11 1 C1 Exam Revision (Higher)

C1.1 The fundamental ideas in Chemistry Revision Questions

Q1.

A substance made of only one type of atom is called an element.

The chemical symbols and positions of six elements in the periodic table are shown.

Draw a straight line from each description to its correct symbol.

Description

Symbol
Al

A metal with a low density that does

not corrode easily
Fe
It has properties similar to those of
sodium, Na
He
It is a transition metal
Li
It is a noble gas
O
(Total 4 marks)

Q2.

The diagram shows an atom.

(a)

On the diagram, write the names of structures A, B, C and D.

(4)

Page 1

(b)

To which Group of the periodic table does this atom belong?

.....................................................................................................................................
Give one reason for your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Name the element which is made up of this type of atom.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

Q3.

There are millions of different substances that make up our world. All these substances are
made from chemical elements.
(a)

What is an element?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Many substances are compounds. What is a compound?

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

Q4.

Atoms are made up of three main particles called protons, neutrons and electrons. Use the
periodic table on the data sheet to help you to answer these questions.
(a)

Sodium is in Group 1 of the periodic table.

(i)

Why are potassium and sodium in the same Group of the periodic table?
...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

How many protons are in an atom of sodium? .....................................

(1)

(iii)

The atomic number of sodium is 11. How many neutrons are in an atom of sodium
with mass number 23?
......................................
(1)

(iv)

Each sodium atom has 11 electrons. Complete the electronic structure of sodium.

(2)

Page 2

(b)

The chemical equation for a reaction of sodium is shown below.

2Na

Cl2

2NaCl

Describe this reaction of sodium in terms of the names of the substances and the numbers of
the atoms involved.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)

Q5.

This question is about oxygen atoms. The periodic table on the Data Sheet may help you to
answer this question.
(a)

(i)

Oxygen atoms have 8 electrons. Complete the diagram to represent the arrangement
of electrons in an oxygen atom. Use crosses () to represent the electrons.

(1)

(ii)

Name the part of the oxygen atom that is labelled A on the diagram.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Two isotopes of oxygen are oxygen-16 and oxygen-18.

16

18

O
8
oxygen-16

O
8
oxygen-18

Explain, in terms of particles, how the nucleus of an oxygen-18 atom is different from the
nucleus of an oxygen-16 atom.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

Q6.

The diagram shows the reaction of hydrogen molecules with oxygen molecules to form water
molecules.

Page 3

(i)

In the empty box draw one oxygen molecule.

(1)

(ii)

Why are hydrogen and oxygen called elements?

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Why is water called a compound?

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

Q7.

The picture shows sodium reacting with chlorine. The reaction forms sodium chloride.

(a)

Use words from the box to answer the questions.

compound

element

hydrocarbon

mixture

Which word best describes:

(i)

sodium .......................................................................
(1)

(ii)

sodium chloride? ........................................................

(1)

(b)

When sodium reacts with chlorine the sodium atoms change into sodium ions. The diagrams
below represent a sodium atom and a sodium ion.

Use the diagrams to help you explain how a sodium atom turns into a sodium ion.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 4

(c)

(i)

The diagram below represents a chlorine atom.

When chlorine reacts with sodium the chlorine forms negative chloride ions.
Complete the diagram below to show the outer electrons in a chloride ion (Cl).

(1)

(ii)

Chloride ions are strongly attracted to sodium ions in sodium chloride.

Explain why.
...............................................................................................................
(1)

Q8.

This barbecue burns propane gas.

The diagram represents a propane molecule.

(a)

What is the formula of propane? ........................................................................................

(1)

(b)

(i)

Draw a ring around the name of the particle represented by the symbols and in
the diagram.
electron

neutron

proton
(1)

Page 5

(ii)

Draw a ring around the type of bonding that holds the atoms together in a propane
molecule.
covalent

ionic

metallic
(1)

(c)

Under high pressure in the cylinder propane is a liquid.

Liquid propane evaporates easily to form a gas when the tap on the cylinder is opened. Draw
a ring around the correct answer in each box to explain why propane evaporates easily.

high

large

Propane has a

boiling point because it consists of

low

molecules.
small
(1)

Q9.

(a)

Atoms are made of sub-atomic particles. Complete the six spaces in the table

Name of sub-atomic particle

Relative mass

Relative charge

.................................

......................

Neutron

.....................

.......................

.................................

.......................

(3)

(b)

Complete the spaces in the sentences.

(i)

The atomic number of an atom is the number of ..................................... in its

nucleus and is equal to the number of ......................................................
(1)

(ii)

The mass number of an atom is the total number of ................................. and

...................................... in its nucleus.
(1)

(c)

The table gives information about the atoms of three elements.

Number of electrons in:
Name of
element

Chemical
symbol

1st
shell

2nd
shell

3rd
shell

Fluorine

Neon

Ne

Sodium

Na

Page 6

Two of these elements can react together to form a chemical compound.

(i)

What is the name and the formula of this compound?

Name ................................................... Formula ..........................................
(2)

(ii)

What type of bonding holds this compound together?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Explain, in terms of electron transfer, how the bonding occurs in this compound.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 7

C1.2 Limestone and Building Materials Questions Higher

Q1.

Limestone and the products of limestone have many uses.

(a)

Limestone is quarried.

Photograph Lonny Kalfus / Getty Images

Quarrying limestone has impacts that cause environmental problems.

Tick ( ) two impacts that cause environmental problems.
Impact of quarrying

Tick ( )

Puts off tourists

Causes dust pollution
Increases jobs
Increases traffic
(2)

(b)

Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO3. When it is heated calcium carbonate

produces calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
The word equation for this reaction is:
calcium carbonate calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
(i)

Complete the sentence.

The reaction when calcium carbonate is heated is called
thermal ...........................................
(1)

(ii)

100 g of calcium carbonate was heated and produced 56 g of calcium oxide.

Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced.
...............................................................................................................
....................................... g
(1)

Page 8

(c)

The flow chart shows the stages in the limestone cycle.

Complete the names of the calcium compounds formed in the flow chart.

(2)

Limestone has been called the Earths most useful rock.

Q2.
(a)

Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO3.

(i)

Complete the table to show the number of atoms of each element in the formula of
calcium carbonate. Calcium has been done for you.
Element

Number of atoms in the formula CaCO3

Calcium, Ca

Carbon, C
Oxygen, O
(2)

(ii)

bond

The diagram below represents a carbon atom. Use words from the box to label the
parts of this atom.

electron

molecule

nucleus

(2)

Page 9

(b)

At a cement works, limestone is mixed with clay and heated in a kiln.

Use the information in the diagram to answer these questions.

(i)

Name the fuel that is used to heat the limestone and clay.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO3 Draw a ring around the correct gas in
the box to complete the sentence.

argon.
The gas formed when calcium carbonate decomposes is

carbon dioxide.
nitrogen.
(1)

(c)

The cement works starts to burn a different fuel. Local residents are concerned because
more children are suffering asthma attacks. Residents have also noticed that parked cars are
becoming dirty because of smoke particles from the chimney. The table shows the possible
medical risk from smoke particles.

(i)

Particle size in mm

Medical effect

Larger than 0.4

No medical risks known

0.3 and smaller

Causes asthma attacks

0.2 and smaller

May cause cancer

Give two reasons why local residents are concerned about the cement works burning
a different fuel.
1 ........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 10

(ii)

The company operating the cement works stated that smoke particles from the
chimney had not changed since it started burning the different fuel.
If you were a local resident, what evidence would you like to see to help you decide if
the companys statement is true or not?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

Q3.
A limestone quarry is in an area of natural beauty and near several villages.
The company operating the quarry wants planning permission to build a new cement works in the
quarry. The diagram shows some of the substances used and produced at a cement works.

(a)

Limestone is mainly calcium carbonate, CaCO3.

Write the correct number in the box to complete each sentence.
(i)

The formula shows that calcium carbonate, CaCO3,

contains

different elements.
(1)

(ii)

Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, contains a total number of

atoms.
(1)

(b)

The company wants the new cement works because the nearest cement works is 100 km
from the quarry. The company argues that a new cement works sited inside the quarry would
reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
Suggest why the new cement works might reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 11

(c)

Residents from the villages near the quarry are concerned that there will be atmospheric
pollution from the new cement works.
(i)

Name and explain how one of the emissions from the chimney causes atmospheric
pollution.
Name of emission: ...........................................................................................
Explanation: .....................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Suggest what the company could do to reduce this atmospheric pollution.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

Q4.

Sea water contains magnesium ions. Magnesium oxide can be obtained from sea water using
the following process.

(a)

State the chemical name for limestone.

....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Write a word equation for the action of heat on limestone.

....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

State the chemical name for slaked lime.

....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

Write a balanced chemical equation for the addition of water to quicklime.

...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(e)

How can magnesium hydroxide be separated from sea water?

...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(f)

Suggest and explain how magnesium could be obtained from magnesium oxide.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 12

Q5.

Portland cement was invented by Joseph Aspdin, a builder from Leeds. The flow diagram
shows how cement is made.

(a)

What are the two raw materials used to make cement?

1 .....................................................................
2 .....................................................................
(1)

(b)

Cement is mixed with three substances to make concrete.

Choose from the list the three substances used.
crushed rock

iron ore

slag

quicklime

soda

sand

water

1 .....................................................................
2 .....................................................................
3 .....................................................................
(3)

Q6.

(a)
Limestone is a hard rock that is used as a building material.
Limestone was used by the Egyptians to make plaster.
Reaction 1 calcium carbonate, CaCO3, was decomposed by heating limestone

CaCO3

CaO

CO2

Reaction 2 water was added to the solid produced to make slaked lime
CaO

H2O

Ca(OH)2

Reaction 3 a mixture of slaked lime and water was used as plaster. After the plaster
had set it became even harder with age
Ca(OH)2
(i)

CO2

CaCO3

H2O

Name the solid formed when calcium carbonate decomposed.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Use the reactions to explain how the plaster became even harder with age.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

Page 13

(b)

A gardener wanted to make a step up to his greenhouse door. He decided to use a mixture
of cement and sand to make mortar.
He experimented using mixtures with different cement to sand ratios.

The mortar mixtures were put in the same sized mould.

Each mortar mixture was allowed to set hard.

He then dropped a metal ball from increasing heights until the set mortar cracked.

He recorded his results in a table.

Volume of sand
in cm3

Volume of cement
in cm3

Height the metal ball dropped

to crack the set mortar in cm

800

100

17

700

100

24

600

100

30

500

100

36

400

100

37

300

100

48

200

100

54

(i)

What is the relationship between the volume of sand and the strength of the mortar?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

The gardener was not sure about some of his results. Use the results to explain why.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

Q7.

Portland cement was invented by Joseph Aspdin, a builder from Leeds. The flow diagram
shows how cement is made.

(a)

(i)

Name the raw material X used to make cement.

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 14

(ii)

In the kiln the raw materials are heated to about 1500C.

The limestone (calcium carbonate) is broken down at this temperature.
Complete the word equation for this reaction.
calcium carbonate ........................................ + carbon dioxide
(1)

(iii)

Suggest one major cost of this process other than the cost of the raw materials.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Cement can be used to make concrete.

Name two substances that must be mixed with cement to make concrete.
1 .....................................................................
2 .....................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q8.

Limestone is an important raw material.

The diagram shows a lime kiln. The limestone is heated by the burning coal.

(i)

Suggest why hot air is blown into the lime kiln.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Give two reasons why carbon dioxide is produced in the lime kiln.
Reason 1 .....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Reason 2 .....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 15

C1.3 Metals and their uses Revision Questions Higher

Q1.

Iron is the main structural metal used in the world.

(a)

The diagram represents the particles in iron, Fe.

Draw a ring around the correct word in the box to complete the sentence.

atoms
Iron is described as an element because all the

compounds

are the same.

metals
(1)

(b)

Stainless steel is mostly iron.

The diagram represents the particles in stainless steel.

Use the correct words from the box to complete the sentences about alloys.

metal

mixture

molecule

polymer

smart

structure

Stainless steel is an alloy because it is a ........................................................................... of

iron, chromium and nickel. An alloy is made up of more than one type
of ................................................................ . Stainless steel alloys are harder than iron
because the different sized atoms added change
the ............................................................................... . An alloy that can return to its original
shape after being deformed is called a..................................................................... alloy.
(4)

(c)

In the UK, we use about 1.8 billion steel cans every year but only 25% are recycled.
Used steel cans are worth about 100 per tonne.
Recycling saves raw materials and reduces waste that would end up in landfill. Producing
steel by recycling used cans saves 75% of the energy that would be needed to produce steel
from iron ore. This also reduces carbon dioxide emissions.

Page 16

(i)

Give two reasons, from the information above, to explain why recycling used steel
cans is a good idea.
1 ........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Suggest how the local council could increase the percentage of used steel cans that
are recycled.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

Q2.

Iron ore is the main source of iron.

(a)

This was the headline in a newspaper.

Village protests against quarry

The dotted line ( ---- ) on the map is drawn around the area from which a company
wants to quarry iron ore.

(i)

Give one reason that the company could give for the need to quarry the iron ore.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

The people who live in the village do not want the quarry because it would decrease
the value of their homes.
Suggest two other reasons why the villagers do not want the quarry.
1 .......................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Iron ore contains the compound iron oxide, Fe2O3.

(i)

Iron is extracted from its oxide in the blast furnace.

Complete the word equation for the extraction of iron.
iron oxide + ............................................................... iron + carbon dioxide
(1)

Page 17

(ii)

This diagram represents pure iron.

Use the diagram to explain why pure iron is described as an element.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Pure iron is relatively soft. The iron from the blast furnace is hard and brittle. The
diagram below represents iron from the blast furnace.

Use the diagram to explain why iron from the blast furnace is hard and brittle.
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

Q3.

Copper metal is used for electric wires.

An alloy of copper, called brass, is used for pins and terminals of electric plugs.

(a)

Copper metal is relatively soft and flexible.

Give another reason why copper is used for electric wires.
....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Brass is an alloy.
What is an alloy?
....................................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 18

(c)

Open-cast mining of copper ore makes a very large hole.

(i)

Suggest one environmental problem that is caused by open-cast mining of copper ore.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Some copper ores contain copper sulfide, CuS.

Copper sulfide is heated in air to produce copper and sulfur dioxide.
CuS + O2 Cu + SO2
Suggest one environmental problem caused by heating copper sulfide in air.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

The amount of copper-rich ores is estimated to last only a few more years. New houses
need several kilometres of copper wire.
(i)

Explain why the need to use so much copper will cause a problem in the future.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Suggest two ways in which society could overcome this problem.

1 .......................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................
(2)

Q4.

Metals and their alloys have many uses.

(a)

Dentists use a smart alloy to make braces that gently push teeth into the right position.
What is meant by a smart alloy?
....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Pure copper is made up of layers of copper atoms. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.

Page 19

Why are the physical properties of brass different from the physical properties of pure copper?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Nearly all zinc is obtained from ores that also contain lead. The metals zinc and lead can be
extracted by reducing their oxides using carbon.

(i)

Choose one element from the box below to complete the sentence about the reduction
of zinc oxide.

lead

nitrogen

oxygen

Zinc oxide is reduced by carbon, which takes away..................................................

to leave zinc metal.
(1)

(ii)

The melting points and boiling points of lead and zinc are given in the table.

Metal

Lead

Zinc

Melting point in C

328

420

Boiling point in C

1740

907

The furnace operates at a temperature of 1200 C.

Suggest how the lead metal and zinc metal are separated in the furnace.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 20

Q5.

The table gives information about some metals.

Name of the metal

(a)

Cost of one tonne of the

Percentage of the metal
metal in December 2003 () in the crust of the earth (%)

Aluminium

883

8.2

Platinum

16720000

0.0000001

Iron

216

4.1

Gold

8236800

0.0000001

Use information in the table to suggest why gold and platinum are very expensive metals.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Aluminium and iron are made by reduction of their ores.

(i)

Name the element that is removed from the ores when they are reduced.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Use the reactivity series on the Data Sheet to suggest a metal that would reduce
aluminium ore.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Aluminium is made by the reduction of molten aluminium ore, using a very large amount of
electricity.
(i)

How is iron ore reduced in a blast furnace to make iron?

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Suggest why aluminium is more expensive than iron.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

Q6.

A student was trying to extract the metals from lead oxide and aluminium oxide. She heated
each oxide with carbon in a fume cupboard as shown below.

Page 21

She was able to extract lead from lead oxide but not aluminium from aluminium oxide.
(i)

Explain the results of these experiments.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

(ii)

Complete this word equation for the reaction between lead oxide and carbon.
lead oxide + carbon .................................... + .......................................
(Total 5 marks)

Q7.

(a)
Aluminium is more expensive than iron. Why is aluminium and not iron used for the
central core in power cables?

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Many industrial processes involve the removal of minerals by quarrying.

All quarrying has some effect on the environment and on peoples lives. Make comments
about the social, economic, health, safety and environmental effects of quarrying.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(5)

Page 22

Q8.

Use the Reactivity Series of Metals on the Data Sheet to help you to answer this question.
The table gives information about the extraction of some metals.

Metal

(a)

Date of discovery

Main source

Main extraction method

Gold

Known to ancient
civilisations

In the Earth as the Physically separating it

metal itself
from the rocks it is
mixed with

Zinc

1500

Zinc carbonate

Reduction by carbon

Sodium

1807

Sodium chloride

Electrolysis

Explain why gold is found mainly as the metal itself in the Earth.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

One of the reactions involved in producing zinc is represented by this equation.

ZnO + C Zn + CO
Explain why carbon can be used to extract zinc.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Sodium is one of the most abundant metals on Earth.

Explain, as fully as you can, why sodium was not extracted until 1807.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 23

C1.4 Crude oil and fuels Revision Questions Higher

Q1.

Crude oil is a mixture of many saturated hydrocarbons. They can be separated into fractions
by the process of fractional distillation.
State what is meant by:
(i)

hydrocarbon. ............................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

saturated. ..................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

fraction. ....................................................................................................................
(1)

Q2.

Crude oil contains many different hydrocarbons.

(i)

Which formula in the list represents a hydrocarbon? Draw a ring around the correct formula.

CO2

C6H12O6

C8H18

H2O
(1)

(ii)

Which word from the list below best describes crude oil? Draw a ring around the correct
word.
alloy

compound

element

mixture
(1)

(iii)

Choose, from the list below, words to complete the passage about the separation of the
hydrocarbons in crude oil by fractional distillation.
atoms
fractions

burned

condensed
ions

evaporated

molecules

filtered

neutralised

During fractional distillation the many hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated
into ................................. each of which contains ................................ with a similar number
of carbon .................................... . To do this the oil is first .................................... and
then .................................... at a number of different temperatures.
(5)

Q3.

The structural formulae of two saturated hydrocarbons are shown below.

Describe two ways in which they will differ in their physical properties.
1 .................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)

Page 24

Q4.

Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes. The number of carbon atoms
in the molecules ranges from 1 to over 100.
(a)

How does the boiling point change as the number of carbon atoms in the
molecules increases?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Name the method used to separate petroleum into fractions.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

The simplest hydrocarbon is methane, CH4. Its structure can be represented:

Draw the structure of ethane, C2H6.

(1)

Q5.

Useful fuels can be produced from crude oil. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
(a)

The table shows the boiling points of four of these hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbon

Boiling point in C

methane, CH4

162

butane, C4H10

pentane, C5H12

+36

decane, C10H22

+175

Tick ( ) two statements that are correct about these hydrocarbons.

Statement

Tick ( )

decane has the largest molecules

pentane is a liquid at 40C
methane and butane are gases at 20C
methane has the highest boiling point
butane does not boil
(2)

Page 25

(b)

Natural gas supplied to homes and schools is mainly methane. The diagram shows an
apparatus to investigate the two substances produced when natural gas burns completely in
air.

(i)

Name the liquid that collects in the U-tube. ........................................

(1)

(ii)

Name the gas that turns the limewater cloudy ....................................

(1)

(c)

Some crude oil contains sulfur. Petrol and diesel fuels are produced from crude oil.
The sulfur must be removed from these fuels before they are burned. Explain why.
........................................................................................................................
(2)

Q6.

(a)
Some hydrocarbons are used as fuels in power stations. The table gives the boiling
points of four hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbon

Boiling point
in C

165

160

40

180

(i)

Which of these hydrocarbons are gases at room temperature (20 C)?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Which of these hydrocarbons has the largest molecules?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Which of these hydrocarbons ignites most easily?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Some hydrocarbons are used to produce polymers. Which type of hydrocarbons can be
converted into polymers?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 26

Q7.

The table shows how much carbon dioxide is produced when you transfer the same amount
of energy by burning coal, gas and oil.

(a)

Use the information from the table to complete the bar-chart.

(3)

(b)

The second bar-chart shows how much sulphur dioxide is produced by burning the same
three fuels.

Compare the amount of sulphur produced by burning gas with the amount produced by
burning coal.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

(i)

Coal and oil produce carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide when they burn.
What elements must they contain?
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Burning fuels also produce nitrogen oxides, even though the fuels contain no nitrogen.
Explain why this happens.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 27

Q8.

Crude oil is a mixture of long-chain hydrocarbons. It is cracked to produce a mixture of smaller

alkanes and alkenes. Among the gases formed are ethane and ethene.
(a)

Write the structural formula for:

(i)

ethane
(1)

(ii)

ethene
(1)

(iii)

Give an example of one chemical reaction which both ethane and ethene undergo.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

Describe how to distinguish between ethane and ethene. Include a description of the
practical method you would use and what you would expect to observe.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

Ethene may be polymerised to form a polymer. Give the name of the polymer and a use for
it.
Name ...............................................

Use ...........................................................
(1)

Q9.

Since 2000 there has been a lot more research into alternative, environmentally-friendly fuels
for road transport. Several pollutants are found in the exhaust emissions produced when fossil
fuels are used for road transport. Carbon monoxide (CO) interferes with the way that red blood
cells carry oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) increases the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
and causes global warming. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are produced at high temperatures when
nitrogen and oxygen from the atmosphere combine. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is produced when sulfur
impurities in the fuel combine with oxygen in the atmosphere.Tiny particles of solids are produced
when the fuel does not burn completely. This increases the level of particulates (PM10) in the
atmosphere.
(a)

Name the environmental effect caused by:

(i)

oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2)

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

the increased level of particulates (PM10).

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 28

(b)

Diesel obtained from crude oil is often called fossil diesel. Biodiesel can be made from many
vegetable oils. One research project compared the exhaust emissions when fossil diesel or
biodiesel were used as fuels.
Some of the relative amounts of these exhaust emissions are shown in the bar chart.

(i)

Use your knowledge and the information above to explain the environmental benefits
of using biodiesel as a sustainable, low pollution fuel.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

Biodiesel is called a green fuel.

This is because the life-cycle emission of carbon dioxide from biodiesel is less than
that from fossil diesel.
Use your knowledge and the information above to explain why biodiesels contribution
to global warming is considered to be much less than that of fossil diesel.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

Page 29

C1.5 Useful products from crude oil Revision Higher

Q1.

Crude oil is a resource from which fuels can be separated.

(a)

The name of the main fuel fractions and one of the hydrocarbons in each fraction are shown
in the table.

(i)

How does the number of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon affect its boiling point?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Suggest the lowest temperature to which crude oil needs to be heated to vaporize all
the hydrocarbons in the table.
Temperature = ................................................ C
(1)

(iii)

Dodecane boils at 216 C. At what temperature will dodecane gas condense to liquid?
Temperature = ................................................ C
(1)

(b)

The bar chart shows the relative supply and demand for the petrol and diesel fractions.

Page 30

(i)

How does the relative supply and demand for petrol and diesel fractions cause problems for
an oil company?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Suggest one way an oil company could solve these problems.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q2.

The diagram shows an apparatus that can be used to carry out cracking reactions in a
laboratory.

(a)

Why is aluminium oxide or broken porcelain used?

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Paraffin contains decane. The cracking of decane can be represented by the equation below.
A decane molecule is split into two smaller molecules.
Complete the equation by adding the formula of the other product.

C10H22 (l) .................... (l) + C2H4 (g)

decane
(1)

(c)

Would you expect C2H4 molecules to collect at position A or B shown on the diagram?
Position ............................
Explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 31

(d)

Cracking reactions involve thermal decomposition.

What is meant by thermal decomposition?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(e)

Explain, as fully as you can, why cracking is used in the oil industry.
To gain full marks in this question you should write your ideas in good English. Put them into
a sensible order and use the correct scientific words.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(f)

The cracking reaction produces a mixture of products. The mixture contains hydrocarbons
with different boiling points.
Suggest a method of separating this mixture.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q3.

Crude oil is a mixture of many compounds. The diagram below shows some of the processes
that take place in a petrochemical plant.

Page 32

(a)

Name the process which takes place in the COLUMN.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Name the type of reactions which take place in:

(i)

REACTOR 1

..............................................................................................

(ii)

REACTOR 2

..............................................................................................
(2)

(c)

The petroleum gases contain ethane, C2H6 and propane, C3H8.

The structure of a molecule of ethane can be represented as:

ethane

Draw the structure of a molecule of propane in the space below.

propane
(1)

(d)

Ethane and propane are said to be saturated hydrocarbons.

What does saturated mean when used to describe hydrocarbons?
(1)

(e)

Many molecules of ethene join together to form poly(ethene) in REACTOR 2.

Complete the diagram below to show the formation of poly(ethene).

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 33

Q4.

Most plastic bags are made from poly(ethene).

Poly(ethene) is a polymer made from ethene.
Ethene is made by cracking saturated hydrocarbons from crude oil.
(a)

alkanes

Use words from the box to complete the sentences about cracking.
alkenes

catalyst

fuel

gas

Cracking involves heating the .......................................... to make a vapour.

The vapour is either passed over a hot ............................................... or mixed
with steam and heated to a very high temperature so that thermal decomposition
reactions happen.
(2)

(b)

Poly(ethene) molecules are made from ethene molecules by a polymerisation reaction.

Describe what happens in a polymerisation reaction.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

There are millions of plastic bags in use. After use most of these plastic bags are buried in
landfill sites. The amount sent to landfill could be reduced if the plastic bags:

could be reused

could be recycled by melting and making into new plastic products

could be burned to release energy

Use the information above and your knowledge and understanding to give the positive and
negative environmental impacts of using these methods to reduce the amount of plastic bags
sent to landfill.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 10 marks)

Page 34

Q5.

The label has been taken from a tube of Humbrol Polystyrene Cement, a glue used in model
making.

(a)

The solvent used is 1,1,1-trichloroethane. The structural formula of this molecule is:

(i)

What do the lines between the atoms represent?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

State whether 1,1,1-trichloroethane is saturated or unsaturated. Give one reason for

your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

1,1,1-trichloroethane is being replaced in favour of a better solvent. Use information

on the label to help you to suggest why.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Polystyrene is a plastic. Plastics are polymers which are made by the process of
polymerisation.
(i)

What is meant by polymerisation?

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 35

(ii)

The table gives information about monomers and the polymers made from them.
Complete the table.

(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Q6.

Known crude oil reserves are being used up rapidly. Crude oil is used to produce many useful
fuels, such as petrol. One way to conserve crude oil reserves would be to increase the production
of bio-fuels.
(a)

Ethanol can be produced for use as a bio-fuel. Cars can be powered by ethanol or
ethanolpetrol mixtures.
Sugar cane can be fermented to give a mixture of water (boiling point 100 C) and ethanol
(boiling point 78 C).

(i)

How can ethanol be separated from water?

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Ethanol, C2H5OH, burns to release heat energy.

Complete the balanced symbol equation by writing in the formulae of the two products.
C2H5OH

3O2

2.........

3.........
(2)

Page 36

(b)

The cost of producing a bio-fuel, such as ethanol, by fermentation, is at least three times
higher than the production cost of petrol. It costs less to produce ethanol from alkanes. In the
production, the vapour of an alkane is passed over a hot catalyst.

Ethene is then converted into ethanol.

(i)

What has happened to the hexane to produce ethene?

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Complete the structural formula for ethene, C2H4.

C
(1)

(iii)

Name the compound that is added to ethene to produce ethanol, C2H5OH.

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

As explained in parts (a) and (b), ethanol can be made using either sugar or alkanes as the
starting material.
Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using these two starting materials to
produce ethanol.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

Page 37

C1.6 Plant oils and their uses Revision Higher

Q1.

An advert for crisps claims that they now contain only 30% saturated fat because they are
cooked in sunflower oil.
(a)

The oil is extracted from sunflower seeds. The diagram shows how this can be done.

Draw a ring around the correct word in each box to complete the sentences.
(i)
evaporating.
The oil is obtained from crushed sunflower seeds by

filtering.
pressing.
(1)

(ii)
burn
The oil does not

dissolve

in water.

melt
(1)

(b)

Draw a ring around the correct word in the box to complete the sentence.
Carbon carbon double bonds in sunflower oil can be detected
bromine.

by reacting with

iron.
oxygen.
(1)

Page 38

(c)

Water has a boiling point of 100 C. Sunflower oil has a boiling point above 232 C.
Suggest why sunflower oil and not water is used to make crisps from thin slices of potato.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q2.

Many plants produce useful oils.

(a)

The diagram shows some apparatus used to obtain oil from plant material.

Four parts of the apparatus are labelled, A, B, C and D.

Use the information in the diagram to complete the sentences.

Steam is made in part

Oil from the plant material is vaporised in part

Steam and oil vapour are condensed in part

.
(3)

(b)

A student investigated a mixture of a plant oil and water.

(i)

A mixture of the plant oil and water was shaken and left to stand for 10 minutes.

Page 39

Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

dissolves.
The plant oil separates from the water because it

floats.
sinks.
(1)

(ii)

A mixture of the plant oil, water and egg yolk was shaken and left to stand for 10
minutes. The mixture did not separate.

Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

a compound.
The plant oil, water and egg yolk make

an emulsion.
a fat.
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Q3.

Use the correct words from the box to complete the sentences.

higher
oxygen

(i)

hydrogen
saturated

lower
unsaturated

Animal and vegetable oils that contain .................................. fats can be hardened.
(1)

(ii)

When oils are hardened with .................................. gas, a chemical change takes
place, producing margarine which has a .................................. melting point than
the original oil.
(2)
(Total 3 marks)

Page 40

Q4.

This information was taken from a label on a packet of crisps.

Main ingredients:
Potatoes, vegetable oil, Worcester sauce
flavour,
colourings, flavourings, salt.
Nutritional information (per 100 g):
Energy

2040 kJ

Protein

6.5 g

Carbohydrate

55 g

of which sugars

3g

Fat

27 g

of which saturates

9g

unsaturates 18 g
Fibre

4.5 g

Sodium

1.2 g

Saturated fats are linked to heart problems. In order to claim that their crisps are healthy, the
manufacturer keeps the proportion of saturated fats low.
(i)

What type of fat contains double carbon carbon bonds?

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

The colour of bromine water is orange.

What is seen when bromine water is shaken with:
an unsaturated fat ........................................................................................................
a saturated fat? ............................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Unsaturated vegetable oils can be hardened to make them useful as spreads. Describe how
unsaturated vegetable oils are hardened.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 41

Q5.

(a)
The diagrams show the results of shaking a vegetable oil with the substances
indicated.

(i)

Give a reason for the result in Flask 1.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Explain the result in Flask 2.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Saturated fats are linked to heart problems. Oils that are unsaturated help to prevent heart
disease. A company wants to make a healthy soft margarine.
The company tested the same volume of different vegetable oils by shaking each with three
drops of iodine solution. The results are shown in the table.

Vegetable oil

Time in minutes for the

colour of iodine to disappear

Olive oil

3.5

Peanut oil

3.0

Soya oil

1.5

Sunflower oil

1.0

Page 42

(i)

Why does iodine react with the molecules in these oils?

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Use the company results to evaluate which one appears to be the most healthy
vegetable oil to use in the soft margarine.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

The ingredients of soft margarine include hydrogenated vegetable oil.

(i)

Why is hydrogenated vegetable oil used in soft margarine?

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Describe how vegetable oils are hydrogenated.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q6.

An advert for crisps claimed that they are healthier because they are cooked in sunflower oil.
(a)

A student found the following information about four oils that are used to make crisps.
Rapeseed oil

Sunflower oil

Olive oil

Corn oil

Saturated fat (%)

6.6

12.0

14.3

14.4

Polyunsaturated fat
(%)

29.3

63.3

8.2

51.3

+5

18

12

15

Melting point (C)

One hypothesis is that oils are thought to be healthier if they are:

low in saturated fat

high in polyunsaturated fat.

Page 43

(i)

Use the table to decide which oil should be healthiest. Explain your decision by
comparing this oil with other oils from the table that you think are less healthy.
Healthiest oil is .....................................................................................
Explanation ...........................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

These oils can be hardened by reacting them with hydrogen.

A student said that hardening would make sunflower oil healthier.
Is this students claim correct?
Explain your answer.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

A mixture of the olive oil, water and egg yolk was shaken and left to stand. The olive oil and
water do not separate.
The diagram shows a simple model of how a stable mixture of olive oil and water is produced
by the addition of egg yolk.

Use this simple model to explain how the molecules in the egg yolk are able to produce a
stable mixture of olive oil and water.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 44

Q7.

An advert for some crisps claims that they now contain only 30% saturated fat because they
are cooked in sunflower oil. The crisp company used bromine water to compare percentage
unsaturation of sunflower oil with four other vegetable oils, A, B, C and D.

Oil

(i)

Volume of bromine water added until the

bromine colour just remains (cm3)

Percentage
unsaturation
(%)

Test 1

Test 2

Test 3

Average

Sunflower

25.4

28.0

27.0

26.8

13.0

14.0

15.0

14.0

35

23.2

11.2

24.0

23.6

59

19.9

21.1

20.2

20.4

51

9.5

8.8

9.3

9.2

23

What is the range of percentage unsaturation for oils A, B, C and D?

Range = ................................................ %
(1)

(ii)

Describe and explain what happens to the first drops of bromine water that are added to
these oils.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

The average for oil B is given as 23.6 cm3.

Explain how this average has been calculated.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

The results did not show that sunflower oil contains 30% saturated fat.
Explain why. (You will need to calculate the percentage unsaturation of sunflower oil.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 45

C1.7 Changes in the Earth and its atmosphere Revision Higher

Q1.

The diagram represents a section through the Earth showing the layers which are labelled A,
B, C and D.

(a)

Give the name of:

(i)

layer A .............................................................................................................

(ii)

layer B .............................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Give one difference between layer C and layer D.

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

Q2.

A map of the world shows that the outline of South America looks as if it would fit into the west
coast of Africa.

Alfred Wegener in 1920 suggested his idea that the continents had been joined together but
then slowly drifted apart.

Page 46

Other scientists in 1920 said that the continents were fixed on solid Earth and had been
joined by a land bridge.

Modern South American animals are different from modern African animals.
Most fossils of animals found in South America and Africa are exactly the same.
(a)

Consider the information above.

(i)

What evidence gave Wegener the idea that the continents of South America and Africa
had been joined?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Suggest two reasons why the other scientists in 1920 thought that Wegener was
wrong.
1 .......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Complete the sentences by writing in the correct words.

Recent evidence has supported Wegeners idea.
The Earths .................................. and the upper part of the mantle are now thought to
be composed of tectonic plates.
Heat released by radioactive processes causes convection currents within the Earths
.................................. These convection currents cause the plates to move a few
centimetres per ...................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 47

Q3.

(a)

(i)

The diagram shows the layered structure of the Earth.

Write in the boxes the name of layer X and the name of layer Y.
(2)

(ii)

The overall density of the Earth is about 5500 kg/m3. The average density of the rocks
in the Earths crust is about 2800 kg/m3. What does this suggest about the material that
makes up the lower layers of the Earth?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

In 1915, the scientist Alfred Wegener suggested that Africa and South America had once
been joined but had since drifted apart. Evidence for his theory came from the animal fossils
found in the two continents. The fossils are almost the same, although animals now living in
Africa and South America are different. Other scientists did not agree with Wegener and
suggested that a land bridge had once joined the two continents.

Page 48

How could scientists use the idea of a land bridge to explain the evidence put forward by
Wegener?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Scientists now think that the outer layer of the Earth is cracked into a number of large pieces
called tectonic plates. The tectonic plates are moving very slowly. The lines on the diagram
show the boundaries between the major tectonic plates.

(i)

Explain why there are no major earthquakes in Britain.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

What is causing the tectonic plates to move?

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 49

Q4.

The diagram shows a view of the inside of the Earth.

Adapted from Physics for You (1996) by Keith Johnson, Nelson Thornes

(a)

The curved lines marked X show two of the slow currents in the mantle.
(i)

What sort of currents are these?

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

How do these currents occur and what is their energy source?

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

Movements of the plates of the Earths crust can result in earthquakes.

Give two other geological results of these movements.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 50

Q5.

Billions of years ago, the Earths early atmosphere was probably like the atmosphere of Venus
today.
The table shows a comparison of the atmospheres of the Earth and Venus today.
Percentage composition of atmosphere
Name of gas

(a)

Earth today

Venus today

Nitrogen

78

3.5

Oxygen

21

a trace

Argon

0.97

a trace

Carbon dioxide

0.03

96.5

Average surface temperature

20 C

460 C

Use the names of gases from the table to complete the sentences.
(i)

In the Earths atmosphere today, the main gas is .................................................. .

(1)

(ii)

In the Earths atmosphere billions of years ago, the main gas was
............................................................ .
(1)

(b)

(i)

Scientists do not know the accurate composition of the Earths early atmosphere.
Suggest why.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Use information from the table to answer this question.

Water vapour is present in the atmospheres of the Earth and Venus today.
The Earths surface is mainly covered by water.
Suggest why there is no water on the surface of Venus.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 51

(c)

The diagram shows how carbon dioxide is removed from the Earths atmosphere.

Describe what happened to the carbon dioxide in the Earths early atmosphere.
Use the diagram to help you.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q6.

(a)
During the first billion years of the Earths existence, there were many active volcanoes.
The volcanoes released the gases that formed the early atmosphere.

Describe how volcanoes caused the oceans to be formed.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 52

(b)

The atmosphere on Earth today is very different from the early atmosphere.
The pie chart shows the amounts of different gases in the air today. Choose gases from the
box to label the pie chart.

argon
dioxide

carbon
hydrogen

nitrogen

oxygen

(2)
(Total 4 marks)

Q7.

For 200 million years the proportions of the different gases in the atmosphere have been
much the same as today. Over the past 150 years the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
has increased from 0.03% to 0.04%.
(a)

Describe how carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere:

(i)

by human and industrial activity;

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

from carbonate rocks by geological activity.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 53

(b)

Explain how the seas and oceans can decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

(i)

Give one reason why the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing
gradually.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Give one effect that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere may have
on the environment.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q8.

Air is a mixture of gases and contains various pollutants. The gases are useful and can be
separated by fractional distillation of liquid air. The table gives information about some of the gases
in air.

Name of gas

Formula

Melting point in C

Boiling point in C

Helium

He

272.2

269.0

Oxygen

O2

219.0

183.0

Nitrogen

N2

210.0

195.9

Argon

Ar

189.0

185.9

Carbon dioxide

CO2

78.5

78.5

Water vapour

H2O

0.0

100.0

To separate these gases:

the air is filtered

water is removed first
carbon dioxide is then removed by absorption
the gases remaining are compressed and cooled to 200 C.

Page 54

(a)

The air is filtered before the gases are separated.

Suggest why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Water vapour and carbon dioxide are removed before the gases are compressed and
cooled.
Use the information in the table to suggest why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

After the water and carbon dioxide have been removed, which gas stays liquid over the
greatest temperature range?
........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

After the water and carbon dioxide have been removed, the four gases that are left are
compressed and cooled to 200 C.
(i)

Which gas does not liquefy?

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

The three liquefied gases are then allowed to warm up.

Give the order in which the three liquefied gases would vaporise.
1st ...................................................
2nd ..................................................
3rd ...................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 55

C1.1 Answers

M1.

[4]

M2.

(a)

A electron
1

B nucleus
1

C proton
1

D neutron
1

(b)

Group 1 / alkali metals

1

has one electron in outer shell

accept 3 protons / 3 electrons / atomic number 3
therefore lithium (so Group 1 / alkali metals)
1

(c)

lithium
accept Li
1

[7]

M3.

(a)
a substance which contains one type of atom
or a substance that cannot be broken down
into anything simpler
for 1 mark
1

(b)

more than one element/more than one type of atom

combined/join together/bonded
for 1 mark each
2

[3]

Page 56

M4.

(a)

(i)

both have one / 1 electron in the outer energy level / shell

allow both react in a similar way
1

(ii)

eleven / 11
1

(iii)

twelve / 12
1

(iv)

(2x)
max 1 if candidate changes the number of electrons in the first energy
level / shell
8x (in second energy level / shell)
1

1x (in outer energy level / shell)

1

(b)

two sodium atoms (react)

1

two (bonded) chlorine atoms (react)

allow one chlorine molecule (reacts)
1

two sodium ions and two chloride ions (are produced)

allow two molecules of sodium chloride (are produced) or two sodium
chloride particles (are produced)
1

[8]

M5.

(a)

(i)

or
1

allow any arrangement of electrons on the shells

accept o, x, - or e as representing electrons
(ii)

nucleus
accept nucleus (protons plus neutrons)
do not accept protons plus neutrons on its own
allow nuclei / nucles / neucleus / phonetic spelling
do not accept neutron
1

(b)

it has 2 more neutrons or converse

accept it has more neutrons or different number of neutrons for 1
mark
2 more protons / electrons +
correct number of neutrons =

Page 57

max 1 mark
or
O-16 has 8 neutrons (1 mark)(*)
O-18 has 10 neutrons (1 mark)(*)
(*)if incorrectly calculated but shows more neutrons in 0-18 allow for 1
mark
accept it has more particles
or
it has 2 more particles for 1 mark
2

[4]

M6.

(i)
two circles together and shaded
i.e. one molecule
1

(ii)

made up of one type of atom

accept made up of atoms which contain the same number of protons
accept a substance that cannot be split up into simpler substances by
chemical means
do not accept they are in the Periodic Table
1

(iii)

no marks can be awarded if there is any reference to mixture or mix

made up of two or more types of atoms
accept made up of two or more elements
1

(chemically) bonded
accept joined or combined for bonded
do not accept fused
1

[4]

M7.

(a)

(i)

element
1

(ii)

compound
1

(b)

an / one electron from the sodium atom

1

is lost / transferred to form a sodium ion

1

(c)

(i)

8 electrons drawn on outer energy level / shell

1

(ii)

because oppositely charged ions attract each other

or
because chloride ions are negative and sodium ions are positive
1

[6]Page

58

M8.

(a)

C3H8
capital letters for symbols numbers must be halfway or lower down
the element symbol
allow H8C3
do not allow 3:8 or C3 and H8
1

(b)

(i)

electron
1

(ii)

covalent
1

(c)

low and small

both for 1 mark
1

[4]

M9.

(a)
both correct in each row
electron ... (1)
allow negative
1

1 .......... 0
allow neutral or none
1

proton .....+ (1)

allow positive
1

(b)

(i)

protons...electrons
both correct in correct order
1

(ii)

protons....neutrons
both correct in either order
1

(c)

(i)

sodium fluoride
do not credit sodium fluorine
1

NaF
must be correct in every detail
do not credit NAF and the like
1

(ii)

ionic
accept ion (bonding)
do not credit ironic or iron (bonding)
1

(iii)

electron transferred from sodium Page 59to fluorine

accept electron transferred from metal to non-metal

either positive sodium ion and negative fluoride ion
or correctly identified by the symbols Na+ and F- accept positive
sodium ion and negative fluorine ion
1

or attracted because have opposite charge(s)

or (atoms/ions) form an (ionic) lattice or (atoms/ions) form a crystal
e.g.

or both marks may be gained by a suitable dot and cross diagram

1

[10]

Page 60

C1.2 Answers
M1.

(a)

causes dust pollution

1

increases traffic
1

(b)

(i)

decomposition
1

(ii)

44(g)
1

(c)

(calcium) hydroxide
1

(calcium) carbonate
1

substances must be in the order shown

[6]

M2.

(a)

(i)

1
1

3
1

(ii)

nucleus
1

electron
1

(b)

(i)

methane / CH4
accept natural gas
ignore air
do not allow other gases
1

(ii)

carbon dioxide
1

(c)

(i)

any two from:

medical risks

asthma

cancer

dirt

causes global warming / global dimming / greenhouse effect / acid rain

ignore death
accept effect on health
accept difficulty breathing/ lung disease
allow smoke particles
allow harmful for the environment
2

Page 61

(ii)

any two from:

have a test done / scientific evidence

independent (evidence)

comparison of smoke particles / when different

fuels used

medical evidence or more / less asthma attacks or

cancer or dirt on cars
2

[10]

M3.

(a)

(i)

3 / three
1

(ii)

5 / five
1

(b)

any one from:

less / no transport
accept less / no distance

less / no (fossil) fuel used

ignore references to carbon dioxide / carbon emissions
1

(c)

(i)

carbon dioxide / CO2

for a correct emission
1

(causes) global warming / climate change / greenhouse gas

explanation must be correct for named emission
ignore ozone layer
or
(cement) particles / smoke (1)
(causes) asthma / dust / (global) dimming (1)
accept breathing problems
or
sulfur dioxide / SO2 / nitrogen oxides / NOx (1)
(causes) acid rain (1)
do not accept nitrogen or water vapour for emissions
do not accept no named emission
1

(ii)

absorb / trap / capture / filter / pass through water / scrub / electrostatic attraction
ignore condense / off setting / different fuel
1

[6]Page

62

M4.

(a)

calcium carbonate
not formula
1

(b)

calcium carbonate calcium oxide

not common names
allow correct formulae
1

+ carbon dioxide
1

(c)

calcium hydroxide
not formula
1

(d)

CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2

allow if doubled
all formulae correct, no extra ones
1

balanced
1

(e)

filtration
allow centrifugation
not decanting
not evaporation, crystallisation
1

(f)

electrolysis stated or implied

molten MgO / magnesium oxide is ionic / Mg2+ goes to cathode
not just heated
1

or add sodium / K / Ca / Li / a more reactive metal

1

displaces Mg / reduces Mg
give no marks if reference made to reduction by C or H
1

[9]

Page 63

M5.

(a)

limestone

clay
both for 1 mark
1

(b)

water
sand
crushed rock
for 1 mark each
1

[4]

M6.

(a)

(i)

calcium oxide / quicklime

allow calcium monoxide
do not accept calcium dioxide
ignore chemical formulae
1

(ii)

any three from:

carbon dioxide / CO2

(carbon dioxide) reacts (with the calcium hydroxide / slaked

lime / plaster)
allow reaction 3 identified
do not allow incorrect reaction
ignore mixes, unless they state the correct product

limestone / calcium carbonate / CaCO3 forms

allow marble / chalk

water is lost / evaporates

it = plaster
allow moisture
ignore dries
3

(b)

(i)

as the amount / volume of sand decreases the strength of the

mortar increases
accept as sand decreases the mortar is stronger / harder to crack
allow as sand decreases the mortar increases
allow converse
ignore references to height of metal ball
1

(ii)

any two from:

Page 64

400 / 5th result is anomalous

accept two results (36 and 37 / 400 and 500 / 4th and 5th) are almost
the same
accept result at 400 should be 42

the interval between the others is similar or the interval

is about 6/7
allow the other results fit a pattern / are on a straight line

he has only one set of results

allow he has only done it once
ignore reliable
2

[7]

M7.

(a)

(i)

clay
for one mark

(ii)

calcium oxide / quicklime / CaO

for one mark

(iii)

sensible answers such as cost of fuel etc. / accept a wide range

of appropriate answers
for one mark
3

(b)

sand
gravel (owtte) e.g. crushed rock
water
any two for 1 mark each
2

[5]

M8.

(i)
(hot air) gives faster reaction makes coal burn faster
(provides air / oxygen to help to) allow the coal to burn / helps combustion
flushes out the waste / gases / carbon dioxide
any one for 1 mark
1

(ii)

decomposition of limestone yields carbon dioxide (owtte)

the combustion / burning of coal produces carbon dioxide (owtte)
each for 1 mark
2

[3]

Page 65

C1.3 Metals and their uses Higher Answers

M1.

(a)

atoms
1

(b)

mixture
1
metal
1
structure
1
smart
1

(c)

(i)

any two from:

saves raw materials / iron ore

saves energy / fuels

accept cheaper / saves money

make new / useful items

make money / it is economic

reduces pollution
allow less harmful for the environment

decreases cost of steel cans

reduces carbon dioxide emissions

decreases waste materials / use of landfill

2

(ii)

any one from:

provide information / education of the need to recycle

legislate against / charge for waste

reward / pay people to recycle

accept fine people for not recycling

put labels on the cans

provide recycling bags / bins / areas

1
[8]

M2.

(a)

(i)

any one from:

Page 66

iron ore is a limited resource / non-renewable

iron is in high demand

provide jobs

economic advantage
1

(ii)

any two from:

would damage (wildlife) habitats / countryside / greenfield sites

extra traffic

visual (pollution) / eyesore

noise (pollution) / sound (pollution)

dust (pollution)

river (pollution)

carbon dioxide (from traffic) / adds to greenhouse effect / global

warming

damage roads / buildings by vibrations / shockwaves

2

(b)

(i)

carbon monoxide / carbon

accept formulae CO / C
1

(ii)

atoms
accept (particles) are all the same (size) / type for one mark
1
are all the same (size) / type
1

(iii)

any two from:

impurities / carbon / different (sized) atoms or elements or metals

changes the structure / disrupts the pattern or layers

prevents layers sliding over each other

it is an alloy
2
[8]

M3.

(a)

good (electrical) conductor

allow low reactivity / resistance to corrosion
do not accept heat conductor
1

Page 67

(b)

a mixture of metals
accept contains more than one type of metal
1

(c)

(i)

any one from:

eyesore

destruction of habitats

pollution of water

dust pollution

noise

traffic pollution
1

(ii)

acid rain
allow sulfur dioxide is a pollutant
1

(d)

(i)

running out of copper (ores)

1

(ii)

any two from:

any specific example of using less copper

reuse / recycle
allow do not throw copper / brass away

use low-grade copper ores

use other metals / materials in place of copper

2
[7]

M4.

(a)

(an alloy) that can return to its original shape (after being deformed / bent / twisted)
accept (on heating / cooling) it returns to its shape
1

(b)

any two from:

brass / it is a mixture
accept brass / it is not pure

zinc changes structure / disrupts patterns

or layers

Page 68

copper metal atoms / layers able to slide over each other

accept zinc prevents atoms / layers sliding over each other
2

(c)

(i)

oxygen / O2 / O
1

(ii)

lead remains (in furnace) because of its high boiling point

1
zinc boils / evaporates (out of furnace) because of its low boiling point 1 if neither mark awarded then allow
1 mark for different boiling points
ignore references to melting points
1
[6]

M5.

(very) small percentage / amount (in the Earths crust)

any indication that there is a small
amount, eg not much (left)
accept rare (elements) / rarer
accept not commonly found
ignore cannot find easily
ignore hard to extract

(a)

(b)

(i)

oxygen / O

/O

do not accept O
1
(ii)

any one from:

potassium / K
sodium / Na
calcium / Ca
magnesium / Mg
symbols must be correct
write name and incorrect symbol,
ignore symbol
1

(c)

(i)

heating (with) or hot air blown into furnace

accept high temperatures or (very) hot
1
carbon / carbon monoxide / coke / coking coal
do not accept coal / charcoal accept balanced equation only
orcarbon reacts with O2 or carbon / coke burning (1)
accept balanced equation only CO / CO2
CO reacts with the ore (1)
for naming the reducing agent
1

(ii)

cost of melting ore / electricity

Page 69

makes aluminium expensive (owtte)

or (large amount of) electricity used

or because you have to use electrolysis
or aluminium is higher in the reactivity series
or aluminium is harder to reduce
or unable to reduce with carbon
or the cost of purifying the bauxite
do not accept harder to extract / produce
more energy is not enough
1
[6]
M6.

(i)

idea that:
carbon is above lead in the reactivity series
for 1 mark

} NOT

carbon is below aluminium in the reactivity series

for 1 mark

} OXIDE

carbon can remove oxygen from/reduce lead oxide

or cannot remove oxygen from aluminium oxide
not aluminium more reactive than lead
for 1 mark
OR similar ideas in comparing bond strengths
3

(ii)

(carbon + lead oxide) *lead + *carbon dioxide

each for 1 mark
accept correct formulae CO2 and CO NOT carbon oxide
2
[5]

M7.

(a)

any two points one mark each

accept comparison between aluminium and iron

aluminium has:

a low density
accept lighter or fewer pylons

a good conductor of electricity

does not corrode or rust

do not accept does not react with air
do not accept last longer
2

OR

iron has:

high density

is a less good conductor (of electricity)

rusts or reacts with air

Page 70

(b)

any 5 from:

employment of people or cost of employment

depletion or use of resources

do not accept depletion here

cost of energy resources

cost of machines or buildings

pollution by noise from traffic or quarrying

air pollution by dust or traffic fumes

danger of traffic on roads

damage to landscape (eyesore)

damage to habitats of wildlife

lowers the value of houses nearby

subsidence or vibration can affect roads or houses

providing raw materials

do not accept danger or falling in
5
[7]

M8.

(a)

unreactive / near bottom of reactivity series

1

(b)

carbon more reactive / higher up reactivity series

1

(c)

very reactive / near top of reactivity series

1
cannot use displacement methods / can only be extracted by electrolysis / had
to wait discovery of electricity
1
[4]

Page 71

C1.4 Answers

M1.

(i)
carbon and hydrogen
only or compound of
for 1 mark each
2

(ii)

single bonds only

or no double bonds etc
or contains maximum number of hydrogen atoms
for 1 mark
1

(iii)

molecules of similar chain length

similar boiling points
limited range of boiling points etc
any 1 for 1 mark
1

[4]

M2.

(i)

C8H18
for one mark
1

(ii)

mixture
for one mark
1

(iii)

fractions molecules
atoms
evaporated condensed
in this order for 1 mark each
5

[7]

M3.

B will have higher melting point

higher boiling point
be less volatile
be more viscous (allow less flammable)
any two for 1 mark each
[2]

M4.

(a)
the more C atoms the higher the b.pt./temperature
Allow just higher. Not answer based on melting point
for 1 mark
1

(b)

(fractional) distillation/fractionation
for 1 mark
1

Page 72

(c)

must include H atoms and lines not CH3 CH3

for 1 mark
1

[3]

M5.

(a)

decane has the largest molecules

1

methane and butane are gases at 20 C

1

(b)

(i)

water
1

(ii)

carbon dioxide
1

(c)

sulfur dioxide is produced when sulfur burns

1

therefore sulfur must be removed from these fuels because

sulfur dioxide causes acid rain
1

[6]

M6.

(a)

(i)

X and Y
both needed
1

(ii)

Z
1

(iii)

X
1

(b)

unsaturated / alkenes / those with double (C = C) bonds

1

[4]

Page 73

M7.

(a)

each bar correct height (2 bars) to less than

1 mark for each

square

both bars correctly labelled (in relation to size of bars)

for 1 mark
3

(b)

less
gains 1 mark
but a lot less / much less / 18 times less or more if referring to coal
gains 2 marks
2

(c)

(i)

carbon
sulphur
for 1 mark each
2

(ii)

ideas that

at high temperatures, (produced when fuels burn)

nitrogen and oxygen from atmosphere combine / react

for 1 mark each
2

M8.

(a)

(i)

do not credit CH3CH3

1

(ii)

do not credit C2H4

1

(iii)

burn or react with oxygen or combustion or oxidation

accept react with chlorine
1

(iv)

bubble each gas through (test tube containing) bromine water

accept add bromine (water to gas collected) or burn
1

ethene decolourises it or turns the brown colourless

do not accept makes it go clear
1

ethane does not affect it or leaves it brown

1

Page 74

(b)

both the correct name and use are required for the mark poly (ethene) or polythene; any
soft or pliable plastic article or any suitable harder plastic item
accept polyethene or polyethylene
1

M9.

(a)

(i)

acid rain
accept consequences of acid rain
allow asthma / bronchitis
ignore toxic gas
1

(ii)

global dimming
accept dimming alone
1

(b)

(i)

sustainable:
maximum two from:

crops (that produce oil) can be grown in most places owtte

renewable

use less fossil fuels / diesel

use (refined) waste oils

low pollution:
maximum two from:
ignore references to CO2 here

most emissions are lower or any two named emissions from CO / SO2 / PM10 are
lower

much / lot less SO2 emissions (than the others) owtte

accept spillages / waste is biodegradable

less new CO2 or (more) carbon neutral

3

(ii)

plants / photosynthesis use carbon (dioxide) from the air*

1

it / biodiesel releases carbon (dioxide) from plants / crops / photosynthesis*

(*) allow 1 mark for biodiesel is (more) carbon neutral
1

(fossil) diesel releases locked up / new carbon (dioxide) / doesnt

absorb CO2 / absorbed it millions of years ago
1

[8]

Page 75

C1.5 Answers

M1.

(a)

(i)

the greater the number (of carbon atoms), the higher its boiling point
do not accept hydrocarbons for carbon atoms
allow converse
allow melting point
1

(ii)

accept answers in the range 344 to 350

1

(iii)

216
1

(b)

(i)

EITHER
shortage of petrol or demand for petrol is higher than supply
diesel is in excess or supply of diesel is higher than demand
1

OR
petrol low supply and diesel high supply (1)
petrol high demand and diesel low demand (1)
petrol / diesel not specified = max 1
1

(ii)

any one from:

use diesel to make petrol

accept crack diesel or description of cracking

make diesel cheap(er) (than petrol)

or make petrol more expensive
accept lobby the government to reduce the tax
on diesel / increase tax on petrol

mix ethanol with petrol

ignore biodiesel
1

[6]

Page 76

M2.

(a)

catalyst or speeds up the reaction (owtte)

accept lowers activation energy not just helps reaction to take place
ignore increased surface area
1

(b)

C8H18
allow H18C8
must be upper case
do not accept powers
1

(c)

B
because it is a gas or because it has small molecules or because they are small
position and reason for mark
allow it has a lower / very low boiling point than A
ignore references to solubility
accept does not condense
do not accept light molecules or bubbles into B
do not accept it is small
1

(d)

breakdown of a substance (owtte)

do not accept decompose unqualified
1

by the action of heat (owtte)

1

(e)

Quality of written communication

if the written communication makes sense and it is in context then
award Q mark
Q
Q
1

large to small molecules or scientific word that implies smaller,

e.g. alkene / ethane / petrol
any name or formula of alkane / alkene smaller than decane
1

either advantages of smaller molecules or disadvantages of larger molecules

e.g. hydrocarbons with large molecules are limited in their usefulness
or converse for smaller molecules
1

large hydrocarbon molecules do not ignite easily / do not flow easily /

are not very volatile
or converse for smaller molecules
more large hydrocarbon molecules are produced than are needed

Page 77

or converse for smaller molecules

smaller molecules are useful as fuels
alkenes / products can be used to make polymers

(f)

(fractional) distillation
accept fractionation
accept good description
do not accept just diagram
1

[9]

M3.

(a)

(fractional) distillation/fractionation
for 1 mark
1

(b)

(i)

cracking/decomposition
for 1 mark
1

(ii)

polymerisation/addition reaction
for 1 mark
1

(c)
(Must have H atoms)
for 1 mark
1

(d)

contains only/all single bonds

no double bonds
contains maximum number of H atoms
carbon atoms bonded to 4 other atoms (not 4 H atoms)
will not undergo addition reactions
any 1 for 1 mark
1

Page 78

(e)

(n must be on (right))
= 2 marks

(n on left = 1 mark)
= 2 marks

= 1 mark

= 1 mark

(Double bond loses both marks)

= 0 marks

OR

= 2 marks

Page 79

(for both a minimum of 4 carbon atoms)

= 1 mark

= 2 marks

= 1 mark
= 1 mark
2

[7]

M4.

(a)

alkanes
1

catalyst
1

substances must be in the order shown

(b)

many (ethenes/monomers)
1

bond/join together
1

allow ethenes / monomers bond / join together to form very large

molecules for 2 marks

(c)

Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the

Quality of Written Communication (QWC) as well as the
standard of the scientific response.
No relevant content.
0 marks

Page 80

There is a brief description of a positive and a negative

environmental impact involved with one or more methods
used to reduce the amount of plastic bags sent to landfill.
Level 1 (12 marks)

There is some description of both positive and negative

environmental impacts involved with at least 2 methods
used to reduce the amount of plastic bags sent to landfill.
Level 2 (34 marks)

There is a clear, balanced and detailed description of both

a positive and a negative environmental impact of using
each of the 3 methods used to reduce the amount of plastic
bags sent to landfill.
Level 3 (56 marks)

examples of the chemistry points made in the response

reuse:
reuse means less bags used so:
positive environmental impact

saves raw materials / crude oil

saves energy

cuts down on CO2 emissions

less global warming

negative environmental impact

could cause litter

could still be sent to landfill

recycle:
bags bought can be recycled so:
positive environmental impact

used to make new plastic bags / objects

saves raw materials / crude oil

saves energy compared to producing plastic bags

from crude oil

cuts down on CO2 emissions

less global warming

negative environmental impact

Page 81

collection point sites cause an eyesore / litter problem

transportation to recycling plant releases carbon

dioxide / causes global warming

burn:
bags can be burned so:
positive environmental impact

could provide energy for heating buildings

could provide energy for generating electricity

negative environmental impact

increases CO2 emissions

increases global warming

could release toxic gases

does not conserve raw materials / crude oil

[10]

(i)

bonds / pair of electrons / shared electrons

for one mark
1

(ii)

saturated since it has single bonds / no double bonds / no multiple

bonds / maximum number of atoms attached
for one mark
1

(iii)

sensible answer (e.g. it is harmful)

or better solvent could be used on expanded polystyrene or foam
for one mark
1

(b)

(i)

simply writing monomers form /

Page 82

react to form polymers gains no mark

monomers join / bond / combine / link to form polymers = 1 mark

the mark is for the idea of joining
to gain the second mark the idea of the relative size of monomer and
polymer is required
small molecules join to form a polymer (2 marks)
many monomers join to form a polymer (2 marks)
monomers join to form a large molecule / long chain (2 marks)
many molecules join together (2 marks)
for 1 mark each
2

(ii)

polyethene / poly(ethene) / polythene

dont worry too much about the exact positioning of the C6H5 at the end of the bond

placement of linking bonds inside / outside brackets is not important

must have n
for 1 mark each
[8]

M6.

(a)

(i)

by (fractional) distillation
accept a description of the distillation process (heat and how
separation works) eg heat and condense
accept boil / vapourise etc for heat

or
fractionation
1

(ii)

CO2
note the order of these products must be correct
1

H2O

Page 83

wrong way round = 1 mark

1

(b)

(i)

(hexane) has been broken down (into smaller hydrocarbons / molecules)

1

accept (thermal) decomposition / cracked / split / broken up owtte

(ii)

H
H

C
= C

H
H
accept CH2 = CH2
1

(iii)

water / hydrogen oxide / steam

accept H2O
1

(c)

candidates must include both sugar cane and crude oil in their evaluation
and both an advantage and a disadvantage to gain full marks.
if they do not then the maximum mark is three
any four from:
advantages of using sugar

country has no wealth to buy (large quantities of) crude oil

not expensive alone

country has limited technological development

or
underdeveloped / third world country

able / suitable climate to grow sugar cane

enough land to grow sugar cane / land cannot be used to grow food / deforestation

sugar is a renewable source

or
crude oil is a non-renewable resource / finite resource / limited resources

CO2 / carbon neutral

advantages of using alkanes:

economic costs are low

continuous process

country has large oil resources

Page 84

country has oil refineries / cracking plants

very pure product

faster process
4

[10]

Page 85

C1.6 Answers
M1.

(a)

(i)

pressing
1

(ii)

dissolve
1

(b)

bromine
1

(c)

temperature needs to be high / above 100 C

allow melting point
1

or
(sunflower oil has a) high(er) boiling point
or
boiling point of water is not high enough
any one from:

remove water / make potato crisp(er)

accept water makes potato soft / soggy

adds / gives flavour

1

[5]

M2.

(a)

D
1

C
1

A
1

letters must be in the order shown

(b)

(i)

floats
1

(ii)

an emulsion
1

[5]

Page 86

M3.

(i)

unsaturated
1

(ii)

hydrogen
1

higher
1

[3]

M4.

(i)

(poly)unsaturated
accept monounsaturated
1

(ii)

(turns) colourless or colour disappears / decolourises

do not accept clear
1

stays the same colour / orange / no change

allow yellow-orange / orange-brown / red-orange
1

(iii)

(react) with hydrogen / H2 / hydrogenation

1

any one from:

heated / 60 C

catalyst / nickel
1

[5]

M5.

(a)

(i)

water and oil do not mix / are immiscible

ignore density
1

or
dont dissolve each other
ignore emulsifier alone
1

(ii)

any two from:

emulsifier

forms an emulsion
accept description of an emulsion

holds the two components together

accept stops them separating / they mix
allow bonds / binds for holds

by lowering the surface tension

accept a description of how an emulsifier works for
two
marks
eg tadpole diagram or dispersal of oil drops
2

Page 87

(b)

(i)

(because they contain) a double (carbon carbon) bond

accept unsaturated
ignore poly or mono
1

(ii)

results suggest sunflower oil is best

or
the one that took the least time
1

because (sunflower oil) has the highest amount of unsaturation /

most double bonds / least saturated
ignore uses up I2 most quickly
second mark is dependent on first
1

(c)

(i)

any one from:

have a higher melting point than (vegetable) oil

are solid at (room temperature) / hardened / harder

accept useful as spreads or doesnt soak into bread
ignore hard / soft(er)
1

(ii)

any two from:

hydrogen added
do not accept water

to carbon carbon double bond / to saturate

(nickel) catalyst / temperature 60 150 C

wrong catalyst doesnt get this mark
ignore high / warm temperature
2

[9]

M6.

(a)

(i)

(healthiest oil is) sunflower (oil) or rapeseed (oil)

sunflower (oil) is healthiest because it has less saturated

fat than both olive (oil) and corn (oil)
or
rapeseed (oil) is healthiest because it has the lowest
value of saturated fat compared with the other oils
1

sunflower (oil) is healthiest because it has the highest

value of polyunsaturated fat compared with all the other oils

Page 88

or
rapeseed (oil) is healthiest because it has more
polyunsaturated fat than both olive (oil) and corn (oil)
1

no mark for the choice of oil

accept the use of values from the table for these comparisons

(ii)

no, because hydrogen adds to the unsaturated fat

or no, because hydrogen reduces the number of
carboncarbon double bonds
accept no because reacting with hydrogen increases number of
single bonds
1

therefore there will be less polyunsaturated fat

accept therefore there will be more saturated fat
1

(b)

molecules in egg yolk act as emulsifiers

accept lecithin molecules act as emulsifiers
1

because molecules in egg yolk have a head which dissolves

in / attracted to water
accept because molecules in egg yolk are hydrophilic
1

because molecules in egg yolk have a tail which dissolves

in / attracted to oil
accept because molecules in egg yolk are hydrophobic
1

[7]

M7.

(i)

23 to 59
accept 36
1

(ii)

decolourise or (orange to) colourless

ignore discolours / fades
do not allow oil decolourises
1

(because bromine reacts with the) (carbon) double bond

ignore alkenes or reference to unsaturation
1

(iii)

any one from:

an anomalous result (11.2) / Test 2

accept

(= 23.6)

Page 89

11.2 / Test 2 is ignored when averaging

accept average of tests 1 and 3
1

(iv)

unsaturation 67%
average was less than it should be / only 26.8 cm3
1

(this means there is) 33% saturated fat

it should have been 28.0 cm3 to give a percentage of 70%
1

[6]

C1.7 Answers

M1.

(a)
Layer A = crust / tectonic plates / (not named type of rock)
Layer B = mantle / magma
each for 1 mark
2

(b)

Layer C is liquid / molten (accept mostly liquid) but layer D is solid

Layer D is more dense than layer C. / accept they have different densities
Layer D is hotter than layer C. / accept they have different temperatures
(Do not accept hardness / viscosity)
any one for 1 mark
1

[3]

M2.

(a)

(i)

old animals / fossils / rocks match (when the continents are put together)

or (continents) fit together

ignore they are the same shape
1

(ii)

any two from:

continents / plates cannot move (thousands of kilometres)

accept the continents / plates are attached to the Earth or continents /
plates cannot drift / float

modern / new animals are different

a land bridge (could explain the matching fossils / rocks)

ignore no evidence no proof no reputation
2

(b)

crust
allow lithosphere
1

Page 90

mantle
1

year
1

[6]

M3.

(a)

(i)

X mantle
1

Y inner core
do not accept solid core
1

(ii)

different to the crust or contains a lot of (heavy) metals

accept iron and nickel for metals
1

higher (average) density or denser

density higher than 5500 (kg/m3) gets 2 marks
1

(b)

animals were able to move from one continent to the other

1

(when bridge broke) animals evolved differently accept animals adapted

differently
1

(c)

(i)

earthquakes occur at the boundary

between plates or earthquakes occur
where plates push against each other
1

there are no plate boundaries running through Britain

1

(ii)

convection currents (in the mantle)

or heat released by (natural) radioactive processes
accept Britain is not near the edge of a plate
1

[9]

M4.

(a)

(i)

convection (currents)

Page 91

accept (currents) which move the plates

1

(ii)

less dense (molten) rock / magma rises / moves up

or more dense (molten) rock / magma falls / moves down
1

heat (is transferred / conducted) to the mantle / crust

(resulting from natural) radioactive processes (in the core)
1

or radioactivity
accept radiation provided there is no
contradiction as in, for example, radiation from the Sun
or fission
do not credit fusion
1

(b)

any two from

(formation of fold) mountains
or deformation(s)
hot springs
do not credit just springs
(oceanic) ridges
(oceanic) trench(es)
rift(s)
seismic waves
subduction
or recycling of rocks
tsunami(s)
do not credit tidal waves
volcano(es)
or volcanic activity / sill(s) dyke(s) lava flow(s)
2

[6]

M5.

(a)

(i)

nitrogen / N2
1

(ii)

carbon dioxide / CO2

1

(b)

(i)

humans / scientists had not evolved

Page 92

accept it was billions / millions of years ago

allow too long ago
1

(ii)

temperature is above 100C or any water would evaporate / boil

accept Venus is too hot
1

(c)

any three from:

used by plants

used for photosynthesis

accept plants take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen for the first
two bullet points ie 2 marks

dissolves in oceans / seas

allow absorbs into oceans / seas

used to form the shells / skeletons of marine organisms

locked up as limestone / carbonates

locked up as fossil fuels / oil / coal

3

[7]

M6.

(a)

(i)

water vapour given out from volcano

accept steam
not hydrogen and oxygen combining
to form water
1

condensed
accept rain / clouds formed just cools is insufficient
1

(b)

nitrogen (left) N
do not accept N
1

oxygen (right) O
do not accept O
1

[4]

M7.

(a)

(i)

burning / breathing / respiration / fuels / food

for 1 mark each
2

(ii)

1. rock is heated / subducted

(owtte) / close to magma / melted

Page 93

1. rock is decomposed / carbon dioxide released through volcanoes

for 1 mark each
2

(b)

carbon dioxide reacts / dissolves in sea-water / dissolves in rain water

insoluble carbonates / calcium carbonate are / is formed carbon dioxide turned into shells /
coral / limestone / chalk / sediments also soluble hydrogencarbonates (calcium / magnesium)
are formed photosynthesis by plants
any three for 1 mark each
3

(c)

(i)

sea unable to absorb all the extra carbon dioxide being produced
more trees being cut down / deforestation increased burning of fuels / more cars / more
industry (not more people)
any one for 1 mark
1

(ii)

global warming / greenhouse effect or effects such as melting ice caps /

rising sea levels / climatic change / more deserts
(not changes to ozone layer)
for one mark
1

[9]

M8.

(a)

to remove solid / dust particles

1

(b)

because at 200 C both (water and carbon dioxide) are solids

1

this would therefore block pipes / equipment

1

(c)

oxygen
1

(d)

(i)

helium
1

(ii)

nitrogen > argon > oxygen

1

[6]

Page 94