International Conference and Exhibition on Tunnelling and Underground Space (ICETUS2015) IEM Kuala Lumpur 3-5 March 2015

Instrumentation and Monitoring of Underground Works for KVMRT

S.Vasagavijayan1, C.E. Ooi1, I.R. Shaiful1, and
S.Satkunaseelan1
1

MMC Gamuda KVMRT (T) Sdn. Bhd., Level 7, Corporate Building (Block E), Pusat
Komersial Southgate, No.2 Jalan Dua, Off Jalan Chan Sow Lin, 55200 Kuala Lumpur.
Email: Vasagavijayan@kvmrt-ug.com.my
ABSTRACT: Instrumentation and monitoring form the vital link between design hypothesis and actual performance of construction work. It
is impossible to fully define the subsurface condition and its response to underground works. As a result instrumentation and monitoring
forms a crucial component of the risk management procedure to achieve these objectives. The use of different types of instruments and
monitoring frequency to capture the impact of underground works to surrounding ground and structures within the zone of influence are
discussed in this paper. These instrument readings are referred to the pre-established design threshold values defined as AAA (Alert, Action
and Alarm) with a complete AAA response procedure. A proactive action plan can be implemented based on evaluation of the monitoring
data thus ensuring the safety of job site and surroundings.

KEYWORDS: Risk management, Instrumentation control, Underground works, Data evaluation, Proactive action

1.

INTRODUCTION

The 9.5km twin-bored KVMRT tunnels comprises of 7 underground

stations, 2 portals, 6 shafts and some cut and cover tunnels. The
tunnel alignments pass through challenging geological formations
(Kenny Hill and Karstic Limestone) and constructed entirely in the
heart of Klang Valley. For ease of reference sites within Kenny Hill
formation was termed UG1 and UG2 for sites in the Karstic
Limestone formation. In order to ensure smooth operation of this
mega project, instrumentation and monitoring plays an important
role in providing vital and timely information to the entire
construction and design team, client, stakeholders and public at
large. Various types of instruments were placed on the surface and
sub-surface to monitor the surrounding ground conditions and
structures during tunnelling and excavation works. Close to 10,000
instruments were installed and monitored in this mega project.
As construction progresses, exact geotechnical observations and
behaviour monitored using instrumentation assisted construction
team and designers to make a judgment, evaluate and make changes
to construction methodology or design parameters, if necessary.
Hence, instrumentation monitoring plays an integral part in
achieving better control of construction, design verification, safety
of the structures besides legal protection and related economic
issues.

water level along the tunnel alignment. For station excavation work,
water standpipes installed at least 1 month before any active
construction works starts. The water table of the surrounding is
required to verify the design assumption prior to excavation works
so that control measures or re-analysis can be implemented if there
are any changes to the water table level that could impact the
surrounding ground and structures during excavation. As a control
measure to maintain ground water level where drawdown is
anticipated, gravity recharge wells with control valves maybe preinstalled subject to the field permeability of the ground.
Table 1 List of Instruments for KVMRT (UG) Project
Instrument Type

Function

Deep Levelling Datum

Survey referencing point

Surface Settlement Marker

Measure settlement and displacement

Displacement Market

Measure ground displacement

Building Settlement Marker

Optical Prism

Measure structure or building settlement

Measure structure or structural
settlement, displacement, convergence
Measure ground water level
Measure pore water pressure
Measure wall deflection
Measure deflection and settlement in the
sub-surface
Measure settlement at specific depth
Measure tilting of structure or building
Measure magnitude of applied load
Measure changes in strain
Measure heaving during excavation
Measure vibration and noise during
blasting/tunnelling/construction works
To recharge ground water level
Measure sub-surface settlement
Measure high accuracy/resolution beam
tilting/distortion
Measure deformation/convergence
between two points

Water Standpipe
Vibrating Wire Piezometer
Inclinometer in Wall
Inclinometer / Extensometer

All monitored geotechnical parameters were observed and compared

with pre-established design threshold values defined as AAA (Alert,
Action and Alarm). A well-documented response procedure was put
in place to ensure all involved in the project are receptive to the
instrumentation monitoring results and work proactively to ensure
safe job site and surroundings.

Rod Extensometer
Tilt meter
Load Cell
Strain Gauge
Heave Stake
Vibration & Noise Monitoring

2.

Gravity Recharge Well

Sub-surface Settlement Marker
Electro-level Beam Sensor

INSTRUMENTATION IN KVMRT UNDERGROUND

WORKS

The list of some major instruments used in the KVMRT (UG)

project and its function is summarised in Table 1. In this paper, the
performance of some selected instruments in relation to excavation
and tunnelling works will be discussed.
2.1 Water Standpipes
During the site investigation stage, some of the SI boreholes were
converted into water standpipe to monitor the seasonal fluctuation of

Tape Extensometer

Measurement of water level from a standpipe is done using a dip

meter which beeps when immersed in water thus providing the
depth of ground water table at this specific water standpipe. Figure 1
shows measurement being taken at a water standpipe in KVMRT
Merdeka Station.

International Conference and Exhibition on Tunnelling and Underground Space (ICETUS2015) IEM Kuala Lumpur 3-5 March 2015

Figure 1 Water standpipe measurement taken at vicinity of KVMRT

Merdeka Station
Based on the water drawdown simulated in analysis due to
excavation or tunnelling work in different ground condition, the
AAA values adopted differ from station to station. The AAA
threshold values adopted for KVMRT Cochrane Station and
Merdeka Station are as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 AAA threshold value for water standpipe at KVMRT
underground stations constructed in different geological conditions.
AAA Level
(Water Drawdown)

Cochrane Station
(Limestone)

Merdeka Station
(Kenny Hill)

ALERT

1.0m

2.1m

ACTION

1.5m

2.6m

ALARM

2.0m

3.0m

Figure 2 Schematics of inclinometer installation for KVMRT (UG)

project
measurement technique and probe quality, it is important to socket
the inclinometer casing into hard stratum to ensure that there is no
movement at the toe of the inclinometer casing which acts as the
reference point for the deflection measurement of the remaining
casing above it. In this project, the inclinometers were socketed 3m
into rock or 5m into hard layer (SPT>50). A typical sketch of
inclinometer installation is shown in Figure 2.

The water level measured during the excavation stage was used to
counter check the design assumption and to carry out re-analysis
based on the real measurement which is able to provide saving in
term of cost and time for construction work. At KL Sentral Station,
the water level based on the monitoring is found to be lower
compared to the water level assumed in the original analysis. The reanalysis based on the water table measured shows that there is less
active force and deflection on the existing diaphragm wall compared
to the original design analysis. This has resulted to the omission of
one level of strut (final level) for the stretch of approximately 56m
over the total length of station of 149m. The wall deflection and
struts loading, and ground anchor loading were found to be well
within Alert Level throughout the excavation stage as well as the
movement of the nearby Muzium Negara building. Saving of time
and cost for construction work has been achieved through this reanalysis study.
2.2 Inclinometers in Wall and Soil
Inclinometers are typically used to measure deflection of the casing
installed in vertical boreholes. In this project, inclinometers were
used to measure deflection due to sub-surface soil movement and
deflection in the diaphragm wall (D-Wall) and secant bored pile
wall (SBP Wall) that was constructed prior to deep excavation
works. The length of inclinometers installed in this project is
generally long where the length reaches 65m at some site due to
deep excavation depth. Combination of inclinometer in soil and in
wall was used in this project.

Figure 3 Example of deflection profile for inclinometer in wall at

KVMRT Merdeka Station

Inclinometers play an important role in providing vital information

on the performance of the retaining structure (D-Wall or SBP wall)
during excavation works. The quality and accuracy of data is
paramount in ensuring safe construction at all time. To ensure
reliable and accurate deflections are recorded, besides the

A typical inclinometer deflection profile is shown in Figure 3. The

inclinometer deflection shown was upon completion of base slab for
the KVMRT Merdeka Station that was constructed by bottom up
method where temporary retaining wall was restrained by temporary
strutting system until the excavation reaches the final excavation

International Conference and Exhibition on Tunnelling and Underground Space (ICETUS2015) IEM Kuala Lumpur 3-5 March 2015

level (FEL). In this particular case all inclinometers deflection at

different stage of excavation was below the AAA threshold value
and demonstrates that the construction methodology, ground
conditions, etc. were well within the design judgements.

For tunnelling related works, the GSMs were installed in arrays

(shown in Figure 5) to capture cross sectional settlement that will be
used to calculate the volume loss and to adjust the TBM parameters
for more effective tunnelling ahead. A typical settlement plot for
array GSM during TBM mining from Semantan NP to KVMRT KL
Sentral Station is as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6 Array settlement profile during tunnelling boring works

Figure 4 Comparison of inclinometer reading of INW11 with
relevant section of Plaxis analysis output at Merdeka Station
The comparison of inclinometer reading with the Plaxis output
deflection based on design analysis give an understanding of the
performance of temporary retaining wall while construction is ongoing. The comparison graphs are shown in Figure 4. If the
performance is better than the predicted profile by analysis,
optimization could be proposed subjected to site condition and reanalysis.
2.3 Ground Settlement Markers (GSM) & Tunnel Array
Monitoring the surface ground condition will be essential in areas
that are close to public access such as roads, utilities, buildings and
structures. GSM are markers installed on the ground and
measurement of ground level at this marker is taken using survey
instruments at specific monitoring frequency depending on the
construction activity. In this project, GSMs were installed within the
zone of influence of station excavation work and tunnelling work.
GSMs were used to determine the impact of station construction on
its surrounding and also the impact of tunnelling on the surface
along the tunnel alignment. This information was used to counter
check the design assumptions. Volume loss calculations based on
the GSM readings serves as a reference for tunnel team to adjust
their TBM operational parameters.

The estimated volume loss for this array (CH1+450) was 0.13%
which is within the 1% as per assumed for building impact
assessment design.
2.4 Optical Prisms and Automatic Total Station (ATS)
Optical prism provides information of point movement in x,y,z
direction with minimum 0.5mm accuracy. Most commonly these
instruments are installed on sensitive structures and are read on a
real-time basis using an Automatic Total Station (ATS). In this
project the numerous ATS were used to monitor various critical and
sensitive structures such as railway, historical buildings, bridges,
stadium where close monitoring is required. The KVMRT tunnels
were crossing below the existing SMART Motorway tunnel and
real-time monitoring works for the upper and lower deck using ATS
were implemented. Figure 7 (a) and (b) shows a picture of the
optical prisms and ATS that was mounted on the lower deck of the
SMART Motorway tunnel.
Due to some of the sites being located at the urban area (i.e. Bukit
Bintang Station) where the buildings are densely built, it is a
challenge to find a suitable location to place the ATS to aim at all

Optical Prism

Figure 5 Example of tunnel GSM array type D and D1

Figure 7 (a)

International Conference and Exhibition on Tunnelling and Underground Space (ICETUS2015) IEM Kuala Lumpur 3-5 March 2015

KVMRT Tunnels

LRT Viaduct

Figure 7 (b)
Figure 7 (a) Optical prism and Figure 7 (b) ATS at lower deck used
to monitor the SMART Motorway tunnel during KVMRT
tunnelling works
desired monitoring points (optical prism) as there is a possibility of
line of sight obstruction.
A typical plot of the optical prism movement in the z-direction
which denotes the settlement is shown in Figure 8. The effect of
both TBM mining below the SMART tunnel is very minimal.

Figure 9 EL Beam layout for Maluri LRT viaduct. (Inset - EL Beam

installed on the beams of this structure)
correction within the instrument itself, the measured data must be
corrected against the surrounding temperature fluctuations. For this
project, we have established the system temperature correlation for
each individual EL Beams. All these instruments are installed
outdoor and are prone to expansion and contraction effects due to
surrounding temperature change and the actual recorded values can
be affected under this circumstances. Figure 10 shows the distortion
values for 2 nos. EL Beams with and without correction. Normally a
cyclic pattern can be observed on the measured readings that are
affected by consistent daily temperature fluctuations. Upon
correction this cyclic effect can be minimized or eliminated thus
reflecting the actual distortion values.

Figure 8 Settlement plot from optical prisms at SMART Motorway

in relation to KVMRT tunnelling works
2.5 Electrolevel Beam Sensor (EL Beam)
The electrolevel beam sensor (EL Beam) is used to monitor
differential movement and rotation of structures with high precision.
Horizontal EL Beams sensors can be used to measure settlement and
heave whereas the vertical EL Beams is used to measure lateral
movement and tilt. At the vicinity of KVMRT Maluri Station, there
is a LRT station and track viaduct that fall within the influence zone
of the station excavation and tunnelling works. In view of this,
structural strengthening (underpinning) works were carried out for
the effected piers and instrumentation and monitoring was essential
throughout the KVMRT construction work. Stringent AAA
threshold values were adopted to ensure necessary precautionary
measures can be taken before any serious damage is caused to the
structure or affect the train operations. Thus, a total of 12 nos. of EL
Beams were installed at numerous locations along Maluri LRT
viaduct as per layout in Figure 9. The monitoring of these EL Beams
was automated using a data logging system and were monitored on
hourly basis.
Since the EL Beam is electrolytic based, it is sensitive to
temperature. Even though EL Beam is equipped with temperature

Figure 10 EL Beam readings before and after system temperature

correction
The distortion values were significantly lower with minimal
fluctuations upon applying temperature correction. For example for
EL Beam 1, the maximum recorded distortion of 0.257 mm/m has
significantly reduced to 0.048 mm/m after the correction. The
distortion due to the temperature fluctuation would have triggered a
false alarm since the Alert level was set at 0.25mm/m.
The impact of tunnelling and station excavation works on the Maluri
LRT viaduct was also monitored by other instruments such as
optical prisms, BSM, tilt plate and vibrometer besides the EL Beam.
The vibration and distortion have not breached the AAA limit
during TBM crossing as seen in Figure 11 and Figure 12.

International Conference and Exhibition on Tunnelling and Underground Space (ICETUS2015) IEM Kuala Lumpur 3-5 March 2015

until backfilling of the station box. For deep excavation works, the
monitoring frequency adopted for KVMRT (UG) sites for various
type of instruments are listed in Table 3.
Table 3 Monitoring frequency during excavation for various types
of instruments

Figure 11 Recorded vibration values at the LRT Pier during TBM

crossing

For tunnelling works the monitoring frequency is adopted based on

the TBM progress and an example of monitoring requirement for
UG1 tunnelling works is described in Table 4.
Table 4 Monitoring Frequency for bored tunnel in UG1
DISTANCE

MONITORING
FREQUENCY (UG1)

50m behind the TBM and 25m in front of

cutter head
Between 50m to 100m behind the TBM
100m to 300m behind the TBM
300m behind the TBM

Daily
Twice a week
Weekly
End of monitoring

*Monitoring frequency is Indicative only and if necessary can be varied

Figure 12 Tunnelling impact on distortion at Maluri LRT viaduct

3.

INSTRUMENTATION MONITORING CRITERIA AND

DATA MANAGEMENT

Upon installation of instruments, monitoring works commences.

The frequency of monitoring works varies in accordance to the
instrument type, sensitivity of structure and impact of construction
activity. Monitoring results are submitted by the specialist
monitoring contractors to the projects instrumentation team. The
instrumentation result will be sent out to the Supervising consultant
(SC), site team, client and other related personnel for action after
checking process is done. If there is any reading that breached the
AAA level, prompt notification will be sent to relevant parties
immediately so that required mitigation measure can be carried out
in a timely manner. Monitoring data for the instruments in the
KVMRT (UG) project is also available via an on-line monitoring
system for easy and immediate access for defined users.
3.1 Monitoring Criteria for Tunnelling and Excavation Works

These monitoring criteria (as per Table 3 and Table 4) are applied
for all instruments within the influence zone of excavation and
tunnelling. The frequency of monitoring could be changed subjected
to the site condition especially when a more closely monitoring is
required at particular area.
As this project is carried out in the heart of the city, sensitive and
critical structures located within the influence zone has been pre
identified and special instrumentation and monitoring requirements
were used to monitor them while the work is on-going. Some of the
sensitive structures are including National Museum, Syariah Court,
KTMB HQ, Bangunan Stesen Keretapi, Stadium Negara, and etc.

Insert: Automatic Total Station

As mentioned earlier in this paper, instruments are installed

minimum 1 month prior to any construction activity. This 1 month
monitoring records is known as baseline record and will be used to
establish the baseline for a specific instrument before starting of
construction work at site. Information about the construction impact
based on the instrument response will be meaningful only if a good
baseline has been established.
The monitoring frequency changes from weekly basis during
baseline period to daily basis when excavation works commence

Figure 13 Real-time monitoring of mural at the National Museum

International Conference and Exhibition on Tunnelling and Underground Space (ICETUS2015) IEM Kuala Lumpur 3-5 March 2015

3.2 On-line Instrumentation Monitoring System

The monitoring data submitted to the instrumentation team on a
daily basis is also checked and updated constantly on to a web-based
on-line monitoring system which is capable of managing large
capacity data from real-time monitoring instruments as well as TBM
parameters and progress. A caption of this on-line monitoring screen
is shown in Figure 14.

required or works within the area of concern could be suspended

upon SCs advice. In all the above AAA breach, AAA report will be
created and documented for circulation. Details of AAA action plan
are summarized in Table 5.
4.2 AAA Report
AAA reports are created for every level of AAA that is breached. A
notification is sent out and a brief report describing the site activity
related to the breached instrument will be created by instrumentation
team. Within the stipulated timeframe, the brief AAA report will be
jointly completed by the instrumentation team with input from SC
and construction team detailing immediate response, site activity,
site instruction, review of subsequent monitoring, action plan and
recommendation by the SC as listed in Table 6. A sample of Alert
Report is shown in Appendix 1. This report will be circulated to the
parties involved for action to be taken as per recommendations.
Table 6 Reporting items of a AAA report and parties responsible

Figure 14 Web-based instrumentation and TBM monitoring system

This system allows multiple users to login simultaneously and can
be accessed via computer or even smart phones provided they are
connected to internet. This system is able to send prompt via SMS
or email to relevant personnel immediately if there is any breaching
of AAA level. This would help to create a good communication link
so that mitigation or safety measure can be carried out in a timely
manner.
4.

AAA RESPONSE PROCEDURE AND ACTION PLANS

Upon any monitored instrument breaching the AAA limit, a series

of predefined procedures has been put in place to ensure immediate
and appropriate measures are taken by parties involved.

4.1 AAA Level and Respective Action

When Alert Level is breached, a joint site inspection will be carried
out by the instrumentation team, Supervising Consultant (SC), and
respective site team to check on the instrument and surroundings.
Table 5 AAA Action Plan

Reporting Item
Responsibility
Immediate response
ST, I&M,
Site activity (Ongoing Activity)
ST
Site inspection
I&M
Site instruction
SC
Affected instruments
I&M, SC
Review on subsequent monitoring data
SC
Other actions if necessary
ST,SC
Action plan
ST, SC, D&T
Conclusion/Recommendations
SC
Legend: ST (Site Team), I&M (Instrumentation and Monitoring Team), SC
(Supervising Consultant), D&T (Design and Technical Team)

Instrumentation monitoring is often related to emergency response

plan (ERP) especially when concerning public safety. During the
TBM mining work at KTM rail track, the ERP was drafted together
with KTMB personnel for effective and comprehensive action to be
taken when necessary. The response plan in the event of any
instrument installed on the track breach the AAA level is presented
at Appendix 2
5.

LESSONS LEARNT & RECOMMENDATIONS

Instrumentation is a vital link between design and construction. The

accuracy of the instrumentation data is important as designers and
contractor will use these data to verify the design assumption and to
check on the performance of the construction work or the impact to
the surrounding. Accuracy and verification of monitoring data must
be done at all level by the specialist contractor before official
submissions and upon this if any abnormal results are observed by
instrumentation team or supervising consultant, the monitoring data
must be checked thoroughly to avoid false alerts that could cause
serious detrimental effects to the project and its safety.
Automated system is recommended to be applied on the instrument
that is prone to wear and tear due to frequent measuring action such
as inclinometer. New instruments and technology such as fiber optic
sensing system can be implemented as an alternative. This could
help to solve the line of sight problem on the surveying as our tunnel
construction involved a long distance and located in the highly
dense urban area.
QA/QC procedures to ensure that the basic tools like the measuring
instruments and datum are properly maintained, certified and
complied in order to ensure that the true instrumentation response is
captured.

Upon the breaching of the second AAA level which is Action Level,
besides the site visit, a plan will be put forward in order to ensure
relevant control measure are taken before the instrument breaching
the Alarm level. In the event when instrument breaches Alarm level,
site works will be reassessed with respective mitigation measure if

Due to the mega scale of this project which involves thousands of

data to be assimilated daily, a data management system capable of
displaying information with the added functionality such as
restricted access and alert capability is crucial in creating an
effective monitoring system so that proper action/counteractions can
be implemented in a timely manner.

International Conference and Exhibition on Tunnelling and Underground Space (ICETUS2015) IEM Kuala Lumpur 3-5 March 2015

6.

CONCLUSION

Instrumentation plays an important part in the construction of

KVMRT (UG) tunnels and related stations, shafts and portals. A
combination of various types of instruments serves as important
information to verify the design assumption, to check the
performance of the construction work and to ensure safety by
providing early warning. Thus the selection of instrumentation and
location should be carefully considered and not to exhaust with
instruments and voluminous data leading to lack of appreciation to
the data acquired. Instrumentation requirement should not be a case
of just putting them in regular grid pattern hoping to capture any
unforeseen events but more importantly placed in location that
would provide beneficial information for design and construction
improvement. A comprehensive procedure to address the instrument
that breached AAA creates an effective monitoring system enabling
the mitigation measure to be established in a timely manner which
enhances the safety. Tunnelling impact on surrounding ground and
improving the TBM parameters based on instrumentation results and
optimizing design parameters are key indicator for continuous
success in future projects.
7.

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International Conference and Exhibition on Tunnelling and Underground Space (ICETUS2015) IEM Kuala Lumpur 3-5 March 2015

Appendix 1

International Conference and Exhibition on Tunnelling and Underground Space (ICETUS2015) IEM Kuala Lumpur 3-5 March 2015

International Conference and Exhibition on Tunnelling and Underground Space (ICETUS2015) IEM Kuala Lumpur 3-5 March 2015

Appendix 2

International Conference and Exhibition on Tunnelling and Underground Space (ICETUS2015) IEM Kuala Lumpur 3-5 March 2015