World Planning History

History, Concepts, Theories and
Principles of Environmental Planning
Arch. / EnP. Rey S. Gabitan, uap, piep
Political / Geographical / Legal Settings: Definition / Scope and

Characteristics
Introduction
Homo Sapiens
early times, a rare animal living in
sporadic but intense competition with
other animals
subsisting by hunting and food gathering
became successful in
adapting his environment to
his own needs and in the
creation of artificial habitats.

Characteristics
Introduction
Homo Sapiens
gained a position of almost complete domination over all other forms of
life on earth,
greatly expanded his sources of food and energy
and his ability to modify the effects of nature on him
unique skills and powers
evidenced by the great increase
in his numbers
human population doubling itself
within one hundred years.

Characteristics
MALTHUSIAN POPULATION THEORY
Introduction
T.R. Malthus, an English economist theorized
population increases in a
geometric ratio while subsistence
increases arithmetically and that
unless natural catastrophes, war,
or sexual restraint control
population increase, worldwide
famine or war will follow.
Exploitation of nature in new
and disturbing ways were
recognized. Increasing
numbers of mankind and the
supplies of food and shelter
are the most profound
problems

Characteristics
beyond mere subsistence lie questions of the quality of life bodily and
mental health, happiness, fulfillment, joy.
the ultimate source of all the benefits of life is the EARTH itself and mans
relationship to all its life and resources

Characteristics
Introduction
Solutions must come about in two ways
- there are enormous ethical problems raised by the need
to make choices and decisions affecting the relationships
between men and all other forms of life and between
different human groups.
- there is the problem of understanding the nature of all
these relationships in order to create more effective and
sympathetic controls over the problem.
This course is concerned with the aspect of understanding the

complex systems of mans activities in the whole context of the
planets ecological systems.

Characteristics
Environmental Planning
Activities concerned with the management and development of land, as
well as the preservation, conservation, and rehabilitation of the human
environment (PD 1308)

Characteristics
Urban Planning
the art and science of ordering and managing the use of land and its
environment and the character and siting of buildings and
communication routes so as to secure the maximum practicable degree
of economy, convenience and beauty. (PD 933 Creating the Human
Settlements Commission) (referred to as Town Planning by Keeble)
Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Ekistics (Science of Human Settlements) - Doxiadis
Human settlements are

no longer satisfactory
for their inhabitants
creating better conditions for

tomorrow can be understood
better if we look into the
different elements of the
human settlements

Ekistics (Science of Human Settlements) Constantine Doxiadis
Human settlements are settlements inhabited by man
Human settlements should satisfy man
human settlements consist of:
the CONTAINER
the CONTENT
(man, alone or
in societies)
(or the physical

settlement, which
consists both natural
and man-made or
artificial elements)
When taken together make up the human settlement whose largest

possible dimensions are defined by the geographic limits of the
earths surface.

2 basic elements of human settlements (Doxiadis)
the CONTENT
the CONTAINER
this can be further subdivided into 5 elements:
NATURE providing the foundation upon which the settlement is

created and the frame within it can function
MAN an individual, Homo Sapiens

- biological needs (oxygen, nutrition)
- sensation and perception (5 senses)
- emotional needs (satisfaction, security, sense of belonging)
- moral values
SOCIETY a group of individuals sharing the same

culture, values, norms, and traditions
SHELLS or the structures within which man lives and carries out
his different functions, the built component.
NETWORKS or the natural and man-made system which facilitate

the functioning of the settlement, or links within the settlement, roads,
communications systems, utilities, etc.

Hierarchy of human settlements
a hamlet, a neighborhood, a small village
a community, a town
a city, an urban area

a metropolis
Megalopolis - concept coined

by Jean Gottmann for urban
complexes in the
Northeastern United States.
a conurbation a composite of cities, metropolises, urban areas
a megalopolis merging of two or more metropolises with a population

of 10M or more; a 20th century phenomenon
a hierarchy of settlements is characterized by a few large cities,

some medium-sized cities, and many small settlements.

actions taken by individuals and groups in interest can
Goals
bring about conditions which give rise to serious

social, economic, and aesthetic problems connected
with the use of land.
Planning seeks to
regulate or control the activity of individual and groups in such
a way as to minimize the bad effects which may arise.
promote better performance of the physical environment in

accordance with a set of broad aims and more specific
objectives set out in a plan.
Location Theory a foundation for planning

explains the pattern of land use
indicates a solution to the problem of what is the most

rational use of land suggesting ways in which the current
pattern can be improved.

Location Theory Johann-Heinrich von Thunen (1826)
postulated that around a central town
..rural land of constant fertility
assumed different forms
- The type of land use varies with distance away
from the market
.. land use diminishing intensively in reverse

relationship to increased distance from the
town.
- The intensity of production declines with distance
away from the market

land in greatest demand would be as near as possible to the
market on account of low transport costs.
- the highest rent would be gained for
this advantage and the highest value
output per hectare would accrue.
outer belt would have little demand for

land because of transport costs.
- rent would
be low and
the value of
extensive
production
would be
correspondi
ngly low.

overall use pattern might be modified by the existence of a
navigable river.
cost of river transport are low especially for bulky commodities
compared to fairly high transport cost overland.
further modification
might occur if a small
city with its own
production zones is
located within the land
use pattern of the main
settlements.

Von Thunen model assumed
unlikely conditions such as
production taking place around
an isolated market place and soil
being of constant fertility.
However, it established a
distance-cost relationship which
recently became the basis of
urban location theory.
as price mechanism largely decides
the profitability or utility of goods and
services, it subsequently determines
the location of activity and the spatial
structure of the urban area supplying
these goods and services

William Alonso
rents diminish outward from the center of a city to offset both lower
revenue and higher operating costs and not least transport costs.
a rent gradient would compensate for falling revenue and

higher operating costs
different land uses would have different rent gradients, the use
with the highest gradient prevailing.
use a prevails up to a distance of 2kms
from the CBD, from 2 to 5kms use b is
dominant, and beyond 5kms use c prevails.
a change of use could be expected to take
place through the price mechanism when one
gradient falls below another.
Alonso model did not specify the type of land
use associated with each bid-gradient.
assumed that the urban area has a single
nucleus and that the market for land is
perfect.
World Planning
History
Ar. / EnP. Rey S. Gabitan, uap, piep

World Planning History
Ancient Times
Innovations that influenced the development

of the earliest cities
The plow and
rectilinear
farming.
Circular and
radiocentric
planning
for herding
and eventually
for defense

70009000 B.C.
Ancient Times
Neolithic Cities
Jericho: early settlement in Israel -9000b.c.
- A well-organized community of about 3000 people
- Built around a reliable source of freshwater
- Only 3 hectares and enclosed with a circular
stone wall
- Overrun in about 6500 b.c., rectangular layouts
followed
Khirokitia: early settlement in Cyprus - 5500 b.c

- First documented
Settlement with streets
- The main street heading uphill
was narrow but had a wider
terminal, which may have
been a social spot

2000-4000 B.C.
Ancient Times
Cities in the Fertile Crescent were formed by the Tigris and

Euphrates river valleys of Mesopotamia
Eridu- acknowledged as the oldest city.

Damascus- oldest continually inhabited city
Babylon- the largest city with 80,000 inhabitants

Ancient Times
Rectilinear plotting with the use of the plow suited all the needs of
agriculture societies on the Nile, Tigris, and the Euphrates river for easy
land division for crop planning, land ownership and land plotting and
reapportionment after a flood.

3000 B.C.
Ancient Times
Cities of Thebes and Memphis along the Nile Valley

- characterized by monumental architecture
- cities had monumental avenues, colossal temple
plazas and tombs
- workers communities were built in cells along

narrow roads

2500 B.C.
Ancient Times
Indus Valley (present day Pakistan)

Cities of Mohenjo Daro and Harrapa:
- administrative-religious centers with 40,000 inhabitants
- archeological evidence indicates an advanced civilization
lived here as there were housing variations, sanitary and
sewage systems, etc.
1900 B.C.
Yellow River Valley of China
land within the passes. Precursor of Linear City.
- Anyang- largest city of the Yellow River Valley
800 B.C.
Beijing
founded in approximately same location its in today
- present form originated in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

B.C. to
A.D.
Ancient Times
Elaborate network of cities in Mesoamerica were

built by the Zapotecs, Mextecs, and Aztecs in rough
rugged land.
Teotijuacan and Dzibilchatun were the largest cities

700 B.C.
Greek & Roman Cities

Greek Classical Cities
Greek cities spread to
the Aegean region
Westward to France
and Spain
polis : defined as
a city-state. Most
famous is the Acropolisa religious and
defensive structure up
on the hills, with no
definite geometrical plan
Neopolis and Paleopolis (new and old
cities)

700 B.C.
Sparta and Athens : the largest cities (100-150T)
Compact urban form

Never planned as a whole
Integration of social and civic life

Components
Acropolis
Main Harbors
Agora Complex
Cultural and leisure facilities

700 B.C.
Acropolis- visible relationship between buildings and nature;

sacred
Agora- buildings served as facades to form an enclosed urban

space; grouped around central open space

400 B.C.
Hippodamus
the first noted urban planner. Introduced the grid system
and the Agora (public marketplace)
Hippodamus of
Miletus (Father of
Town Planning) Greek Architect who
emphasized
geometric designs
grid pattern of
streets
Miletus:
3 sections: for artisans, farmers, and the military

700 B.C.
Roman Classical Cities

Roman Cities : adopted Greek forms but with different
scale- monumental, had a social hierarchy
During the
Etruscans reign,
Rome grew into a
great city built on
seven hills along the
Tiber.

ANCIENT ROME:
Vitruvius - 10-volume treatise De Arkitectura relates experience of

Roman architecture and town design; treats architecture and town design as a
single theme; suggested location of streets in relation to prevailing wind; the
siting of public buildings; the testing of drinking water; design of plazas
Organization of towns - a system of gridiron streets enclosed by a wall;
theater, arena and market were common places for public assembly
Perfected enclosed urban and architectural space collonaded plazas with
a temple or basilica at the end of the space.
Model of Ancient Rome: Flavian

Amphitheater (1) and Circus
Maximus (2)

Roman Forums

Romans as engineers- built aqueducts
(serving 200 cities), elaborate plumbing
systems for public baths, network of paved
roads (covering 50,000 miles), drainage
systems, large open interiors for public
gatherings
Romans incorporated public works and

arts into city designs
Romans as conquerors- built forum after

forum

Developed housing variations and other spaces:

Basilica- covered markets; later, law courts
Curia- the local meeting hall; later, the capitol
Domus- traditional Roman house; with a central atrium
Insulae- 3 to 6- storey apartments with storefronts
Walls: Black
Circuses and
Arenas: Blue
Temples: Purple
Roads: Brown
Theaters: Green
Baths: Red
Other Buildings:
Gray
The Central Area
(The ancient city
center)
Forum Romanum:
Gold two-tone
Palatine Hill: Orange

Medieval Ages
Decline of Roman power left many outposts all over Europe,

where growth revolved around
Growth of towns around either a monastery or castle,

assumed a radiocentric pattern; relied on protective town
walls or fortification for security
Towns were fine and intimate with winding roads and
sequenced views of cathedrals or military fortifications

Medieval Ages
Sienna and Constantinople: signified the rise of the Church
Feudalism affected the urban design of most towns

Medieval Ages
11th century towns in Europe: Coastal port towns

many of these
coastal towns grew
from military
fortifications, but
expansion was
limited to
what the city
could support
Mercantilist cities : continuous increase in size
World trade and travel created major population
concentrations like Florence, Paris, and Venice
Growth eventually led to congestion and slums

Renaissance &
Baroque Periods
Rebirth of classical towns ; piazza planning in Venice;

grandeur in civic structure and public spaces; streets
were wide regular and circumferential with the piazza
at the center as in Italy.
Vatican Square
Piazza de San Antonio Marco

Renaissance &
Baroque Periods
15th Century France:
display of power
Arts and architecture

became a major element
of town planning and
urban design
Geometrical forms of
cities were proposed
Renaissance &
Baroque Periods
Vienna emerged as
the city of culture
and the artsthe first university
town
karlsruhe (Germany)
Versailles (France)
Landscape
architecture
showcased
palaces
and gardens

Renaissance &
Baroque Periods
Pierre Charles LEnfant - Prepared plan for Washington, DC.
Axial plan of the Mall, Washington, D.C.: the

Reflecting Pool and Lincoln Memorial extend the
central axis

ROME (1500S)
Leonardo da Vinci
In his Codex Atlanticus he described a new concept of urban planning that
was suited for Milan sketched a city straddling a river where upstream, the
river was directed into 6 or 7 branches, all parallel to the main stream and
rejoining it below the city.

1844
Arturo Soria Y Mata Spanish Engineer

Suggested the idea of Linear City from Cadiz, Spain across Europe
through St. Petersburg, Russia in which he proposed that the logic of linear
utility line should be the basis of all city lay-out. Houses and buildings could
be set alongside linear utility systems supplying water, communications and
electricity. Proposed high-speed, high-intensity transport from an existing
city.
Stalingrad
N.A Milyutin, 1930

Settlements in the
Americas
Medieval Organic City

taken after the boug (military town) and
fauborg (citizens town) of the medieval ages
Medieval Bastide
taken from the French bastide
(eventually referred to as new towns)
came in the form of grids or radial plans
reflecting flexibility
The Spanish Laws of the Indies town

King Philip IIs city guidelines that produced
3 types of towns- the pueblo (civil), the presidio
(military), and the mission (religious)

Settlements in the
Americas
The English Renaissance

the European Planned City ex. Savannah (designed by
James Oglethorpe), Charleston, Annapolis, and Williamsburg
(Col. Francis Nicholson)
Today, Savannah is the worlds largest officially recognized

historical district

Settlements in the
Americas
Annapolis
Williamsburg
government bldgs were

focal points of the plan,
though a civic square
was also provided
plan was anchored by the

Governors palace, the state
capitol, and the College of
William and Mary

Settlements in the
Americas
The Speculators Town

developments were driven by speculation
Philadelphia designed by William Penn
Built between the Delaware and Scool Kill

Industrial Revolution
The Machine Age - change from manpower to

assembly lines
2 schools of thought - the reform movements and the
specialists

The reform movements:
Robert Owens
(New Lanark Mills,
Manchester, England)
Designed for 800 to 1200
persons
Built factories in rural lands
and house the labor force
outside the city.
With agricultural, light
industrial, educational, and
recreational facilities

The Owenite Communities:

New Harmony, Indiana, USA by Owens, Jr.
Brook Farm, Massachusetts, by a group of

New England Planners
Icarus, Red River, Texas, by Cabet
(eventually, Cabet joined the Mormons in laying out Salt-lake
City, Utah)
Bournville, outside Birmingham built by chocolate

manufacturer George Cadbury
Port Sunlight, in the Mersy builkt by William Lever

Tony Garnier, 1868-1948 (Une Cite Industrielle )

like Howards garden city, was to be a self- contained new
settlement with its own industries and housing close by.
Locational
features may
have been a
precursor to
modern zoning
Ideas and
theories adopted
by Dutch
Architect JJP Oud
in the design of
Rotterdam

The Conservationists
and the Park Movement
Frederick Law Olmstead - Believed that cities should be

planned two generations ahead; maintain sufficient
breathing space, be constantly renewed and that
suburban design should embrace the whole city.
Use of open space as
element of urban
system; despoilment of
land through landscape
system; urban park as
an aid to social reform.

Ebenezer Howard
Author of Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Social
Reform
Garden City of Tomorrow one of the
most important books in the history of urban
planning.
cluster with a mother town of 58,000 to

65,000
with smaller garden cities of 30,000 to
32,000 each
with permanent green space separating the
cities with the towns serving as horizontal
fence of farmland;
rails and roads would link the towns with
industries and nearby towns supplying
fresh food.
The Garden City

Movement

The Garden City

Movement
Influences on Howard
EDWARD GIBBON WAKEFIELD had advocated the planned
movement of population.
JAMES SICK BUKINGHAM- developed the idea of a model city.
ALFRED MARSHALL- invented the idea of the new town as an
answer to the problems of the city.

The Garden City

Movement
Advocated concept of Social City polycentric settlement, growth without

limit, surrounded by a greenbelt; town grows by cellular addition into a
complex multi-centered agglomeration of towns set against a green
background of open country.

The 3 magnets in his
paradigm depicted both the
city and the countryside had a
indisoluble mixture of
advantages and
disadvantages the city has
the opportunities offered
through jobs and urban
services of all kinds, which
resulted in poor natural
environment; the countryside
offered an excellent natural
environment but virtually no
opportunities of any kind
The Garden City

Movement

Garden City combined the
advantages of the town by way of
access and all the advantages of
the country by way of the
environment without any of the
disadvantages of either. Achieved
by planned decentralization of
workers and their places of
employment thus transferring the
advantages of urban
agglomeration en bloc to the new
settlement.
The Garden City

Movement

The Garden City

Movement
The Garden City Association
established by Howard in 1899
Consisted of 4,500 acres

(3000 for agriculture,
1500 for city proper)
Letchworth:
first Garden City designed by
Raymond Unwin & Barry Parker
in 1902

The Garden City

Movement
Welwyn, 1920
(by Louis de Soisson)
brought formality
and Georgian taste

The Garden City

Movement
Followers of Howard
SIR FREDERICK OSBORNE
RAYMUND UNWIN
BARRY PARKER
Hampstead Garden Suburbs opened in 1907
meant only for housing but with a variety of housing types lined
along streets with terminating axes on civic buildings in a
large common green
Wythenshawe - called the 3rd garden city
Modifications on Howards principles:
-Background of open space instead of greenbelts (adaptation of
inter-urban railway)
-Dividing the town into clearly articulated neighborhood units

The City Beautiful

Era (1900-1945)
Daniel Burnham Father of American City Planning

spearheaded the movement with his design for Chicago and his
famous words: make no little plans
Influenced by the world fairs of

the late 19th century, like the
1891Columbian Exposition
In Chicago
Emphasis was on grand formal
designs, with wide boulevards,
civic spaces, arts, etc.
Also credited for the designs of
San Francisco and Cleveland

The City Beautiful

Era (1900-1945)
Golden era of urban design in the US;

according to Burnham, city was a totally designed system of main
circulation arteries., a network of parks and clusters or focal buildings or
building blocks of civic centers incl. City hall, a country court house, a
library, an opera house, a museum, and a plaza

The City Beautiful

Era (1900-1945)
Total concentration on the monumental and on the superficial, on architecture

as symbols of power, and an almost complete lack of interest on the wider
social purposes of planning. Planning was intended to impress or for display.

The City Beautiful

Era (1900-1945)
Wrote Chicago Plan but was heavily criticized & referred to as centrocentrist
based on business core with no conscious provision for business
expansion in the rest of the city;
planned as an aristocratic city for merchant princess;
not in accord with the realities of downtown real estate development which
demanded overbuilding and congestion;
utopian
Part of the scenic 1909 Chicago

master plan by Daniel Burnham.

The City Beautiful

Era (1900-1945)
Castigated by Lewis Mumford as cosmetic, comparing Burnhams approach with

planning practiced in totalitarian regimes;
approach ignored housing, schools & sanitation.
According to Abercrombie, beauty stood supreme for Burnham, commercial
convenience was significant but health and sanitation concerns were almost
nowhere.
Burnhams plan devoted scant attention to zoning.

The City Beautiful

Era (1900-1945)
Champs d Elysee
Baron George Eugene Hausmann- worked on the
reconstruction of Paris- linear connection between
the place de concord, arc de triomph, eiffel tower
and others

The Urban Theorist
Constantine Doxiadis - Addressed problem of urbanization on a worldwide

scale and his major designs have been made for countries where the
economy and productive system can be coordinated by policy and decree
such as the new developing countries of Africa and the MiddleEast.
Published his Ekistics Grid a system for recording
planning data and ordering the planning process.
Approaches town planning as a science which
includes planning and design as well as contributions
from the sociologist, geographer, economist,
demographer, politician, social anthropologist,
ecologist, etc. all these he assembles into a total
rational and human approach which he calls Ekistics
the science of human settlements.

The New Communities

Movement (Early 1920s)
Clarence Stein, Lewis Mumford, Frederick Lee Ackerman

Piecemeal development of residential communities on endless gridiron
tracts was wasteful & unnecessary; practice of laying out block pattern
streets prevented clustered community design & the interspersal of open
and built-up spaces.
One of the aims of the group was the creation of neighborhood centers
and the physical delineation of neighborhood groups
Christopher Alexander
a city is not a tree - suggested that sociologically, different people had varied
needs for local services & the privilege* of choice was paramount.

The New Communities

Alker Tripp
assistant commissioner of police at Londons Scotland Yard.
published a book called TOWN PLANNING & TRAFFIC.
- idea that after the war, cities should be reconstructed in the basis of
PRECINTS.
- hierarchy of roads in which main arterial or sub arterial roads were sharply
segregated from the local streets with only occasional access and also were
free of direct frontage development.
influenced Patrick Abercrombie and Forshaw (called for application of the PRECINTUAL
PRINCIPLE to London.)

Clarence Stein - The Radburn Idea or
new town idea was to create a series
of superblocks (an island of greens,
bordered by homes and carefully
skirted by peripheral auto roads), each
around open green spaces which are
themselves interconnected. The
greenways were the pedestrian ways.
The New Communities


The basic layout of the community
introduced the ff:
-"super-block" concept
- cul-de-sac (cluster) grouping
- interior parklands
- and separation of vehicular and
pedestrian traffic to promote safety.
Every home was planned with access to
park walks.
The New Communities


The Neighborhood Unit
-book by Clarence Perry (1929)
-the embryo of NEIGHBORHOOD- UNIT

AREA- certain services which are provided
everyday for groups of population who
cant or do not travel far, should be
provided at an accessible central place for
a small community w/in walking distance.
-defined as the physical environment
wherein social, cultural, educational,
and commercial are within easy reach of
each other
Town & Country

Planning of Britain

The Neighborhood Unit
concerns self sustainability of
smaller units
Principle based on the natural

catchment area of community
facilities such as primary schools
and local shops.
- the elementary school as the
center of development, determines
the size of the neighborhood
Town & Country

Planning of Britain

The Regional City
Patrick Geddes - Survey before plan
The answer to the sordid congestion of the giant city is a vast program of
regional planning within which each sub-regional part would be harmoniously
developed on the basis of its own natural resources with total respect for the
principles of ecological balance and resource renewal. Cities in the scheme
became subordinate to the region; old cities and new towns alike would grow
just as necessary parts of the regional scheme.
Planning must start with a survey of the resources of such a region and of
human responses to it, and of the resulting complexities of the cultural
landscape; emphasis on survey method.

The Regional City
Patrick Geddes - Survey before plan
Wrote Cities in Evolution (1915); coined the term conurbation which meant
conglomeration of town aggregates; describing the waves of population to large
cities followed by overcrowding and slum formation, and the wave of backflow;
the whole process resulting in amorphic sprawl, waste and unnecessary
obsolescence; stressed social basis of the city concerned with the
relationship between people and cities and how they affect one another;
Stages in the creation of conurbation:
Inflowbuild-upbackflow(central slums)sprawling mass (central blight)

The Regional City
Patrick Abercrombie
- most notable professional planner in Britain in the Anglo American period.
- most notable contribution to planning to a wider scale: the scale which region around it
in a single planning exercise.
- did the Greater London Plan 1944
Lewis Mumford
- Geddes Follower
- wrote CULTURE OF CITIES, the Bible of regional planning movement
P.G.F. Le Play
-stressed the intimate and subtle relationship between human settlement and the land
through the nature of local economy.
PLACE-WORK-FOLK
Le Plays famous triad- was the fundamental study of men living and on their land;
social-survey method of determining relationships of the family and worker to the
environment.

Modern Architecture
and Planning
Charles-Eduoard Jeanneret - Popularly known as Le Corbusier.

His most outstanding contribution as a thinker and writer was an urban
planner on the grand scale.
- the most notable are his Unite d Habitation (1946-52) at Marseilles in
France, a self-contained 'vertical city', with modular housing units for 1600
people, internal streets and community services.

Modern Architecture
and Planning
In 1933, proposed La Ville Radieuse (Radiant City) anchored on

objective to decongest the centers of our cities by increasing their densities
by building high on small part of the total ground area. Accordingly, every
great city must rebuild on centers

Modern Architecture
and Planning

Le Corbusier also conceptualized Le Contemporaine, high-rise
offices and residential buildings with a greenbelt for a population of
3,000,000 people
The City of Towers

Modern Architecture
and Planning

Last of the City Beautiful planners
Chandigarh
the only realized plan of Le Corbusier:
Original Master Plan by Albert Myer
The whole plan represents a large scale application of the Radburn principle regularized by
Le Corbusiers predilection for the rectilinear and the monumental.

Modern Architecture
and Planning
Two important books- The City of Tomorrow (1922) and The Radiant City;
small number of propositions:
traditional city has become functionally obsolete, due to increasing
size and increasing congestion at the centre.
the paradox that the congestion could be cured by increasing the
density. a very high proportion of the available ground space- Corbusier
advocated 95%- could and should be left open.
argued that this new urban form could accommodate a new and
highly efficient urban transportation system, incorporating both rail
lines and completely segregated elevated motorways, running above the
ground level, though, of course, below the levels at which most people
lived.

Modern Architecture
and Planning
Brasilia
capital of Brazil and a completely new twentiethcentury city, the biggest planning exercise of the 20th
century
Designed by Lucio Costa with a lot of influence from
Le Corbusier, his plans or schemes did not include a
single population projection, economic analyses, land
use schedule, model or mechanical drawing, yet it
was awarded to him; plan did not attempt to resolve
pedestrian-vehicle conflicts. Unplanned city grew up
beside the planned one.
with two huge axes in the sign of
the cross, one for govt, commerce,
and entertainment, the other for
the residential component
Oscar Niemeyer was among the
architects employed to design the
buildings

Modern Architecture
and Planning
Frank Lloyd Wright

In the 1930s, he wrote the The Disappearing City and later Broadacres
proposing that every family live on an acre of land and where the city would be built
by its inhabitants using mass-produced components; this met difficulties in land
supply and logistics as the population increased.

Modern Architecture
and Planning
Broadacres
-that mass car would allow cities to spread widely into
countryside.
- homes would be connected by super highways.
Easy and fast travel by car to any direction.
- he anticipated out- of-town shopping center
Problems with lack of land lead to his design of the
Mile High Tower

Proposed to house a significant amount of
Manhattan residents to free up space for
Greenfields
10 or more of these could possibly replace all
Manhattan buildings

The Arcology Alternative
the 3D city by Paolo Soleri
Radical Ideas

Radical Ideas
Motopia
Proposed by
Edgar Chambless
Vehicular traffic will
be along rooftops
of a continuous
network of buildings,
while the streets will
be for pedestrian
use only
Science Cities
Proposed by the metabolism group; visionary urban
designers that proposed underwater cities, biological cities,
cities in pyramids, etc.

The Floating City
Kiyonori Kikutake
The Barbican City

a 63 acre area. mixed used
development that was built in
response to the pressures of
the automobile. An early
type of Planned Urban
development that had all
amenities in one compound
with multi-level circulation
patterns.
Radical Ideas
END OF PRESENTATION FOR WORLD PLANNING HISTORY

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History, Concepts, Theories and

Principles of Environmental Planning

Arch. / EnP. Rey S. Gabitan, uap, piep

Political / Geographical / Legal Settings: Definition / Scope and

Political / Geographical / Legal Settings: Definition / Scope and

Political / Geographical / Legal Settings: Definition / Scope and

Political / Geographical / Legal Settings: Definition / Scope and

Political / Geographical / Legal Settings: Definition / Scope and

This course is concerned with the aspect of understanding the

Political / Geographical / Legal Settings: Definition / Scope and

Political / Geographical / Legal Settings: Definition / Scope and

Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Human settlements are

creating better conditions for

Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

(or the physical

When taken together make up the human settlement whose largest

Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

this can be further subdivided into 5 elements:

NATURE providing the foundation upon which the settlement is

MAN an individual, Homo Sapiens

SOCIETY a group of individuals sharing the same

NETWORKS or the natural and man-made system which facilitate

Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

a city, an urban area

Megalopolis - concept coined

a conurbation a composite of cities, metropolises, urban areas

a megalopolis merging of two or more metropolises with a population

a hierarchy of settlements is characterized by a few large cities,

Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

bring about conditions which give rise to serious

promote better performance of the physical environment in

Location Theory a foundation for planning

indicates a solution to the problem of what is the most

Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

.. land use diminishing intensively in reverse

Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

outer belt would have little demand for

Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

a rent gradient would compensate for falling revenue and

Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Innovations that influenced the development

Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Khirokitia: early settlement in Cyprus - 5500 b.c

Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Cities in the Fertile Crescent were formed by the Tigris and

Eridu- acknowledged as the oldest city.

Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Cities of Thebes and Memphis along the Nile Valley

- workers communities were built in cells along

Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Indus Valley (present day Pakistan)

Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Elaborate network of cities in Mesoamerica were

Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Greek & Roman Cities

Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Greek & Roman Cities

Sparta and Athens : the largest cities (100-150T)