DARK DECTECTOR

TABLE OF CONTENT
Sr. No.

Topic Name

1.

Acknowledgement

2.

Objectives of Training

3.

Technical Training Centre (TTC)

4.

Introduction Of Project (DARK DETECTOR)

5.

Introduction Of Components

6.

Working of Dark Detector

7.

Uses of Dark Detector

Acknowledgement
Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala is considered one of the best manufacturing firms in
entire Asia. The technology used here is considered most advanced. So training at
R.C.F has been a great experience of our life .We are exposed to new and advanced
technology and right kind of industrial training and industrial atmosphere.
I am highly thankful to Mr. S.S. KANWAR (Chief Instructor, Technical Training Centre) to
assist me with their knowledge and continuous help extended by them.
I am further grateful to all the shop superintendents and workers of various shops for
their knowledge, unforgettable support and professionals guidance.
And last but not least I am very thankful to all friends and fellow trainees for intending
their corporation during the completion of the training.
With deep gratitude
VISHAL GUPTA
DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL

OBJECTIVES OF SIX WEEKS INDUSTRIAL

TRAINING: The main objective of the Training was to get first hand technical and
practical knowledge about the industry.
The main purpose was that the students would become familiar with
industrial environment so that they can take up future challenges when
they turn up in an industry with good confidence.
The students will thus understand the flow of control and information in
an industry.
This two-month Industrial Training has been introduced in Degree
Engineering Courses for the enhancement of students administrative
and professional knowledge about their respective fields.
After completion of their Degree Courses, this training experience will
help them to make their workplace stronger in the ever-competitive job
fields.

TECHNICAL TRAINING CENTRE

Technical training center is the centralized training center for technical

aspects of coach building, prototype development. Railway administrative
rules, budget, accounts and computers etc. This center arranges training
for probationers, trainee from different colleges/ institutes crash courses for
staff, staff from other railways for new design of coaches built at rail Coach
Factory, Kapurthala. Center has its own small workshop to provide hands
on practical sessions other than the production shop. Faculty members with
different exposure expertise are there for providing deep and through
guidance in different field. For effective visual demonstration center has its
own video film room and samples of equipment and systems like air brake,
air conditioners coach cress section modules etc has been kept in
assembled

stage

demonstration.

along

with

its

loose

components

for

working

Senior staff (Chief Instructor) of TTC set schedule for the

trainees having close watch and co-ordination with different production
shops for complete awareness and knowledge of modern manufacturing
process, stages, latest machinery, tools and techniques involved coach
industry with high quality standards as per ISO9001.In net shell TTC is a
unique combination of technical educational institute and production shops.

INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT
DARK DETECTOR
Lighting can account for 10-38% of the total energy bill in typical cities
worldwide. The main consideration in the present field technologies are
Automation, Power consumption and cost effectiveness. Automation is
intended to reduce man power with the help of intelligent systems. Power
saving is the main consideration forever as the sources of the power are
getting diminished due to various reasons.
The main aim of this project is to saving system with LDR this is to save the
power. We want to save power automatically instead of doing manual. So
its easy to cost effectiveness. This saved power can be used in some other
cases. So in villages, towns etc. we can design intelligent systems for the
usage of light or we can also use this to reduce the electricity bill of our
home. This project can also be used for security of the houses, banks, etc.

Introduction of components
1. NPN Transistor (BC547)
A BC547 transistor is a negative-positive-negative (NPN) transistor that is
used for many purposes. Together with other electronic components, such
as resistors, coils, and capacitors, it can be used as the active component
for switches and amplifiers.

2. LED (Light Emitting Diode)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is
a pn junction diode, which emits light when activated. [4]When a
suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine
with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form
of photons.

3) 1 LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

Light Dependent Resistor or Photoresistor, which is a passive electronic
component, basically a resistor which has a resistance that varies
depending of the light intensity. A photoresistor is made of a high resistance
semiconductor that absorbs photons and based on the quantity and
frequency of the absorbed photons the semiconductor material give bound
electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting
free electrons conduct electricity resulting in lowering resistance of the
photoresistor. The number of electrons is dependent of the photons
frequency.

4) Resistors (330 ohms, 220 k ohms)

A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of
electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to
provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor.

5) 9 volts battery
A battery is an electrochemical cell (or enclosed and protected material)
that can be charged electrically to provide a static potential for power or
released electrical charge when needed.

6) SOLDERING IRON
It is hand tool in soldering. It supplies heat to melt the solder so that it
can flow in to the joint between two work pieces. It is composed of
metal tip and insulted handle.

Working Of Project

The circuit diagram works like this: When its dark, the LDR has high
resistance. This makes the voltage at the base of the transistor too low to
turn the transistor ON.
Therefore, no current will go from the collector to the emitter of the
transistor. All the current will instead pass through the LDR.
When its light, the LDR has low resistance. This makes the voltage at the
base of the transistor higher. High enough to turn the transistor ON.
Because the transistor is turned on, current flows through the transistor. It
flows from the positive battery terminal, through R1, the LED, and the
transistor down to the negative battery terminal.
This makes the LED light up.

Uses and Future Scopes

Dark Detectors are a particularly convenient electronics component to use.

They provide large change in resistance for changes in light level.
In view of their low cost, ease of manufacture, and ease of use LDRs have
been used in a variety of different applications. At one time LDRs were
used in photographic light meters, and even now they are still used in a
variety of applications where it is necessary to detect light levels.
We can use dark detectors in street light and we the light sensor can give
the robot vision and make it easier for it to operate autonomously.