FORMULA LIST:

ALGEBRA :
1.Sum of first n natural numbers = n(n+1)/2
2.Sum of the squares of first n natural numbers = n(n+1)(2n+1)/6
3.Sum of the cubes of first n natural numbers = [n(n+1)/2]2
4.Sum of first n natural odd numbers = n2
5.Average = (Sum of items)/Number of items
Arithmetic Progression (A.P.):
An A.P. is of the form a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, ...
where a is called the 'first term' and d is called the 'common difference'
1.nth term of an A.P. tn = a + (n-1)d
2.Sum of the first n terms of an A.P. Sn = n/2[2a+(n-1)d] or Sn = n/2(first term + last term)
Geometrical Progression (G.P.):
A G.P. is of the form a, ar, ar2, ar3, ...
where a is called the 'first term' and r is called the 'common ratio'.
1.nth term of a G.P. tn = arn-1
2.Sum of the first n terms in a G.P. Sn = a|1-rn|/|1-r|
Permutations and Combinations :
1.nPr = n!/(n-r)!
2.nPn = n!
3.nP1 = n
1.nCr = n!/(r! (n-r)!)
2.nC1 = n
3.nC0 = 1 = nCn
4.nCr = nCn-r
5.nCr = nPr/r!
Number of diagonals in a geometric figure of n sides = nC2-n
Tests of Divisibility :
1.A number is divisible by 2 if it is an even number.
2.A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 3.
3.A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 4.
4.A number is divisible by 5 if the units digit is either 5 or 0.
5.A number is divisible by 6 if the number is divisible by both 2 and 3.
6.A number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by the last three digits is divisible by 8.
7.A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 9.
8.A number is divisible by 10 if the units digit is 0.
9.A number is divisible by 11 if the difference of the sum of its digits at odd places and the
sum of its digits at even places, is divisible by 11.

H.C.F and L.C.M :

H.C.F stands for Highest Common Factor. The other names for H.C.F are Greatest
Common Divisor (G.C.D) and Greatest Common Measure (G.C.M).
The H.C.F. of two or more numbers is the greatest number that divides each one of them
exactly.
The least number which is exactly divisible by each one of the given numbers is called their
L.C.M.
Two numbers are said to be co-prime if their H.C.F. is 1.
H.C.F. of fractions = H.C.F. of numerators/L.C.M of denominators
L.C.M. of fractions = G.C.D. of numerators/H.C.F of denominators
Product of two numbers = Product of their H.C.F. and L.C.M.
PERCENTAGES :
1.If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by R / (100+R) * 100
2.If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by R / (100-R) * 100
3.If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then reduction in consumption, not to
increase the expenditure is : R/(100+R)*100
4.If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in consumption, not to
decrease the expenditure is : R/(100-R)*100
PROFIT & LOSS :
1.Gain = Selling Price(S.P.) - Cost Price(C.P)
2.Loss = C.P. - S.P.
3.Gain % = Gain * 100 / C.P.
4.Loss % = Loss * 100 / C.P.
5.S.P. = (100+Gain%)/100*C.P.
6.S.P. = (100-Loss%)/100*C.P.
RATIO & PROPORTIONS:
1.The ratio a : b represents a fraction a/b. a is called antecedent and b is called consequent.
2.The equality of two different ratios is called proportion.
3.If a : b = c : d then a, b, c, d are in proportion. This is represented by a : b :: c : d.
4.In a : b = c : d, then we have a* d = b * c.
5.If a/b = c/d then ( a + b ) / ( a b ) = ( d + c ) / ( d c ).
TIME & WORK :
1.If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A's 1 day's work = 1/n
2.If A and B work together for n days, then (A+B)'s 1 days's work = 1/n
3.If A is twice as good workman as B, then ratio of work done by A and B = 2:1
PIPES & CISTERNS :
1.If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours, then part of tank filled in one hour = 1/x
2.If a pipe can empty a full tank in y hours, then part emptied in one hour = 1/y

3.If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours, and another pipe can empty the full tank in y hours,
then on opening both the pipes,
the net part filled in 1 hour = (1/x-1/y) if y>x
the net part emptied in 1 hour = (1/y-1/x) if x>y
TIME & DISTANCE :
1.Distance = Speed * Time
2.1 km/hr = 5/18 m/sec
3.1 m/sec = 18/5 km/hr
4.Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x kmph and an equal distance at y kmph.
Then, the average speed during the whole journey is 2xy/(x+y) kmph.
PROBLEMS ON TRAINS :
1.Time taken by a train x metres long in passing a signal post or a pole or a standing man is
equal to the time taken by the train to cover x metres.
2.Time taken by a train x metres long in passing a stationary object of length y metres is
equal to the time taken by the train to cover x+y metres.
3.Suppose two trains are moving in the same direction at u kmph and v kmph such that
u>v, then their relative speed = u-v kmph.
4.If two trains of length x km and y km are moving in the same direction at u kmph and v
kmph, where u>v, then time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train = (x+y)/(u-v)
hours.
5.Suppose two trains are moving in opposite directions at u kmph and v kmph. Then, their
relative speed = (u+v) kmph.
6.If two trains of length x km and y km are moving in the opposite directions at u kmph and
v kmph, then time taken by the trains to cross each other = (x+y)/(u+v)hours.
7.If two trains start at the same time from two points A and B towards each other and
after crossing they take a and b hours in reaching B and A respectively, then A's speed : B's
speed = (vb : v
SIMPLE & COMPOUND INTERESTS :
Let P be the principal, R be the interest rate percent per annum, and N be the time period.
1.Simple Interest = (P*N*R)/100
2.Compound Interest = P(1 + R/100)N P
3.Amount = Principal + Interest
LOGARITHMS :
If am = x , then m = logax.
Properties :
1.log xx = 1
2.log x1 = 0
3.log a(xy) = log ax + log ay
4.log a(x/y) = log ax - log ay
5.log ax = 1/log xa

6.log a(xp) = p(log ax)

7.log ax = log bx/log ba
Note : Logarithms for base 1 does not exist.
AREA & PERIMETER :
Shape Area Perimeter
Circle ? (Radius)2 2?(Radius)
Square (side)2 4(side)
Rectangle length*breadth 2(length+breadth)
1.Area of a triangle = 1/2*Base*Height or
2.Area of a triangle = v (s(s-(s-b)(s-c)) where a,b,c are the lengths of the sides and s =
(a+b+c)/2
3.Area of a parallelogram = Base * Height
4.Area of a rhombus = 1/2(Product of diagonals)
5.Area of a trapezium = 1/2(Sum of parallel sides)(distance between the parallel sides)
6.Area of a quadrilateral = 1/2(diagonal)(Sum of sides)
7.Area of a regular hexagon = 6(v3/4)(side)2
8.Area of a ring = ?(R2-r2) where R and r are the outer and inner radii of the ring.
VOLUME & SURFACE AREA :
Cube :
Let a be the length of each edge. Then,
1.Volume of the cube = a3 cubic units
2.Surface Area = 6a2 square units
3.Diagonal = v 3 a units
Cuboid :
Let l be the length, b be the breadth and h be the height of a cuboid. Then
1.Volume = lbh cu units
2.Surface Area = 2(lb+bh+lh) sq units
3.Diagonal = v (l2+b2+h2)
Cylinder :
Let radius of the base be r and height of the cylinder be h. Then,
1.Volume = ?r2h cu units
2.Curved Surface Area = 2?rh sq units
3.Total Surface Area = 2?rh + 2?r2 sq units
Cone :
Let r be the radius of base, h be the height, and l be the slant height of the cone. Then,
1.l2 = h2 + r2
2.Volume = 1/3(?r2h) cu units
3.Curved Surface Area = ?rl sq units
4.Total Surface Area = ?rl + ?r2 sq units
Sphere :
Let r be the radius of the sphere. Then,
1.Volume = (4/3)?r3 cu units

2.Surface Area = 4?r2 sq units

Hemi-sphere :
Let r be the radius of the hemi-sphere. Then,
1.Volume = (2/3)?r3 cu units
2.Curved Surface Area = 2?r2 sq units
3.Total Surface Area = 3?r2 sq units
Prism :
Volume = (Area of base)(Height)
TIME AND DISTANCE -> IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE
1. Speed = [Distance/Time],
Time=[Distance/Speed],
Distance = (Speed*Time)
2. x km/hr = [x*5/18] m/sec.
3. If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a:b, then the ratio of the times taken by
them to cover the same distance is 1/a : 1/b or b:a.
4. x m/sec = [x*18/5] km/hr.
5. Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at y
km/hr. then, the average speed during the whole journey is [2xy/x+y] km/hr.
PROFIT AND LOSS -> IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE
Cost Price : The price at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price,
abbreviated as C.P.
Selling Price : The price at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price,
abbreviated as C.P.
Profit or Gain : The price at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price,
abbreviated as C.P.
Loss : If S.Pis less than C.P., the seller is said to have incurred a loss.
1. Gain = (S.P.) - (C.P.)
2. Loss or gain is always reckoned on C.P.
3. gain% = [Gain*100/C.P.]
4. Loss = (C.P.) - (S.P.)
5. Loss% = [Loss*100/C.P.]

6. S.P. = (100+Gain%)/100 * C.P.

7. S.P. = (100-Loss%)/100 * C.P.
8. C.P. = 100/(100+Gain%) * S.P.
9. C.P. = 100/(100-Loss%) * S.P.
10. If an article is sold at a gain of say, 35%, then S.P. = 135% of
C.P.
11. If an article is sold at a loss of say, 35%, then S.P. = 65% of C.P.
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VOLUME AND SURFACE AREA -> IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE
I. CUBIOD
Let length = l, breadth = b and height = h units. Then,
1. Volume = (l x b x h) cubic units.
2. Surface area = 2 (lb + bh + lh)
II. CUBE
Let each edge of a cube be of length a. Then, 1. Volume = a cubic units.
2. Surface area = 6a sq. units.
3. Diagonal = 3 a units.
III. CYLINDER
Let radius of base = r and Height (or length) = h Then,
1. Volume = (rh) cubic units.
2. Curved surface area = (2rh) sq. units.
3. Total surface area = (2rh + 2r sq. units)
= 2r (h + r) sq. units.
IV. CONE
Let radius of base = r and Height = h. Then,
1. Slant height, l = h + r units.

2. Volume = [1/3 rh] cubic units.

3. Total surface area = (rl + r) sq.units.
V. SPHERE
Let the radius of the sphere be r. Then,
1. Volume = [4/3 r3] cubic units.
2. Surface area = (4r) sq. units.
VI. HEMISPHERE
Let the radius of a hemisphere be r. Then,
1. Volume = [2/3 r3] cubic units.
2. Curved surface area = (3r) sq. units.
3. Total surface area = (3r) sq. units.
Remember : 1 litre = 1000 cm.
I. In water, the direction along the stream is called downstream. And, the direction
against the stream is called upstream.
II. If the speed of a boat in still water is u km/ht and the speed of the stream is v
km/hr, then :
Speed downstream = (u + v) km/hr
Speed upstream (u - v) km/hr.
III. If the speed downstream is a km/hr and the speed upstream is b km/hr, then :
Speed in strill water = 1/2 (a + b) km/hr
Rate of stream = 1/2 (a - b) km/hr
PARTNERSHIP -> IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE
I. Partnership : When two or more than two persons run a business jointly, they are
called partners and the deal is known as partnership.
II. Ratio of Division of Gains :
(i) When investments of all the partners are for the same time, the gain or loss is
distributed among the partners in the ratio of their investments.

Suppose A and B invest Rs. x and Rs. y respectively for a year in a business, then at
the end of the year :
(As share of profit) : (Bs share of profit) = x : y.
(ii) When investments are for different time periods, then equivalent capitals are
calculated for a unit of time by taking (capital * number of units of time). Now, gain
or loss is divided in the ratio of these capitals.
Suppose A invests Rs. x for p months and B invests Rs. y for q months, then (As
share of profit) : (Bs share of profit) = xp : yq.
III. Working and Sleeping Partners : A partner who manages the business is known
as working partner and the one who simply invests the money is a sleeping partner.
BANKERS DISCOUNT -> IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
Bankers Discount : Suppose a merchant A buys googds worth, say Rs. 10,000 from
another merchant B at a credit of say 5 months. Then, B prepares a bill, called the
bill of exchange. A signs this bill and allows B to withdraw the amount from his bank
account after exactly 5 months.
The date exactly after 5 months is called nominally due date. Three days (known as
grace days) are added to it to get a date, known as legally due date.
Suppose B wants to have the money before the legally due date. Then he can have
the money from the banker or a broker, who deducts S.I. on the face value (i.e., Rs.
10,000 in this case) for the period from the date on which the bill was discounted
(i.e., paid by the banker) and the legally due date. This amount is known as
Bankers Dicount (B.D.)
Thus, B.D. is the S.I. on the face value for the period from the date on which the bill
was discounted and the legally due date.
Bankers Gain (B.G.) = (B.D.) - (T.D.) for the unexpired time.
Note : When the date of the bill is not given, grace days are not to be added.
BANKERS DISCOUNT -> IMPORTANT FORMULAE
I. B.D. = S.I. on bill for unexpired time.
II. B.G. = (B.D.) - (T.D.) = S.I. on T.D. = (T.D.) / R.W.
III. T.D. = P.W. * B.G.
IV. B.D. = [Amount * Rate * Time / 100]
V. T.D. = [Amount * Rate * Time / 100 + (Rate * Time)]

VI. Amount = [B.D. * T.D. / B.D. - T.D.]

VII. T.D. = [B.G. * 100 / Rate * Time]
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CLOCKS -> IMPORTANT FORMULAE
The face or dial of a watch is a circle whose circumference is divided into 60 equal
parts, called minute spaces.
A clock has two hands, the smaller one is called the hour hand or short hand while
the larger one is called the minute hand or long hand.
I. In 60 minutes, the minute hand gains 55 minutes on the hour hand.
II. In every hour, both the hands coincide onece.
III. The hands are in the same straight line when they are coincident or opposite to
each other.
IV. When the two hands are at right angles, they are 15 minute spaces apart.
V. When the hands are in opposite directions, they are are 30 minute spaces apart.
VI. Angle traced by hour hand in 12 hrs = 360.
VII. Angle traced by munute hand in 60 min. = 360.
Too Fast and Too Slow : If a watch or a clock indicates 8.15, when the correct time is
8, it is said to be 15 minutes too fast.
On the other hand, if it indicates 7.45, when the correct time is 8, it is said to be 15
minutes too slow.
TRUE DISCOUNT -> IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
Suppose a man has to pay Rs. 156 after 4 years and the rate of interest is 14% per
annum. Clearly, Rs. 100 at 14% will amount to Rs. 156 in 4 years. So, the payment
of Rs. 100 now will clear off the debt of Rs. 156 due 4 years hence. We say that :
Sum due = Rs. 156 due 4 years hence;
Present worth (P.W.) = Rs.100;
True Discount (T.D.) = Rs. (156 - 100) = Rs. 56 = (Sum due) - (P.W.).
We define : T.D. = Interest on P.W.
Amount = (P.W.) + (T.D.).

Interest is reckoned on P.W. and true discount is reckoned on the amount.

TRUE DISCOUNT -> IMPORTANT FORMULAE
Let rate = R% per annum and Time = T years. Then,
I. P.W. = 100 * Amount / 100 + (R*T) = 100 * T.D. / R * T
II. T.D. = (P.W.)* R * T / 100 = Amount * R * T / 100 + (R * T)
III. Sum = (S.I.) * (T.D.) / (S.I.) - (T.D.)
IV. (S.I.) - (T.D.) = S.I on T.D.
V. When the sum is put at compound interest, then P.W. = Amount / [1+R/100]T;
PROBLEMS ON TRAINS -> IMPORTANT FORMULAE
1. a km/hr = [a * 5/18]m/s.
2. a m/s = [a * 18/5] km/hr.
3. Time taken by a trian of length l metres to pass a pole or a standing man or a
signal post is equal to the time taken by the train to cover l metres.
4. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a stationary object of length b
metres is the time taken by the train to cover (l + b) metres.
5. Suppose two trains or two bodies are moving in the same direction at u m/s and v
m/s, where u>v, then their relatives speed = (u - v) m/s.
6. Suppose two trains or two bodies are moving in opposite directions at u m/s and
v m/s, then their relative speed is = (u + v) m/s
7. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in opposite directions at
u
8. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in the same direciton at
u m/s and v m/s, then the time taken by the faster train to cross the
slower train = (a + b)/(u - v) sec.
9. If tow trains (or bodies) start at the same time from points A and B towards each
other and after crossing they take a and b sec in reaching B and A respectively, then
(As speed) : (Bs speed) = (b : a).
SIMPLE INTEREST -> IMPORTANT FORMULAE

1. Principal : The money borrowed or lent out for a certain priod is called the
principal of he sum.
2. Interest : Extra money paid for using others money is called interest.
3. Simple Interest (S.I.) : If the interest on a sum borrowed for a certain period is
reckoned uniformly, then it is called simple interest.
Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum (p.a.) and Time = T years, Then,
(i) S.I. = [P * R * T / 100]
(ii) P = [100 * S.I. / R * T]
R = [100 * S.I / P * T] and T = [100 * S.I. / P * R]
PROBLEMS ON NUMBERS -> DESCRIPTION
In this section, questions involving a set of numbers are put in the form of a puzzle.
You have to analyse the given conditions, assume the unknown the numbers and
form equations accordingly, which on solving yield the unknown numbers.
AVERAGE -> IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE
I. Average = [Sum of observations / Number of observations]
II. Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x kmph and an equal distance at y
kmph. Then, the average speed during the whole journey is [2xy / x + y] kmph.
========================
Numbers -> IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE
1. Natural Numbers :
Counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, .. are called natural numbers.
II. Whole Numbers :
All counting numbers together with zero form the set of whole numbers. Thus,
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.

0 is the only whole number which is not a natural number.

II. Every natural number is a whole number.
III.Some Important Formulae :
I. ( 1 + 2 + 3 + .....+ n) = n (n + 1 ) / 2
II. (1 2 + 22 + 32 + ..... + n2) = n ( n + 1 ) (2n + 1) / 6
III. (1 3 + 23 + 33 + ..... + n3) = n2 (n + 1)2 / 4
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SURDS ADN INDICES -> IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE
1. LAWS OF INDICES :
(i) am * an = am + n

XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
XX.
XXI.
XXII.

(ii) am / an = am - n
(iii) (am)n = amn
(iv) (ab)n = anbn
(v) (a/b)n = an/ bn
(vi) a0 = 1
2. SURDS : Let a be rational number and n be a positive integer such
that a(1/n) = na
3 LAWS OF SURDS :
(i) na = a (1/n)
(ii) nab = na x nb
(iii) na/b = na / nb
(iv) (na)n = a