1 Kaiser Wilhelm in Norway

2 Scandinavian Neutrality
3 Norway prior to World War 1
4 Norwegians in World War 1
5 The term "The Neutral Ally"
6 Neutral Norway is offered German East Africa in the treaty of Versailles
7 Conditions in Norway during the War
8 Bergen Fire of 1916
9 Fridjof Nansen
10 What Professor Aarebrot had to say
11 The Norwegian Merchant Fleet and the Great War
12 More general information Norway&WW1
13 Norwegian Volunteers
14 Labour time / working time (Jobbetid on norwegian)
15 Drbak sound mined under World War 1
16 From the book History of Norway
17 The Defense of Norway anno WW1
18 Norwegian press during the Great War
1) Kaiser Wilhelm in Norway [source: the book KEISER WILHELM I NORGE by Svein Skotheim]
For 23 years the German Kaiser Wilhelm II visited Norway with his stately kaiser yacht
"Hohenzollern", often in the tip of a great german fleet. Wilhelm was deepy fascinated by Vikings and
the Norse Culture. When he became emperor, the North Germanic world and the saga heroes
homeland was a natural destination. The Kaiser loved the tranquility and the life of the simple
norwegian people, and the excursions to the Norwegian fjords was a dear break from the duties of a
Kaiser which loved art and culture, social life and nature.
German War ships were always with him on the "Nordlandfahrt" trips to Norway, and could be up to
25 ships. With a staff of 300 people and up to 1,000 naval sailors arrayed when they were in the land
visiting villages, it made a indelible impression on the local population. Under Kaiser Wilhelms four
days long visit to Christiania (Today called Oslo) in 1890 there was a huge parade through the city, a
simmilar parade has only been matched in 1945 when King Haakon VII returned after Norway was
liberated. Back then people would gladly pay a month's sallary just to watch from the window.
But the Kaiser ment more to the people then just fancy cool and imperial stuff. The many visits also
caused that the Norwegians became better known with the Kaiser then the union king, Oscar. Little
Norway received distinguished visits, and in a time of growing national consciousness, the Kaisers
visit created great excitement and a happy combination of entertainment and national feeling: It was
their country the German Kaiser visited. With highlighting Norway as a own country and with it's

own capital and a proud people, Wilhelm played a part Probably without knowing it himself in
Norway's liberation from Sweden in 1905.
Wilhelm also showed himself as a true friend of Norway when the city lesund burned to the ground
in 1904. One day after the fire started, 3 ships was on their way from Germany with doctors, blankets,
food and medicines. The Kaiser himself came to the city the next summer, he was recieved as a hero.
And if there were more who participated with help and rebuilding the city, the city still bares a mark
from former actionable benefactors with their Keiser Wilhelms street, Imperial Control, Imperial Bar
and imperial rolls.
The stately Nordlandfahrt trips to Norway reached a dramatic stop when Hohenzollern weighed
anchor the 25. July in 1941 in Balestrand in the Sogne fjord, it was only 30 minutes before Serbia
answered Austria's ultimatum. The Great War had begun. Wilhem never came back to Norway. In
total he spent over four years on board.
From his visit to Oslo in 1890: http://dms04.dimu.org/image/022sAXqwXegS?dimension=1200x1200
http://dms01.dimu.org/image/032sC2NwjxjZ http://dms04.dimu.org/image/042sAYQgfnkc
Kaiser Wilhem II of Germany and King Haakon VII of Norway in the last picture the third person is
Queen Maud: http://learnlearn.net/Europa2/res/Default/ESS_PasteBitmap0014115.png
https://gfx.nrk.no/erVLri5erHE6KkR-IDAclwSt6tPgDwY-0zjQD16mTC-Q http://fossehohenzollern.no/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Keiser-Wilhelm-II-and-King-Haakon-VII-ofNorway.jpg http://img.nrk.no/img/181137.jpeg
https://c1.staticflickr.com/3/2505/3983534464_4ff33eec24_b.jpg
From the unveiling of the statue of the Viking Hero Fridjof which the Kaiser had built:
https://gfx.nrk.no/OzlJRLxL_duw5EQq6rQFCwmSrQtCkUw0Vj9LuosnoPcg
http://www.sffarkiv.no/webdb/fileStream.aspx?fileName=dbfoto%5CSFFf1994296%5Ckvalitet2%5CSFFf-1994296.0021.jpg
It was organized boat race competition when Kaiser Wilhelm II visited, and it doesn't seem like he
mind at all, hehe. https://gfx.nrk.no/ApPx1uEK0ooz4aIbEM0c9g0zkniFTZiMFu5GDcku4WlQ
The only video footage i found: https://www.nrk.no/sognogfjordane/fann-biletskatt-i-gamle-album1.8018074
Other pictures from his trips:
https://gfx.nrk.no/964WzpjDEPo49Z9GcfQb5gelTIhBUi7fFIASvVxAu5Yw
http://img.nrk.no/img/181207.jpeg http://img.nrk.no/img/181346.jpeg http://3.bp.blogspot.com/t8oS45uHcpM/Tt_pT-bs6RI/AAAAAAAACYg/KqFpNUPYzIM/s1600/Wilhelm+i+sognefjorden.jpg
http://www.hansakontoret.no/arkiv/pages/artikkelbilder/puddefj_hohenz.jpg
http://forskning.no/sites/forskning.no/files/keiser-wilhelm.jpg
http://g.api.no/obscura/API/dynamic/r1/escenic/tr_800_487_l_f/0000/archive/04074/3049641422_407
4236a.jpg?chk=F36CBE http://www.smp.no/frapapir/article9001273.ece/ALTERNATES/w980default/nyh10keiserwilhelm-1904.jpg http://fosse-hohenzollern.no/wpcontent/uploads/2013/05/cropped-800px-Yacht_Hohenzollern_1906.jpg
lesund before the fire:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85lesund_Fire#/media/File:General_view,_Alesund,_Norway.jpg
2)
The meeting between the 3 scandinavian monarchs which paved the way for a common scandinavian
politic about neutrality that you mentioned in the video about Sweden is also relevant.

3) Norway prior to World War 1 [Source: mainly the Norwegian wikipedia article "Norge under
frste verdenskrig"]
Norway was once again independent after over 500 years of Union in 1905, but even in the following
years the country didn't really promote any independent foreign policy. First and foremost aim was to
ensure Norway's independence and avoid foreign policy difficulties. for example, the norwegian
government decided to stay out of the North Sea Treaty, even when this directly concerned Norway's
interests. But during the second Morocco crisis in 1911 it was clear that even secluded Norway could
be drawn into great power politics. When Britain's Finance Minister Lloyd George during the crisis
directed a powerful warning against Germany, the German high sea fleet unexpectedly drew into the
Norwegian fjords. These events made it clear that Norway's neutrality could come to be violated if
war broke out. Moreover, it became clear that one could risk that supplies from abroad could be
interrupted. Norway was in fact extremely dependent on supplies from abroad, especially grain and
coal. The Norwegian military thus explained the necessity of upgrading the Norwegian defense. In the
last years before the outbreak of war there were also driven some agitation in the press for a
strengthening of the defense. Parliament allocated money for the purchase of two new armored ships,
and in spring 1914 the term of service for conscripts extended from six months to one year. Although
certain voices warned of a coming war between the great powers in Europe, the mood among most
people were pretty optimistic until just days before the war. Also Prime Minister Gunnar Knudsen,
who had formed his second government in 1913, meant that the foreign sky was cloudless, as he
pointed out in a famous speech in February 1914 and when the war first broke out, most people tought
that it could impossibly come to last long. "Currently, the political sky world is cloudless to a degree
that has not been the case for many years" -Prime Minister Gunnar Knudsen, Feb. 1914. He would be
the prime minister of Norway for the entire War.
On the other hand, Norway also did rather well echonomicly there was a 4% continual economic
increase. in 1917 the production of norway was 80% more then in 1905. due to "Norsk Hydro"
foreign capital, and power development among other things. One of the individuals in norway who
also found fortune due to world war 1 was Nils Waltersen Aasens, the inventor of the modern hand
grenade and land mine. He made a fortune during World War 1 and even managaed to sell grenades to
the Pope [source: http://www.klikk.no/produkthjemmesider/vimenn/article924445.ece]
Nils Waltersen Aasens: http://www.klikk.no/incoming/img1316479/ALTERNATES/LANDSCAPE_2_1_960/img-619113630-0001.jpg
http://www.klikk.no/incoming/img-1316491/alternates/FREE_320/img673%20copy.jpg
http://www.lexpev.nl/images/schrapnellminea.jpg
http://www.lexpev.nl/images/mle1915aasendoorsnede.jpg
The summer of 1914 was mostly remembered for the good weather. and the 100 year anniversery of
the Norwegian constitution, a jubleum which was celebrated with a major exhibition at Frogner in
Christiania (Oslo). In July there was a great regatta on Christiania Fjord.
The constitutional anniversery of 1914 and the first bananas arriving in Norway in 1905:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSuxBR6TtwI http://ap.mnocdn.no/images/b5fa6b6b-0c0e-4e23b1ee-d4e039017584?fit=crop&h=810&q=80&w=1440
Prime Minister Knudsen and neutrality guards on duty in Trndelag during the great war:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gunnar_Knudsen_02.jpg/220pxGunnar_Knudsen_02.jpg http://www.kildenett.no/portal/imagearchive/FTTF.041335.jpg
A simmilar neutrality guard stationed in Kristiansand:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/SAKR-D0826-008.jpg

4) Norwegians in World War 1 [source norgeshistorie.no a branch of the university in oslo and
https://deukjentekrigerne.wordpress.com/]
The state Norway did not participate in World War 1. However thousands of Norwegians did.
Between 14 000 and 16 000 Norwegian born men and woman, mostly norwegian-americans,
participated in world war 1, most of them on the allied side. How many of them died, is uncertain, but
it is most likely somewhere between 1000 and 2000 deaths. As thousands of Norwegians took contact
with the government in a pledge for help and since many of them were apart of a bigger migrant
group it became hard for the norwegian government to actually know who were fully norwegian and
born in Norway, both the ability and desire to help norwegians at the front was variable, due to
norway officaly beeing neutral. The consequences were also dire for countless norwegian families and
local communities. Death telegrams from the front came to cities and towns all over the country. After
the war, war pensions and compensation also became apart of the Norwegian economy. Norwegian
hospitals had to treat physical and mentaly injured soldiers, and also in Norwegian churches lay the
graves of fallen soldiers. The norwegian veterans, or "Frontkjempere" (roughly translated to Front
fighters) as they called themselves, were not very visible in the norwegian society after the war.
Alltough the first years the press and media, mostly local papers were interested in their war
experiencies. But that did not last long. The last Norwegian soldier, Abraham Norin from Krager
died in 1986 and the last norwegian participant, the doctor Henrik Sommerchild, which participated in
a field ambulanse died in 1992.
Of these mentioned over 100 were woman, roughly half of them healthcare personel at the frontline.
But many were also in the field, were woman usualy werent allowed they were allowed to treat
woundeds and one in particualar, Arnbjrg Dorphmuus Evjen was highlighted as a hero in a
norwegian-american newspaper. This was not very highlighted because it was not the traditional
"silent" feminine works and tasks. This was before most woman even had the right to vote, in norway
they recieved it in 1913.
One of the most notable Norwegian volunteers of the War was Per Freng Petersen who served in a
australian uniform. After the war, he would be a leader of the Norwegian War Veterans 1914-1918;
Apparently the only War Veterans in the world who accepted members from both sides. the key
members were, according to Petersen, the large community that they had experienced at the front "We are comrades"
Other notable norwegian volunteers were Ivan Holmsen The russian general lieutnant who was born
in Norway, raised in Finland and served in the imperial Russian Army. He came to Norway as a
german prisoner of war in 1917.
https://s1.haugenbok.no/var/forlagshuset_site/storage/images/4/9/7/2/1652794-23-norNO/9788282330169_product_full.jpg
And Tryggve Gran who was the first man to fly over the north sea. and the skiing expert on the 191013 Scott Antartic Expedition and a cunning pilot in ww1 in british service (source: all quoted from
english wikipedia article of Tryggve Gran);
When he tried to volunteered for service with the Royal Flying Corps. He was rejected because of
Norway's neutrality. However, the rejection did not stop Gran. Under the identity of "Captain Teddy
Grant" of Canada, he was admitted to the RFC, serving in 1916 with No. 39 Squadron on Home
Defence.
Gran was commissioned into the Royal Flying Corps under his own name as a probationary
temporary second lieutenant on 1 January 1917, confirmed in the rank and appointed a flying officer

on 1 March 1917, and was posted to No. 70 Squadron, flying the Sopwith Camel on the Western
Front.
He was appointed a flight commander on 1 January 1918 with the rank of acting-captain, and in
March his seniority as second lieutenant was backdated to 1 January 1917. Soon after he was awarded
the Military Cross. His citation reading:
T./Capt. Tryggve Gran, Gen. List and R.F.C.
For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. He bombed enemy aerodromes with great success,
and engaged enemy searchlights, transport and other targets with machine-gun fire. He invariably
showed the greatest determination and resource.
He was promoted to acting-major on 10 September 1918. and commanded various Royal Air Force
units in Arkhangelsk and North Russia During the Allied intervention in 1919. Gran was temporarily
transferred to unemployed list on 26 April 1919, but on 1 August was granted a permanent
commission in the RAF with the rank of captain, however, this was then cancelled on 2 December
1919. Gran finally relinquished his commission on 6 August 1921. Gran himself claimed to have shot
down German ace Hermann Gring in a dogfight on 8 or 9 September 1917. He discovered this when
he became acquainted with Gring after the war, and compared his flight logs with Gring's. It could
however not be verified that it was Gran who shot down Gring's plane.
Tryggve Gran: http://dms05.dimu.org/image/042sAXjQ3BDM
http://www.forlagsliv.no/generalisten/files/2013/11/Tryggve-Gran-omslag1.jpg
https://gfx.nrk.no/qR7BQx1mTW_tni0HgSUSQANNQTMWRJQbYgPtl0WJk2rg
http://tidsskriftet.no/image/2000/fig200017014.jpg
http://ap.mnocdn.no/images/492a8519-f2c5-4afe-9e00ad8adfa0bb81?fit=crop&h=810&q=80&w=1440
Norwegian health personel during the war https://www.norgeshistorie.no/bilder/16-forsteverdenskrig-og-mellomkrigstid/1624_b_1.jpg
Translated to "Christiania boy killed under battles in France" this particular man ended up in a
Scottish-Canadian battalion https://www.norgeshistorie.no/bilder/16-forste-verdenskrig-ogmellomkrigstid/1624_b_3.jpg
Translated to "Norwegian sportsman killed in Belgium"
Footages from Joakim Sveder Bang album about the Norwegian volunteers at the front:
https://deukjentekrigerne.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/aftenposten.png
https://deukjentekrigerne.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/aagot-magnussen.jpg
https://deukjentekrigerne.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/hotell-balkan.png
https://deukjentekrigerne.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/morgenbladet-1929.png
https://deukjentekrigerne.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/dagbladet-werswick.png?w=939&h=813
https://deukjentekrigerne.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/rafa-5032_u1_3-1b.jpg
5) the term "The Neutral Ally"
Norway is at times referred to as "The Neutral Ally". During World War I, while theoretically a
neutral country, British pressure and anti-German sentiment in the population enabled the government
to highly favour Britain in matters concerning the large Norwegian shipping fleet and vast fish
supplies. The term was coined by Norwegian historian Olav Riste in the 1960s.

In 1905, when Norway gained independence, the nation's politicians agreed that in matters of
international conflict, Norway should remain neutral. Since the Great Powers had no desire for unrest
in Scandinavia, they signed an agreement respecting Norway's neutrality. Still, the political direction
was clear: fearing Russian ambition in the north, the sentiment was that Norway should be neutral if
war broke out, and rely on help from Great Britain if attacked.
This affinity westwards was substantiated by international trade. In the early 1900s, Norway's
merchant fleet was one of the largest in the world, and the country required vast supplies of oil, coal
and steel to build and operate it. When war broke out in 1914, Norway was exporting great amounts
of fish to Germans and British alike, much to the dismay of the British Government. The Allies
started preventing the Germans from purchasing these fish stocks by overbidding them, but trade in
other areas continued. Imports of Norwegian copper ore, nickel and pyrite were vital to the German
war industry, and by the end of 1916, Norway's Government was put under heavy pressure. Several
agreements were made, none completely satisfying to the British.
On Christmas Eve 1916, the British issued an ultimatum, informing the Norwegian Foreign Minister,
Nils Claus Ihlen, that British exports of coal to Norway would cease unless trade with Germany
stopped. The Norwegian Government felt they had no option but to comply with the demand. This
coincided with Germany's expansion of unrestricted submarine warfare in the beginning of 1917. In
total, 436 Norwegian ships were sunk in the period 19141917, out of 847 in the course of the whole
war. More than 1150 sailors died during this period, creating an increasingly anti-German sentiment
throughout the shipping nation of Norway.
Thus, both commerce and political sympathies tied Norway and Britain together during World War I
even though Norway would officially remain neutral.
This is stated from the English wikipedia article "The Nuetral Ally" i will g0 more into this in part
two. http://www.mennesket.net/filer/2013/12/Britenes-syn-p%C3%A5-norsk-n%C3%B8ytralitetAftenposten-21.10.1914.png
Norwegian newspaper regarding the british view about norwegian neutrality.
6) Neutral Norway is offered German East Africa in the treaty of Versailles [Source: english
wikipedia article called "German East Africa"]
Baron Fritz Wedel Jarlsberg, Norwegian ambassador to Paris, enjoyed a high level of popularity and
influence in the French capital. Through diplomacy, he had originally intended for The Treaty of
Versailles to have Germany cede German East Africa to Norway for the loss of men and ships in
WWI during which Norway had declared itself neutral. The liberal political party Venstre which was
elected for government in Norway, opposed the conservative view on colonization and denied the
offer which Jarlsberg had successfully secured in France. Instead, the treaty broke up the colony,
giving the north-western area to Belgium as Ruanda-Urundi, the small Kionga-Triangle south of the
Rovuma River to Portugal to become part of Mozambique, and the remainder to Britain, which named
it Tanganyika.
7) Conditions in Norway during the war
Many norwegians particulary those in the shipping industry made crazy money during WW1,
espesially due to the fishing politics; Western Powers blockade led to food shortages in Germany. The
Germans were therefore very interested in buying Norwegian fish. In the first year of the war, they
bought all the fish they could find in Norway, so it was booming for the Norwegian fishery. But
Britain tried soon to prevent this sale, primarily by threatening to halt the supply of coal and oil. The
Norwegian authorities then agreed to let the British buying fish instead of Germans. Spring 1916 they
bought up 70-80% of the Norwegian production. But in the long runthe British did not want to buy

fish they did not need to market. And on august 5th they made a secret fish deal with norway, which
demanded that the Norwegian government imposed export ban for Norwegian fish. In return, the
United Kingdom purchase all Norwegian fish production at fixed prices. When the deal leaked out, it
caused great indignation in Germany. The releations with germany was further soured by several
major spy cases, which also helped to turn public opinion against the Central Powers. The largest of
these was Rautenfels affair in 1917, when it was discovered a large bomb stock at Grnerlkka in
Christiania (Oslo), and the German diplomat courier Baron von Rautenfels was revealed as
responsible. German agents were suspected of spying on German merchant ships or for outright
sabotage. German intelligence services used the neutral Norway as a channel for spies and
messages in and out of Britain. On several occasions Norwegians also recruited as a spy, the most
famous case was the painter Alfred Hagn. The Germans also had agents who kept an eye on shipping
in Norwegian ports, especially after Germany declared unrestricted submarine war in 1917. The
British had also agents in Norway, which led control with Norwegian firms Norway was also
sceptical towards Russia due to the fear of a invasion of Finnmark to secure the ice free ports there.
Even from 1914 the war led the prices to raise in a number of goods, mostly due to lack of inport and
expensive shipping rates. It became a expensive time, even if the government tried to enforce
maximum prices. From 1916 the lasting defect really started to make itself felt, and it was particulary
bad during the coal ban in January 1917. they then seized all the proviant of private shops regarding
coal and it was also introduced restrictions on shopping hours. In february, the rationing of oil. the
fuel situation improved over the summer, but at the same time the food situation was worse. Norway
began to buy back some of the fish that were sold to the UK. in April 1917 scarcity of goods led to the
stablishment of an industrial supply department, which in a few months achieved a stronger state
control and centralization of supplies. for fear of food shortages, the america kommision, with Fridjoft
Nansen as chairman was appoined in june 1917 to try to negotiate an agreement for supplies with the
USA. while negotiations continued, it was prepared for rationing of grain and flour from 1 february
1918 in America the negotiations kept going with no result. because USA had now joined the war and
did not want to sell Norway commodities that could benefit Germany. Norway pratcticaly then seized
the neutrality guard, and in april 1917 nansen signed an agreement which earned the country large
supplies of grain, corn, sugar, coffee, oil, copper, iron ore and meat on the permision that norway's
trade with the central powrs would be limited and norway provided the allies commodities such as
nitrates, aluminum, zinc, pyrite, lumber and paper. in this way, food shortages were avoided, and
rationing was less noticable.
8) A great disaster, unrelated to the war hit the major norwegian city Bergen which had between
104,224 (in 1910) and 118,490 (in 1920) citizens during the war. Second to Oslo which in 1890 had
151,239 citizens in 1890 (could't find updated demographics for oslo between 1891-1950 but in 1951
the population of the city was 434,365)
Bergen Fire 15 16 January 1916
At five pm on Saturday, January 15, 1916, some workers were taking inventory of stock for the
Berstad scrap-iron dealer in a shed at Murallmenningen (Mur Commons). There was a strong storm
outside with hurricane-force gusts. One of the workers accidentally ignited a ball of black oakum with
a light. He opened the door to throw it into the sea. There was a gust of wind, and soon the entire shed
was burning.
The wind quickly spread the fire inward along Strandgaten towards Torget (Market Square), and the
warehouses burned like tinder. The fire also burned upward alongMarkeveien towards the Engen
district. It was soon realized that Strandgaten could not be saved, and so efforts were made to stop the
fire at torgallmenningen (Market Commons). Spraying focused on keeping the Stock Exchange
Building and Bank Building wet; this managed to rescue them and to prevent the fire from spreading

to the Vgsbunnen district. The situation was worse to the west. The firemen were unable to stop the
fire before it reached the fire station. To the south, the fire was stopped at the art museum largely due
to assistance from the military, which kept the building wet all night using tarpaulins. They were also
able to save the east side of Ole Bulls plass (Ole Bull Square). The Hotell Norge caught
fire, but was saved from burning down. The National Theatre was also saved through the efforts of the
actors.
The fire destroyed the entire area between Torgallminningen and Murallmenningen. The area between
Torgallminningen and the fire station, which was built after the 1855 city fire, was also destroyed. In
one night the city center, with buildings going back to the Middle Ages, was reduced to ashes.
The rebuilding
After the fire it was only 17 buildings or building ruins left. Among other things the
Telefonkompaniets new house in Veiten which still stands to this day. Altogether, 380 buildings were
burned and 2,700 people were left homeless. The losses suffered during the 10 hours of the fire
included 612 apartments, 388 shops, 242 workshops, 42 factories, 219 offices, and 288 storage rooms;
the fire also affected three newspaper companies, four hotels, six insurance companies, and two
schools, and it resulted in the loss of 1,000 jobs.
The destroyed area was fenced off, and then ruins that posed a threat were dynamited. Still standing
were 17 buildings or parts of buildings, including the new Telephone Company building on Veiten,
which stands there to this day. Then roads were cleared to provide connections to the Nordnes and
Engen neighborhoods. To provide housing for many of those left homeless after the fire, the
municipality built a shanty town in the Gyldenpris area. The shantytown was nicknamed Blodbyen
(Blood Town) because of the crimson color of the buildings and the later violence there. Some
histoians argue that the Bergen Fire was a "neccecery catastrophy" before the fire it was a latemedievall chaos in the road network, houses in many houses from 1600 century was clashed together
wherever it was possible, without any plan and feel that nobody needed to obtain a building permit to
erect buildings. This settlement hampered development. The fire provided a development opportunity.
The street in today Bergen is the same that was added after the fire in 1916, and the buildings also
stems from this time. The so-called 1916 area was Bergen's main business district.
The source used is the wikipedia article about the event, it also includes a neet collection of pictures
from the event: https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergensbrannen_1916
Some other pictures http://www.mennesket.net/filer/2013/12/Arbeidets-Jul-1917.jpg
Soviet Propaganda in Norway http://www.mennesket.net/filer/2013/12/Sardiner1-780x564.jpg
Mobilisation of the navy
http://forsvaretsmuseer.no/var/ezwebin_site/storage/images/marinemuseet/sjoeforsvaretshistorie/1.verdenskrig-og-noeytralitet-1914-1918/marinen-mobiliserer/37711-2-nor-NO/Marinenmobiliserer_fullwidth.jpg
http://forsvaretsmuseer.no/var/ezwebin_site/storage/images/marinemuseet/sjoeforsvaretshistorie/1.verdenskrig-og-noeytralitet-1914-1918/26232-7-nor-NO/1.verdenskrig-og-noeytralitet1914-1918_fullwidth.jpg
9) Side note:
Fridjof Nansen won the nobel peace prize in 1922 The citation referred to "his work for the
repatriation of the prisoners of war, his work for the Russian refugees, his work to bring succour to
the millions of Russians afflicted by famine, and finally his present work for the refugees in Asia
Minor and Thrace" and helped to have more than 400 000 prisoners of wars released to their

homelands and a succesfull food program in russia which saved houndreds of thousands. Nansen was
also known as the first man to cross the greenlandic ice and at the time he was the man who was
closest to the north pole. The book Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences states the following:
"Nansen gathered and distribueted sufficent supplies to save, by various estimates, from 7 to 22
million people."
And also: "At the request of the Greek government and with the approval of the League of Nations,
Nansen faciliated the exhange of 1.8 million Greeks and Turks"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IiOok-T6ctM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkPYytql5RM
Book source of Nansen:
https://translate.google.no/translate?hl=no&sl=en&u=https://books.google.no/books%3Fid%3DhfjSV
IWViRUC%26pg%3DRA2-PA305%26lpg%3DRA2PA305%26dq%3Dnansen%2Bestimates,%2Bfrom%2B7%2Bto%2B22%2Bmillion%2Bpeople%26so
urce%3Dbl%26ots%3DILdlxd9L2i%26sig%3DNEMU3itk9Wpqf8jJQtZvEOBlvhg&prev=search
10) Quoted from professor Frank Aarebrot in the documentary / tv show "200 Years in 200 Minutes"
as was the case during World War 2, norwegian ships were vital in supplying britain with fuel and
war material from the united states. So it is in some way a masterpiece that Norway manages to make
Germany think that we are neutal when the case is that we, with our merchant fleet are a significant
key in the british warfare against germany. But Nils Claus Ihlen manages that (the foreign ministre)
but the only problem is that in 1940 we dont manage to fool the germans again. the wellfare state was
not developed at this time either and there were none who knew anything about PTSD. so these poor
sailors who were torpedoed didn't really get proper treatment after modern standards but what the war
sailors recieved, which the war sailors from WW2 did not recive, was honor. one built a gigantic
monument in Stavern (Minnehallen) with all their names of the fallen engraved. In bergen there was a
mine monument were one could put coins on it to pray for the womans who lost their men at sea. Why
sailors from WW1 recieved so much more honor then those
in WW2, are for me one of histories great paradox. Maybe it was because it was seen as a disgrace to
kill neutral countrymen? But nevertheless, even more important for this period was the progress. Katti
anker mller plays a leading role in the equality of men and woman and cooperates with castberg and
gives him the idea in what was to become the castbergske barnelover (castbergske child laws) and
with this law norway become one of the first, if not the first country in the world to remove bastard
chld / whoreson / illegitimate child, they now recieved the same inheritance if the mother knows what
his father is, and says who the father is, the chidlren illegitimate or not has the same inheritance right
as other children of the father borin within marriage. the carsbergske child law makes children born
outside of marriage equal with children born in marriage when it comes to inheritance from the father
and that is as we know a really important juridical thing. and in 1919 she also holds a speech where
she promotes the idea of allowance for woman, what is strange is why Sigrid Undset attacks this
suggestion and says its a bad idea, why it should be a bad idea i do not know she also establish the
first mothers hygiene office and if there are anyone from this period that are my heroes, it is these
womans who worked at the mothers hygiene offices. we lived in a country were it was allowed to sell
contraceptives it was allowed to sell equipment but it was stricly prohibited to tell about it. this also
led to prental care so that child mortality became less and less of, the safety in connection with birth
came all this happend in this period. these mothers hygiene offices, its impossible to underestimate
how important they were and the respect we need to have for these. that this was allowed in a time
where it was norm to not talk about stuff like this is also incredible. when even up until 1950-1960 it
was so hard to talk about it in public, for these woman to do this in the 1920s it needed real guts. but
katti also does a lot more, she starts the fight to decriminalize abortion. we often talk about how saudi
arabia threats woman like in the medieval times, but did they mention that woman when abortion was

illegal, people that strangled that were poor and strangled their children in secrecy, they were
beheaded even after the constitution was put in place in 1814. In the same way that they behead
woman in saudi arabia today, they beheaded sad woman who had a little accident, in norway in the
1800s.
https://gfx.nrk.no/SaAVNVzZDSdScihr1_TCxQcOkEI4scHmW867Pk_FHINw
"Berlin" was built iin Bremen in 1909 as a passangership, but was confiscated by the German
Imperial fleet and made a cruiser when the first world war broke out. the ship was used to place mines
in british shores, but was forced to dock at Trondheim in november 1914. "Berlin" was thereafter
detained and put under guard in Hommelvik.

11) The Norwegian Merchant fleet during The Great War [Source: the book "Norway's Wars - From
Hafsfjord to Afghanistan"]
Under World War 1 Norway was neutral and avoided hostilities. But the country had, at the outbreak
of the war the world's fourth biggest merchant fleet, and norwegian sailors overseas were thus war
participants for four years. 889 Norwegian ships with 1 296 226 gross ton sunk, and 2123 sailors were
killed. This was a tonnage loss of 49,6% of the fleets size in the beggining of the war. Relatively
speaking no other country had a bigger loss.
The sailing pattern for the Norwegian Merchant fleet changed during the War.the pace at the Baltic
and Black seas deviated and died out, whilst the coal transportation from the UK to France became
important after many mining areas in France was occupied by the Germans. The war front made
Arkhangelsk the new port for trade with Russia. German U-boats began sinking merchant ships in
february 1915, but mines laid out had been a problem since the wars start. Norwegian shipping was
particulary vulnurabler for sinking in the seas around the british isles, in the coal transport to france,
on the way to Arkhangelsk and in the seabased export and import to Norway. Despite the fact that it
had been common to let merchant fleets in convoys under previous wars, the brits choose not to do
that at the outbreak of world war 1. At this time the german U-boats were small and simple vessels
which were used to attack marine ships. Until the automn 1916 Norwegian sailors had lost 200
merchant ships and 150 men. the tonnage loss was so far able to be replaced, and the numbers of
killed limited. The sea transport to Norway were routed through the English chanel and north along
the coast of England and over to Lindesnes in Norway. And was the subject of time consuming british
goods controll which led to the blockade of Germany. The automn 1916 Germany stepped up the
submarine war by adopting more and better submarines and go over to attack merchant ships in
earnest. Simoultanously the laid mines were a constant threat. Warwaging and neutral country now
got their merchant ships sunk without warning. Thus the crew could not escape into the rescue ships
before the sinking happend. this effected Norway seriously. None of the Norwegian Merchant fleets
sailed in convoy, and the losses were huge. In september and in the beggining of October Norway first
lost 9 ships in the British-French Coal transportion and thereafter 11 merchant ships when the
germans attacked the north sea and barents sea. These merchant ships were heading for Arkhangelsk
or between Norway and Great Britain. From Norwegian side it was pointed out that they did not
receive the allied reports or threats and sailing routes. Further the Norges rederiforbund (norwegian
shipping federation) demanded relief as a result of the heavy losses of Norwegian ship in the automn
1916. In november Norwegian sailors threatened with holding hhemselves to land due to lack of
protection at the sea. The Norwegian initiative contribuated to convoys increasingly becoming more
relevant. Convoys were gradualy put in use. A limited convoy trafic between England and the
Netherlands alredy came in use from june 1916. Furthermore the majority of the neutral ships on this
route were norwegian. The norwegian merchant fleet continued to sail after the unresrticted u-boat
war was implemented from 1. february 1917, while other neutral shipping nations vacillated. The

british attitude towards Norway was therefore more positive then earlier in the war when the british
didnt have full confidence that the norwegian merchant fleet would serve their interest to the
utermost.
this sceptism likely partly orginated from the Gunboat War 100 years earlier from 1807-1814 which
the dano-norwegian government aproved piracy against the brits and between april and october 1810
danish and norwegian privateers made a combined sum of 15 000 000 Riksdalers. the usual price one
could get for a boarded ship was between 40 000 to 130 000. the most expensive one as "Flora" which
was boarded by the norwegian ship "Kristiansand" and was sold for 491 000 riksdaler.
the Swedish ship "Oskr" also made good money and was captured by "Flekkefjord" also a norwegian
ship and sold for 200 000 riksdaler. Conquered or captured ships was first towed to land to be treated
by a price ethene which decided if the ship was a so-called "Good price" which enabled the ship to be
sold at a public auction. the government recieved 1% of the sum. the es shipowner half of rest, and the
excess profits was then divided among the crew after a fixed formula. The skipper should have a share
which was 8 times higher than the proportion of a sailor and first mate's share would be half of the
skipper. Skip boy had to settle for 1/16 of the ship's gain. This made british opinion about norway
bad. When Norway tried to regain independence in the 1814 war and asked for British support it was
answered to Peder Ankers in the parlament that Norway was a piracy nation. the blockade of Norway
was from british side justified because of this.
The vital coal transport which the brits agreed on with Norway in february 1917, was decided to be
effectuated. the 24. february 1916 the first convoys sailed from Leirwick to Bergen. This was
temporary action continued in march, but as limited to escorting few ships in the bright parts of the
day. These limited actions could not betther the situation totaly. The unlimited u-boat war hit the
north sea alredy in march 1917, and Norway lost the same month 27 ships in these seas. the
norwegians complained that they didnt see british warships except for at the ports. these big losses on
the trafic to norway contribuated decisively to an agreement that new measoures had to be tested as
soon as possible. The sea military conferanse at the orkney islands in march-april 1917 led to the
establishment of scandinavian convoys perminantly. the fact that 1/4 of the ships were lost, made the
chief of the Royal Navy, admiral John Rushworth Jellicoe, order convoys temporary, this was later
made permanent. From 11. to 15. april "U 30" sunk 8 norwegian sgips, and another norwegian ship
was sunk shortly before. these horrifying losses confirmed that it was neccicary with convoys. before
the convoys begun sailing for the most part, before the spring 1917 was the worst period for the
norwegian merchant fleet under world war 1. those 6 months 300 ships and 439 sailors were lost. the
convoy trafic between norway and the british isles was implemented the spring 1917 and got the name
"The Scandinavian convoys" Leiwick was normaly the start for the convoys the first half year. the
british escort was for the first two months limited to two destoyers and 4 to 6 armed trawlers which
followed the convoy from and until the norwegian sea border. from 22. april 1917 new convoys
arrived from leirwick norwegian coast. it consisted of 6 merchant ships and 2 destroyers as escort.
Thereafter it arrived and docked new convoys with 3 to 5 days space until the end of the war. Utvr,
Gsvr, Sognefjorden, Marsteinen og Holmengr were the positions were the convoys arrived in
norway, and where the escort took wit him new merchant ships back to Leirwick og Eidenburg area.
The loss percentage proved how succesfull the convoysand the limited esort was. during may 25
konvoys sailed with a total of 1871 ships. only 5 ships were lost. which equivalent to a loss of 0.3%.
the scandinavian convoys totaled at a 7653 ships throughout the war. and in total 55 ships were lost. a
loss-rate of 0.72%. the nordic countries - and norway specialy - had also low self sufficancy and was
therefore dependant on the scandinavian convoys to survive. the brits decition to escort the
scandinavian convoys can also be justified from the countries own intrests and maybe also a feeling of
duty to help neutral countries. there are also other reasions why neutral convoys were so important for
the ententen. because it first of all was important to sustain the blockade of germany to avoid that the
country got trade and supply benefits. secondly the neutral countries merchant fleet wasso important

for the ententens trade that the big norwegian and swedish ship losses gave reason for worrying.
thirdly they were in the situation that it was needed t give something back to the neutral. it was also a
little bit uncertainly if sweden and norway would join Britain. 4th; great britain also neded resources
from scandinavia. These were among other things, malm ore, timber, nitrates and agricultural
products. through the convoy trafic norway was supported. this was important for both parties because
norway was the neutral country which
contribuated most with its merchant fleet, and the country which suffered the biggest losses. in
october and december 19117 there were two serious german sufrace attacks on convoys to great
britain. 9 merchant fleets, 4 trawlers and 3 british destroyers were sunk. the british repriorisation to
secure the scandinavian convoys happend fast. as a result of the threat of german surface vessels the
convoys began from before christmas 1917 to sail with espesially strong escort. 20 . december there
came convoys from the east with 30 merchant fleets from fedje with one escort and 10 cruisers, 8
destroyers and 11 whaling boats. the escort took with him 37 merchant fleets back. 10 .dec 1917 the
brits decided to sail from methil in firth of forth instead of to leirwick. easier access to escorts from
the more close by marine bases and operations areas. the convoys was controlled by the brits, even if
most of the vessels often were norwegian and swedish. extensive cooperation was needed to unite
convoys in the right position and the right time with the coast, something the norwegian marine
contribuated to help with. this was a important reason to the development of the reletions between
norway and great britain. the norwegian marine also established a limited convoy system within
terriotiral borders. which brought merchant ships to and from the meeting places for the scandinavian
convoys. the convoys were at the end of world war 1 were very effective. after the establishment of
convoys te norwegian merchant fleet could continue to sail for the ententen, but with considerablly
less loss og hips and sailors. the convoys between norway and the uk securred the supply lines at the
sea between norway and the uk which was totaly needed until the end of the war.

12) More general information about Norway&WW1 from the Norwegian Defense museum and the
newspaper Mennesket:
Norway and other smaller countries were unable to keep up with the large-scale arms race at sea in
the period before the outbreak of war in 1914. The major powers Britain and Germany built one
battleship bigger than the other. An important point in this race is the launching of the battleship HMS
Dreadnought in 1906. The ship was called a "all big gun ship." Earlier battleships usually had four
main guns of 28-30 cm placed in two turret. In addition a number of smaller guns and cannons. HMS
Dreadnought was no less one ten 30.5 cm guns for five armored turrets. Eight of these could be used
simultaneously in broadside. The range was also increased.
Norway had in the years after the union only weakly spent money on military defense and in
particular the navy. We had a marine who was unprepared to perform the neutrality it had even
envisaged. Sure enough the Norwegian navy experienced little of the war that took place in many
parts of Europe. But if neutrality was to be maintained the Navy had to take care of a number of
episodes that could easily develop into diplomatic crises. It was only through military actions and
responsiveness that the fragile neutrality could be maintained. This was a daunting task for a navy that
was built without a continuous seagoing marine and experience prolonged neutrality service.
Norway was also quick to declare its neutrality. Meanwhile dishes Norway and Sweden hands
together and declare peace among themselves already four days after krigsrklringen. This was

important because the relationship after 1905 had been tense. These quick reactions were justified by
a real fear of being mixed into the conflict.
The government under Gunnar Knudsen showed vigor and got through the necessary emergency
legislation. But no one expected the war would take a long time. Therefore, the policy of adding up
stocks of food, coal and petroleum products based on the premise. Where Norway stood in the
conflict between British and German authorities? The British were keen to ensure that the Norwegian
Merchant vessels could be used in their favor. On the other side, they would attempt to influence so
that the Germans got so small deliveries from Norway as possible. The British showed that Norway
was essentially probritisk. They had persuasive arguments in the Navy, in coal deliveries to Norway
and bunkers to the merchant fleet. For Germany primarily Norwegian fish, minerals and nitrate in
addition to being used in agriculture also used in ammunition manufacturing. Despite the fact that
trade with Germany was great before the outbreak of war was the goods they now offer back of less
strategic importance than, say, the British coal.
It was constantly linked stress to whetever the two warring parties would seek a military thrust against
Norway. For both parties would a fleet base on the southern coast be strategically important. It would
obviously significance violating Norwegian neutrality. For both wanted an attack against Norway tie
up a fleet strength of the Norwegian coast. For Germany, which was already inferior despite its fleet
upgrading, this would put them in an even more difficult situation at sea. The British for their part
were careful because a commitment in Norway could draw both Sweden and Germany into the war on
the opposite side. And why attack a country where they have largely succeeded in their interests?
Roughly speaking, the period from spring 1915 to November 1918 can be divided into two. First
period until autumn 1916 was marked by the negotiations that led to much of the Norwegian foreign
trade coming under British control. The final period was characterized by stronger demarcation in
relation to Germany, new diplomatic negotiations with the United States and a military association
with the Western powers. It was not without problems for a neutral Norway that we participated in the
British-led convoys with arms shipments from France and Britain, weapons transit to Russia via North
Norway and prolongation of the British-American mine barrier across the North Sea.
navy mobilizes
When Germany declared war Russia 1 August 1914 the Norwegian government decided to
immediately mobilize the Navy. Sunday August 2 1914 slammed five shots at the naval station at
Horten. It was the notification of mobilization. The government had given the order to put the entire
navy and coastal fortifications in readiness. The order had reached a naval base already the evening
before. Efforts were under pressure to get everything ready. They summoned conscripts came from
the first moment in large numbers. Already on Tuesday afternoon, the entire Naval materiel
practically fully equipped and combat ready. There were hardly many who beforehand had imagined
our navy as rapidly mobilized. Not least was the readiness of the two obvious "hood" speed over
themselves. Aboard the "King Sverre was charged approximately with 1000 men.
vessels Developments
In 1912 many argued ', and in particular the Norwegian Defence Association, that the threat to
Norway was increasing. They believed that, particularly in relation to the defense of northern Norway,
was in need for more armored ships. In July the same year there were also a new defense plan from
Admiral Staff presented to the Stortinget. it was in some ways a compromise between those who
believed our navy had scaled according to a major European conflict, and those who thought it was a
war against Sweden and operations in the Skagerrak who had applied. The result was an additional
allocation of 16.5 million to two new armored ships. Also this time we ordered them with Armstrong
in Newcastle. They should get the names Bjrgvin and Nidaros, and they should have been delivered

in autumn 1914. But when World War I broke out, the Britons decided to take them back for their
own use.
Berlin Affair
On the morning of 17 November 1914 the german aid cruiser Berlin docked at Trondheim war harbor.
Torpedo boat Cod was once in place and did note that tarnished were not authorized by the rules of
war harbors and demanded that the 17,300 tonne ship had to leave the port within 24 hours. Boss at
Berlin invoked when breakdown to extend your stay. The incident caused a sensation and it presented
itself dramatically when ironclad Harald by chance arrived the morning after.
Spanish flu under 1. II.
Spanish Flu ravaged Horten, as it did everywhere else in the country in autumn 1918. It was
particularly bad board "King Sverre," that housed hundreds in command
Unrestricted submarine warfare
Spring 1916 the Germans to touch on his big battleship fleet, which had long lies at rest at Heligoland.
It led up to the historically large Jyllands teams from 31 May to 1 June. Although Britain suffered the
greatest material losses, the result was that the German fleet again went into hiding.
demining
demining
One of the important and dangerous tasks of naval vessels during the war were defusing mines that
had worn from the many minefields. The mines would by law be secured if they floated up, but bitter
experiences showed that one could not rely on it. There is still, in our time a number of mines from
World War 1. annually are found and defused.
Norway during World War I
After the Norwegian independence from Sweden in 1905 it was decided that Norway should be a
neutral state, without military affiliation or obligations to any other country. Such neutrality could
best be assured if we got the European powers to promise that they would respect it, and preferably
underwrite it. A guarantee was enough in many people's eyes the same as a one-sided defense
agreement where major powers agreed to protect the country against attack from another country. A
guarantee was obtained thus never agreed. Instead there was obtained in 1907 a looser agreement with
Britain, France, Russia and Germany where they accepted Norwegian integrity and
were willing to support Norway if the country asked for it. Particularly important was it to have a
good and stable relationship with Britain that was our most important trading partner in Europe.
Norway at the beginning of the war
Under the entire war the Liberal Gunnar Knudsen was prime minister of Norway and Andreas Tostrup
Urbye was ministre of jusitice. they tried to find ways to curb the press criticcism against both
warring parties to keep the level of conflict with either side as low as possible. Especially Germany
had to undergo periods. But the Norwegian press did not accept that the government tried to limit
freedom of speech and it ended with Urbye resigning in 1917.
In 1914, there lived barely two and a half million people in Norway and, of these 2/3 still lived in the
countryside. But the country was experiencing rapid industrialization phase in this period and
although it worked twice as many in agriculture as in industry, then passed the agriculture in total
production before the war started. And that despite the fact that Norway actually had one of Europe's
most mechanized agriculture. Railways were built in rapid pace and more and more of the country's

waterfalls and rivers were used as sources of cheap electric energy which could be used for lighting,
the chemical industry and to operate machines that would otherwise rely on coal and diesel imported
from Britain. Much of the investment was paid with loans from abroad through limited companies
where ownership interests in the company was sold piecewise to raise funds for new investments. The
Norwegian merchant fleet was of considerable size with its 2.5 million gross tons and consisted
mostly of steam-powered merchant ships and fishing boats that were of great value to both the
Norwegians and the major powers.
So why did none of the warring parties attempt to take control of Norway when the war started? The
country had after all no significant military force to speak of. But an attack on a neutral country was
still considered violations of international ethics and morality, it was something one did without
losing face and reputation internationally, and perhaps most of all in America's eyes also were neutral
on an equal footing with Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden and Denmark. It is also important to
remember that an occupation would take substantial resources away from the battlefields of the
continent and would require an entire fleet just to make parts of the coast. Moreover, it would perhaps
pushed the country's neighboring states Denmark and Sweden to take sides in the matter, and it was
something no one wanted. The First World War did, despite neutrality, major implications for Norway
because they were so closely associated with the international trade and because of war created
increased demand for certain Norwegian goods abroad and a greater need to produce goods they
needed even as offer from Europe plunged.
Sardines Dyrtid and economic boom
Although Norway managed to stay away from the war the weakened foreign policy the trade in grain
and consumer goods led to a widespread lack of common consumer goods in Norway while demand
was the same. Thus, the prices of goods and claimed a far larger share of workers' wages. Such
periods we call often for "Dyrtiden" (the expensive time). The frenzied inflation and demand for
Norwegian fish and transport ships led to wild speculation in equities trading and shipping shares.
During the war some shares boomedsix-fold in value. This period and this behavior is often referred
to as "work time".
seafaring
Great britain wanted to cordon the entire North sea from german shipping alredy in november 1914.
this would force all norwegian ships on the route through the north sea to take a long and dangerous
detour through the English channel where the British could inspect ships for war material and other
stuff to avoid the possibilty of anything og use going to Germany. the norwegian government could
not accept that the brits forced this upon norwegian ships and immediatly started negotiations with the
brits. the result was that they officialy accepted that the norwegian ships could sail a shorter route
through a bay in scotland for the ships to be inspected there instead. Many norwegian shps still took
little account of this agreement and sailed off both to avoid inspections and the cost of the detour. The
Norwegian shipping industry experienced an influx from both sides in the first half of the war in
Europe. In Norway, it was invested heavily on producing and providing goods that increased demand
on the continent. Particulary popular were norwegian fish, both on the box, like mackerel and sardines
which were both easy to transport and store, stockfish and fish oil. The germans were also very
interested in buying minerals and nitrat which was used as fertilizer, but they also wanted ammunisjon
production. In Norway we were very dependant on the supply of British coal and raffined oil, also
called bunkerrs, which were used as fuel in many ships. The Germans had on their side little to offer
of of equivalent vital goods, which helped to turn the balance of trade in Britain's favor. With
increased demand of goods there were also increased prices as the Norwegian shipowners and sippers
could take most of the transportations. transportation increased both due to demand and due to german
u-boats began to make inroads also in the neutral shipping as the war went ahead. in 1914 it costed
4,60 kroner to to trnsport 1 ton of goods over the North Sea; 3 years later the price har rise nto an

average of 260 kronner per tonn! ship shares also rose to six-fold and many took out loans to buy
stocks andi nvest in trade and shipping. This period has subsequently gone down in Norwegian
history as the so-called boom where everything from teachers to carphenters pinpointed savings and
took out loans to attend the farytale rise in shipping shares andtrade. In shor term there were many
who earned good money, especially among Norwegian fishermen. As long as war raged in Europe, it
was little indicating that the demand would decease. But many lost both inheritance and savings when
the ship they had paid for was sunk.
"The Neutral Ally"
The submarine war would also prove to be a growing challenge for the Norwegian foreign trade and
thereby also the Norwegian foreign policy, from 1915 there were by the birts put more and more
effort into stoping the eneemy from getting supplies from other countries. From the autumn 1916 the
brits and french demanded that norwegian fishers and shipowners signed a secret agreement that fish
caught with gear or nets or ship driven by oil and coal that had its orgin in the UK did not get to sell to
Germany. if ships from the British North Sea blockade stopped norwegian merchant
vessels or fishing vessels on their way to germany the crew had to prove that they did not use british
equipment to make their catch. the high price still made many norwegian fishermen take the chance
and sail to german ports with what they had until the british seriously threatened to halt all coal export
to Norway in the winter months 1916-1917 when the german navy once again decided to go to
unrestricted submarine warfare in january 1917 the norwegian merchant fleet had so big losses that
they in the end agreed to lend out most of the norwegian hips to transport for the brits if they were
promised to be secured deliveries of coal to norway thoughout the war.
When the Americans joined the war they threatened to cut important merchandising unless
Norwegians restricted trade with the Germans even further. During the wars last summer the brits
layd out a belt of mines from the north coast of scotland and to Norways territorial border where
norway had difficulties preventing german submarines from dropping through and out into the North
Sea. When the british threatened to violate Norwegian soverignty and patrol the coast the tension
forced norwegian authorities to mine the shores. it has been said that norway with its increasingly
west facing policy was gradually drawn into the war on the Entente powers page. The historian Olav
Riste have characterized Norway's role as being the neutral ally; "The Neutral Ally". for the germans
there were little they could do. they dependend on all the fish they could get from Norway and they
could not start lowering Norwegian vessels everywhere as it most likely would push both Norway and
other Scandinavian countries over the British side.
"Dyretiden" (translated high cost time) and "Work Time" increased social contradictions of Norway
during World War I, and in the growing working class it increased organization of trade unions and
labor movements. The Russian revolution during World War I helped to radicalize forces within the
Norwegian labor movement and led to the Labour party joining the Communist International and a
little later a serous internal division between the revolutionaries and those who wanted change
through reforms.
The lenght of the war also created supply problems within Norway. the limitation in foreign trade
made it necessary to focus more on developing agriculture and increase their level of self-sufficency.
The supply of ordinary consumer goods was low and since the demand was high, the prices rose
significantly. such periods we call "Dyretid" because the prices of common commodities skyrocketed
without wages rising. thus, the simple things that everyone usualy could take for granted such as
butter, cheese and other benefits were very much more expensive. This laid the foundations for an
extensive black market in basic commodities like grain and especialy butter. those would could not
afford paid in animal judges to be able to continue their lives as before, all others lived in scarcity and
sometimes hunger. Affter encouragement from the government many farmers took big loans to invest

in machinery and equipment which could increase both efficency and productivity of the soil. in the
cities there was a rumor that farmers and merchants mst on the high prices and witheld grain to push
prices further up. finally the norwegian government under Gunnar Knudsen imposed price controls
and set maximum prices for various commodities. in January 1918 it was introduced rationing of
sugar, coffee and corn and restaurants to introduce rationing of sugar, coffee and corn and resturants
had to introduce days without meat. in addition it was prohibited to use corn or potatoes to brew beer
stronger than 2.5 percent alcohol. this was the start of what after the war was known as the vine
monpoly in Norway. the farmers were also equiered to grow more grain and clear more land, while in
reality getting paid less for the grain in addition to the tools costing more. During the war, over
700,000 new acres of land was put under the plow. the high prices and revenues that shipowners and
fishermen sourced abroad gave a false impression of a rich state. in reality the norwegian state grew in
both size and cost. the neutrality guard was costly and largely paid for with loans that also went to
manage the supplies that ensured the population basic needs.
cooperation with busnies organizations and trade unions also increased sharply, and many conflicts
were long exposed thanks to mediation and a shared understanding of the war in Europe took its toll,
also in Norway. wages fell or remained firm for most workers during the war. meanwhile, the prices
of most goods and didnt change after the war was over. after a few years of good profits from trade
with european countries in a rebuilding phase, the trade noramlized and gradually more and the great
demand for norwegian fish, chalcopyrite and fertilizers fell back to normal levels as European
agriculture began producing normal levels again. Conflicts between workers and employers increased
in numbers and ideologies like communism and fasicm led to cries of both revolution and a strong
man that could "save" Norway. Farmers were left with large loans for equipment and cleanup of soil
which many struggled to pay off. Neither would it become better when the world trade went into its
biggest crisis during the stock market crash in 1929.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Minnehallen-stavern.jpg
Minnehallen or The hall of remembrance was commissioned by the Norwegian parliament after
World War I to commemorate the fallen Norwegian sailors of the war. It was unveiled by king
Haakon VII and was later converted to the national monument commemorating fallen sailors of both
World War I and World War II
Pictures of the Norwegian Merchant Fleet from WW1: http://digitaltmuseum.no/folder/C78F5D96EF97-4519-B2B7-B04FE96E5729
http://bt.mnocdn.no/incoming/article3238879.ece/ALTERNATES/w1440c169/MT%20Arne%20Kj%
C3%B8de%201938.jpeg%20copy http://dms09.dimu.org/image/042sA3kPp4KT
https://www.google.no/search?espv=2&tbm=isch&q=ds+hestmanden&spell=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKE
wiB-o3P7rvNAhWBKJoKHYllBDoQvwUIGigA&dpr=1.25&biw=1536&bih=778
http://api.ning.com/files/bgWZynVz*oVxTgS78mVk14GceyXrmj7ApjOWTYCzVJSb6PtAwL7Mc0l
tPCy09vNMzA6me6NetSPz2rDY9uOFr79sl17PJtEv/ForbundetKystensLandsstevneiOslo2014.FotoH
araldStre1590013872x2592.FotoHaraldStre159001.JPG
DS "Hestmanden" she is the last surviving ship of the Norwegian Merchant fleet from WW1 and
WW2
This link also provides a lot of great information: http://encyclopedia.1914-1918online.net/article/norway
13)norwegian volunteers [quoted from the book "Insanity on the Western Front - Norwegian and
Swedish soldiers in no man's land]
Tryggve Gran

The Polar and fly hero that changed side

Prior to the Great war Gran was a norwegian national hero. He participate in the race to the south
pole, is the first to fly over the North Sea, and triumphed against "The flying circus" over the Western
Front. Then he became a traitor and a nazi collabourator.
"Komm mal hier, junge Freund!"
"Come over here, young friend" Kaiser Wihelm II says and waves to the 13-year old Tryggve Gran.
The boy is speechless. Infront of him this hot august day in 1901 stands no other then the fabled ruler
of the mighty German Empire. The Kaiser himself is in Bergen and wants to greet him. After acouple
steps the smiling monarch gives Tryggve a real hand shake. He is going to meet the kaiser several
times. These honorable meetings gives quite a lasting impression on Tryggve Gran. It cemented a progerman view in him. With the time he became a nazist and a personal friend of Hermann Goering,
hailed by Vidkun Quisling and the nazi party. The young boy grows up in a german friendly
overclass-enviorment in Bergen, where Kaiser wilhelm is a permanent guest of honour. The german
kaiser loved Vestlandet (west coast region of norway). (sadly this was all this book had to give me
because i read from the preview version from google books online)
Letters, diaries and memorials quoted from Norwegian volunteers on the Western front, july to august
1916.
Interview video from 1964: https://tv.nrk.no/program/fola64009564/tryggve-gran-og-den-foersteflygning-over-nordsjoeen
In this video some fun fact that i did not know of was stated such as; in 1908 he was nr 11 and played
in norways first international march, which ended in 3-11 defeat against sweden, In the norwegian
national fottball team, later a english admiral described him as a robber chieftain, he was also
involved in Nygaards Battalion (one of Bergen Corps) from his childhood and until his death,
including as an officer. And additonaly it mentions that his fly over the north sea was very dramatic,
30 liters of gasoline and 10 liters of oil every hour consumption, and so little gasoline that he had to
take extra cans with him to not run empty of gasoline. He had initaly planed the trip much later, but he
had just heard that due to the war all air trafic in britain would be closed within 3 days and when he
set fly he had only hours. He also had konjakk packed for the trip. From 17:16 you can also see video
from when he crossed the north sea. "The north sea was conquered in the last time, only a few days
later the sea was turned into a war theatre" at 30:50 u can see another video with gran from 1934.
Lyder Ramstad 1 July 1916 Vimy ridge
"Sometimes the last nights, when the breeze was from south or south-west and the artillery stopped,
we could hear a distant, rolling sound reminding me of a thunderstorm. It had to be a devestating
cannonade happening south of us. We were soon made aware that the English had attacked with
hordes of troops between Bapaume and Peronne. With a ammunition consumption never seen early,
and for that matter never exceded under the war, the english artillery tried to hammer up a opening in
the german front. The battle of Somme had begun."
Cedric Archer, 4 july 1916 Outersteene
"Thigs proved to be better then what i believed, so we actually have it alright here, the weather was
lovely the last days, maybe a bit too hot under the march, but today it rained again. I hoped to find a
orchestra down here, but the only msuic we hear, is the sound of rumbling cannons, which the last
days rarely ceases. I guess you see in the news paper the conditions down here. I wish i was able to
tell you more about what we were doing, but i can understand why they are stoping us."
Claes von Rosen, 6 July 1916 Happlincourt, Somme

"This landscape seem to have attracted the lords wrath, because, as in the bibles tales it fell
uninterupted rain of fire and sulfur under deafening din and grenades in the air. the people that went
throug this destructive fire, i never saw again. The romantic times of knights and cavalry charges are
over. The infantry dig itself down in the soil, the artillery hides in the bushes, and the bushes under
the pilots glance. I hear a eerie screech at close range, but the grenade that i in this second expect to
annihilate my little body, hits the ground next to the bridge and spurts water everywere. When one
have expected to the last second to be shoot, you learn that the sound of grenades rarely hurts. It is so
far away from a valuable person. The one that it hits, you wont hear. I have experienced that myself
the times i have been wounded."
Lyder Ramstad, 20. July 1916 - Cambrai
"In Cambrai we said goodbye to the old leather helmets with the field grey overlay and recieved steel
helmets instead. it was nice to change, excelent as the last one was o protect against grenade splinters.
against shrapnel and bullets they were also ok. if a bullet hit it directly, it would obviously hit right
through the small panzer tough. we later recieved small 6 mm thick panzer plates to attach to the front
of the helmet. the plates were soon throwed away due to their unimaginable weight. inside of the
helmet we had small skin pillows with hair; it was needed a damn hard punch to damage us further"
Lyder Ramstad, July 1916 - Fontaine Notre Dame
"In Fontaine Notre Dame, 5-6 kilometers from Cambrai, we were met by great numbers og big grey
trucks. they came from Barque with a storm battalion which had had a fierce engagement at Somme. It was not war anymore, the under-offiser of the stormbattalion said, - it is mass excecutions. Now it is
your turn, My gentlement, Come aboard! if the space in these 20th century death machines is a bit
tight, well then it will be even more comfortable and more space on the trip back."
Lyder Ramstad, 27. july - Warlencourt
"Belfrage rigged up a little camp between the hills. when i came to have a chat with him this evening,
he laid outside of his paulun and enjoyed a cigar: its better to go on the street, then live in a cold
house, and you also dont need to worry about lice and other insects. Listen here, countryman, he said,
- now we will have some real alcohole." i tought he ment our usual dynamite liquor; but there he took
up a liter of swedish "dubble renad". we took a shot or two. i have been happy seeing that you and
Von stamm have become so good friends, Belfrage said - Von Stamm is a "utom properly" good
fellow, and he is one of the most capeable underoffisers of the entire regiment. where have you by the
way seen him now? Oh, he had a argument with Heinerich under the parole, i said, - and now he is
trying to cool down his rage with beer. Then i will ordely have both him and the beer over here,
Belfrage said and sent his fluxes Sancho Panza on the way with message. If only von stamm could
avoid teasing Heinerich, Belfrage said, - if so i would make the regiment chief make
him commander sergant. but "The fatty" cant stand unfriendlyness within the officers, and i dont want
to make myself enemy with Heinerich and tjokken. "The fatty" was our battalion commander, and this
disrepsectful language is only used by Belfrage and me when we talk swedish-norwegian. if the major
knew this, we would probably not remained long at a loss about where King David bought his widely
heralded beer"
Cedric Archer, 31. July 1916 Berteaucourt
"I hope you recieved my last telegram i asked cousin Toonie to send to you, with the message that i
was still alive. Well, now i was really close, and how i managed to survive will forever remain the
biggest miracle which have happend to me. Assume you have read about the battle (Pozieres) in the
newspapers, and i feel that the details are too terrible to writte about, at least now. We lay down in the
trenches in 4 days before the attack, whilst we worked us ready, and got very little sleep. And after the

attack we had to be there in 4 days more; we fought and kept looking and worked hard without any
sleep at all. you can imagine how we had it, when we at last were attached. They compare the last
days bombardements with that of Verdun, and it was as bad every time, so it is not weird that a poor
man is near collaps. We marched only a couple kilometers that night we came out, before we death
weary fell to the ground in a region full of bomb crates and recieved a couple hours of rest. When we
waked up again, we looked at eachother and wondered if we had turned mad. It was at least 5 minutes
before we pulled eachother together. we had been in the trenches for 10 days, 10 days without
washing or changing clothes: the working in the mud, and black smoke which almost strangled me,
had at all times been a couple centimeters away from my face; you can imagine how i looked. The
worst parts we will have to talk about at a later point. Jack Henderson was wounded in the knee, and
Jack Blair and Percy Warner (i think i have mentioned him) were wounded in the head. i have not
heard from any of them yet. Nevertheless we managed to drive the germans out of several lines of
trenches, including a village. We also took a few prisoners. Some of them were wounded, and had to
be treated after best manners and gave them watter, simoultanously the germans yelled "wie geht's"
etc. Etc."
Lyder Ramstad, August 1916 Bazentin-Le-Petit
"When the company was divided Belfrage arrived. Nobody shoould in the narrow, springly shape
with the slippy face which shined of healthiness and a good humor, recognize the lazy,
gunpoweredsword and beardy figure as the night came over the village. As always correct andfine as
a new penny, he delivered the company. Eleventh' company with 12 underofisers and 81 men
participated, mr premiere lieutnant! with grous to the right march!
There are several other notables of this kind, if they are needed i can gladly find more of them.

14) The labour time [quoted from the norwegian wikiarticle "Jobbetid"]
In the shipping industry the increased risk of torpedoing and shipwrecks led to the increased growth in
freight rates - espesially after germany proclaimed unrestricted submarine warfare on 1 february 1917.
fom the outbreak of war until the end of 1917 the amount of shipping over the north sea was 50 times
higher. thus, it ought to fairytale profits in the shipping industry and old and new deputies could make
a fortune in a short time. Admittedly at a great risk - 900 ships were lost and 2,000 Norwegian sailors
lost their lives during the war - but the ships were usually insured and shipping companies built new
ships or put money in other stocks.
The examples of fairytale profits were numerous. A merchant in Christiania (Oslo) who sat on a
bigger party copper was hospitalized at the outbreak of war, and when he was discharged a few
months afterwards, the value of the copper had increased so much that he had become a millionaire.
Something simmilar happend with a wholesaler from Vestlandet (West coast region of norway) which
had brought up large batches of fish products. By keeping his goods long enough he managed to
increase his value from . 5000 to NOK. 5000 000. both of these wholesalers newfound fortunes
disappeared in the crisis that followed in the labour time.
The money flowed from speculation gains, it was created 1 600 new stock companies between 1915
and 1920, 80 new commercial banks saw the light. Revenues were so large that shipowners and stock
speculators ("the workers") ultimately did not find it reasonable investment objects to put them in. the
new rich decayed into a hilarious lifestyle with large parties with champagne and russian caviar. the
term "lobster and canary" stems from the labour times nouveaux riches, who gladly ordered the most
expensive they could get without a thought of the food and drink fit together.

for the rest the war led difficulties in obtaining their daily bread. supply problems led to sharply
increasing prices for consumer goods, and the cost of living tripled over the period. at the same time
wages only increased by 90% these years, and especially public employees had trouble making ends
meet. many itmes were anyway only obtainable on the black market, which meant that the situation in
practice was much worse for most people than the numbers show. from year-end 1917 to 1918
esseintial goods such as bread, sugar and coffe was rationed. In 1917 it was built warehouse barracks
in Frogner, 4 pieces, 20m wide, 60m long. some of the remaining buildings from the anniversary
exhibition was also put to use as storage.
the economic situation imrpoved when the war was over, and the demand for consumer goods rose
sharply. from 1919 there was expansion with strong economical growth and inflation. in 1920 there
came the stock crash which ended in many of the new bank and companies collapsing and inagurated
period of stagnation and mass unemployment.

15 Drbak sound mined under world war 1. [source stlandets blad (local newspaper in the eastern
part of norway, article made by the historian Ole Kjeldsberg Endresen) ]
Roy Andersens book about Norway and the Great War was in many ways historic. it was 87 years
since last time it was rewritten. He provides new information: Drbak sound mined in 1914.
Drbak sound mined: Historian and author Roy Andersen here next to the anchor of Blucher in
Drbak beach. Drbak sound behind him was mined in 1914 in fear that the english would establish
bases in norway under world war 1.
Roy Andersen is a historian and author which newly published the book "1914 - Into the catastrophe)
through access to king haakons archives in the royal castle, he brings new and startling information
about the king's stance the summer of 1914.
The kings battle
The norwegian government fouight to defend norwegian neutrality, whilst king haakon along with
Fridjof Nansen worked to overthrow prime minister Gunnar Knudsen and go into alliance with Great
Britain.
- What would have happend if the king had succeded ?
- then sweden would have been forced to go with Germany. both norway and scandinavian history
would have looked diffrent, Roy Andersen said, he is also known as a succesfull raspberry farmer.
Occationaly between hectic raspberry harvest in stre torp, he has the last two years done reaserch in
the castle archives, the archives of the foreign ministry and government archives in London to form a
picture of Norway's role during the 1st World War. specific British plans to establish a naval base in
Norway he found in England. but the plans were never realized.
"Forgotten" war
-There is always increasing number of books about WW2. why is there so little interest for the great
war in norway now 100 years after the outbreak of war?
-Historians in Norway have been most concerned about the Viking Age, 1814 and WW2, which is
geographically closer, and therefore these fields also recieved funding.
-What impact did the 1st world war have on norway?

-Historians agree that the war was a triggering factor for the Russian revolution and the stock market
crash on wall street was also caused by the war. the settlement after the war was also the reason why
adolf hitler was able to come to power in Germany.
-So in that sense one can say that we perhaps would not have had a WW2 if the first war didnt break
out. likewise the cold war until 1991, when russia was dissolved.
-Therefore, 1. world war affected us, both Norway and Europe, to a greater extent than we have been
aware of, says the author. it is almost 90 years since the last time it was written about Norway and the
great war. in 1927 wilhelm Keihau wrote the book "Norway and the world war"
A concidence.
Drbak sound is the same place were the German cruiser Blcher was sunk by the Norwegian fortress
Oscarsborg during the battle of Drbaksound 9 april at the start of operation weserbung

16) The history of Norway [sourcehistorien.wiki which uses the great norwegian encylopedia as their
source.. written by K. Helle, S. Dyrvik, E. Hovland, T. Grnlie, "mainbook in norwegian history",
university 2013]
Norway was seen as the neutraly ally during the great war. For norway it was important that the
import of foodstuffs and raw materials was mainatained so people should not languish or starve and
that the productions of the country would continue. the warring nations placed demands for imports
and as the war evolved they became more and more stringent. eventually the state had to start
resorting to regulations and came with a number of prohibitons and orders to make the Brititish, who
were the masters of the oceans and controlled shipping, happy. but at the same time try to avoid that
the Germans were so angered that they would go in with military forces in the country. USA defended
the neutral countries in the world war until 1919, when they went from defending the neutral states to
aiding the brits with putting pressure on imports. for norway this meant that poductions fell because
there were major problems with supplies to the country.
The warring countries did however also have big needs of goods from Norway and shipping services
that could contribute. this was something norway could not fully expolit, because the british
controlled the norwegian ships before they could go. to keep their interests alive, they had to push
norway to reduce exports and services to germany. meanwhile, they also had to take care to preserve
norway's position as neutral to avoid us beeing dragged into the war.
The goal of norway during World War 1 was to maintain their neutrality, prevent distress in the
country, keeping production field and thus sustain employment in the country.
17) The Norwegian army under world war 1 [source: https://www.geni.com/projects/Det-norskeforsvaret-under-f%25C3%25B8rste-verdenskrig/17592 the site also reffers to a number of reliable
sources in the end]
The Norwegian Armed Forces did not take part in the great war but it soldified and protected the
neutrality that the Norwegian state authorities with all the powers sought to retain under difficult and
dangerous circumstances. Thanks to a systematic strenghtening of the defense over several years,
Norway had during World War 1 a significant ability to meet requierements of international alw that a
neutral state as far as possible, and if neccecery by force, oppose any attemt by belligerent to benefit
from its territory for military targets.
From 2. august 1914 the government decided to mobilise the Navy, man all coastal fortresses after
some reduced mobilizzation plans and assign the planned coverage division from the army. it was in

particular the sections around Kristiansand, Bergen and Agdenes the neutrality guards first were
assigned to protect, but also in the Oslo fjord and north of Agdenes, it was during the war struck
measures to preserve neutrality. a few days after the mobilization on August 2 the Navy took over the
guarding of territorial waters along the coast.
Besides the neutrality guard the army shouild also ensure effective security of internment camps and
in important magazines, bridges and industrial plants. conscritpion age was lowered to 21 years.
Landsvernets organization was boosted partly by hirring more permanent salaried officers. under
world war 1 the army's war strenght was raised up to 150,00 men.
the neutrality guardd was disbanded in most of Norway on the 15 november 1918. however, due to
unrest in Finland and Russia it was conitnued in Finmark until 30 June 1921.
The text above is an excerpt from Vestoppland Infantry Regiment No.. 6 of Sigmund Amundsen and
Jacob Bragstad
Defense Secretary
1913-1914 Hans William Dopp Mandallsgate Keilhau
1914-1919 Christian Theodor Holtfodt
1919 Rudolf Elias Peersen
1919-1920 Ivar Aavatsmark
1920-1921 Karl Wilhelm Wefring
1921-1923 Ivar Aavatsmark
ARMY
commanding General
1912-1916 Gen. Einar Wilhelm Anton Martin Krohn
1916-1927 Major General Johan Christopher Rder
Chief of General Staff
1914-1919 Major General Oscar Sigvard Julius Strugstad
1919-1930 Major General Ivar Bauck
1. brigade (named Division 1916), Fredrikshald
1911-1916 Maj Just Kristian Bing Ebbesen
1916-1925 Major General David Vogt
Smaalenenes infantry regiment no. 1 (IR 1), Barakkesletta, Fredrikstad
1911-1916 Colonel Johan Ferdinand Normann
1916-1924 Colonel Carl Oscar Munthe
I. Battalion (Fredriksten)
1918-1926 Major Oluf Gabriel Lund
II. Battalion (Sarpsborg)

1918-19 ?? Major Anton Solbraa

III. Battalion (Follo)
1911-1921 Major Bernt Andreas Christie
IV. Battalion (land protection)
1915-19 ?? Lieutenant Colonel Emil A. Eriksen
1917-1918 Major Oluf Gabriel Lund
V. battalion (reserve)
Vestre Akershus infantry regiment no. 2 (IR 2), Helgelandsmoen
1915-19 ?? Colonel Sandberg
19 ?? - 1919 Colonel Hilmar Krogh Borchgrevink
I. Battalion (Christiania) (1918 transferred to Hunter Volunteer Infantry Regiment No.. 18)
1916-19 ?? Lt. Col. Carl Haakon Christian Halvorsen (nk IR 2)
I. Battalion (Numedal) (1918 transferred from Telemarkens infantry regiment no. 3)
1918-1930 Major Gustav Grimsgaard
II. Battalion (Drammen)
1918-1920 Lieutenant Colonel E. T. A. Bhring (1918-1920 nk IR 2)
1920-1928 Lieutenant Colonel Christian Fredrik Bruusgaard
III. Battalion (Vestfold)
1917-19 ?? Major Johan Ramm
1918-1930 Major Marius Widere
IV. Battalion (land protection)
Telemarkens Infantry Regiment No.. 3 (IR 3), Heistadmoen (1918 transferred to the 3rd division)
1913-1918 Colonel Oluf Christian Petersen Dietrichson
I. Battalion (Numedal) (1918 transferred to Vestre Akershus infantry regiment no. 2)
1913-1918 Major Gustav Grimsgaard
II. Battalion (Seljord)
19 ?? - 1914 Major Georg Ferdinand Rubach
1914-1916 Lieutenant Colonel Nicolai Hoff (1915-1917 nk IR 3)
1917-1918 Major Einar Christian Ingvald Nandrup Michelsen
III. Battalion (Grenland)
IV. Battalion (land protection)
1913-1916 Major Einar Christian Ingvald Nandrup Michelsen

1916-1918 Lieutenant Colonel Nicolai Hoff

Hunter Corps Infantry Regiment No.. 18 (IR 18) (1918 Norwegian hunter Korps under 2nd division)
1919-1926 Colonel Hilmar Krogh Borchgrevink
I. Battalion (Christiania) (1918 transferred from Western Akershus infantry regiment no. 2)
1918 Major Hans Petter Jrgen Francis Gulbranson
1918-1927 Major Axel Lyche
II. Battalion
1918 Major Nils Hartvig Ruud
1918-1930 Major Einar Christian Ingvald Nandrup Michelsen
III. Battalion
1918-1928 Major Severin Vincent Heiberg Segelcke
IV. Battalion (land protection)
Akershus dragon regiment no. 1 (DR 1), Gardermoen
1917-19 ?? Colonel Johan Henrik Egeberg Ottesen
I. dragon corps
III. dragon corps
Field Artillery Regiment no. 1 (AR 1), ra Fredrikstad
1917-19 ?? Colonel Olaf Andreas Colbjrnsen Abildgaard
I. Field Artillery Battalion
I. Field Artillery Battalion
1914-1917 Major Adolf Denis Horn
1917-1928 Major Johan Tidemann Sverre
III. field artillery battalion
1917-1930 Major Adolf Denis Horn
IV. field artillery battalion (land protection)
19 ?? - 1915 Colonel C. J. J. A. Steen
I. position Artillery Battalion (to 1915 independent as Position Artilleribataljonen)
1915-19 ?? Major Ole Kristian Kristiansen Laake
1916-1917 Lieutenant Colonel Olaf Andreas Colbjrnsen Abildgaard (1916-1917 nk AR 1)
1918-1920 Major Nils Wilhelm Berger
Sndenfjeldske engineer regiment, Hvalsmoen
1911-1916 Colonel Johan Hagbarth Bjrnseth

1917-1925 Colonel Christian Brandt Caspary Moller

Sapprbataljon
19 ?? - 1925 Major (til1916) / Lieutenant Colonel (1916) Johan Peter Graff-Wang (1916-19 ?? nk)
telegraph Battalion
1911-1915 Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Domaas
1916-19 ?? major Damm
Brobataljon (created in 1915)
1915-1917 Major Haakon Christensen Rygh
IV. Battalion (land protection)
2. brigade (named Division 1916), Christiania
1911-1915 Major General Johan Laurits Bull
1915-1919 Major General Karl Sigwald John Bull
Eastern Akershus infantry regiment no. 4 (IR 4), Gardermoen
1912-1915 Colonel Karl Sigwald John Bull
1915-1923 Colonel Christian Juell Sandberg
I. Battalion (Oslo)
1911-1918 Major Johan Etters Bech Ramm
1918-1928 Major Vilhelm Bernhoft Nicolaysen
II. Battalion (Eidsvoll)
1916-1917 Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Marius NELT Moller (1916-1917 nk IR 4)
1917-1926 Major Oskar Hans Hjorth
III. Battalion (Kongsvinger)
1913-1929 Major Marcus Thorvald Torkildsen
IV. Battalion (land protection)
1911-1917 Major Nikolai Vilhelm Bertonius Methlie
stoplandenes Infantry Regiment No.. 5 (IR 5), Terningmoen
19 ?? - 1916 Colonel Thorvald Chr. Holtan
1917-1929 Colonel Johan Mohn Nyquist
I. Battalion (Valleys)
1915-1916 Major Georg Ferdinand Rubach
1916-19 ?? Major Alf Jensen Veum Hansen Mjen
II. Battalion (itinerary)

19 ?? - 1917 Major (til1915) / Lieutenant Colonel (1915) John Hagbart Emil Dahlin (1915-19 ?? nk
IR 5)
1917-1924 Major Erik O. Jevanord
III. Battalion (Gudbrandsdalen)
1911-1915 Major Erik O. Jevanord
1915-1929 Major John Haave
IV. Battalion (land protection)
1911-1915 Major Axel Lyche
1915-1917 Major Erik O. Jevanord
Western Opland The Infantry Regiment No.. 6 (IR 6), Gardermoen (Trandum 1918)
1911-1916 Colonel Carl Oscar Munthe
1916-1928 Colonel Jonas Samuel Petersen
I. Battalion (Hadeland)
1911-1915 Lieutenant Colonel Emil Adolf Eriksen
1915-1918 Lieutenant Colonel Axel Lyche
1918-1928 Major Ragnvald Hvoslef
II. Battalion (Valdres)
1911-1917 Major (1915) / Lieutenant Colonel (1915) Birger Fredrik Sinding-Larsen (1915-1917 nk
IR 6)
1917-1918 Major Svend E. Vaage
1918-1930 Major Sven Brun Ebbell
III. Battalion (Hallingdal)
19 ?? - 1914 Lt. Col. C. A. S. Sissener
1914-1918 Major Hans Petter Jrgen Francis Gulbranson
1918-1930 Major Finn Qvale
IV. Battalion (land protection)
1911-1917 Major Oskar Hans Hjorth
1917-1928 Lieutenant Colonel Fredrik Rode (1917-1928 nk IR 6)
Norwegian Jade Wind (1918 Ranger Corps Infantry Regiment No.. 18 during 1st division)
I. Battalion
Opland The dragon regiment no. 2 (DR 2)
1917-1928 Colonel Ingvald Mareno Smith-Kielland
II. dragon corps

IV. dragon corps

Field Artillery Regiment no. 2 (AR 2), Gardermoen
1916-19 ?? Colonel Ramm
I. Field Artillery Battalion
1918-19 ?? Major Ole Kristian Kristiansen Laake
II. field artillery battalion
1915-1916 Major Jorgen Theodor Tandberg
1918-19 ?? Lt. Col. Michael Bosch Korda Landmark
III. field artillery battalion
1915-19 ?? Lieutenant Colonel A. O. Grner
II. position artillery battalion
1915-1916 Lieutenant Colonel W. E. Ramm (1915-1916 nk AR 2)
1916-1927 Major Peder Ramstad
self Battalion
His Majesty the King's Guard (independent 1919)
1919-1924 Lieutenant Colonel Fredrik Rode
3. brigade (named Division 1916), Kristiansand
1918-1924 Major General Oluf Christian Petersen Dietrichson
Telemarkens Infantry Regiment No.. 3 (IR 3), Heistadmoen (1918 transferred from the 1st division)
1918-19 ?? Colonel Nicolai Hoff
I. Battalion (Heddal)
1918-1930 Major Einar Kristofer Sagen
II. Battalion (Seljord)
1918-1929 Major Jens Christian Meinich
III. Battalion (Grenland)
1918-1930 Major John Praetorius Dahl
IV. Battalion (land protection)
Agdesidens Infantry Regiment No.. 7 (IR 7), Gimlemoen
1913-19 ?? Colonel Hilmar Krogh Borchgrevink
I. Battalion (Nedenes)
1911-1916 Lieutenant Colonel Charles Valentin Omdal
1916-1930 Major Edward August Gundersen

II. Battalion (Kristiansand)

III. Battalion (Lister)
1911-1917 Major Vilhelm Bernhoft Nicolaysen
1917 Major Johan Lorange
1917-1930 Major Knud Svendsen
IV. Battalion (land protection)
1917-1921 Lieutenant Colonel Charles Valentin Omdal
Vesterlen infantry regiment no. 8 (IR 8), Malde Sletta
1911-1915 Colonel Christian Juell Sandberg
1915-1919 Colonel H. I. Johannessen
1919-19 ?? Colonel Roll
I. Battalion (Jderen)
1916-19 ?? Lt. Col. Erland Stenersen (1916-1919 ?? nk IR 8)
II. Battalion (Stavanger)
1916 Major Edward August Gundersen
1916-1918 Major Marius Widere
III. Battalion (Ryfylke)
1913-1918 Major Severin Vincent Heiberg Segelcke
1918-1930 Major Michel Tjrandsen Amdal
IV. Battalion (land protection)
4. brigade (named Division 1916), Bergen
1912-1923 Major General Wilhelm Herman Louis von Munthe af Morgenstierne
1918 Major General Christopher Domaas (acting)
Southern Bergenhus Infantry Regiment No.. 9 (IR 9), wolf
I. Battalion (Midthordland)
1911-1924 Major Christopher Theodor Christian Hoegh Holmboe
II. Battalion (Bergen)
1911-1918 (?) Major (1911) / Lieutenant Colonel (1912) Martin Bernhard Frland (1912-1918 nk IR
9)
1916-1917 Major Mathias Bonsach Nannestad Lund
1917-1930 Major Waldemar Rye Florentz
III. Battalion (Nordhordland)
1916-1930 Major Frants Johan Landgraff

IV. Battalion (land protection)

Nordre Bergenhus Infantry Regiment No.. 10 (IR 10), Bmoen
1918-1929 Colonel Birger Fredrik Sinding-Larsen
I. Battalion (Hardanger)
II. Battalion (Sogn)
1918-1929 Major Lars Mjelde
III. Battalion (Sndfjord)
1916-1925 Major Martin Knausen
IV. Battalion (land protection)
independent battalions
Sndhordland Battalion, Tvildemoen
Nordfjord Battalion, Nordfjordeid
1912-1917 Lieutenant Colonel Helge Sem Jacobsen
1917-19 ?? Major J. O. Myklebust
5. brigade (named Division 1916), Trondheim
1914-1916 Major General August Geelmuyden Sprck
1916-1919 Major General Johan Georg Rder
1919-1928 Major General Ivar Aavatsmark
Sndmr Infantry Regiment No.. 11 (IR 11), Setnesmoen
1914-1916 Colonel Hilmar Hellesen
1916-1919 Colonel Ivar Bauck
1919-1931 Colonel Jrgen Herman Vogt
I. Battalion (Violence)
19 ?? - 1917 Major O. B. Hstmark
1917-19 ?? Major H. Klein Grief
II. Battalion (Borgund)
1911-1916 Major Frants Johan Landgraff
1916 Major G. Kvale
1916-1917 Major Reidar Fabritius
1919-1924 Major Martin Kindem
III. Battalion (Romsdal)
19 ?? - 1917 Major H. Klein Grief

1917-19 ?? Major O. B. Hstmark

IV. Battalion (land protection)
South Trondheim Infantry Regiment No.. 12 (IR 12), Vrnes
I. Battalion (Nordmre)
1916 Major Bratt
1916-1918 Lieutenant Colonel Envold Munch Falsen (1916-1919 nk IR 12)
1918-1930 Major John Haans
II. Battalion (rkedals)
1915-1928 Major Andreas Thaulow Petersen Gill
III. Battalion (Stjrdal)
1913-1917 Major Fredrik Rode
1917-1930 Major Mathias Bonsach Nannestad Lund
IV. Battalion (land protection)
1911-1915 Major Andreas Thaulow Petersen Gill
Northern Trondhjems infantry regiment no. 13 (IR 13), Steinkjer Sanden
1912-1914 Colonel John Widere
1915-1919 Colonel Ivar Aavatsmark
1919-1924 Colonel Julius Allum
I. Battalion (Innherad)
19 ?? - 1917 Major (1915) Lieutenant Colonel (1915) W. T. Sommerschield (1915-19 ?? nk IR 13)
1917-1918 Major John Haans
II. Battalion (Fosen)
1912-1916 Lieutenant Colonel Envold Munch Falsen (1916-1919 nk IR 12)
1916-1917 Major Frithjof Harald Fredriksen
1917-19 ?? Major Reidar Fabritius
III. Battalion (Namdalen)
1911-1915 Lieutenant Colonel Ivar Aavatsmark
1915-1917 Major Knud Svendsen
1917-1929 Major Frithjof Harald Fredriksen
IV. Battalion (land protection)
1914-1916 Major Frithjof Harald Fredriksen
Nordenfjeldske Dragon regiment No.. 3 (DR 3)

1911-1916 Lieutenant Colonel Johan Henrik Egeberg Ottesen

1917-1922 Colonel Hans Wilhelm L'orange
Field Artillery Regiment No.. 3 (AR 3), Vrnes
1912-1916 Colonel Johan Georg Rder
1916-1919 Colonel A. F. Bergh
1920-1928 Colonel Axel Otto Gruner
I. Field Artillery Battalion
1911-1916 Lieutenant Colonel A. F. Bergh
1916-1929 Lieutenant Colonel Jorgen Theodor Tandberg (1916-1919 ?? nk AR 3)
II. field artillery battalion
1912-1915 Major Jorgen Theodor Tandberg
1915-1916 Major Peder Ramstad
1916-1930 Major Jens Bernhard Grgaard
III. field artillery battalion
1915-1930 Major Fredrik Nandrup
IV. field artillery battalion
1912-1917 Colonel Joachim Brinch Lund
III. position artillery battalion
1915-1917 Major Johan Tidemann Sverre
1917 Major Nils Bentzen
1918-1920 Major O. O. Lien
1920-1924 Major H. O. Thorbjrnsen
self Battalion
Nordenfjeldske engineer battalion, Trondheim
1911-1916 Lieutenant Colonel Christian Brandt Caspary Moller
1917-1925 Lieutenant Colonel Haakon Christensen Rygh
6. brigade (named Division 1916), Harstad
1911-1916 Major General David Vogt
1916-1924 Major General Christian Bertrand Engebretsen Rud
Southern Halogaland Infantry Regiment No.. 14 (IR 14), Drevjemoen
1913-1916 Colonel Ivar Bauck
1916-1919 Colonel Jrgen Herman Vogt

1919-1926 Colonel Envold Munch Falsen

I. Battalion (Vefsn)
1914-1918 Major Anton Solbraa
1918 Major Ragnvald Hvoslef
1918-1925 Major Lars Dannevig
II. Battalion (Qur'an)
1911-1916 Lt. Col. Erland Stenersen (1914-1916 nk IR 14)
1916-1919 Lieutenant Colonel Julius Allum (1916-1919 nk IR 14)
1919-1931 Lieutenant Colonel Gudbrand Kvale (1919-1931 nk IR 14)
III. Battalion (Salten) (created in 1915)
1915-1916 Major Trygve Hyer
1917-1919 Major Martin Kindem
1919-1925 Major J. Broch
Northern Halogaland Infantry Regiment No.. 15 (IR 15), Elvegrdsmoen
1917-1919 Colonel Eriksen
1919-1926 Colonel Trygve Hyer
I. Battalion (Ofoten)
1914-1916 Major Heyn van Kervel Kjerulf
1916-1918 Major Robert Shaw Melhuus
1918-1930 Major Jens Ludwig Gerner
II. Battalion (Lofoten)
1916-1918 Lieutenant Colonel K. N. Roll (1916-1918 nk IR 15)
1918-1927 Major Carl Hagbarth Gulbranson (1918-1927 nk IR 15)
III. Battalion (Vesteraalen)
1915-1918 Major Carl Hagbarth Gulbranson
Tromso Infantry Regiment No.. 16 (IR 16), Stersmoen
1914-1917 Colonel Johan Mohn Nyquist
1917-1924 Colonel Alf Storm
I. Battalion (Trondenes)
19 ?? - 1915 Major D. E. Jackwitz
1915-1917 Major G. H. Trumpy
1918 Major J.C. Meinich

1918-1924 Major Peter Theodor Viken

II. Battalion (Bardu)
1915-19 ?? Major D. E. Jackwitz
III. Battalion (Lyngen)
1916-1922 Major Heyn van Kervel Kjerulf (1916-1922 nk IR 16)
independent battalions
Finnmark Battalion (shared in 1918 in Alta and Varanger battalions), Nyborgmoen
1914-1917 Lieutenant Colonel Alf Storm
1917 Lt. Col. Trygve Hyer
Alta Battalion (created in 1918), Altengaard
1918-1921 Major Magnus Christoffer Venaas
1921-1924 Major Olaf Petter Ilsaas
Varanger battalion (created in 1918), Nyborgmoen
1918-1919 Lieutenant Colonel Trygve Hyer
1919-1925 Lieutenant Colonel Olaf Klingenberg
Northern Norway engineer battalion (created in 1916), Harstad
1916 Major Karl Dahl
1917-1918 Major Georg Gundersen
1918-1926 Major Robert Major
field Artillery
Position Artilleribataljonen (1915 I. position artillery battalion under Field Artillery Regiment no. 1)
fortress Artillery
1912-1919 Major General Christian Theodor Holtfodt
1919-1922 Colonel E. A. Maurtitz-Hansen (Acting).
Oscar Borg
1912-1928 Colonel E. A. Maurtitz-Hansen
1916-1917 Major Georg Prahl Harbitz (fg. Commandant)
1917-1919 Lieutenant Colonel Carl Louis Trygve Sdring (fg. Commandant)
1919-1922 Colonel Olaf Elias Jlsen (fg. Commandant)
I. Fortress Battalion
1912-1928 Colonel E. A. Maurtitz-Hansen
II. Fortress Battalion

1915-1917 Major Georg Prahl Harbitz

?. Battalion (coverage strength)
Kristiansand befsetninger
1904-1915 Lieutenant Colonel F. K. Parr
1915-1917 Lieutenant Colonel E. G. Wang
1917-1928 Lieutenant Colonel (1917) / Colonel (1918) Ole Mathias Calmeyer
III. Fortress Battalion
1917-1928 Lieutenant Colonel (1917) / Colonel (1918) Ole Mathias Calmeyer
Bergen fortifications
1911-1916 Colonel J. Frden
1916-1917 Lieutenant Colonel M. S. Petersen
1917 Colonel E. G. Wang
1917-1931 Colonel Georg Prahl Harbitz
IV. Fortress Battalion
1917-1931 Colonel Georg Prahl Harbitz
?. Battalion (coverage strength)
1914-1927 Major Erik Johannes rstad (1914-1927 nk Berg. Bef.)
Agdenes fortifications
1912-1914 Major E. J. rstad
1914-1915 Major Ole Mathias Calmeyer
1915-1931 Major / Lieutenant Colonel Birger Kristian Eriksen
V. Fortress Battalion
1914-1915 Major Ole Mathias Calmeyer
1915-1931 Major / Lieutenant Colonel Birger Kristian Eriksen
country fortresses
WE. Fortress Battalion
1917-1926 Major Olaf Siversen
Armee sanitary
1909-1925 Colonel (to 1917) / Major General (1917) Hans Daae
Train Corps
MARINE
Commander Admiral

1910-1919 Rear Admiral Karl Friedrich Griffin Dawes

1919-1930 Rear Admiral Alfred Berglund
Chief of Staff Admiral
1910-1919 Commander Alfred Berglund
1919-1921 Commander Harald Hveem (temporarily)
1921-1926 Commander Gustav Christian Oscar Rehbinder Gade
1. Naval District Command, Karljohansvern
1910-1919 Vice-Admiral Christian Herman Sparre
1912-1914 Commander Gustav Christian Oscar Rehbinder Gade (temporarily)
1914-1916 Commander Oskar Dahl (temporarily)
1916-1919 Commander Gabriel Kielland (temporarily)
1919-1929 Rear Admiral Karl Friedrich Griffin Dawes
2. Naval District Command, MARVIK pr. Kristiansand
1908-1928 Commander O. Agent
3. Naval District Command, Bergen
1912-1921 Commander T. Rosenqvist
1921-1934 Commander (1929) / Commander (1929) Hkon Moe
4. Naval District Command (created in 1915), Trondheim
1915-1917 Commander Aasmund Frisak
1917-1921 Commander Hkon Moe
1921-1934 commander of 3rd Naval District Command
5. Naval District Command (opptettet 1917), Ramsund
1917-1925 Commander Per Rolfsen
18) Norwegian press during the great war [source: Norwegian press historic union]
Rune Ottosens article about the press and freedom of expression before, during and after the First
World War.
When World War I broke out, the Norwegian press was in growth in a large number of newspapers.
In the years before the outbreak of war there were several neew papers who arrived. Norway had ca.
260 newspapers in 1914. the price of the new rotation presses sank and the press spread around the
country. altough paper prices were high, the circulation increased during the war. the press was also
split along political divisions and differing views on if military aid should be apart of the war. the
newspaper Ny Tid (New time) in trondheim was in march 1914 by the postmaster refused to be
distrubuted because the newswpaper had ,arled a broken rifle on the frontpage to symbolise the
nwespaper's anti militaristic stance. the case was treated both in the parliament and in the Norwegian
press association, which on one side in a resolution talked against censorship, but indirectly accepted

restrictions on antimilitarism. in the following years, many leftist journalists and editors were
imprsoned for their anti-militaristic articles. the trial split the norwegian press.
A continous battle unfolded between the press and state power on the limits of free spech in questions
which affected relations with foreign states. Norwegian authorities expected that the press should be
loyal in decisions regarding Norway's relation with foreign powers. It was important for Neutral
Norway to balance itself between the warring parties. The game was put on the tip when Justice
Minister Andreas Urbye in 1917 presented proposed new press law, where two paragraphs limited
speech greatly. Norwegian press associations held an extraordinary congress,
formulated a strong protest in which it said that the two paragraphs (...) will destroy the freedom of
speech, which is the right of the norwegian press, and it will threat the press for beeing put in a false
position towards foreign countries. one can not concession that the norwegian press during the war
acted in a improper manner. moreover the press will in particular suffer at the center of treatment" the
disuted clauses was defeated in the parliament. Urbye even had to resign. WW1 undoubtetdly had
consqecunses on journalism, Ottosen states. it was introduced telegrap censorship, and created a
censorship office in the foreign ministry.
Information is a important weapon in war, and it was a propaganda dominated war, and particulary
german press complained that german views were not allowed in norwegian press. Journalists were
arrested on suspicion of espionage, and for many years after World War I the trials against radical
press continued. Hans Christian Erlandsen tells the story of the british agent who in august 1916 took
ino Victoria Hotel in Oslo. Officaly he came to Norway as a correspondent for Reuters, but in reality
he was paid by the British foreign ministry. his name was Rowland Kennedy, the revolutionary
journalist who became a great servant to his homeland when he was in norway. Kennedy had
previously lived in Norway, married a Norwegian woman, learned the language and had a large
network of contacts. Kennedy delivered detailed details about norwegian editors and their attitudes
towards the war, just as he analyzed the Norwegian newspaper coverage of the war.
1914 and the outbreak of war would also be the likely least known newspaper success in the
norwegian newspaper industry. on the big annerversary exhibition at Frogner to celebrate the 100 year
old constitution the press was very much involved in. when the war broke out the war took more and
more spreas and column space in the norwegian ewspapers. on aug 3 the newspaper could announce
that yesterdays edition had been so populat that the people went to Onslaught at the newspaper seller,
and police had to be called to keep track of the crowd. at the anniversery exhibition in Frogner there
were 200 temporary buildings, which among the locals were called "the white city" around 5000
exhibitors participated. it is estimated that around 1,5 million people visited the exhibition, through
2.7 million individual visits. Norway at that time had a population of 2,4 million humans. During the
exhibitions last day, 11 october, 110 000 people visited.
Video at the bottom: https://www.nrk.no/kultur/slik-var-jubileumsutstillingen-1914-1.11717172
"this is how we celebrated 100 years of independence in 1914"
https://gfx.nrk.no/yRS2Gw9J6o5UxuJXdRwIag9jIdqOEbA_llzpFp1drwYg
https://gfx.nrk.no/9t6n7l5RLgblF2oHRn1vOgVcxfOd9ok13desWn_SJc5Q https://gfx.nrk.no/q92MSPGVohkXansNO7V7AEmvumuzgcqHUdl_8XpE-NQ
https://gfx.nrk.no/urJE_N0RqhndcN9fpMDW7gjRKItqVpEq-TX0q706nwbA
https://gfx.nrk.no/eDV1pcpEGmVg_lwTmY6VYwRhmXBorAOsI50KjzhQsD9Q
https://gfx.nrk.no/e_ciJTdF8dIBkpyruui3uwAjT-rzvkdP02GRTZa1wnqA
https://gfx.nrk.no/nx2WcH0bTOxH5aAZ_sjEwgJglq8WlhaGoWYJLGX0gaIA
http://dms09.dimu.org/image/042sAYXBHfpP?dimension=250x250 https://gfx.nrk.no/wVMbf4fOmDewEyxKzuQnw-HHxd6bxfbqeU9PpuTCC0A

http://www.nb.no/var/ezflow_site/storage/images/media/images/jubilaeumsutstillingen-1914kirstiania/80599-1-nor-NO/Jubilaeumsutstillingen-1914-Kirstiania.jpg
Postcards from the exhibition:
https://www.google.no/search?espv=2&biw=763&bih=761&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=norsk+postkort+191
4&oq=norsk+postkort+1914&gs_l=img.3...2263.4589.0.4674.14.14.0.0.0.0.182.1246.10j4.14.0....0...
1c.1.64.img..0.7.716...0j0i8i30j0i24.v3CGH9644-E#imgrc=dzqBAbuQIEFs6M%3A