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130. 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas f APRAN JENN DIAGRAM COMBIN Venn diagram is,a rectangle (the universal set) that includes circles depicting the subsets. This diagram is named after the English logician John Venn (1834 - 1923) in 1880. Below is a typical problem that is given in the engineering licensure examinations. A survey was conducted in a graduating ECE students in a certain university on which board subject they like best. The result is tabulated as follows: Mathematics 55. Math & Electronics 32 Electronics 50 Math & Communications 28 Communications 51 Electronics & Comm 25 All three subjects 10 How many were there in thie graduating class? Solution: Use Venn diagram: Math N=5+22+10418 +3415+8 (oN N= 81 students Electronics PERMUTATION / COMBINATION / PROBABILITY Fundamental principle of counting: “if @ thing can be done in m different ways and another thing can be done in n different ways, then the two things can be done in m times n different ways.” Neen ‘Communications Venn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 131 PERMUTATION: (Arrangement with specific order) “The number of permutations of n different things taken rat a time is — | COMBINATION: (Arrangement regardless of the order) “The number of combinations of n different things taken r at a time is | Relation between permutation and combination: PROBABILITY: The probability (chance) of occurrence of a certain event in the following topics are based on the idea that all possible outcomes are equally likely to ocour. This means that if a die is thrown once, the probability of getting a six is 1/6. The same probability with all the other numbers, i for 1 is 1/6, for 2 is 1/6 and so on. |. Probability that an event E will happen: where: $= number of successful outcomes T = number of outcomes li, Probability that it is not E: lil, Mutually exclusive event: 132, 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas IV. Conditional and Independent probability: V. Binomial or repeated trial probability: where: p = probability of success e = probability of failure = 1 —p n= number of trials = number of successful trials |. CARDS. When dealing with playing cards, pack of cards or deck of cards is understood to be 52 carde. The playing cards were used to describe a calendar year. ‘The 52 cards represent the 52 weeks in a year. The 4 figures (Heart, Spade, Club and Diamond) represent the 4 seasons of the year and the 12 persons (Kings, ‘Queens, Jacks) are the 12 months of the year. . DICES. Dices were first used by the Chinese. The sum of the opposite faces of a die is always equal to 7. And the sum of all the vertical faces of a die, no matter how it rolls is always equal to 14. Did you Know that...the number 1 followed by 100 zeros is called “google” and the term “google” was coined in the 1930s by the nine- year old nephew of the American mathematician Edward Kasner when he was asked to come up with a name fora very large number. Proceed to the next page for your sixth test. GOODLUCK | 5 Venn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 133 Time element: 4 hours Problem 256: EE Board October 1993 In a class of 40 students, 27 like Calculus and 25 like Chemistry. How many like both Calculus and Chemistry? A 10 B11 C42 D413 Problem 257: ECE Board November 1998 A club of 40 executives, 33 like to smoke Marlboro and 20 like to smoke Philip Morris. How many like both? A. 10 B11 G, 12 D. 13 Problem 258: GE Board February 1994 ‘A survey of 100 persons revealed that 72 of them had eaten at restaurant P and that 52 of them had eaten at restaurant Q. Which of the following could not be the number of persons in the surveyed group who had eaten at both P and Q? A 20 B. 22 c. 24 D. 26 Problem 259: ECE Board November 1992 The probability for the ECE board examinees from a certain school to pass the subject Mathematics is 3/7 and for the subject Communications is 5/7. If none of the examinees fails both subject and there are 4 examinees who pass both subjects, find the number of examinees from that school who took the examinations. A. 20 B. 25 Cc. 30 D. 28 134. 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 260: EE Board March 1998 In @ commercial survey involving 1000 persons on brand preference, 120 were found to prefer brand x only, 200 prefer brand y only, 150 prefer brand z only, 370 prefer either brand x or y but not z, 450 prefer brand y or z but not x and 370 prefer either brand z or x but not y. How many persons have no brand preference, satisfied with any of the three brands? 280 230 180 130 com> Problem 261: EE Board April 1997 A toothpaste firm claims that in a survey of 54 people, they were using either Colgate, Hapee or Close-up brand. The following statistics were found: 6 people used all three brands, 5 used only Hapee and Close-up, 18 used Hapee or Close-up, 2 used Hapee, 2 used only Hapee and Colgate, 1 used Close-up and Colgate, and 20 used only Colgate. Is the survey worth pavina for? Neither yes nor no Yes No Either yes or no oop> Problem 262: How many four-letter words beginning and ending with a vowel without any letter repeated can be formed from the word “personnel”? A 40 B. 480 De a0: D. 312 Problem 263: Five different mathematics books, 4 different electronics books and 2 different communications books are to be placed in a shelf with the books of the same subject together. Find the number of ways in which the books can be placed. A. 292 B. 5760 Cc. 34560 D. 12870 Problem 264: ‘The number of ways can 3 nurses and 4 engineers be seated on a bench with the nurses seated together is A. 144 B. 258 Cc. 720 Venn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 135 D. 450 Problem 265: ECE Board November 1998 If 15 people won prizes in the state lottery (assuming that there are no ties), how many ways can these 15 people win first, second, third, fourth and fifth prizes? A. 4,845 B. 116,260 C. 360,360 D. 3,003 Problem 266: CE Board November 1996 How many 4 digit numbers can be formed without repeating any digit from the following digits: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6? A120 B. 130 c. 140 D. 150 Problem 267: EE Board June 1990 How many permutations are there if the letters PNRCSE are taken six at a time? 1440 480 720 360 gop> Problem 268: EE Board April 1996 In how many ways can 6 distinct books be arranged in a bookshelf? 720 120 360 180 pop> Problem 269: EE Board April 1997 ‘What is the number of permutations of the letters in the word BANANA? 36 60 52 42 com> Problem 270: ME Board April 1994 APSME unit has 10 ME’s, 8 PME's and 6 CPM's. If a committee of 3 members, one from each group is to be formed, how many such committees can be formed? A. 2,024 B. 12,144 Cc, 480 136 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas D. 360 Problem 271: ME Board October 1992 {In how many ways can a PSME Chapter with 15 directors choose a President, a Vice President, a Secretary, a Treasurer and an Auditor, if no member can hold more than one position? A. 360,360 B. 32,760 C. 3,003 D. 3,603,600 Problem 272: EE Board October 1997 Four different colored flags can be hung in a row to make coded signal. How many signals can be made if a signal consists of the display of one or more flags? A 64 B. 66 Cc. 68 D. 62 Problem 273: EE Board June 1990, EE Board April 1993, CHE Board May 1994 In how many ways can 4 boys and 4 girls be seated alternately in a row of 8 seats? 1152 2304 576 2204 pom> Problem 274: EE Board October 1997 There are four balls of four different colors. Two balls are taken at a time and arranged in a definite order. For example, if a white and a red balls are taken, one definite arrangement is white first, red second, and another arrangement is red first, white second. How many such arrangements are possible? A 24 B. 6 Cc. 12 D. 36 Problem 275: How many different ways can 5 boys and 5 giris form a circle with boys and girls alternate? 28,800 2,880 5,600 14,400 9om> Venn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 137 Problem 276: EE Board October 1997 There are four balls of different colors. Two balls at a time are taken and arranged any way. How many such combinations are possible? A. 36 B 3 c 6 D. 12 Problem 277: EE Board March 1998 How many 6-number combinations can be generated from the numbers from 1 to 42 inclusive, without repetition and with no regards to the order of the numbers? A. 850,668 B. 5,245,786 C. 188,848,296 D. 31,474,716 Problem 278: Find the total number of combinations of three letters, J, R, T taken 1, 2, 3 ata Problem 279: ME Board October 1997 In how many ways can you invite one or more of your five friends in a party? pom> e 8 Problem 280: CHE November 1996 In how many ways can a committee of three consisting of two chemical engineers and one mechanical engineer can be formed from four chemical ‘engineers and three mechanical engineers? A 18 B. 64 Coo32 D. None of these Problem 261: EE Board April 1995 In Mathematics examination, a student may select 7 problems from a set of 10 problems. In how many ways can he make his choice? A. 120 138 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas B. 530 Cc. 720 D. 320 Problem 282: EE Board April 1997 How many committees can be formed by choosing 4 men from an organization of a membership of 15 men? 1390 1240 . 1435 1365 pom> Problem 283: ECE Board April 1998 A semiconductor company will hire 7 men and 4 women. in how many ways can the company choose from 9 men and 6 women who qualified for the position? 680 340 480 840 goo> Problem 284: ECE Board April 1994 There are 13 teams in a touiament. Each team is to play with each other only once. What is the minimum number of days can they all play without any team playing more than one game in any day? AT B. 12 c. 19 D. 14 Problem 285: EE Board October 1996 There are five main roads between the cities A and B, and four between B and C. In how many ways can a person drive from A to C and return, going through B on both trips without driving on the same road twice? A. 260 B. 240 Cc. 120 D. 160 Problem 286: EE Board April 1991 There are 50 tickets in a lottery in which there is a first and second prize. What. is the probability of a man drawing a prize if he owns 5 tickets? 50% 25% 20% 40% pep Venn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 139 Problem 287: Roll a pair of dice. What is the probability that the sum of two numbers is 117 1136 119 48 1/20 Problem 288: Roll two dice once. What is the probability that the sum is 7? A 16 B. 1/8 C. 1/4 D417 Problem 289: In a throw of two dine. the penhal ly af abtaining a total of 10.or 12 is 116 119 42 18 gom> Problem 290: Determine the probability of drawing either a king or a diamond in a single draw from a pack of 52 playing cards. A 23 B. 33. c. 4n3 D. 1n3. Problem 291: ‘A card is drawn from a deck of 52 playing cards. Find the probability of drawing aking or a red card, A. 0.5835 B. 0.5385 C. 0.3585 D. 0.8535 Problem 292: CE Board November 1998 A coin is tossed 3 times. What is the probability of getting 3 tails up? 118 46 44 718 com> 140 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 293: EE Board April 1996 ‘The probability of getting at least 2 heads when a coin is tossed four times is, A. 11/16 B. 1316 c. 14 D. 38 Problem 294: A fair coin is tossed three times. What is the probability of getting either 3 heads or 3 tail? A 18 B. 3/8 Cc. 14 D. 42 Problem zys: ECE Board March 1996 The probability of getting a credit in an examination is 1/3. If three students are selected at random, what is the probability that at least one of them got a credit? A. 19127 B. 8/27 Cc. 23 D. 13 Problem 296: There are 3 questions in a test. For each question 1 point is awarded for a correct answer and none for a wrong answer. If the probability that Janine correctly answers a question in the test is 2/3, determine the probability that-she gets zero in the test A 827 B. 4/9 Cc. 130 D. 1727 Problem 297: EE Board April 1991 In‘the ECE Board Examinations, the probability that an examinee will pass cach Subject is 0.8. What is the probability that an examinee will pass at least two subjects ‘out of the three board subjects? A 709% B. 809% C. 859% D. 896% Venn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 141 Problem 298: Ina multiple choice test, each question is to be answered by selecting 1 out of 5 choices, of which only 1 is right. If there are 10 questions in a test, what is the probability of getting 6 right of pure guesswork? A. 10% B. 6% C. 0.44% D, 0.55% Problem 299: ME Board April 1994 From a box containing 6 red balls, 8 white balls and 10 blue balls, one ball is drawn at random. Determine the probability that it is red or white. A 18 B. 7/2 c. 62 D. 14 Problem 300: EE Board October 1990 From a bag containing 4 black balls and 5 white balls, two balls are drawn one at a time. Find the probability that both balls are white. Assume that the first ball is retumed before the second ball is drawn. 25/81 16/81 5/18 40/81 cop> Problem 301: CE Board May 1996 A bag contains 3 white and 5 black balls. If two balls are drawn in succession without replacement, what is the probability that both balls are black? A 56 B. 5/28 C. 5182 D. 5/14 Problem 302: ME Board April 1996 ‘An um contains 4 black balls and 6 white balls. What is the probability of getting 4 black and 1 white ball in two consecutive draws from the urn? 0.24 0.27 0.53 0.04 vop> 142. 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 303: EE Board October 1990 From a bag containing 4 black balls and 5 white balls, two balls are drawn one at a time. Find the probability that one ball is white and one balll is black. Assume that the first ball is returned before the second ball is drawn. A 16/81 B. 25/81 c. 20/81 D. 40/81 Problem 304: EE Board October 1997 A group of 3 people enter a theater after the lights had dimmed. They are shown to the correct group of 3 seats by the usher. Each person holds a number stub, What is the probability that each is in the correct seat according to the numbers on seat and stub? A. 16 B14 eles D. 18 Problem 305: From 20 tickets marked with the first 20 numerals, one is drawn at random. What is the chance that it will be a multiple of 3 or of 72 2 8/5 3/0 25 Vopr ANSWER KEY 282. 283. 284. 286. 286. 287. 288. RATING (_} u3-50 Topnotcher [_] 33-42 Passer [_] 25-32 Conditionar [_] 0-24 Failed If FAILED, repeat the test. BBB CS enoeioo O>>DOD>00D0B0 A A A ae B c B A .B A A yn 28 Venn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 143 SOLUTIONS TO TEST 6 Let: x= number of students who like both subjects er-n2x+@6-1)=40 Calculus Chemistry 27 +25-x=40 x= 12 students Let: x = number of executives who smoke both brand of cigarettes (33-») +x+(20-») = 33 + 20-x 0 Marlboro Philip Morris 3 executives EEEB Let: x = number of persons who have eaten in both restaurants (72-x) +x+ (62-x) = 100 Pasi 3D. 72+ EB Let: x = number of examinees who took the examination - 5 Math Communication x =[Bx-a}eae[ 8x4] bya 7 Xx = 28 examinees PEt Let: x = number of persons who have no brand preference BrandX Brand Y 1000 + 120 + 50 + 200 + 100 + 150 + 100 "80 persons Brand Z 144 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Note: The survey is not worth paying for. The error is that according to the said survey, there are 6 people who used all three brands but only 5 people used the brands Hapee and Close-up. Note: “ PERSONNEL” Number of vowels = 2 (E & O) Number of constants = 5 (P, R, S, N & L) Two vowels can be filled in this section Five consonants can be filled in this section | Four consonants can be filled in this section | | One vowel can be filled in this section yy 2-4 [7 number of words 2(6)(4)(1) = 40 words Number of ways the books in “Math” can be arranged = Number of ways the books in “Elec.” can be arranged Number of ways the books in “Comm.” can be arranged = 2! 5! Let: N= total number of ways N = (61)(41(2) (number of sequence or order) N = (61)(41)(21)(6) = 34,560 ways Math-Elec-Comm ee * Math-Comm-Elec Elec-Math-Comm Elec-Comm-Math Comm-Elec-Math Comm-Math-Elec 6 orders! Number of ways the 3 nurses can be arranged = 3! Number of ways the 4 engineers can be arranged = 4! (30(4 (umber of sequence or order) (3)(4)6) = 720 ways S orders ma|m|m]m]= m|m|m|s |= m|m|= |= |= m|s |= |= |r = |= ]s |m|m = |= |[m|m|m = |m|m|m|m Venn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 145 GE N= tocar) LL | |e | 2 Fe Pease OA Nasccee were prize prize prize prize prize 266. 2 4 3 2 a digit dig digit digit Note: * BANANA” Number of A's = 3 Number of N's = 2 ee wo] 8] 6 M Mm M EZMB N= 15(14)(13)(12)(11) FEES Sie et mw: N = 360,360 ways Pres. V-Pres. Sec. Treas. Aud. EEA With one flag: Ni =4 signals, Z With two flags: Ne = 4(3) = 12 signals With three flags: Ns = 4(3)(2) = 24 signals With four flags: Na = 4(3)(2)(1) = 24 signals ls By a} |x. N=4+ 12424 +24 =64 signals JER Number of ways the 4 boys can be arranged = 4! Number of ways the 4 girls can be arrange N= (41 4)2 = 1182 ways Note: Since the arrangement requires a definite order, then the said arrangement is under the principles of “permutation”. 146 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas 4! P, = a2" 6-2] 2 arrangements Number of ways the boys can be arranged Number of ways the girls can be arranged N= (41)(5) 2880 ways @3—__ aS seat is permanently occupied by one of the children! x) Op 9 Note: Since the objects taken can be arrange in any way, then the said arrangement is under the principles of “combination”. a mr =n 4c: 42 277. 120 45" @yigi ~ 5245786 combinations nC r23.0 3C 42, = 2°-1=7 combinations Be C42, = 25-1= 31 combinations Number of ways of selecting a chemical eng'r: 4C2 = mn eee Number of ways of selecting a mechanical eng'r: 5C, = e = "an? N= 6(3) = 18 ways 10! ES ees Ef .c, Goon ~ 120 ways Venn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 147 451 E72 es EB xc. ne | 283. Ne ways of ing men: r= ena oe ae Number of ways of hiring women: 15 ways N = 36(15) = 540 ways Total number of games = 43C = ae =78 games Number of games that van be played ver day: “2 0.6 = approximately 6 games per day Number of days needed to complete the tournament: 78 = Berga a lays Number of ways to travel from A to B = 5 ways Number of ways to travel from B to C = 4 ways Number of ways to travel from C to B without using the same road to travel from B to C = 3 ways Number of ways to travel from B to A without using the same road to travel from A to B= 4 ways N = 5(4)(3)(4) = 240 ways robability of the man to win a prize umber of tickets he bought x probability of winning the lottery 2 41 p=sl5|- 50 |" 5 pets 5 6 1 ELA Number of tals with a sum of 11=2trials 2 Total number of trials = 6" =(6)* = 36 trials 3 4 __ umber of successful trials 5 totalnumber trials 6 148. 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas eaennls 36 18 Number of trials with a sum of 7 = 6 trials Total number of trials = 36 trials Bie Bea 1 fumber of successful trials 2 total number trials 3 61 P=—=— 4 366 5 6 EEER Number of triats wth a sum of 10 oF 12 = 4 trials Total number of trials = 26 trials yeay Eat EP Seer number of successful tnals total number trials 4 ses 36 i 2| 3 4 5| 6| EBLE bet: P= probability of drawing a king Po = probability of drawing a diamond Pxao = probability of drawing a king at the time a diamond 4 13 4 Py = 4: Pp= 3: Pen = K = By iPo= ao iPkan Pkoro = Px +Po—Pkao 413 1.164 eave 5282-52-13. Eg Let: Pk = probability of drawing a king Pr = probability of drawing a red card Par = probability of drawing a king at the same time a red card 4 26 2 Px = Pres a8 Seg le Pkork = Pk + Pr—Pxar SA Bee Pror= 52‘ 62 52 = 0.5385 Venn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 149 PanGpla where: P robability of getting a tail from a single trial = probability of not getting a tail from a single trial n= number of trials T= number of successful trials 1 2 1 2 Pp Ay ase (1 owes Preset) (Septet =! =3r=3 CA a ie @) Sa =A AV (AY Sekt et rwrsela) (3) ‘ As] [5] of] a EZT@ Note: Probability of getting a passing score in each subject is 0.8 Probability of failing in any of the three subjects is 0.2 Let: P; = probability of passing exactly two subjects fee = P,=3C2(0.87(0.2)' = an (0.128) = 0.384 ‘ P2 = probability of passing all the three subjects P,=3C3(0.8) (0.2) =(1(0.512)= 0.512 robability of passing at least two subjects 1+ Po P = 0.384 + 0.512 = 0.896 or 89.6% Note: Probability of getting a correct answer is 1/5 Probability of getting a wrong answer is 4/5 Let: P = probability of getting 6 correct answers out from 10 questions reuse) 5) ~aoce 62x 10"*)-0,0055 or 0.55% Venn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 151 EEE L2t:P = probability of getting a red ora white bal from the box number of red or white balls 1 total number of balls 24° 12 Si Let: P; = probability of drawing a white ball in the first draw P2 = probability of drawing a white ball in the second draw Note: The 1* ball was retumed in the bag before the 2 ball was drawn Ea P2 = probability of drawing a black ball in the second draw Note: The 1" ball was not retumed in the bag before the 2™ balll was drawn Pret P = probability that both balls drawn are all black P=P,xP2 ‘Assume the first draw is black and the second draw is white: Ps = Peace X Pyte Let: P = probability that one ball is black and the other is white P=Py +P, 24 24 p= 4, 24 95: 90 * 99 “°°? 152 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Assume the first draw is black and the second draw is white: Ps = Pack X Pure Assume the first draw is white and the second draw is black: Po = Pate X Poiack Let: P = probability that one balll is black and the other is white P=P; +P, 20 , 20 _ 40 Powder ee 81 81 Bt BLES Fropapiiity nat A ts correct = 1/3, assuming he ts to sit down tirst Probability that B is correct = 1/2, assuming he is to sit down after A Probability that C is correct = 1, assuming he is the last to sit down Let: P = probability that A, B and C are correct Pstxtxiat Be Alternate solution: Total number of possible arrangements = 31 = 6 arrangements correct arrangement total number of arrangements 6 Ea Numbers from 1 to 20, which is divisible by 3 = 6 numbers (3,6,9,12,15,18) Numbers from 1 to 20, which is divisible by 7 = 2 numbers (7,14) Total numbers from 1 to 20, which is divisible by 3 or 7 = 8 numbers Let: P = probability that the ticket number is divisible by 3 or 7 numbers between 1 to 20 whichis divisible by 3 or 7 totalnumbers from 1to 20 se 20

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