UNITED NATIONS TD United Nations Conference a on Trade and Development ‘70/B/c. 4/ISL/58 19 August 1991 Original: ENGLISH TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT BOARD Committee on Shipping Working Group on International shipping Legislation ‘Thirteenth session Geneva, 11 November 1991 Item 3 of the provisional agenda GENERAL AVERAGE review Report by the UNCTAD secretariat GB.91-5150610/B/C.4/1SL/58 page (4) CONTENTS Chapter TNTRODUCTION « Summary and conclusions -..+++-seeeseereereee a 6 Activities of the Comité Maritime International (CMI) 7 Part one 1 RESTORICAL BACKGROUND -.+esseseeeeereeee _ 12 26 A. the origin of general average -....+-.+++ la- 15 16- 26 B, York-Antwerp Rules .. seceeeee 27-39 seces 27531 eoperer yates e..) | IZ DEFINITION AND GEWERAL PRINCIPLES A, Definition of general average - B. General principles of general average .... 1. the sacrifice of expenditure must be extraordinary 33-34 2. Intentional and reasonablé act ....- 35-36 3. Common safety ..-.. . 37- 38 A. Preservation from peril .-..-.s2-eeeeeeree 39 IZ GENERAL AVERAGE ACTS «.2..2+e0e-e000 + 40-57 A. General average sacrifice ... _ a1- 52 1. Saerifice of cargo - we ale 48 2. Sacrifice of ship . 45-46 3. Sacrifice of freight .. a7 52 B. General average expenditure . + 530 57 IV CONTRIBUTION AND ADJUSTMENT ....22seeeeeeeeeeee sere 582 76 A. Contribution to general average ... 7 58- 68 B. Adjustment of general average .- 7 veces 69" 76 Vv _- RECOVERY OF GENERAL AVERAGE CONTRIBUTION ...-- + 77-89 A, General average bonds -..--.-+++ 80-83 B, Underwriters’ guarantees -....++-+0+++ e4- 85 ©, Bank guarantees ......26--00+ 86 D. Cash deposits . ener 87 89T/8/C.4/1SL/58 page (11) VET vrir i REVIEW OF CRITICISMS OF GENERAL AVERAGE . A. Equity 3. Ensuring unbiased action by Master in situation of C. mime and expense .. D. Relationships between the interested parties .. ‘REVIEW OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE GENERAL AVERAGE SYSTEM ....- 3B. Alternative schemes B, Uninsured interests ©. Legal considerations ... 1. Clausing of bills of lading .......-.... 2, Hague Rules, Hague-Visby Rules and Hanburg Rules ‘D. Effects of abolition on the parties involved ........- Part three CONCEUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .-..-0+e00ee-eeeeee whe York-Antverp Rules 1974, as amended 1990 Paragraphs 90-129 103-107 los-118 119-125 126-129 130-167 130-144 145-149 150-157 150-154 155-157 158-167 168-177