200 STRUCTURE Skit I: BE SURE THE SENTENCE HASA SUBJECT AND AVERB You know that a sentence in English should have a subject and a verb. The most common types of problems that you will encounter in structure questions on the TOEFL test have to do with subjects and verbs: perhaps the sentence is missing either the subject or the verb or both, or perhaps the sentence has an extra subject or verb. Example I from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests was backed up for miles on the freeway. (A). Yesterday (B)_ In the morning (C) Traffic (D) Cars Ga In this example you should notice immediately that there is a verb was, but there is no sub- ject. Answer (C) is the best answer because it contains the singular subject traffic that agrees with the singular verb was. Answer (A), yesterday, and answer (B), in the morning, are not subjects, so they are not correct, Although answer (D), cars, could be a subje correct because carsis plural and it does not agree with the singular verb was. Example 2 from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests (SH) [35 Engineers, for work on the new space program, (A) necessary (B) are needed (©) hopefully (D) next month ct, itis not In this example you should notice immediately that the sentence has a subject engineers and that there is no verb, Because answer (B), are needed, is a verb, it is the best answer. Answers (A), (C), and (D) are not verbs, so they are not correct. ‘The boy (A) heis (B) he always was (©) isrelaxing (D) will be going to the movies with a friend, Example 3 from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests (5) JRSTRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) 201 This sentence has a subject boy and has part of a verb going; to be correct, some form of the verb be is needed to make the sentence complete. Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect because the sentence already has a subject oy and does not need the extra subject he. Answer (G) is incorrect because relaxing is an extra verb part that is unnecessary because of going. Answer (D) is the best answer; will de together with going is a complete verb. The following chart outlines what you should remember about subjects and verbs: SUBJECTS AND VERBS A sentence in English must have at least one subject and one verb. EXERCISE 1: Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the following sentences. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I) — |. 1. Last week went fishing for trout at the nearby mountain lake. 2. Asschedule of the day's events can be obtained at the front desk. —— 3. Ajob on the day shift or the night shift at the plant available. —— 4. The new computer program has provides a variety of helpful applications. 5. The box can be opened only with a special screwdriver, —— 6. The assigned text for history class it contains more than twenty chapters. _— 7. The papers in the wastebasket should be emptied into the trash can outside. ——— 8 Departure before dawn on a boat in the middle of the harbor. —— 9. Yesterday found an interesting article on pollution. —— 10. The new machine is processes 50 percent more than the previous machine. Skit. 2: BE CAREFUL OF OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS ‘An object of a preposition is a noun, pronoun, gerund or noun clause that comes after a preposition, such as in, at, of, to, by, behind, on, and so on, to form a prepositional phrase. (After his exams) Tom will take a trip (by boat). This sentence contains two objects of prepositions. Exams is the object of the preposition after, and boatis the object of the preposition by. An object of a preposition can cause confusion in structure questions on the TOEFL test because it can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence.202 STRUCTURE Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL? Tests (215) {215 With his friena (A) has (B) he (©) later (D) when found the movie theater. In this example you should look first for the subject and the verb. You should notice the verb found and should also notice that there is no subject. Do not think that friend is the subject; friend is the object of the preposition with, and one noun cannot be both a subject and an object at the same time. Because subject is needed in this sentence, answer (B), hu, is the best answer. Answers (A), (C), and (D) are not correct because they cannot be subjects. The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about objects of prepositions: OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS ‘A preposition is followed by a noun, pronoun, gerund or noun clase that is called an object of the preposton fa word is an object of a preposition, itis not the subject. NOTE: A lengthy list of prepositions and practice in recognizing prepositions can be found in Appendix D at the back of the text. You may want to complete these exercises before continuing with Exercise 2. EXERCISE 2: Each of the following sentences contains one or more prepositional phrases. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the prepositional phrases that come before the verb. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I) —C_ 1. The interviews (by radio broadcasters) were carried live by the station. . (In the last possible moment took his seat in the airplane. —— 3. Atthe neighborhood flower shop, flowers in quantities of a dozen or a half dozen can be delivered for free. 4. The progressive reading methods at this school are given credit for the improved test scores. —— 5. Forthe last three years at various hospitals in the county has been practicing medicine. — 6. Inthe pasta career in politics was not considered acceptable in some circles. 7. Shopping in the downtown area of the city it has improved a lot in recent years.STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) 203, —— 8 Atthe building site the carpenters with the most experience were given the most intricate work. —— 9 For the fever and headache took two aspirin tablets. 10. The report with complete documentation was delivered at the conference. ‘Sku. 3: BE CAREFUL OF APPOSITIVES Appositives can cause confusion in structure questions on the TOEFL test because an appositive can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence. An appositive is a noun that comes before or after another noun and has the same meaning. Sally, the best student in the class, got an A on the exam. In this example Sally is the subject of the sentence and the best student in the class can easily be recognized as an appositive phrase because of the noun student and because of the com- mas. The sentence says that Sally and the best student in the class are the same person. Note that if you leave out the appositive phrase, the sentence still makes sense (Sally got an A on the exam). The following example shows how an appositive can be confused with the subject of a sentence in structure questions on the TOEFL test. Example | from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests [8] [35 George, is attending the lecture. (A) Right now (B) Happily (©) Because of the time (D) My friend In this example you should recognize from the commas that Georgeis not the subject of the sentence. George is an appositive. Because this sentence still needs a subject, the best answer is (D), my friend. Answers (A), (B), and (C) are incorrect because they are not subjects. The next example shows that an appositive does not always come after the subject; an appositive can also come at the beginning of the sentence. Example 2 from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests (5) CIA —— Sarah rarely misses her basketball shots. (A) An excellent basketball player (B) An excellent basketball player is (C) Sarah is an excellent basketball player (D) Her excellent basketball play204 STRUCTURE In this example you can tell that Sarah is the subject and misses is the verb because there is no comma separating them. In the space you should put an appositive for Sarah, and Sarah is an excellent basketball player, so answer (A) is the best answer. Answers (B) and (C) are not correct because they each contain the verb is, and an appositive does not need a verb. Answer (D) contains a noun, play, that could possibly be an appositive, but play is not the same as Sarah, so this answer is not correct. The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about appositives: APPOSITIVES ‘An appositve is a noun that comes before or after another noun and is generally set off from the noun with commas. Ifa word is an oppostive, it is not the subject. The following appositive structures are both possible in Eng! s. APP, v Tom, areally good mechanic, is fixing the car. ‘APP, s v Areally good mechanic, Tom is fixing the car. EXERCISE 8: Each of the following sentences contains an appositive. Underline the sub- jects once and the verbs twice. Circle the appositive phrases. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I) —€_ 1. (The son of the previous owner) the new owner is undertal changes in management policy. —L. 2. Lastsemester, @friend, —— 3. Valentine's Day, February 14, is a special holiday for sweethearts. some fairly broad graduated cum laude from the university. —— 4. Atlong last, the chief executive officer, has decided to step down —— 5. Tonight's supper, leftovers from last night, did not taste any better tonight than last night. —— 6. The only entrance to the closet, the door was kept locked at all times. —— 7. Inthe cold of winter, a wall heating unit, would not turn on. —— 8. The new tile pattern, yellow flowers on a white background, really brightens up the room. _—— 9. The high-powered computer the most powerful machine of its type, was finally readied for use. 10. A longtime friend and confidant, the psychologist was often invited over for Sunday dinner.‘STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) 205 Skit 4: +BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT PARTICIPLES A present participle is the -ing form of the verb (talking, playing). In structure questions on the TOEFL test, a present participle can cause confusion because it can be either a part of the verb or an adjective. It is part of the verb when it is preceded by some form of the verb be. The man is talking to his friend. VERB In this sentence talkingis part of the verb because it is accompanied by és. A present participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of the verb be. The man talking to his friend has a beard ADJECTIVE In this sentence ‘aking is an adjective and not part of the verb because it is not accompa- nied by some form of be. The verb in this sentence is has. The following example shows how a present participle can be confused with the verb in structure questions on the TOEFL test. Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests (85) [8 The child (A) now (B) is (©) be (D) was playing in the yard is my son. In this example, if you look at only the first words of the sentence, it appears that child is the subject and playing is part of the verb. If you think that playing is part of the verb, you ;ht choose answer (B), is, or answer (D), was, to complete the verb. However, these two answers are incorrect because playing is not part of the verb. You should recognize that playing is a participial adjective rather than a verb because there is another verb in the sen- tence is. In this sentence there is a complete subject child and a complete verb is, so this sentence does not need another subject or verb. The best answer here is (A) ‘The following chart outlines what you should remember about present participles: PRESENT PARTICIPLES ‘A present participle is the -ing form of the verb. The present participle can be (1) part of the verb or (2) an adjective. It is part of the verb when it is accompanied by some form of the verb be. Itis an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of the verb be. |. The boy is standing in the corner. 2. The boy standing in the comer was naughty.206 STRUCTURE EXERCISE 4: Each of the following sentences contains one or more present participles. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the present participles and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). —€_ 1. The companies the lowest prices will have the most customers. AD —L_ 2 Those travelers are Completing)their trip on Delta should report to Gate Three. VERE —— 3. Theartisans were demonstrating various handicrafts at booths throughout the fair. The fraternities are giving the wildest parties attract the most new pledges. —— 5. The first team winning four games is awarded the championship. —— 6. The speaker was trying to make his point was often interrupted vociferously. —— 7. The fruits were rotting because of the moisture in the crates carrying them to market. —— 8. Any students desiring official transcripts should complete the appropriate form. —— 9 The advertisements were announcing the half-day sale received a lot of attention. 10. The spices flavoring the meal were quite distinctive. Skit 5: BE CAREFUL OF PAST PARTICIPLES Past participles can cause confusion in structure questions on the TOEFL test because a past participle can be either an adjective or a part of a verb. The past participle is the form of the verb that appears with have or be. It often ends in -ed, but there are also many irregular past participles in English. (See Appendix F for a list of irregular past participles.) The family has purchased a television. The poem was written by Paul. VER In the first sentence the past participle purchased is part of the verb because it is accompa- nied by has. In the second sentence the past participle writien is part of the verb because it is accompanied by was. A past participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of be or have. The television purchased yesterday was expensive. ADJECTIVE ‘The poem writien by Paul appeared in the magazine. ‘ADJECTIVE In the first sentence purchased is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompa- nied by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, was, later in the sentence). In the second sentence written is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, appeared, later in the sentence).STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) 207 The following example shows how a past participle can be confused with the verb in structure questions on the TOEFL test. Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL? Test [215] [OB ‘The packages (A) have (B) were (©) them (D) just mailed at the post office will arrive Monday. In this example, if you look only at the first few words of the sentence, it appears that pack- agesis the subject and mailed is either a complete verb or a past participle that needs a help- ing verb. But if you look further in the sentence, you will see that the verb is will arrive. You will then recognize that mailed is a participial adjective and is therefore not part of the verb. Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect because mailed is an adjective and does not need a help- ing verb such as have or were. Answer (C) is incorrect because there is no need for the object them. Answer (D) is the best answer to this question, The following chart outlines what you should remember about past participles: PAST PARTICIPLES AA past participle often ends in -ed, but there are also many irregular past participles. For many verbs, including -ed verbs, the simple past and the past participle are the same and can be easily confused. ‘The -ed form of the verb can be (1) the simple past, (2) the past participle of a verb, or (3) an adjective. |. She painted this picture. 2. She has painted this picture, 3. The picure painted by Karen is now in a museum. EXERCISE 5: Each of the following sentences contains one or more past participles. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the past participles and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). —L 1. The money was 2. The car (fisted) in the advertisement had already 7 VERB —— 3. The chapters were taught by the professor this morning will be on next week's exam. by the client was not, —— 4 The loaves of bread were baked in a brick oven at a low temperature for many hours. 5. The ports were reached by the sailors were under the control of a foreign nation —— 6. Those suspected in the string of robberies were arrested by the police. —— 7. The pizzais served in this restaurant is the tastiest in the county.208 STRUCTURE 8. The courses are listed on the second page of the brochure have several prerequisites. —— 9. Allthe tenants were invited to the Independence Day barbecue at the apartment complex. —— 10. Any bills paid by the first of the month will be credited to your account by the next, day. EXERCISE (Skills 1-5): Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the fok lowing sentences. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). —1 For three weeks at the beginning of the semester students with fewer than the maximum number of units can add additional courses. On her lunch hour went to a nearby department store to purchase a wedding gift. The fir trees were grown for the holiday season were harvested in November. In the grove the overripe oranges were falling on the ground. ‘The papers being delivered at 4:00 will contain the announcement of the president's resignation. A specialty shop with various blends from around the world in the shopping mall. ‘The portraits exhibited in the Houston Museum last month are now on display in Dallas. With a sudden jerk of his hand threw the ball across the field to one of the other players. Construction of the housing development it will be underway by the first of the month, Those applicants returning their completed forms at the earliest date have the highest priority. TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 1-5): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best, completes the sentence. 1, The North Platte River —_ from 2. Biloxi received its name from a ‘Wyoming into Nebraska. Sioux word meaning “first people.” (A) itflowed (A) The city of (B) flows (B) Located in (©) flowing (©) Iti (D) with flowing water (D) The tour includedSTRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) A pride of lions up to forty lions, 4 including one to three males, several 209 Henry Adams, born in Boston, famous as a historian and novelist, females, and cubs. (A) became (A) can contain (B) and became {B)_ it contains (C)_ he was (©) contain (D) and he became (D) containing 8. The major cause the pull of the 4 tea plantare small and white. Moon on the Earth, (A) The (A) the ocean tides are (B) Onthe (B) of ocean tides is (C)_ Having flowers the (©) of the tides in the ocean (D) The flowers of the (D) the oceans’ tides 5. The tetracyclines, antibiotics, are 9. Still a novelty in the late nineteenth used to treat infections. century, limited to the rich. (A) area family of (A) was (B) being a family (B) was photography (©) afamily of (C)_itwas photography (D) their family is (D)_ photography was 6. Any possible academic assistance from 10. A computerized map of the freeways taking stimulants ___ marginal at best. using information gathered by sensors (A) itis embedded in the pavement __on a (B) thereis local cable channel during rush hours. (© is (A). airs (D) as (B) airing (C) air (D) to air SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES Many sentences in English have more than one clause. (A clause is a group of words con- taining a subject and a verb.) Whenever you find a sentence on the TOEFL test with more than one clause, you need to make sure that every subject has a verb and every verb has a subject. Next you need to check that the various clauses in the sentence are correctly joined. There are various ways to join clauses in English. Certain patterns appear frequently in English and on the TOEFL test. You should be very familiar with these patterns. Skit 6: USE COORDINATE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY When you have two clauses in an English sentence, you must connect the two clauses cor- rectly. One way to connect two clauses is to use and, but, or so, or yet between the clauses. Tom s singing, and Paul is dancing. Tom is tall, but Paul is short,210 STRUCTURE ‘Tom must write the letter, or Paul will do it. ‘Tom told a joke, so Paul laughed. ‘Tom is tired, yet he is not going to sleep. In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with a coordinate conjunction and, but, or, so, or yet, and a comma (,). ‘The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure questions on the TOEFL test. Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests A power failure occurred, the lamps went out. (A) then (B) so (©) later (D) next In this example you should notice quickly that there are two clauses, @ power failure occurred and the lamps went out. This sentence needs a connector to join the two clauses. Then, later, and next are not connectors, so answers (A), (C), and (D) are not correct. The best answer is answer (B) because so can connect two clauses. The following chart lists the coordinate connectors and the sentence pattern used with them: COORDINATE CONNECTORS ‘and but or so yet sy soy She laughed, but she wanted to cry. EXERCISE 6: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (1). —€_ 1. The software should be used on a laptop computer, (and) this computer is a laptop. —— 3. They are trying to sell their house, it has been on the market for two months. —— 4. So the quality of the print was not good, I changed the typewriter ribbon. —— 5. The lifeguard will warn you about the riptides, or she may require you to get out of the water. —— 6. You should have finished the work yesterday, yet is not close to being finished today.STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) 211 7. The phone rang again and again, so the receptionist was not able to get much work done. —— 8. The missing wallet was found, but the cash and credit cards had been removed. —— 9% Oryou can drive your car for another 2,000 miles, you can get it fixed. _— 10. The chemist was awarded the Nobel Prize, he flew to Europe to accept it Skit 7; USE ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY Sentences with adverb clauses have two basic patterns in English. Study the clauses and connectors in the following sentences: I will sigit the check before you leave. Before you he check. In each of these examples, there are two clauses: you leave and I will sign the check, and the clause you lave is an adverb time clause because it is introduced with the connector before. In the first example the connector before comes in the middle of the sentence, and no comma (,) is used. In the second example the connector before comes at the beginning of the sentence. In this pattern, when the connector comes at the beginning of the sentence, acomma (,) is required in the middle of the sentence. ‘The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure questions on the TOEFL test, Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL? Tests, ‘was late, I missed the appointment. ai (B) Because (©) The tain (D) Since he In this example you should recognize easily that there is a verb, was, that needs a subject. There is also another clause, I missed the appoiriment. If you choose answer (A) or answer (C), you will have a subject for the verb was, but you will not have a connector to join the two clauses, Because you need a connector to join two clauses, answers (A) and (C) are incorrect. Answer (B) is incorrect because there is no subject for the verb was. Answer (D) the best answer because there is a subject, he, for the verb was, and there is a connector, since, to join the two clauses.212 STRUCTURE The following chart lists adverb time and cause connectors and the sentence patterns used with them: ‘ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS Te CAUSE ofter ‘8 soon as once when ‘now that as before since whenever since caslongcs by the time until while sv adverb connector] S$ V Teresa went inside because it was raining. adverb connector s v Sev Because it was raining, Teresa went inside. EXERCISE 7: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). the bank closes in less than an hour, the deposits need to be tallied immediately. —L_ 2 Their backgrounds are thoroughly investigate organization. are admitted to the —— 3. The citizens are becoming more and more incensed about traffic accidents whenever the accidents occur at that intersection. —— 4. The ground had been prepared, the seedlings were carefully planted, We can start the conference now that all the participants have arrived. —— 6. The building quite vulnerable to damage until the storm windows are installed. —— 7. Once the address label for the package is typed, can be sent to the mail room. —— 8. Because the recent change in work shifts was not posted, several workers missed their shifts. 9. The mother is going to be quite upset with her son as long as he misbehaves so much. 10. Inasmuch as all the votes have not yet been counted the outcome of the election cannot be announced.STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) ‘Sx. 8: USE OTHER ADVERB CONNECTORS CORRECTLY Adverb clauses can express the ideas of time and cause, as you saw in Skill 7; adverb clauses can also express a number of other ideas, such as contrast, condition, manner, and place. Because these clauses are adverb clauses, they have the same structure as the time and cause clauses in Skill 7. Study the following examples Iwill leave at 7:00 if1 am ready. Although I was late, I managed to catch the train. In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with adverb con- nectors. In the first sentence, the adverb condition connector ifcomes in the middle of the sentence. In the second sentence, the adverb contrast connector although comes at the beginning of the sentence, and a comma (,) is used in the middle of the sentence. The following example shows a way that this sentence pattern can be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL test Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests O58 ‘You will get a good grade on the exam provided “ (A) studying (B) study (©) to smdy (D) you study In this example you should quickly notice the adverb condition connector provided. This connector comes in the middle of the sentence; because it is a connector, it must be fol- lowed by a subject and a verb. The best answer to this question is answer (D), which con- tains the subject and verb you study. 23214 STRUCTURE The following chart lists adverb contrast, condition, manner, and place connectors and the sentence patterns used with them: OTHER ADVERB CONNECTORS CONDITION CONTRAST MANNER PLACE if ‘although os where in case even though in thot wherever provided though providing while unless whereas whether sv Giver comesor) 5 V Bob went to schoo! even though he felt sick. 3 sv Even though Bob felt sick, he went to school. NOTE: A comma is often used in the middle of the sentence with a contrast connector. The Smith family arrived at 2:00, while the Jones foriy arrived an hour later. EXERCISE 8: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (1). impossible to enter that program (ff)you lack experience asa teacher. 1. 2 The commandant left strict orders about the passes, several soldiers left the post anyway, —— 3. Noone is admitted to the academy unless he or she the education requirements. 4. While most students turned the assignment in on time, a few asked for an extension. 5. Iwill take you wherever need to go to complete the registration procedures. —— 6. Iwill wait here in the airport with you whether the plane leaves on time or not. 7. Providing the envelope is postmarked by this Friday, your application still acceptable. —— 8 Asthe nurse already explained all visitors must leave the hospital room now. _—— 9%. This exam will be more difficult than usual in that it covers two chapters instead of one. 10. Though snow had been falling all day long, everyone got to the church on time for the wedding.‘STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) 215 EXERCISE (Skills 6-8): Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the fol- lowing sentences. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (G) or incorrect (I). —— 1. Until the registrar makes a decision about your status, you must stay in an unclassified category. —— 2 Orthe bills can be paid by mail by the first of the month, _—— 3. The parents left a phone number with the babysitter in case a problem with the children. —— 4. The furniture will be delivered as soon itis paid for. —— 5. Whenever you want to hold the meeting, we will schedule it. —— 6. The government was overthrown in a revolution, the king has not returned to his homeland. _— 7. Whereas most of the documents are complete, this form still needs to be notarized. —— 8. Trash will be collected in the morning, so you should put the trash cans out tonight. —— 9% Itisimpossible for the airplane to take off while is snowing so hard. 10. We did not go out to dinner tonight even though I would have preferred not to cook. TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 6-8): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1. The president of the United States appoints the cabinet members, appointments are subject to Senate approval. (A) their (B)_ with their (C)_ because their . (D) but their 2. The prisoners were prevented from speaking to reporters because (A) not wanting the story in the papers (B) the story in the papers the superintendent did not want (C) the public to hear the story (D) the superintendent did not want the story in the papers 3. Like Thomas Berger's fictional character Little Big Man, Lauderdale managed to find himself where ___ of important events took place. (A) itwas an extraordinary number (B) there was an extraordinary number (C) anextraordinary number (D) an extraordinary number existed sucked groundwater from below, some parts of the city have begun to sink as much as ten inches annually. (A) Pumps have (B) As pumps have (©) So pumps have (D) With pumps216 STRUCTURE 5, Case studies are the target of much 8 skepticism in the scientific community, used extensively by numerous researchers. (A) theyare (B) are (C) yet they (D) yet theyare According to the hypothesis in the study, the monarchs pick up the magnetic field 9. of the ___ migrate by following magnetic fields. (A) target monarchs (B) target since monarchs (©) target since monarchs are (D) target show the relations among neurons, they do not preclude the 10. possibility that other aspects are important. (A) Neural theories (B) Aneural theory (C) Although neural theories (D) However neural theories or refinanced, the lender will generally require setting up an escrow account to ensure the payment of property taxes and homeowner's insurance. (A) Ahome is (B) Ahome is bought (©) When ahome (D) When a home is bought If ultraviolet radiation enters the Earth’s atmosphere, — generally blocked by the ozone concentrated in the atmosphere. (A) it (B) itis (©) soi is (D) thenit Among human chromosomes, the Y chromosome is unusual ___ most of the chromosome does not participat meiotic recombination. (A) in (B) so (©) and (D) in that TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-8): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1 The three basic chords in tonic, the dominant, and the subdominant. the 3 (A) functional harmony (B) functional harmony is (©) functional harmony are (D) functional harmony they are Hale Telescope, at the Palomar 4. Observatory in southern California, scientists can photograph objects several billion light years away. (A) The (B) With the (C)_ They use the (D) Itisthe Without the proper card installed inside the computer, —__ impossible to run a ‘graphics program (A) is definitely (B) because of (©) itis ©) is The charter for the Louisiana lottery was coming up for renewal, spared no ‘expense in the fight to win renewal. (A) the lottery committee (B)_ so the lottery committee and (C) so the lottery committee (D) the lottery committee madeSTRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) 217 5. While in reality Alpha Centauri isa triple 8._As its name suggests, the Prairie star, to the naked eye to be a single Wetlands Resource Center ___ the star. protection of wetlands on the prairies of the Dakotas, Montana, Minnesota, and (A) itappears ees (B) butit appears (C) appears (A) itfocuses (D) despite it (B) focuses on (©) focusing 6. The Sun’s gravity severely distorted the (D) to focus on path of the comet entered its wildly erratic orbit around Jupiter. 9. One of the largest and most powerful a) it birds of prey in the world, a six- (B) when foot wingspan and legs and talons (C) after the comet came into it a she size of & nuan’s aries an (D) once the comet (A) so the harpy has 7. Each object Jupiter’s magnetic (B) the harpy having field is deluged with electrical charges. (©) with the harpy having (D) the harpy has (A) enters (B) itenters (©) entering (D) enter 10. creation of such a community was a desirable step, the requisite political upheaval had to be accepted. (A) Since the (B) The (C) Later, the (D)_ Itwas the MORE SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES As we saw in Skills 6 through 8, many sentences in English have more than one clause. In Skills 9 through 12, we will see more patterns for connecting the clauses in sentences with multiple clauses. Because these patterns appear frequently in English and on the TOEFL test, you should be very familiar with them. ‘Sku 9: USE NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY Anoun clause is a clause that functions as a noun; because the noun clause is a noun, it is used in a sentence as either an object of a verb, an object of a preposition, or the subject of the sentence. I know [hen he [NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF VERB. [arrive] arrive] Tam concerned about [when he [NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF PREFOSITION When he will arrive] is not important.218 STRUCTURE In the first example there are two clauses, I know and he will arrive. These two clauses are joined with the connector when. When changes the clause he will arrive into a noun clause that functions as the object of the verb know. In the second example the two clauses / am concerned and he will arrive are also joined by the connector when. When changes the clause he will arrive into a noun clause that functions as the object of the preposition about The third example is more difficult. In this example there are two clauses, but they are a little harder to recognize. He will arrive is one of the clauses, and the connector when changes it into a noun clause that functions as the subject of the sentence: The other clause has the noun clause when he will arrive as its subject and is as its verb. The following example shows how these sentence patterns could be tested in structure questions on the TOEFL test. Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests (28) £5 ‘was late caused many problems. (A) That he (B) The driver (©) There (D) Because In this example there are two verbs, was and caused, and each of these verbs needs a sub- ject. Answer (B) is wrong because the driver is one subject, and two subjects are needed. ‘Answers (C) and (D) are incorrect because there and because are not subjects. The best answer is answer (A). If you choose answer (A), the completed sentence would be: That he vwas late caused many problems. In this sentence heis the subject of the verb was, and the noun clause that he was lateis the subject of the verb caused. The following chart lists the noun clause connectors and the sentence patterns used with them: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS + what, when, where, why,how + whatever, whenever + whether if + that NOUN CLAUSEAS OBJECT Tknow what ~ you did. NOUN CLAUSE AS SUBIECT. What —-youdid was wrong.‘STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) 29 EXERCISE 9: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Put boxes around the noun clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). —&_ 1. [When) the season starts] is determined by the weather. —1_ 2 The manual how) the device should be built. —— 3. The schedule indicated if the teams would be playing in the final game. —— 4. He refused to enter a plea could not be determined by the lawyer. —— 5. Talked about where we should go for lunch. —— 6. Why the condition of the patient deteriorated so rapidly it was not explained, 7. Whether or not the new office would be built was to be determined at the meeting. —— 8. That the professor has not yet decided when the paper is due. —— 9. The contract will be awarded is the question to be answered at the meeting. ——— 10. He always talked with whomever he pleased and did whatever he wanted. Skit 10: USE NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS CORRECTLY In Skill 9 we saw that noun clause connectors were used to introduce noun subject clauses or noun object clauses. In Skill 10 we will see that in some cases a noun clause connector is not just a connector; a noun clause connector can also be the subject of the clause at the same time. ‘in the box. NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF VERB ‘We are concerned about [who will do the work] [NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION Whoever is coming to the party] must bring a gift. NOUN CLAUSE AS SUBJECT In the first example there are two clauses: I do not know and what is in the box. These two clauses are joined by the connector what. It is important to understand that in this sen- tence the word what serves two functions. It is both the subject of the verb is and the con- nector that joins the two clauses. In the second example there are two clauses. In the first clause wis the subject of are. In the second clause whois the subject of will do. Who also serves as the connector that joins the two clauses. The noun clause who will do the work functions as the object of the preposi- tion about. In the last example there are also two clauses: whoever is the subject of the verb is com- ing, and the noun clause whoever is coming to the party is the subject of must bring. The word whoever serves two functions in the sentence: It is the subject of the verb is coming, and itis the connector that joins the two clauses.220 STRUCTURE ‘The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure questions on the TOEFL test. Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests (E/) ER was on television made me angry. (A) It (B) The story (© What (D) When In this example you should notice immediately that there are two verbs, was and made, and cach of those verbs needs a subject. Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect because it and the story cannot be the subject for both was and made at the same time. Answer (D) is incorrect because when is not a subject. In answer (C) what serves as both the subject of the verb was and the connector that joins the two clauses together; the noun clause what was on television is the subject of the verb made. Answer (C) is therefore the best answer. The following chart lists the noun clause connector/subjects and the sentence patterns used with them: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORI/SUBJECTS. who what which whoever whatever whichever NOUN CLAUSE AS OB|ECT know what happened. 7 NOUN CLAUSE AS SUBJECT. v y What happened _was great. EXERCISE 10: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Put boxes around the noun clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (1), —C_ 1, The game show contestant was able to respond to| —L 2 You should find out! the best physics department. 3. The employee was unhappy about what was added to his job description, 4. Whoever wants to take the desert tour during spring break signing up at the office. 5. The motorist was unable to discover who he had struck his car.STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) _—— 6. The voters should elect whichever of the candidates seems best to them. 7. Itwas difficult to distinguish between what was on sale and what was merely on display. —— 8. You should buy whatever the cheapest and most durable. —— 9. What was written in the letter angered him beyond belief. —— 10. You can spend your time with whoever important to you. ‘Ski Il: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY An adjective clause is a clause that describes a noun. Because the clause is an adjective, it is positioned directly after the noun that it describes. ‘The woman is filling the glass [that she put on the table, ‘ADJECTIVE CLAUSE ‘The glass [that she put on the table] contains milk. ‘ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, In the first example there are two clauses: woman is the subject of the verb is filling, and she is the subject of the verb put. That is the adjective clause connector that joins these two clauses, and the adjective clause that she put on the table describes the noun glass. In the second example there are also two clauses: glass is the subject of the verb con- tains, and sheis the subject of the verb put. In this sentence also, that is the adjective clause connector that joins these two clauses, and the adjective clause that she put on the table describes the noun glass. The following example shows how these sentence patterns could be tested in structure questions on the TOEFL test. Example from the Papér and Computer TOEFL? Tess [HI The gift (A). because (B) was (©) since (D) which we selected for the bride was rather expensive. In this example you should notice quickly that there are two clauses: gift is the subject of the verb was, and the verb selected needs a subject. Because there are two clauses, a connec- tor is also needed. Answers (A) and (C) have connectors, but there are no subjects, so these answers are not correct. Answer (B) changes selected into a passive verb; in this case the sentence would have one subject and two verbs, so answer (B) is not correct. The best answer to this question is answer (D). The correct sentence should say: The gift which we selected for the bride was rather expensive. In this sentence giftis the subject of the verb was, weis the subject of the verb selected, and the connector which joins these two clauses.22 STRUCTURE The following chart lists the adjective clause connectors and the sentence patterns used with them: ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS whom which that ey re ene I liked the book which you recommended. The book which you recommended _was interesting. STE Ts sce omar teal The SEIS EE oe emi beh ore al ‘written English. It is not as common in formal English or in structure questions on the TOEFL test. ‘CISE 11: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Put boxes around the adjec- tive clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). —& 1. Itis important to fill out the form in the way The car Thave been driving for five years] for sale at a really good price. —— 3. [just finished reading the novel whom the professor suggested for my book report. —— 4. The plane that he was scheduled to take to Hawaii was delayed, —— 5. The movie which we watched on cable last night it was really frightening. —— 6. Imade an appointment with the doctor whom you recommended. —— 7. The enthusiasm with which he greeted me made me feel welcome. —— 8. The story that you told me about Bob. —— 9. The men with whom were having the discussion did not seem very friendly. —— 10. I’m not really sure about taking part in the plans that we made last ight. Skit 12: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS CORRECTLY In Skill 11 we saw that adjective clause connectors were used to introduce clauses that describe nouns. In Skill 12 we will see that in some cases an adjective clause connector is not just a connector; an adjective clause connector can also be the subject of the clause at the same time.STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) 223 The woman is filling the glass [that is on the table. ‘ADJECTIVE GLAUSE The glass on the table| contains milk. "ADJECTIVE GLAUSE In the first example there are two clauses: woman is the subject of the verb is filling, and that is the subject of the verb is. These two clauses are joined with the connector that. Notice that in this example the word that serves two functions at the same time: it is the subject of the verb és, and it is the connector that joins the two clauses. The adjective clause that is on the table describes the noun glass In the second example, there are also two clanses: glass is the subject of the verb con- tains, and that is the subject of the verb is, In this example that also serves two functions: it is the subject of the verb is, and it is the connector that joins the two clauses. Because that is on the tableis an adjective clause describing the noun giass, it directly follows glass. ‘The following example shows how these sentence patterns could be tested in structure questions on the TOEFL test. Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests (5) 15 is on the table has four sections. (A) The notebook (B) The notebook which (C) Because the notebook (D) In the notebook In this example you should notice immediately that the sentence has two verbs, is and has, and each of them needs a subject. You know that ‘ableis not a subject because it follows the preposition on; table is the object of the preposition. The only answer that has two subjects is answer (B), so answer (B) is the correct answer. The correct sentence should say: The notebook which is on the table has four sections. In this sentence notebook is the subject of the verb has, and which is the subject of the verb is. Which is also the connector that joins the two clauses. The following chart lists the adjective clause connector/subjects and the sentence pat- terns used with them: ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS who that (for people) (for things) (for people or things) sv | Géjective connectorisubject) V She needs a secretary who types fast. A secretary who types fast is invaluable.224 STRUCTURE EXERCISE 12: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Put boxes around the adjec- tive clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (1) —€_ 1. Theice cream served in the restaurant] has a smooth, creamy texture —l_ 2 The cars are trying to enter the freeway system up for blocks. —— 3. Ihave great respect for everyone who on the Dean’ List. —— 4. Itisgoing to be very difficult to work with the man which just began working here. —— 5. The door that leads to the vault it was tightly locked. ‘The neighbors reported the man who was trying to break into the car to the police. ‘These plants can only survive in an environment is extremely humid. exe ‘The boss meets with any production workers who they have surpassed their quotas. —— 9. The salesclerk ran after the woman who had left her credit card in the store. —— 10. The shoes which matched the dress that was on sale, EXERCISE (Skills 9-12): Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Put boxes around the clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (1). —— 1. Noone explained to me whether was coming or not. 2. The part of the structure that has already been built needs to be torn down, —— 3. The girl who she just joined the softball team is a great shortstop. —— 4. Ihave no idea about when the meeting is supposed to start. —— 5. We have been told that we can leave whenever want. —— 6. The racquet with whom I was playing was too big and too heavy for me. —— 7. Iwill never understand that he did. —— 8. Hewas still sick was obvious to the entire medical staff. —— 9 What is most important in this situation itis to finish on time. 10. The newspapers that were piled up on the front porch were an indication that the residents had not been home in some time.STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 9-12): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. Dolphins form extremely complicated 6. allegiances and —__ continually change. a) (B) © () enmities that that are enmities enmities that are that enmities Scientists are now beginning to conduct i: experiments on sorts of health risks. trigger different (A) (B) ©) @) noise pollution can that noise pollution how noise pollution how noise pollution can The Apollo 11 astronauts of the Earth’s inhabitants witnessed on the famous first moonwalk on July 20, 1969, 8 were Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldri (a) (B) (©) (D) whom whom mil were some whom some were Atthe end of the nineteenth century, Alfred Binet developed a test for 9% measuring intelligence served as the basis of modern IQ tests. (a) (B) (©) (D) has ithas and which has hazardous materials response training is mandated by federal lav. (a) (B) «© () All police officers All police officers must That all police officers For all police officers have at least four hours of 10. A cloud’s reservoir of negative charge extends upward from the altitude at the freezing point. (a) (B) (©) (D) temperatures hit hit temperatures which temperatures hit which hit temperatures Ina 1988 advanced officers’ training program, Sampson developed a plan to incorporate police in enforcing environmental protection laws whenever feasible. (A) itis @) is (©) has (D) ithas will be carried in the next space shuttle payload has not yet been announced to the public. @) It (B) What (C) When (D) That During free fall, up toa full minute, a skydiver will fall at a constant speed of 120 m.p.h. The fact __ the most important ratings period is about to begin has caused all the networks to shore up their schedules. (A) is that (B) of (C) that (D) what 25226 STRUCTURE TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-12): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. loom high above the northern and northeastern boundaries of the expanding city of Tucson. (A) The Santa Catalina mountains (B) Because the Santa Catalina mountains (C) The Santa Catalina mountains are (D) That the Santa Catalina mountains Radioactive provides a powerful way to measure geologic time. (a) it (B) dates, (©) dating (D) can contained in the chromosomes, and they are thought of as the units of heredity. (A) Genes which are (B) Genes are (©) When genes (D) Because of genes The benefit the study is that it provides necessary information to anyone who needs it. (A) of (B)_ which (©) that (D) because ‘The same symptoms that occur occur with cocaine. (A) amphetamines can (B) with amphetamines can (C)_ so amphetamines (D) with amphetamines they 10. Many companies across the country have molded the concepts describes into an integrated strategy for preventing stress. (A) and Wolf (B) that Wolf (©) what Wolf (D) so Wolf in the first draft of the budget will not necessarily be in the final draft. (A) Although it appears (B) Itappears (C) What appears (D) Despite its appearance If a food label indicates that a food is mostly carbohydrate, it does not mean is a good food to eat. (A) andit (B) and (© thatit (D) when ‘Aneed for space law to include commercial concerns has been recognized inasmuch —__ been expanding drastically in recent years. (A) the commercial launch industry (B) the commercial launch industry has (©) ashas the commercial launch industry (D) as the commercial launch industry has ‘The report on the nuclear power plant indicated that when the plant had gone on line ___ unsafe. (A) and ithad been (B) ithad been (©) had been (D) that it had beenSTRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) SENTENCES WITH REDUCED CLAUSES It is possible in English for a clause to appear ina complete form or in a reduced form. My friend should be on the train wikjch i arriving at the station now Although ¥ ws not really difficult, the exam took a lot of time. The first sentence shows an adjective clause in its complete form, which is arriving at the sta- tion now, and in its reduced form, arriving at the station now. The second sentence shows an adverb clause in its complete form, although it was not really difficult, and its reduced form, although not really difficult. The two types of clauses that can reduce in English are: (1) adjective clauses and (2) adverb clauses. It is important to become familiar with these reduced clauses because they appear frequently on the TOEFL test. ‘Skt I : USE REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES CORRECTLY Adjective clauses can appear in a reduced form. In the reduced form, the adjective clause connector and the be-verb that directly follow it are omitted. The woman who i waving to usis the tour guide. The letter wikjch whs written last week arrived today. The pitcher that iy on the ables full of iced tea. Each of these sentences may be used in the complete form or in the reduced form. In the reduced form the connector who, which, or that is omitted along with the be-verb is or was. If there is no be-verb in the adjective clause, it is still possible to have a reduced form. When there is no be-verb in the adjective clause, the connector is omitted and the verb is changed into the -ing form. appearing Idon’t understand the article whjch aphyars in today’s paper In this example there is no be-verb in the adjective clause which appears in today's paper so the connector which is omitted and the main verb appears is changed to the -ing form appearing. It should be noted that not all adjective clauses can appear in a reduced form. An adjective clause can appear in a reduced form only if the adjective clause connector is fol lowed directly by a verb. In other words, an adjective clause can only be reduced if the con- nector is also a subject. ‘The woman that I just metis the tour guide. (does not reduce) The letter which you sent me arrived yesterday. (does not reduce) In these two examples the adjective clauses cannot be reduced because the adjective clause connectors that and which are not directly followed by verbs; that is directly followed by the subject J, and which is directly followed by the subject you. 27