Simple

complicated

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

Problem:
How do we analyze such kind of
complicated circuit?

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

Direct-Current DC
direction of the current does not change with time

Direct-Current Circuits
Alternating-Current AC
current oscillates back and forth

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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Direct-Current Circuits

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

26

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

Objectives
1. Given a network of resistors connected in series and/or
parallel, evaluate the equivalent resistance, current and
voltage
2. Evaluate the voltage drop and current passing thru each
circuit element

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

Resistor
Resistance R ()

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

26
Four ways to connect 3 resistors
with resistances R1, R2, R3

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

Equivalent resistance
J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

26
Resistors in Series
Current I must be the same in all resistors.

Their potential differences add.

Recall:

Equivalent resistance of 3 resistors

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

26
Resistors in Series
In general, for n number of resistors,

Equivalent resistance of n resistors

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

26
Resistors in Parallel

Potential difference is the same for all resistors.

Their currents add.

Equivalent resistance of 3 resistors

Recall:

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

26
Resistors in Parallel
In general, for n number of resistors,

Equivalent resistance of n resistors

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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26

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

Example:
Compute the equivalent resistance of the network
shown, and find the current in each resistor. The
battery has negligible internal resistance.

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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26

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

Seatwork:
In the circuit shown, each resistor represents a light bulb.
Let R1= R2 = R3 = R4 = 1 and = 9.00 V.
a) (0.2 pt) Find the equivalent resistance of the network.
b) (0.2 x 4 pt) Find the current (I1, I2, I3, I4) in each bulb.

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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26

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

Homework (0.5+0.5 pt):

Consider the circuit shown. The current through the
6.00- resistor is 4.00 A, in the direction shown. What
are the currents through the 25.0- and 20.0-
resistors?

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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26

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

Objective
1. Given a circuit diagram, calculate the current through and
voltage across a circuit element using Kirchhoffs loop and
junction rules

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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26

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

Many practical resistor networks cannot be reduced to simple

series-parallel combinations.

Kirchhoffs Rules

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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26

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

Examples:

A junction in a circuit is a point where three or more conductors meet.

(node or branch point)
A loop is any conducting
path.
J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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26

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

1. Kirchhoffs Junction Rule

The algebraic sum of the currents into any junction is zero.

The junction rule is based on conservation of electric charge.

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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26

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

Example:
Consider the circuit fragment shown in the figure. What
is the current IX flowing out of node B?

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

26
Example:

Using the circuit diagram below use junction rule to

express the relationship of the assumed current
direction.

I1

I3
I2

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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26

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

2. Kirchhoffs Loop Rule

The algebraic sum of the potential differences in any loop,
(including those associated with emfs and those of resistive elements) ,
must equal to zero.

The loop rule is a statement that the electrostatic force is

conservative.

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

26

2. Kirchhoffs Loop Rule

Sign Conventions:

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

26
Example:
Consider the circuit shown with the
assumed direction of each branch
current shown by the labeled arrows.
Assuming each inner loop is
travelled counterclockwise, which
of the following equations follows
Kirchhoff's voltage law?
I. -I1 R1 - I2 R2 - V1 = 0
II. I1 R1 + I3 R3 + V2 = 0
III. -I2 R2 - I4 R4 - V2 = 0

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

26
Example:
In the circuit shown, find

(a) the current in the 3.00- resistor;

(b) the unknown emfs 1 and 2;

(c) the resistance R.
Note that three currents are given.

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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26

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

Seatwork:
What is the internal resistance r in the 12-V battery?

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

26

Homework (0.5 x 4 pts):

In the circuit shown, find
(a)the current in resistor R;

(b)the resistance R;
(c)the unknown emf .
(d)If the circuit is broken at point x,
what is the current in resistor R?

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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26

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

Objective
1. Describe the behavior of current, potential, and charge as a
capacitor is charging or discharging in terms of the initial,
transient, and steady-state conditions

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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26

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

R-C Circuit
A circuit that has a resistor and a capacitor in series
Charging/Discharging a Capacitor

1. Current changes with time

2. Voltage changes with time
3. Power changes with time

Applications:
heart pacemakers
flashing traffic lights
automobile turn signals

electronic flash unitsJ. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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26

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

Caution: Lowercase (i, q, v) means time-varying.

Instantaneous current i = i(t)
Instantaneous charge q = q(t)
Instantaneous voltage v = v(t)

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

26
Charging a Capacitor
Assumptions:

1. idealized battery (or power supply)

constant emf (zero internal resistance, r = 0)
2. connecting conductors has negligible resistance
Initially, capacitor C is uncharged.

At t = 0, switch is closed.

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

26
Charging a Capacitor
At t = 0, switch is closed.

After some time t,

vbc = q/C = 0 (since q = 0)

Current Io through the resistor R

= I oR
Io = /R

Charge q on the capacitor increases.

Current i decreases.

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

26
Charging a Capacitor
After some time t,

Kirchhoffs Loop Rule:

Charge q on the capacitor increases.

Current i decreases.

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

26
Charging a Capacitor

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

26
Time Constant

measure of how quickly a capacitor charges

If is small, capacitor charges quickly.

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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26

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

Time Constant

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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26

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

Time Constant

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

26
Discharging a Capacitor
Initially, capacitor is charged (q = Qo).
1. Remove the battery from RC circuit.
2. Connect point a and c to an open switch.

At t = 0, switch is closed.

Kirchhoffs Loop Rule:

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

26
Discharging a Capacitor

After some time t,

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

26
Discharging a Capacitor

After some time t,

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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Resistors in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoffs Rules
R-C Circuits

26
Example:

A 4.60-F capacitor that is initially uncharged is connected in series with a

7.50-k resistor and an emf source with = 125 V and negligible internal
resistance. Just after the circuit is completed, what are
(a) the voltage drop across the capacitor;

(b) the voltage drop across the resistor;

(c) the charge on the capacitor;
(d) the current through the resistor;
(e) the time constant?
(f) A long time after the circuit is completed (after many time constants)

what are the values of the quantities in parts (a)-(d)?

J. Manuel Physics 72 2nd Sem AY13-14

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