Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Federal Register
35758
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY
49 CFR Parts 261, 271, and 302
[FRL-3901-81
Environmental Protection
Agency.
Proposed rule and request for
comments.
ACTION:
Proposed Rules
Federal Register
I. Background
A. Introduction
Pursuant to section 3001 of subtitle C
of RCRA, EPA proposes to list as
hazardous seven wastes generated from
the production, recovery. and refIning of
coke by-products produced from coal.
Three wastes generated by this industry
(EPA Hazardous Waste No. K035Wastewater treatment sludges
generated in the production of creosote;
EPA Hazardous Waste No. 1<060Ammonia still lime sludge from coking
operations; and EPA Hazardous Waste
No. K087-Decanter tank tar sludge
from coking operations) currently are
listed and are regulated as hazardous
wastes. Another waste (process
wastewater from the production of
creosote) was proposed for regulation
under RCRA previously (see 45 FR
33136); however. this proposal has never
been finalized. The following discussion
provides a brief overview of prior
regulatory action affecting wastes from
this industry as well as summarizes the
Agency's basis for proposing to list as
hazardous the wastes covered by this
rule.
B. Previous Listings
As part of its fmal and interim fInal
regulations implementing Section 3001 of
RCRA. EPA published several lists of
hazardous wastes generated from
specuH: and nonspecifIc sources. These
lists have been amended several times
Proposed Rules
35759
35760
F. Today's Proposal
EPA is proposing today to amend 40
CFR part 261 by adding seven waste
streams to the list of hazardous wastes
from specific sources. Five wastes
generated during the production and
recovery of coke by-products will be
added to the "Coking" section of the list,
and two wastes from the refining of coal
tar will be added to the "Pesticides"
section.
Sections ~OOl (a), (b)(l), and (e)(2) of
RCRA and the Hazardous ana Solid
Waste Amendments (HSWA) requires
that EPA determine whether to list
wastes from the coke by-products
industry as hazardous. A wide variety of
materials fall within the scope of the
term coke by-products. including coal
tar. light oil. naphthalene. phenol. and
coke oven gas. EPA has extensively
studied the coke by-products industry
and proposes, based on this evaluation
and pursuant to the HSWA mandate. to
list as hazardous the following seven
wastes that are associated with the
production. recovery. and refining of
coke by-products:
K141 Process residues from the recovery
of coal tar. including. but not limited to.
tar collecting sump residues from the
production of coke from coal or the
recovery of coke by-products produced
from coal. This listing does not include
K087 (decanter tank tar sludge from
coking operations).
K142 Tar storage tank residues from the
production of coke from coal or from the
recovery of coke by-products produced
from coal.
K143 Process residues from the recovery
of light oil. including. but not limited to.
those generated in stills. decanters, and
wash oil recovery units from the
recovery of coke by-products produced
from coal.
Kl44 Wastewater treatment sludges from
light oil refining. including. but not
limited to. intercepting or contamination
sump sludges from the recovery of coke
by-products produced from coal.
K145 Residues from naphthalene
collection and recovery operations from
the recovery of coke by-products
produced from coal.
K147 Tar storage tank residues from coal
tar refining.
35761
AJabama_
Illinois
~' __
~
_ ._
N_Urm_ber_ot_co_k_e.;,.PI_anrts_~
_ __i Number 01 tar
1-
State
Captive
Merchant
Total
4
refini'lg plants
5
3
2
2
.35762
federal Register
' . . . .
>
"
"
.. , ' ,
Proposed Rules
State
Captive
Indiana
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
New york
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Texas;
Ulah
West Virginia :
;, ,
,
;
"
:
,
Tolal.
Merchant
.
..
.
.
..
..
..
.
.
..
4
1
1
1
1
4
5
0
..
23
Number of tar
refining plants
Total
0
0
0
0
1
1
'2
0
2
1
6
1
2
1
6
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
1
1
0
1 -t-----'1
I - - - - - - ' 1- - t - - - - - ' 0- - t - - - - - ' -
e. Description of Wastes
1. Process and Waste Descriptions
a. Coke By-Products. While cokemaking operations vary somewhat with
respect to the products formed, oven
size, and coking time, the general
process is common to all plimts. Coke
by-products recovery operations,
however, vary to a greater extent from
plant to plant, and each plant is unique
in terms of the coke by-products
recovered and the specific steps used tor
recovery operations. The most common
processes involve recovery ofJight oil
and coal tar, as well as production of
ammonia, naphthalene, and phenol.
Further refining of light oil and coal tar
also may occur at coke plants, but,
generally, these products are sent to offsite refiners for further processing. The
following description provides an
overview of the coke production and
coke by-products recovery processed.
For completeness and continuity,
background information on currently
listed wastes also is presented.
6
1
1
11
34
11
AMIolONA
AIlSORIlER
PRIMARY COOlER
EXHAUSTER
COllECTING MAIN
REIATER
1I0HTOI.
FM.
COOlER
SCIllB8ER
COO DESlAFURIlATlON
lVAClJU,l CARBONATE)
J
COG
---------.
Cab 10 '"'C==:::;:~
Quench'.;
COG Desullurizalion
1
1
I
I
1
I
I
1
I
WaSleW81er
,,
Condenser
Waler
l .
,
I NHJ
I Vapor
I
I
Cooling
Naphlhalene
Tower
Blow
Down
Sodium
Phandale
Combined
Sludge
wasleW81er
Fml
(K143)
WllSle.lller T,.alment
Ellluenl
- - - - Gaseous Siream
Pilch
Figure 1
COKE BY-PRODUCTS RECOVERY
BIWNGCODE~
EllIuenl
~
Coal
Tar
Fml
35764
Federal Register
Proposed Rules
Federal Register
I Vol. 56, No. 144 I Friday, July 26, 1991 I Proposed Rules
35765
35766
Federal Register
Proposed Rules
Waste
K141-Process residues from the recovery of coal tar, Including, but not limited to, tar collecting sump residues from the production of coke from coal
or the recovery of coke byproducts produced from coal. this listing does not Include K087 (decanter tank tar sludge from coking operations)
.
.
K142-Tar storage tank residues from the production of coke from coal or from the recovery of coke by-products prodUced from coal
K143-Process residues from the recovery of light oil, Including, but not limited to, those generated In stills. decanters, and wash oil recovery units
from the recovery of coke byproducts produced from coal
;
.
K144-Wastewater treatment sludges from light oil refining, InclUding, but not limited to, intercepting or contamination sump sludges from the recovery
:
..
of coke by-products produced from coal
K145-Resldues from naphthalene collection and recovery operations from the recovery of coke byproducts produced from coal
..
K147-Tar storage tank residues from coal tar refining
:
.
.
K148-Resldues from coal tar distillation. Including, but not limited to, still bottoms
9,100
10,000
4,500
900
450
2,800
270
TABLE 3.-WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR COKE BY-PRODUCTS RECOVERY WASTES (PERCENT) 1
Residues
from tar
recovery I
.
..
..
.
: .
..
.
K143
K144
K145
Tar storage
,tank
residues
Residues
from light 011
processing
Wastewater
treatment
sludges
from lisht oil
refin ng
Residues
from
naphthalene
collection.
recovery
31
8
31
31
0
13
44
53
43
29
14
14
0
8
27
100
0
0
0
0
K142
K141
100
0
0
0
0
1
13
19
6
86
17
27
5
16
1 Percentages are based on number of facilities responding to RCRA 3007 questionnaire, which reported management practices. not number of facilities that
generated waste. Totals may excaed 100 percent because many facilities reported more than one management practice.
I Only one plant reported management practices for tar collecting sump residues and that plant Indlcated that residues are recycled to the tar decantar. This
number may not be representative of all facilities.
Sold or stored.
Source: RCRA 3007 questionnarfes.
, Federal Register
I Vol.
nces
tar
K147 tar
Kl48
storage
tank
residual
distillalion
residue
33
50
0
50
0
'0
33
0
33
0
0
6
55
50
responding
I Proposed Rules
35767
._._ _
_ .
..__........__.__.
Benzo(a)pyren&
._ _
Benzo(b and k)fluoranlhen& ._
Dibenz(a.hlanthracene ._ :
fndeno(l.2.3<d)pyren&_
Naphthalene
_ .._
._
__
_.
_
_
_... X
X
__ _
X
_._.__ X
_.... X
_..... X
_
- .
_._._._._.._
__
__ _
X
)(
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
)(
)(
X
X
No19.-X Indicates that the constituent has been found to be present at levels of regulatory concern In the Individual waste stream.
X
X
)(
X
X
X
X
I"
Federal Register
35768
Proposed Rules
TABLE 6-Coke and Coke By-Product Wastes: Constituents of Concern and Range of Measured Concentrations (All Values in
PPM)
Constitu1ent
K141Process
residues
from coal
tar
recovery"
Avg.
K143-Residues from
light oil processing
Range
K144-Wastewater
treatment sludges from
light oil refining
Avg.
K145-Residues from
naphthalene collection and
recovery
Avg.
Range
Range
Avg.
,
Benzene .....................................................
Benz(a) anthracene ..................................
Benzo(a)pyrene ........................................:
Benzo(b)fluoranthene d.............................
Benzo(k)f1uoranthene dX ...........................
Dibenz(a.h)anthracene .............................
Indeno(1.2.3-cd)pyrene.............................
Naphthalene ..............................................
3,850
7.850
8.450
230-290
5.400-7,400
4.500-8,300
260
6,600
6.500
5.450
1.750
6.150
95.000
5,200-10.000
720-1,600
2.000-4.100
32.000-84.000
7,500
1.000
2.900
55.000
......................... ...............................
39-8.500
ND-320
<10-130
...............................
<5-230
ND-<250
ND-<250
1,400-480.000
1.600
b69
b34
"59
b38
b40
52.000
200-14.000
<15-140
<20-130
3.000
b68
b65
15-220
<7-<31
<15-77
360-53.000
d75
b15
b36
27,000
120-3.000
<3-<48
ND-22
1.000
b22
<7
b26
" 1.3
b4
140.000
Only one data point exists. However, this residual is presumed to be comparable in composition to tar decanter sludge (listed waste K087).
b Arithmetic averages are based on one half the quantitation limit for constituents detected below quantitation limits and zero for constitutents not detected (ND).
<Value represents one half the quantitation limit because the constitutent was detected at trace levels.
d GC peak resolution was not adequate to provide quantltation of the two Isomers individually. The results shown are the sum of the two isomers.
TABLE 7.-TAR REFINING WASTES: CONSTITUENTS OF CONCERN AND RANGE OF MEASURED CONCENTRATIONS (ALL VALUES IN
K147-Tar storage tank
residuals
Constituent
Range
Benzene
Benz(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)f1uoranthene b
Avg
230-290
5,400-7,400
4.500-8,300
260
6,600
6.500
.
5.200-10.000
;.......................................................................................
~~::l~:~~;:):~~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2.~~l:~g
Naphthalene
32.000-84,000
7.500
1.000
2.900
55.000
PPM)
K148-Tar Distillation
residuals
Range
Avg
NA
160-10.000
330-7,300
NN
4.500
3,600
150-13.000
36-1.400
110-3,300
17-2,400
6,100
800
1,700
850
...........................
Constituent not analyzed (volatiles were not anticIpated in still bottoms that have been heated to high temperatures).
- GC peak resolution was not adequate to provide quantitatlon of the two Isomers Individually. The results are the sum of the isomers.
Sourea: Background Document.
Federal Register / Vol. 56. No. 144 /. Friday, July 26. 1991
EPACML accounts for the unsaturated
zone transport modules and implements
them using the Monte Carlo
(probabilistic) framework.
. The input concentration to the
unsaturated zone transport module of
EPACML corresponds to the leachate
concentration at the bottom of the
landfill. Under certain conditions.
particularly very high constituent
concentration, immiscible liquid flow
can occur. For such situations, the
model's inability to account for the
immiscible flow condition may result in
an underestimation of the receptor well
concentrations. As discussed below. the
wastes addressed in today's proposal
typically have very high concentrations
of certain hazardous constituents.
Therefore. use of EPACML may result in
an underestimate of concentrations of
these constituents at drinking well sites.
For th~ reasons stated above, EPA
believes that the use of available
leaching and subsurface fate and
transport models is not optimal for the
wastes addressed in torlay's proposal. In
addition, analytical results from the
application of the TCLP to waste
sample.s tend to understate the
concentrations of hazardous
constituents in leachates which may
possibly originate from the wastes.
However. in spite of the limitations of
available methodologies for evaluating
the potential health threats from these
wastes, the Agency believes that the
methodologies reveal high
concentrations of hazardous
constituents in these wastes. For that
reason and because of the toxicity of
r Proposed -Rules
Hazardous constituent
Benane ____._.........................................................._
~._
Benzo(a)pyrene ___._..............................................................
Benzo(b)f1uOl8l1thene Benzolk)f1uoranthene _ .____
Dlbenz(a,hlanthracene ............................................................
3.850
7.850
8,450
5,450
1.750
6,150
HealthbasedwatEll'
concentration limits
(ppm)
Basis
5.0xl0-
1.1xl0-
3.0xl0-
4.0 X 10"
7.1xl0-'
2.0xl0"
MClIA)
ASO (B.)
RSO (Sa)
ASO (Sa)
RSOIB,)
ASO(C)
HEEF
100
HEEF
1000
38.5
78.5
84.5
3.85
7.85
8.45
5.45
. 1.75
8.15
54.5
17.5
81.5
35769
HEEF
10.000
0.385
0.785
0.845
.0545
0.175
0.815
K141
7.700
7.100.000
28,000,000
14.000
25.000.000
3.100
HEEF 1000
770
710,000
2.800,000
1.400
2,500.000
310
HEEF
10.000
77
71.000
280,000
140
250.000
31
Reference Dose (RID). Risk-Specific Dose (RSO). and Maximum Contaminant level (Met) are explained later in the preamble, as are the classes of RSDs.
Class A and B carcinog8l18 are basad on exposure limits at 10-' risk level. Class C carcinogens are based on exposure limits at a 10' risk level.
Calculated for three hyPOthetical environmental exposure lactors (HEEFs).
Ratio obtained bv dividing values in estimated drinking well concentration column by values In health-based. water concentration limit column lor all three
HEEF..
GC peak resolution was not adequate to provide quantiiallon of the two Isomers Individually. The results show the sum of the two Isomers.
35770
Proposed Rules
TABLE BA.-BASIS FOR LISTING: HEALTH EFFECTS OF THE CONSTITUENTS OF CONCERN IN K142
Hazardous constituent
Benzene ....................................................................................
Benz(a)anthracene...................................................................
Benzo(a)pyrene ........................................................................
Benzo(b)f1uoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene"d ...............:...
Oibenz(a,h) anthracene ...........................................................
Indeno (1,2.3-cd)pyrene ..........................................................
Average
waste
concen
tration
detected
(ppm)
Healthbased water
concentration limits
(ppm)
Basis'
260
6,600
6,500
7.500
1,000
2,900
5.0Xl0"
1.lxl0-
3.0xl0"
4.0xl0-
7.1 X 10-'
2.0xl0-
MCl(A)
RSO (B.)
RDS (Bo)
RSO (Bo)
RSO (Bo)
RSO (C)
HEEF
1000
HEEF
10,000
2.6
66
65
75
10
29
0.26
6.6
6.5
7.5
1.0
2.9
0.026
0.66
0.65
0.75
0.1
0.29
HEEF 1000
520
66,000,000
22.000,000
19,000
14,000,000
1,400
52
600,000
2.200,000
1.900
1,400.000
140
HEEF
10.000
5
60.000
220.000
190
14,000
14
Reference Dose (RfO), Risk-Specific Dose (RSO), and Maximum Contaminant level (MCl) are explained later In the preamble, as are the classes of RSDs.
Class A and B carcinogens are based on exposure limits at a 10- risk level. Class C carcinogens are based on exposure limits at a 10-' risk level.
Calculated for three hypothetical environmental exposure factors ( H E E F s ) .
'.
Ratio obtained by diViding values in estimated drinking well concentration column by values In health-based. water concentration limit column for all three
HEEFs.
.
d GC peak resolution was not adequate to provide quantitation of the two Isomers individually. The results show the sum of the two Isomers.
Source: Background Document.
TABLE BB.-BASIS FOR LISTING: HEALTH EFFECTS OF THE CoNSTITUENTS OF CoNCERN IN K143
Hazardous constituent
Benzene ....................................................................................
Benz(a)anthracene...................................................................
Benzo(a)pyrene ........................................................................
Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(k)f1uoflinthene d......................
Average
waste
concentration
detected
(ppm)
Healthbased water
concentration limits
(ppm)
1.600
69
34
59
5.0Xl0-
1.1xl0-
3.0Xl0"
4.0xl0-
MCl(A)
RSO (B.)
RSO (Bo)
RSO (Bo)
HEEF
100
HEEF
1000
HEEF
10,000
16
0.69
0.34
0.59
1.6
0.069
0.034
0.059
0.16
0.007
0.003
0.006
HEEF 1000
3.200
63.000
110,000
150
320
6,300
11,000
15
HEEF
10.000
32
630
1.100
1.5
. Reference Dose (RID), Risk-Specific Dose (RSD). end Maximum Contaminant level (MCl) are explained later In the preamble, as are the classes of RSDs.
Class A and B carcinogens are based on exposure limits at a 10- risk level. Class C carcinogens are based on exposure limits at a 10-' risk level.
Calculated for three hypothetical environmental exposure factors (HEEFs).
Aatio obtained by dividing values in estimated drinking well concentration column by values In health-basad. water concentration fimit column for all three
HEEFs.
d GC peak resolution was not adequate to provide quantitation of the two isomers Indivldualiy. The results show the sum of the two isomers.
Source: Background Document.
TABLE 8C.-BASIS FOR LISTING: HEALTH EFFECTS OF THE CONSTITUENTS OF CONCERN IN K144
Hazardous constituent
Benzene ....................................................................................
Benz(a)anthrecene...................................................................
Benzo(a)pyrene ........................................................................
Benzo(b)f1uoranthene Benzo(k)f1uoranthene d ......................
Oibenz(a.h)enthrancene ..........................................................
Average
waste
concentration
detected
(ppm)
Healthbased water
concentr8tion limits
(ppm)
3,000
66
65
75
15
5.0Xl0-
1.1 xl0-'
3.0xl0-
4.0xl0-
7.1 xl0-'
MCl(A)
ASO (Bo)
RSO (Bo)
ASO (B.)
ASO (Bo)
HEEF
100
HEEF
1000
HEEF
10,000
30
0.68
0.65
0.75
.0.15
3.0
0.068
0.065
0.075
0.015
0.30
0.007
0.007
0.008
0.002
HEEF 1000
6,000
61,000
210,000
180
210,000
600
6,100
21,000
18
21.000
HEEF
10.000
60
610
2.100
1.8
2.100
Reference Dose (RfD), Risk-Specific Dose (RSO). and Maximum Contaminant level (MCl) are explained later In the preamble, as are the classes of ASDs.
Class A and B carcinogens are based on exposure limits at a 10- risk level. Class C carcinogens are based on exposure limits at a 10-' risk level.
.
.
Calculated for three hypothetical envlr.nmental exposure factors (HEEFs).
'Ratio obtained by dividing values In estimated drinking well concentration column by values In health-based. water concentration limit column for all three
HEEFs.
d GC peak resolution was not adequate to provide quantitation of the two isomers individually. The results show the sum 01 the two lsomera.
Source: Background Document.
TABl~BD.-BAS'S FOR LISTING: HEALTH EFFECTS OF THE CONSTITUENTS OF CONCERN IN K145
Hazardous constituent
Benzene ....................................................................................
Benz(a)anthracene...................................................................
Benzo(a)pyrene ........................................................................
Dibenz(a.h)anthracene ............................................:................
Naphthalene ..............,.........._................~ ....,............................
Average
waste
concentration
detected
(ppm)
Healthbased water
concentration limits
(ppm)
1.000
22
7
15
140,000
5.0xl0-
1.1 xl0- o
3.0Xl0-
7.1 xl0-'
14
MCl(A)
ASO (80)
ASD (B.)
RSO (Bo)
RfO
,HEEF
100
HEEF
1000
HEEF
10.000
10
0.22
0.07
0.15
1.400
1.0
0.022
0.007
0.015
140
0.10
0.002
0.001
0.002
14
2.200
20,000
23,000
210,000
100
HEEF 1000
220
2,000
2,300
21,000
10
HEEF
10,000
22
200
230
2.100
1
Federal Register
Proposed Rules
35771
Reference Dose (RID). Risk-5pecific Dose (RSO), and Maximum Contaminant Level (MCl) are explained later in the preamble, as are the classes of RSDs.
Oass A and B carcinogens are based on exposure limila at 10' risk level. Class C carcinogens are based on exposure limits at a 10- 1 risk level.
Calculated for three hypothetical environmental exposure factors (HEEFs).
Ratio obtained by dividing values In estimated drinking well concentration column by values in health-based, water concentration limit column lor all three
HEEFs.
Source: Background Document.
TABLE 8E.-BASIS FOR LISTING: HEALTH EFFECTS OF THE CONSTITUENTS OF CONCERN IN
Hazardous constituent
Benzene ....................................................................................
Benz(a)anthracene..........................................y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8enzo(a)pyrene ........................................................................
Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(k)lluoranthene .......................
Oibenz(a,h)anthracene ............................................................
Indeno(1.2.3-cd}pyrene............................................................
Average
waste
concentration
detected
(ppm)
Healthbased water
concentra
tion limits
(ppm)
260
6.660
6,500
7,500
1,000
2.900
5.0X 10-'
1.1 Xl0-'
3.0xl0
4.0Xl0-
7.1Xl0-'
2.0xl0-
MCL (A)
RSO (B.)
RSO (EI.)
RSO (B.
RSD(B,)
RSD(C)
HEEF
100
HEEF
1000
HEEF
10.000
2.6
66
65
75
10
29
0.26
6.6
6.5
7.5
1.0
2.9
0.026
0.66
0.65
0.75
0.1
0.29
K145
HEEF 1000
520
66,000,000
22,000,000
19,000
14,000,000
1,400
52
600,000
2,200,00
1,900
1,400,000
140
HEEF
10,000
5
60,000
220,000
190
140,000
14
Raference Dose (RID), Risk-Specific Dose (RSD), and Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) are explained later in the preamble, as are the classes 01 RSOs.
Class A and B carcinogens are based on exposure limits at 10' risk level. Class C carcinogens are based on exposure limits at a 10- 1 risk level.
b Calculated for three hypothetical environmental exposure factors (HEEFs).
Ratio obtained by dividing values in estimated drinking well concentration column by values in health-based, water concentration limit column for all three
HEEFs.
GC peak resolution was not adequate to provide quanti~tion of the two isomers individually. The results show the sum of the two Isomers.
Source: Background Document.
TABLE 8 F.-BASIS FOR LISTING: HEALTH EFFECTS OF THE CoNSTITUENTS OF CoNCERN IN
Average
waste
concentration
detected
(ppm)
Hazardous constituent
Benz(a)anthracene...................................................................
8enzo(a)pyrene ............................................:...........................
Benzo(b)lluoranthene Benzo(k)f1uoranthene .......................
Oibenz(a,h)anthracene ............................................................
lndeno(l ,2,3,-cd}pyrene...........................................................
4,500
3,600
6,100
800
1.700
Healthbased water
concentra
tion limits
(ppm)
K148
Basis
HEEF
100
HEEF
1000
HEEF
10,000
45
36
61
8
17
4.5
3.6
6.1
0.8
1.7
0.45
0.36
0.61
0.08
0.17
HEEF 100
44,100,000
12,000,000
15,000
11.000,000
860
HEEF 1000
410,000
1.200,000
1.500
1,100.000
86
HEEF
10,000
41,000
120,000
150
110,000
8.6
Reference Dose (RId), Risk-5peci1ic Dose (RSD). and Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) are explained later In the preamble, as are the classes of RSDs.
Class A and B carcinogens are based on exposure limits at a 10-' risk level. Oass C carcinogens are based on exposure limits at a 10-' risk lavel.
CalCUlated for three hypothetical enviror.mental exposure factors (HEEFs).
Ratio obtained by dividing values In estimated drinking well concentration column by values In health-based, water concentration limit column for all three
HEEFs.
GC peak resolution was not adequate to provide quantitation of two isomers individually, The results show the sum 01 the two isomers.
Source: Background Document
35772
. Federal Register'
Proposed' Rules
I, !",ealth-based!
.
_
_
. Benzene_ _
Benz('a)8f1thracene
_ __
Benzo(a)pyrene .._
Benzo(b)lluoranthene,' Benzo(K)f1uoranthene'
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
_
_ _.
Naphthalene
_
:
_
.
.
.
.
.
water
concentration
limits (ppm)
5J}x 10c~ ,
1'
1.1, x 10"'
3'.0 xtO- O '
4.0 x 10-' .
T.1 X 10-' .
2,0 x.10- 1 i
14
Mobility
Water
solubility
(ppm).
LOG"
I
1'.760' x 10" ,
5~7
3,8 x 1.0"1 :
4.3 x 1.0-"
6 x 10:-<
6,x,10'< :
31.7
'Slightly'
Highly": Persistence"
contaminat ; contamlnat
, ed medium
ed, medium' ,
Kow
2:13' .
5.61' ;
6.06 I
6.06
6.64
6.501
3.29
65
20.000
550,000.
550.000
3,300.000
1.600;000'
940
Federal Register
35773
35?74
Proposed Rufes
Federal Register
Site 1
A steel manufacturing plant operating
in New York from 1920 through 1983 on
Lake Erie was the site of contamination
caused by several different wastes.
including coking wastes. Various coking
wastes were mixed with other wastes at
most of the sites involved, although two
disposal areas received coking wastes
almost exclusively.
At this facility, excess blast furnace
and steelmaking slags, as well as steel
scrap and coking wastes were initially
dumped directly into Lake Erie and then
into pits and landfills located on a manmade peninsula created at the point
where a creek discharges into Lake Erie.
The slag fill extended approximately
1,700 feet off the shoreline of the lake
and raised the subsurface elevation
more than 50 feet. Of 160 pits/landfills
located on the peninsula, two waste
management areas, a pit and a landfill,
have been identified as areas that were
designated to receive coking wastes.
Ground-water monitoring wells were
installed in the areas to assess the
migration of contaminants from these
hazardous waste management areas to
ground water. Coking wastes that were
co-disposed in the pit and landfill
include KOBO, K087, and the proposed
K141-K145 wastes. As a result of this
co-disposal, constituents in the coking
wastes have migrated from the fill
Proposed Rules
35775
Site 2
A manufacturer of coal tar byproducts along the east bank of the Ohio
River in West Virginia was involved in
ground-water monitoring to examine the
level of contamination resulting from
plant activities. These activities
included using crude coal tar as
feedstock to produce three major
products: refined chemical oil, creosote.
and industrial pitch. Monitoring results
showed that activities both at this plant
and at a nearby coke facility led to
ground water contamination by coal tar
residuals (proposed K147 and K148). The
studies examined the shallow. perched
aquifer and the alluvial aquifer. These
investigations revealed varying extent of
contamination in all aquifers. This
contamination was due to uncontrolled
seepage and discharge of pollutants into
the Ohio River. The following
constitutents were found to have
contaminated the aquifers at levels up to
and including the following
concentrations: naphthalene-92,OOO
ppm, benzo(a)anthracene-4,OOO ppm.
benzo(b)fluoranthene-4.100 ppm,
indeno(1.2,3-cd)pyrene-l.200 ppm. and
dibenz(a.h)anthracene-21 ppm. These
concentrations are well above the
accepted healthbased levels for these
constituents.
Site 3
A coal gasification plant was the site
of soil and groundwater contamination.
Tar and soil contaminated with tar were
widely distributed over the site as a
result of plant operations. Materials
found at coal gasification sites are
similar in nature to those found at coke
by-products facilities. The site is listed
in the National Priorities List (NPL) of
hazardous waste sites.
35776
Federal Register
,__
-=3&.za=-.__ ,
Vol.
......,_56, No. 144
_
Federal Register
E.Recycling
A number of residuals proposed to be
listed as hazardous wastes are recycled
by a substantial segment of the coke byproducts industry (see Tables 3 and 4 for
waste management practices for the
residuals proposed for listing). Two
recycling techniques are currently in
use: (1) Using mixtures of the residuals
and coal to charge coke ovens and (2)
mixing the residuals with coal tar prior
to its being sold or refined. These
recycling practices are also commonly
used for tar decanter sludge, which is
already listed as a hazardous waste
(EPA Hazardous Waste No. K087) from
the coke by-products industry. Coke and
coal tar containing tar decanter sludge,
K087, are currently exempt from
regulation as hazardous wastes under 40
CPR 261.4(a)(10); however, the sludge is
still considered a solid waste if not
recycled. In the November 29, 1985 final
rule (50 PR 49170) and the February 21, .
1991 final rule (56 PR 7203), EPA
concluded that the hazardous
constituents are not present in coke
derived from K087 at levels that would
pose substantial risk to human health
and the environment and that the .
recycling of K087 into coke by-products
does not increase levels of hazardous
constituents in coal tar.
EPA has studied and analyzed these
practices for each of the proposed listed
residuals to determine (a) whether these
practices constitute waste management
and should, therefore, be regulated !is
such or (b) whether the proposed
residuals are being used in ongoing,
continuous manufacturing processes and
should, therefore, not be regulated under
RCRA. Based on this analysis, the
Agency has determined that while the
proposed residuals would be solid
wastes under 40 CPR 261.2, the Agency
has determined it is appropriate to
exclude proposed EPA Hazardous
Waste Nos. K141 through K145, K147,
and K148 from the definition of solid
waste when these wastes are reinserted
into coke ovens and when. blended with
coal tar product that is sold. As
explained fully below, EPA believes that
regulation of the material when
reinserted is not necessary to protect
human health and the environment, and
will further the objectives of waste
minimization and pollution prevention.
The effect of these exclusions would
be that the coke oven, using mixtures of
these residuals as feedstock, and the
materials derived from them in the
coking process, would not be regulated
under Subtitle C of RCRA. Also, the tar
refining process, using mixtures of these
residuals and coal tar as feedstock
would not be subject to regulation under
Proposed Rules
35777
35778
Federal Register
Proposed Rules .
_.......
Federal Register
1 Proposed
Rules
35779
Federal Register / Vol. '56. No. 144/ Friday, July 26, 1991 / Proposed Rules
35780
r.onclusions
In conclusion, the practice of
reinRerting these residuals (proposed
K141 through K145, K147, and K148)
back into the coke ovens serves to
replace the raw material, coal, and the
practice of mixing these residuals with
coal tar serves to replace the product,
coal tar. The practice, based on
available information, seems to pose no
additional hazard to human health and
the environment. Therefore. the Agency
is proposing to exclude these residuals
when reinserted into the coke ovens or
when mixed with product coal tar from
the defmition of solid waste under 40
CFR 261.4(a) (10), (11), and (12).
EPA recognizes that certain common
management practices for coke byproducts wastes may present a threat to
human health and the environment.
Even tDcases where the wastes are'
recycled. some of the management steps
prior to recycling could provide
opportunity for the release of hazardous
materials. As such, the proposed listing
and recycling exclusions have been
developed to require that the wastes be
handled in accordance with subtitle C
regulations after generation and up to
tPe point of recycling.
The Agency notes ,that waste
management practices are subject to
change as new technologies are
developed. economic incentives change.
or as the Agency publishes other
regulatory progrlPDs. Specifically, new
regulations under the Clean Air Act
(National Emissions Standards for
hazardous Air Pollutants, or NESHAPs)
published in September 1989 and March
1990 affect the coke by-products
industry, and may have a direct effect
on industrial operations and waste
management practices. The Agency
believes that compliance with NESHAP
regulations will further reduce the
potential for hazardous constituent
releases into the environment; however.
the Agency requests comment on this
particular postulation. Given the fact
that several of the wastes contain
constituents of relatively high molecular
7
weight, EPA does not expect that mixing . practices to the definition of solid waste
are requested. Specific information on
of the proposed wastes with coal tar
the following is requested: the length of
would contribute to increased benzene
emissions for the most part. Depending
time over which residuals accumulate;
the manner in which they are returned
on the location of tar refining, storage.
to the process; the chemical
and mixing operations, the NESHAP ,
regulations may apply to the mixing 'of
compatibility of the wastes with the
coal tar with the wastes proposed in
, industrial process and with each other; .
today's notice at certain facilities.
the percentage of material recyCled or
However, the exclusions from the
reclaimed; the ability of the materials in
definition of solid waste will mean that
question to be wastes under some
, facilities will not be subject to RCRA air circumstances and products in others;
rules (sections 264 and 265, subparts AA whether the recycling or reclamation
takes place continuously; and, any other
and BB) when mixing wastes with coal
tar or reinserting wastes into the coke
relevant information or data on the
oven.
recycling or reclamation of these
wastes.
The February 21, 1991 I:loiler and
Industrial Furnace rule concluded that
F. ProposalNot To List Coke Bythe sludge recycling does not affect the
Products Wastewaters
'
amount of toxic constituents in coke or
coal tar, or emissions from their' ,
EPA is not proposing to list coke bymanufacturing processes. Furthermore,
products wastewaters as hazardous
management of the walltes in question
wastes. This decision is based on the
does not contribute to the waste
Agency'sexpeclation that at least some
disposal problem. rendering the
.
of the wastewater streams at coke byregulation of coke and coal tar as RCRA products facilities may fail the tc test ,
solid wastes unnecessary. Additionally,
for benzene. EPA, therefore. expects that
the process of making coke and coal tar
such wastewaters could be effectively
fromK087, KOBO, K141-K145, K147, and
regulated under the TC rule. In
K148 need not be subject to RCRA
particular, fmal cooler blowdown and
control. Since making coke and mixing
wastewaters from light oil recovery
coal tar are subject to special criteria
contain benzene levels ranging from 0.44
under the Clean Air Act, RCRA
to 140 ppm. Table 10 presents the ranges
regulation of some of these practices
of concentrations found for the
may be disruptive and inappropriate to
hazardous constituents present in these
wastewaters. EPA found that out of
the CAA regulatory scheme. As
described above, the K087. K060, K141twelve samples, seven analyzed by EPA
K145, K147. and K148 wastes are subject had benzene levels higher than the
promulgated TC level of 0.5 ppm.
to full RCRA regulation prior to entering
Therefore. these wastes are now '
the recycling process. Exclusions would
not apply to the coking or coal tar
regulated Subtitle C wastes because,
producing process if other hazardous
they are characteristically hazardous.
wastes (e.g., spent solvents) are mixed
As shown in Table 10. wastewaters do
not typically and frequently contain
into the process. (See 56 FR 7203.)
EPA tequests comment on its decision PAHa at quantifiable levels of .
to exclude the proposed residuals when ' regulatory concern. The Agency notes
that if the wastes proposed for listing in
reinserted into coke ovens or mixed
today's notice (or any other listed
with coal tar product from the definition
hazardous waste) were to be
of solid waste under 40 CFR 261.4(a)
deliberately mixed with coke by-product
(10). (11), and (12). Comments and data
wastewaters. the mixture would become
on the extent and nature of recycling
a hazardous waste pursuant to the
and reclamation practices of these
mixture rule in 40 CFR 261.3(a)(2)(iv).
wastes, and the relationship of these
ConsUtuent 01
concem
concenlraUon
IC
regula-
weier
Basil'
limits
~.
(ppm)
Range
(ppm)
No. 01
Final cooler
Average
data
polnta
0;5 <0.002
NA <0.05-0.32
2
2
NA <0.05-0.21
Range
0.001
0.-38
<0.17 <0.14-0.11
bIow!lown
No. 01
data
AYIlfllgB
poIn18
Range
No. 01
data
Average
points
18
0.09
ND-1.2
4
4
0.03
ND-<'
No: 01
data
AYIlfllge
poInla
0.1-0.3'
47
0.43 <(l.04-<0.08
2
2
. 0.2
0.03
0.02
Bol.
Benzo(a)~
3.0xl0- ROO
(Cla81
0.12
ND-O.083
8,).
0.1
ND-<O.08
Federal Register
35781
Proposed Rules
Constituent of
c:oncem
Healthbased
watar
~
tratJon
IC
regul.
BasIa '
1ImJt.
~.
(ppm)
Range
(ppm)
4.0x10- RBO
Benzo(b and
k)fluoranthene
(Cless
B,).
Dibenz(a,h)
7.1xl0' RSO
anthracene
(Cless
points
Average
Range
No. of
data
points
Average
No. of
data
Range
Average
No. of
data
NA <0.0lHl.36
0.19
NO
NO
ND-<l
0.25
ND-<O,06
2,
NA
0.03
NO
2 .
NO
ND-<2.5
0.63
NO
ND-<O.l
Average
points
points
0.02
NO
Bo).
Soun: Background Documen1.
I MeL-Maximum ContamInant Level.
RSD-Risk Specffic Dos&-Toxicity Characteristic (TC) levels
RSD-Risk Speci1lc Dos&- - Not Reported.
NO _ Not Detected.
< _ Detected but not quantiflable.
35782
Federal Register
I Vol. 56, No. 144 I Friday, July 26, 1991 I Proposed Rules
Federal Register
m. State Authority
Proposed Rules
35783
35784
i..
FedenJ Register / Vol. 56, No. 144 / Friday, July 26, 1991 / Proposed Rules
_
AJ&&
'
11.-RQs FOR CoNSTITUENTS OF CoNCERN FOR WASTES K141-K145, K147, AND K148
Hazardous
substance
RQ(lbs)
Constituent
Benzene
Benz(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluorenthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Dibenz(a.h)anthrecene
Indeno(l.2.3-cd)pyrene
,
,..,
", ',..,
Benzene
Benz(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo{b)f1uoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Dibenz(a.h)anthracene
Indano(1.2.3-c:d)pyrene
,
Benzene
Benz(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)f1uorenthene
Benzo(k)f1uoranthene
.
..
..
..
10
10
'
:
.'
,
, ,
:
,
..
..
..
,
..
.
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
.
..
.
..
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
..
.
.
..
1
1
5,000
1
100
1
10
10
1
1
5,000
1
100
1
10
10
1
1
5,000
1
10
10
1
1
5,000
1
1
10
10
1
1
Federal Register
Proposed Rules
. 35785
Constituent
substance
Naphtharene
Waste No. K147
_
._._.._
~._
_.__ _
RQ(lbs)
__
100
__.__
'
Benzene
_
__
~
_
,...................................................
Benz(a)anthracene
~.................................................................................
Ben%O(a)pyrene
__
~
_
~................
Benzo(b)f1uoranthene
_
_ _
_
_
~
_
_
_.......................
Benzo(k)f1uoranthene__
__
_
;
_.................................
D1benz(a.h)anthrScene...........................................................................................................................................................................................
Indeno(1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Waste No. 1(148
_.............................
Benz(a)anthracene
_.._
_...................................
Bell%O(a)~
__
_
_
_.....................................
Benzo(b)fluoranthene _
_....................................................................................................
Benzo(k)fluoranthene.............................................................................................................................................................................................
D1benz(a.h)anthracene
_
_
_
'
Indeno(I,2,3-<:d)pyrene
_
_ .. ~._._
__._ _
_.....................
1
10
1()
1
1
5,000
1
100
1
fO
1
t
5.00("
1
100
35786
Federal Register / Vol. 56, No. 144 / Friday, July 26, 1991 / Proposed Rules
PART 261-IDENTIFICATION AND
LISTING OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
1. The authority citation for Part 261
continues to read as follows: .
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 6905. 6912(a). 6921,
6922 and 6938.
(a)
(10) Coke and coal tar from the iron
and steel industry that contain or are
produced by recycling EPA Hazardous
Waste Nos. K06O, K087, K141. K142,
K143, Kl44, K145, K147, and Kl48. The
process of producing coke and coal tar
from these wastes is likewise excluded
from regulation. This exclusion does not
apply prior to the point of mixing wastes
with coal or coal tar.
(11) EPA Hazardous Waste Nos. K06O,
K087, K141. K142, K143, Kl44, K145,
K147, and K148 when reinserted into
coke ovens as feedstock to produce
coke. This exclusion does not apply
prior to the point of reinsertion of
wastes into coke ovens.
(12)
wastes from the coke byproducts industry that are hazardous
only because they exceed levels for
hazardous constituents in 261.24, when
these wastes are reinserted into coke
ovens as a feedstock to produce coke.
This exclusion does not apply prior to
the point of reinsertion of wastes into
coke ovens.
AI.
Industry
and EPA
hazardous
waste no.
Hazardous waste
EPA
coal.
K145
m
en
Coklng:
K141......... Process residues from the
recovery of. coal tar, including, but not limited to,
collecting sump rasldues
from the produetlon of
coke from coal or the recovery of coke byproducts produced from coal.
This listing does not Inelude K087 (decanter tank
tar sludges from coking
operations).
K142......... Tar storege tsnk residues
from the production of
coke from coal or from the
recovery of coke by-products produced from coal.
K143
Process reslduos from the
recovery of light oil, includIng those generated in
stills, decanters, and wash
oil recovery units from tha
recovery of coke by-products produced from coal.
K1<44...._ Wastewater
treatment
sludges from U9ht oil refining, including, but no1 limited to, interception or con
tamination sump sludges
from the recovery of coke
by-products produced from
Reslduos from naphthalene
collection . and recovery
operations from tha recov
ery of coke byproducts
produced from coal.
en
en
en
K141
Benzene,
benz(a)anthracene.
bsnzo(a)pyrene. bsnzo(b) fluoranthene.
benzo(k)f1uoranthane,
dlbenz(a,h)anthracene. indeno(l,2,3cd)pyrene.
K142
Benzene. bsnz(a)anthracene, bsnzo(a)
pyrene,
bsnzo(b)f1uoranthene,
benzo(k)f1uoranthane,
dibenz(a,h)
anthracene. indeno(1.2,3-cd)pyrene.
Kl43
Benzene,
benz(a)anthracene,
benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b) fluoranthane, bonzo(k)fluoranthene.
K144
Benzene,
benz(a)anthracene,
bsnzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b) fluorenthene,
benzo(k)fluoranthene,
dibenz(a,h)anthracene.
K145......... Benzene,
benz(a)(anthracene,
benzo(a)pyrene, dlbenz(a,h) anthracene, naphthalene.
K147......... Benzene,
benz(a)anthracene,
benzo(a)pyrene,
benzo(b)f1uoranthene,
benzo(k)f1uoranthene.
dlbenz(a,h)
anthracene, indeno(1,2.3-cd)pyrene.
K148
Benz(a)anthracene.
benzo(a)pyrene,
benzo(b)fluoranthene. benzo(k) fluGranthene.
dibenz(a,h)anthracene,
indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.
en
en
Hazard
code
hazardous
waste no.
Posticldes:
K147......... Tar storage tank residuals
from coal tar refining.
K148......... Reslduos from coal tar distilIation. including. but no1
limited to, still bottoms.
35787
(j)
TABLE 1.-REGULATIONS IMPLEMENTING THE HAZARDOUS AND SOLID WASTE AMENDMENTS OF 1984
Promulgation date
Title of regulation
[Insert date of final rule publication] ......_ Tha listing of wastes from the production. recovery. and refining of coke
byproducts produced from coal.
rule.].
Effective date
Federal Register
35i88
".
Proposed Rules
republished wi thoutcihanRe.
and 1361. i
PART 302~DESIGNATION,
REPORTABLE QUANTITIES, AND
NOTIFICATION
302.4 [Amended]
Statutory
Hazardous substance
K141
Process -residues from the recovery of coal tar, including, but not limited to, tar collecting sump residues
from the production of coke from coal or the
recovery of coke by-products produced from coal.
This 'lIsting does not 'include K087 (decanter tank
tar sludge 'from coking operations).
K142
Tar storage ,tank residues from the production of coke
from coal orlTom the recovery of coke by-products
produced fromcoaJ.
K143
Process ,rasldues 'from the recovery of light oil, includ
ing,but not limited to. those generated in stills,
,decanters, and wash 011 recovery units from the
recovery of coke by-products produced from coal.
Kl44
Wastewater treatment slUdges .fromlight .oil .refining.
Including, but not limited to, intercepting or contamination sump sludges from the recovery of coke byproducts produced from coal.
K145
Residues from naphthalene collection and recovery
operations .fromthe recovery of coke by:products
,produced from coal.
K147
Tar storage tank residues from coal tar refining.
Kl48
Residues \from .coal tar distillation. including, :but not
limited to, still bottoms.
CASRN
RegUlatory synonyms
RO
Code
1"
'4
K141
1 (0.454)
1"
K142
1 (0.454)
1"
K143
1(0.454)
1"4
K144
1 (0.454)
1"
;K145
1 (0.454)
1"
'K147
1 (0.454)
1"
,K148
1 (0.454)
."
. . . . '.
. . . . .
RCRA
4 -indicates 'that the statutory source for deSignation of this hazardous Slibstance under CERCLA Is RCRA SectIon .3001.
1" -indicates that the 1-pound RO is a CERCLA statutory 'RO.
waste
No.