooler)
CO2 compressor
CO2 receiver(pump
separator)
CO2 liquidpump
CO2 evaporator
16
NH3 Screw
11 / 95F
NH3 Surge
Drum
NH3 Screw
11 / 95F
CP-Receiver
(Economizer)
NH3/CO2 Cascade
Heat Exchangers
CO2 HPR
20F
Blast Freezer
Cooler
Oil Rectifier
Dock
Oil Rectifier
CO2 Recip
-55/ 20F
CO2
VPR
-55F
CO2 Recip
-30/ 20F
Drier
CO2 Recip
-55/ 20F
CO2
VPR
-30F
CO2 Recip
-30/ 20F
Freezer
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CO2 SystemsBackgroundDrivers
Refrigerantsituation
Ammoniachargerestrictions
Ammoniasdamagingeffects
Electricitycosts
Lowerfirstcost
Refrigerantcost
Lowertemperaturesatreasonablecosts
Lessspacerequired
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19
CO2 SystemsFactsOnEmissions
CO2CascadeSystemsreduceCO2emission
lb.lessCO2emissionforeachkWhsaved
1mileinanaveragecarproducesonepound
ofCO2emission
Cryogenicfreezingtypicallyuses2lbs.ofCO2
foreachpoundofproductfrozen
InaCO2cascadesystemstheCO2 iskept
insidetheclosedloop
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CO2 SystemAdvantagesLowerFirstCost
LowerCosts
Compressors(LTside)
Suctionanddischargepiping,valvesinsulation,etc.
Liquidseparatorvessels(plusinsulation)
Refrigerant
HigherCosts
Cascadeheatexchangerinsteadofintermediatecooler
vessel
Liquidpiping,valvesinsulation,etc.
Higherpressureratingforsomecomponents
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CO2 SystemAdvantagesLowerFirstCost
300
Capacity (TR)
High
mpressor
o
C
e
r
u
s
s
e
r
P
H PO 2 8
CO2
30
d Co
r
a
d
n
a
t
S
CMO28
or
m pr e s s
NH3
3.0
-58
-49
-40
-31
CO2 SystemAdvantagesLowerFirstCost
Piping example 300TR at -40F
Dry suction, 100ft pipe, two 90 bends, one stop valve
Pipe size
Temperature
drop
Pressure
drop
Velocity
Pipe size
Temperature
drop
Pressure
drop
Velocity
Inch
PSI
ft / sec
Inch
PSI
ft / sec
Ammonia
12"
1.01
0.31
54
Ammonia
12"
0.29
0.089
68
CO2
6"
0.96
2.85
23
CO2
6"
0.33
39
Ammonia
CO2
Pipe size
Temperature
drop
Pressure
drop
Velocity
Pipe size
Temperature
drop
Pressure
drop
Velocity
Inch
PSI
ft / sec
Inch
PSI
ft / sec
2"
1.4
1.4
3.6
Ammonia
6"
0.21
0.2
79
4"
0.3
1.05
3.5
CO2
4"
0.14
0.9
29
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CO2 SystemAdvantagesCharge/Leaks
Lowammoniacharge
Ammonialimitedtoengineroom
CO2 doesnotdamageproducts
CO2 isnontoxicandnonflammable
However!!
Longtermexposurelimitis1%concentrationofCO2
Shorttermexposurelimitis3%concentrationofCO2
10 20%concentrationofCO2 ishealthandlife
threatening
CO2 detectorsarerequired
24
CO2 SystemAdvantages
Service/Maint.
Norecoveryunitorwaterbasinsrequiredforopening
systemcomponent
Nosmell
NooildrainageonCO2 side
Alwayspositiveoperatingpressure
However!!
Becarefulwithtrappedliquid.Ifthetemperatureisincreasedby
7F,thepressureincreasestotheyieldlimitofsteelpipes!
Becarefulwithtrappedliquid/gas.Saturatedliquid/gasatroom
temperaturee.g.68F=812PSIG
Componentevacuationforair/moisturerequiredafterservice
25
CO2 SystemAdvantagesValveGroups
Penthouses,
piping and valve
groups on roof
26
CO2 SystemAdvantagesPiping
Condenserand
mainpipingon
roof
27
CO2 RefrigerationSystems
CO2 Compressors
8cyl.206TR
4cyl.103TR
28
CO2 RefrigerationSystems
Applications Typ. Cold Storage - Example
Ammonia
Compressors
Screw222TR
Screw307TR
29
CO2 RefrigerationSystems
Applications Typ. Cold Storage - Example
NH3SurgeAcc.
CascadeCO2
Condenser
HPR&
LPR
30
CO2 RefrigerationSystems
Applications Typ. Cold Storage - Example
Economizer(CPR)
Glycolfloorwarming
heatedbyoilcoolers
CO2 HPR
(Highpressure
receiver)
31
CO2 RefrigerationSystems
Applications Typ. Cold Storage - Example
Oil reservoir
Oil heater and
Temp. sensor
Oil return
Oil Rectifier
Oil float switch
32
CO2 RefrigerationSystems
Large PRWs utilizing Cascade
CO2 Refrigerating Systems
33
ThankYou
ChuckToogood
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCRRRRCCC
M&MRefrigeration,Inc.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCLLLLCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCLLLLLL
Chuckt@mmrefrigeration.com
LUCK
(410)7548005
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