Systems of Numbers and Conversion 1 Number is an item that describes a magnitude or a position. Numbers are classified into two types, namely cardinal and ordinal numbers. Cardinal numbers are numbers which allow us to count the objects or ideas in a given collection. Example, 4,2,3... while ordinal numbers states the position of individual objects in a sequence. Example, First, second, third. Numerals are symbols, or combination of symbols which describe a number. The most widely used numerals are the Arabic numerals and the Roman numerals. Arabic numerals were simply a modification of the Hindu-Arabic number signs and are written in Arabic digits. Taken singly, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8,9 and in combination 20, 21, 22, ... 1999, ... The Roman numerals are numbers which are written in Latin alphabet. Example MCMXCIV. The following are Roman numerals and their equivalent Arabic numbers: 124 Cc = 100 voe5 D = 500 x = 10 M = 1000 L = 50 To increase the number, the following are used: 1. Bracket — to increase by 100 times. \x|=1000 2. Bar above the number — to increase by 1000 times X = 10000 3. A’‘doorframe” above the number —to increase by 100000 times. [x] = 1.000000 Digit is a specific symbol or symbols used alone or in combination to denote a number. For example, the number 21 has two digits, namely 2 and 1. In Roman numerals, the number 9 is denoted as IX. So the digits | and X were used together to denote one number and that is the number 9. In mathematical computations or engineering applications, a system of numbers using cardinal numbers was established and widely used.2 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas ‘The number system is divided into two categories: Real numbers and Imaginary number. @ REAL NUMBERS: A. Natural numbers - are numbers considered as “counting numbers’. Examples: 1, 2, 3, . B. _ Integers — are alll the natural numbers, the negative of the natural numbers and the number zero. C. Rational numbers — are numbers which can be expressed as a quotient (ratio) of two integers. The term “rational” comes from the word “ratio”. Example: 0.5, z +3, 0.333... In the example, 0.5 can be expressed as and 3 can be expressed as 2. hence rational numbers. The number 0.333... is a repeating and non-terminating decimal. As a rule, a non-terminating but repeating (or periodic) decimals is always a rational number. Also, all integers are rational numbers. D. Irrational numbers — are numbers which cannot be expressed as a quotient of two integers. Example: V2,x,¢, ‘The numbers in the examples above can never be expressed exactly as a quotient of two integers. They are in fact, a non- terminating number with non-terminating decimal. © IMAGINARY NUMBER: An imaginary number is denoted as i. in somerother areas in mathematical computation, especially in electronics and electrical engineering it is denated asi. Imaginary number and its equivalent:‘Systems of Numbers and Conversion 3 Systems of Numbers Real Numbers Imaginary Number Irrational numbers Rational numbers Integers Negative numbers Natural numbers Diagram showing the Systems of Numbers Complex number is an expression of both real and imaginary number combined. It takes the form of a + bi, where a and b are real numbers. If a = 0, then pure imaginary number is produced while real number is obtained when b = 0. Absolute value of a real number is the numerical value of the number neglecting the sign. For example, the absolute value of -5 is 5 while of -x is x. The absolute value | a|is either positive or zero but can never be negative. Common fractions are numbers which are in the form of gor alb, where a is the numerator which may be any integer while b is the denominator which may be any integer greater than zero. If the numerator is smaller than the denominator, itis called as proper fraction while improper fraction is when the numerator is greater than the denominator. Unit fractions are common fractions with unity for numerator and positive integer for the denominator. Example: 2,1. 5°25 Composite number is a number that can be written as product of two or more integers, each greater than 1. Itis observed that most integers are composite numbers.4 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Example: 60 =2x2x3x5 231 =3x7x11 Prime number is an integer greater than 1 that is divisible only by 1 and itself According to the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, “ Every positive integer greater than 1 ie a prime or can be expressed ac a unique product of primes and powers of primes’ Example of prime numbers: 2,3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ,17, 19, 23, 29, 1 000 000 008 649, Example of unique, product of power of primes: 360 = 2°. 3°.5" ‘Twin primes are prime numbers that appear in pair and differ by 2. Example: 3 and 5, 11 and 13, 17 and 19... Perfect number is an integer number that is equal to the sum of all its possible divisors, except the number itself. Example: 6, 28, 496... In the case of 6, the factors or divisors are 1, 2 and 3. 1+24+3=6 Defective or deficient number is an integer number, the sum of all its possible divisor is less than the number itself. If the sum of the possible divisors is greater than the number, it is referred to as abundant number. There are around 30 numbers known today as perfect number and all of which are even numbers. Amicable numbers or friendly numbers refers to two integer numbers where each is the sum of all the possible divisors of the other. The smallest known amicable numbers are 220 and 284. ‘The number 220 has the following factors/divisors: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 20, 22, 44, 55, & 110 which when added sums up to 284, while the number 284 has the following divisors 1, 2, 4, 71, and 142 which adds up to 220. Factorial denoted as n!, represents the product of all positive integers from 1 ton, inclusive. Example: n!=n(n—1)..3,2,1 ifn |, by definition: eaairace This is known as faN(o +1)= + tt <— recursion formula NON S02 The factorial symbol (!) was introduced by Christian Kramp in 1808.Systems of Numbers and Conversion $ Significant figures or digits are digits that define the numerical value of a number. A digit is considered significant unless it is used to place a decimal point. The significant digit of a number begins with the first non-zero digit and ends with the final digit, whether zero or non-zero. Examples: 016.72 4 significant figures @1.672 x 10° 4 significant figures 0.0016 2 significant figures Example 2 is expressed in scientific notation and figures considered significant are 1, 6, 7 and 2 excluding 10°. Example 3 has 2 significant figures only because the 3 zeros are used only to place a decimal. The number of cignificant digite ic coneidorod tho place of accuracy. Henoo, a number with 3 significant digits is said to have a three place accuracy anda number with 4 significant figures is said to have a four place accuracy. Rounding and Truneating: The two forms of approximations are known as rounding and truncation. Rounding of a number means replacing the number with another number having fewer significant decimal digits, or for integer number, fewer value-carrying (non- zero) digits. Example: @ 3.14159 shall be rounded up to 3.1416 ® 3.12364 shall be rounded down to 3.1235 Truncation refers to the dropping of the next digits in order to obtain the degree of accuracy beyond the need of practical calculations. This is just the same as rounding down and truncated values will always have values lower than the exact, values. Example: 3.14159 is truncated to 4 decimal as 3.14156 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Tips: 1. Revolution and its equivalent in units of angle. 4 revolution 360 degrees 2n radians 400 grads 6400 mils = 6400 centissimal degree = 6400 gons 2. Temperature. Relation between °Celsius and °Fahrenheit "c= 3(’r-32) 9 °F =°C+32 gct Absolute temperature: *K = "04273 oR="F +400 Kelvin was named after British physicist, William ‘Thompson (1824-1902) the First Baron, Kelvin, Rankine was named after Scottish engineer and physicist, William John Macquom Rankine (1820-1872). Fahrenheit was named after German physicist, Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit (1686 - 1736). Celsius (or Centigrade) was named after Swedish astronomer, Anders Celsius (1701 — 1744). 3. Density of water = 1000 kg /m® 2.4 Ibicu, ft 18.10 Nim? gram / co 4. Read “Appendix B - Conversion” and Appendix D — “Prefixes” at the last part of this book and be familiar with the values. Bi pou Rnow that... the symbol x (pi), which is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter was introduced by William Jones in 1706 after the initial letter of the Greek word meaning “periphery” Proceed to the next page for your first test. GOODLUCK! =”Systems of Numbers and Conversion 7 Time element: 3.0 hours Problem 1: ME Board October 1996 How many significant digits do 10.097 have? com> asen Problom 2: ECE Board April 1991 Round off 0.003086 to three significant figures. 0.003 0.00309 0.0031 0.00308 oom> Problem 3: ECE Board April 1991 Round off 34.2814 to four significant figures. 34.2814 34.281 34.28 34.0 com> Problem 4: ME Board April 1996 Which number has three significant figures? 0.0014 1.4141 0.01414 0.0141 gom> Problem 5: ECE Board April 1991 Round off 149.691 to the nearest integer 149.69 149.7 160 149 pom>8 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 6: ECE Board April 1991 Round off 2.371 x 10° to two significant figures. A. 24x10" B. 237x10° C. 0.2371 x 10° D. 0.002371 x 10" A. irrational number B. real number C. imaginary number D. a variable Problem 8: ECE Board March 1996 The number 0.123123123123........ is irrational surd rational transcendental gop> Problem 9: ECE Board April 1991 Round off 6785768,342 to the nearest one-tenth 6785768 6785768.4 6785768.3 None of these pom> Problem 10: EE Board April 1993 Express decimally: Fourteen Ten thousandths 0.0014 0.00014 0.014 0.14 gOm> Problem 11: ECE Board March 1996 MCMXCIV is equivalent to what number? 1964 1994 1984 1974 pom>Systems of Numbers and Conversion 9 Problem 12: EE Board April 1993 Express decimally: Fourty-Sevenmillionth 0.00000047 0.000047 0.000047 0.000000047 com> Problem 13: EE Board April 1993 Express decimally: Seven hundred twenty-five hundred thousandths 0.000725 0.00725 0.0725 0.725 vom> Problem 14: EE Board April 1993 Express decimally: Four and two tenth A. 0.042 B. 4.02 c. 42 D. 0.42 Problem 15: ECE Board November 1995 Express 45° in mils A. 80 mils B. 800 mils C. 8000 mils D. 80000 mils Problem 16: ME Board April 1997 What is the value in degrees of 1 radian? 90 $7.3 100 45 2OD> Problem 17: CE Board May 1993 ’ 3200 mils is equal to how many degrees? 45° 90° 180° 270° oom>10. 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 18: ECE Board November 1995, ‘An angular unit equivalent to 1/400 of the circumference of a circle is called A. mil B. degree C. radian D. grad A. 135 B. 270 Cc. 235 D. 142 Problem 20: ME Board April 1996 How many degrees Celsius is 100 degrees tanrenneit? 2.667° C pom>r Problem 21: EE Board October 1990 What is the absolute temperature of the freezing point of water in degree Rankine? 492 0 460 273 vom> Problem 22: ME Board October 1994 What is the Fahrenheit equivalent of 100 degrees Celsius? 200 180 212 100 sop> Problem 23: EE Board April 1993 ‘The temperature 45° C is equal to 45°F 113° F SEE BF sopPrSystems of Numbers and Conversion 11 Problem 24: ME Board October 1994 po@> How many degrees Celsius is 80 degrees Fahrenheit? 13.34 1.334 26.67 2.667 Problem 25: ME Board October 1996 pom> 10 to the 12” power is the value of the prefix micro femto tea atto Problem 26: EE Board October 1994 gom> ‘The micro or 1 means: 102 108 10° 107 Problem 27: RME Board October 1994 gom> The prefix pico means 10" of a unit 10° of a unit 107° of a unit 10° of a unit Problem 28: ME Board April 1999 gom> The prefix nano is opposite to mega giga tera hexa Problem 29: 9om> 1 foot is to 12 inches as 1 yard is to spans. Roos12 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 30: EE Board June 1990 A one-inch diameter conduit is equivalent to 254mm. 25.4mm 100 mm, 2.64 mm gop> Problem 31: Ifa foot has 12 inches, then how many hands are there in one foot? gom> ene Problem 32: How many feet difference is 1 nautical mile and 1 statiita mile? 100 feet 200 feet 400 feet 800 feet 9Op> Problem 33: Ina hydrographic survey, a certain point below the surface of the water measures 12 fathoms. It is equivalent to a deep of how many feet? 72 60 48 36 pomp Problem 34: The legendary ship, Titanic that sunk in 1912 was estimated to be at the sea bottom at a deep of 18 cables. How deep it is in feet? A. 12,000 B. 12,343 Cc. 12,633 D. 12,960 Problem 35: ME Board October 1994 How many square feet is 100 square meters? 328.1 929 32.81 1076 oom>Systems of Numbers and Conversion 13 Problem 36: ‘A certain luxury ship cruises Cebu to Manila at 21 knots. Ifit will take 21 hours to reach Manila from Cebu, the distance traveled by the ship is nearly 847.5 km, 507.15 statute mile 441 statute mile 414 nautical mile gom> Problem 37: EE Board October 1994 Carry out the following multiplication and express your answer in cubic meter: 8 omx5 mmx 2m. A 8x 107 B. 8x 10° Cc. 8x10" D. 8x10* Problem 38: ‘Which of the following is equivalent to 1 hectare? 100 ares 2 acres 1000 square meters 50000 square feet pop> Problem 39: Ten square statute miles is equivalent to _ sections. A. 100 B. 5 C10 D. 20 Problem 40: The land area of the province of Cebu is 5088.39 sq. km. This is equivalent to 5088.39 hectares 1964.64 sq, miles 2257907.2 acres 5.08839 acres gom> Problem 41: ME Board October 1994 How many cubic feet is 100 gallons of liquid? 74.80 1.337 13.37 133.7 gop>14. 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 42: ME Board October 1994, ME Board April 1998 How many cubic meters is 100 gallons of liquid? A 1.638 B. 3.785 Cc. 0.164 D. 0378 How many cubic meters is 100 cubic feet of liquid? A. 3.785 B. 28.31 C. 37.85 D. 2.831 Problem 44: Ten (10) oubio metor ic equivalent to how many store? 5 10 20 100 Problem 45: ME Board April 1995 ‘The standard acceleration due to gravity is 32.2 fs? 980 fs” 58.3 fs? 35.3 fs? SORP>r Problem 46: ME Board October 1996 ‘A 7kg mass is suspended in a rope. What is the tension in the rope in SI? 68.67 N 70N TiN 72N pom> Problem 47: ‘A 10-liter pail is full of water, Neglecting the weight of the pail, how heavy is its water content? 5kg 6.67 kg 10 kg 12.5 kg gop>Systems of Numbers and Conversion 15 Problem 48: The unit of work in the mks system is known as joule (J) and the unit of work in the ogs system is erg. How many ergs are there in one joule? A. 10° B. 107 c. 108 D. 108 Problem 49: ME Board April 1998 One horsepower is equivalent to 746 watts 7460 watts 74.6 watts 7.46 watts pomp Problem 50: ME Board Uctober 1994 How many horsepower is 746 kilowatts? 500 746 100 4000 gom> ANSWER KEY 1.D 14.0 27.A 40.B 2B 16.8 288 41.C 3C 16B 29A 42D ; 4D 17.C 30B 43D RATING 5.C 18.0 31.A 44.8 6A 19.B 32D 45.A ) 43-50 Topnotcher 7.B 20D 332A 46.A BC 21.A 34.0 47.C J 30-42 Passer 9C 22C 35.0 488 ee 10A 238 368 49.A [J 25-29 conditional 11.B 24.6 37.0 50D 12.C 25.C 38.A (J 0-24 Faited 13.B 26.8 39. If FAILED, repeat the test.16 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas ‘SOLUTIONS TO TEST 1 ‘The number 10.097 has 5 significant figures. ‘The number 0.003086 when rounded off to three significant digit becomes 0.00309. ‘The number 34.2814 when rounded off to four significant digit becomes 34.28. 0.0014 has two significant figures 1.4141 has five significant figures 0.01414 has four significant figures 0.0141 has three significant figures c- Answer ‘The number 149.691 when rounded off to the nearest integer becomes 150. The number 2.371 x 10° when rounded off to two significant digit becomes 2.4 x 10°, 7 + 0i=7 thus, the answer is, “ real number". Repeating decimal number is a “rational number’ The number 6785768.342 when rounded off to the nearest one-tenth becomes 6785768.3. 14 Fourteen Ten thousanaths = ==> = 0.0014 MCMXCIV= M CM XC IV 1000 + 900 + 90 + 4 = 1994 rs 47 Folaty-eavenstllonit= ae = 0.000047 2 | 725 Se hundred five hundred thou: = = 0.007: even hundred twenty-five hundred thousanaths = 25 EEN Four and two tenth = 4,2 REM By ratio and proportion SeaB Tite Ss 6400 mils 360° x= 800 milsBH da ‘Systems of Numbers and Conversion 17 By ratio and proportion. =X orad 360° ~ 2nrad x= 67.3" By ratio and proportion: _x_ _ 3200mils 360° 6400 mils x= 180° Grad By ratio and proportion: _x _ 4800 mils 360° 6400 mils x= 270° Using the formula, °C = 2(F-32) 2 100-32)=37.8"6 The freezing point of water is equal to 32°F or 0°C. “R=°F +460 32 + 460 = 492°R Using the formula, 9 "Fe =e gers2 21100) +32=212°F Using the formula, ‘ Sec+32 $045) +32= 113° Using the formula, 5 Bee gf -92) 3 (@0- 32) = 26.67°C ‘The prefix tera is equivalent to 10” of a unit.18 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas a ED 22 5 10* means micro The prefix pico is equivalent to 10? of a unit The prefix nano is equivalent to 10° of a unit while the prefix giga is equivalent to 10° of a unit 1 span is equivalent to 9 inches 1 yard = 3 ft = 36 inches, thus 1 span 36 inche = 4 spans inches * inches | 1 incn = 2.04 centimeters x 10millimeters, ‘oentimeter = 254mm 1 hand is equivalent to 4 inches, thus 4 foot = 12 inches x hand 4 inches 1 foot = 3 hands 1 statute mile = 5280 ft. and 1 nautical mile = 6080 ft Let: x = the difference between a nautical mile and a statute mile x = 6080 ~ 5280 = 000 feet 4 fathom is equivalent to 6 feet, thus 12 fathoms = 6(12) = 72 feet 1 cable is equivalent to 120 fathoms, thus 18 cables = 120(18) = 2160 fathoms 6 feet 18 cables = 2160 fathoms x = ‘1 meter is equivalent to 3.281 ft, thus 1m) = (3.281) 1 1m =10.76 ft 100 m? = 100(10,76) ff 100 m? = 1076 f° Solving for distance, D = Vt nautical miles V= 21 knots = 21 = nots = 2 =‘Systems of Numbers and Conversion 19 D=21(21) = 444 nautical mites x 115statute mile _ 507.45 statute mile nautical mile 1m jooen 7 08™ RIG 8 cmx. 5 mmx = 0.005 m 1m 000mm 0.08(0.005)(2) = 8 x 10% m? 1 hectare = 100 ares = 10,000 sq. meters 10 square statute mile = 10(1) = 10 sections 1 square statute mile is equivalent to 1 section, thus 11 square km Is equivalent to 0.360102 sq. rlles ile? A= 5088.39 km? x ee = 1964.64 sq, miles 1 cubic ft. = 7.48 gallons 2 ft 2 400 gallons x ——_® _= 43.37 # 00 gallons x = 8 gallons 1 gallon = 3.79 liters 1000 liters = 1 cubic meters 3.79 liters gallon 100 gallons x Given volume is 100 cu. f. 3 m 3 = 100 f° 1 v= 100 «(sara) 2.831 m’ 1 cubic meter = 1 stere, thus, 10 m°= 10 steres The following are the standard gravitational acceleration: 32.2 fils; 981 cm/s"; 9.81 mis* ‘The unit of force (tension) in the SI system is newtons (N). orn) = 68.67 N Tension = 7 kg ( s20 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Ga Density of water (p ) is 1000 ot kg m liter W= p-V =1 42. x to liters = 10 kg iiter 1 joule = 10" ergs FEB 1 horsepower = 746 watts FE p= 746 watts = 0.746 kitowatts hp 746 KW x——— = 11 46 * D746 KW (000 hp