130. 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas
f APRAN
JENN DIAGRAM
COMBIN
Venn diagram is,a rectangle (the universal set) that includes circles depicting the
subsets. This diagram is named after the English logician John Venn (1834 - 1923)
in 1880.
Below is a typical problem that is given in the engineering licensure examinations.
A survey was conducted in a graduating ECE students in a certain university on
which board subject they like best. The result is tabulated as follows:
Mathematics 55. Math & Electronics 32
Electronics 50 Math & Communications 28
Communications 51 Electronics & Comm 25
All three subjects 10
How many were there in thie graduating class?
Solution: Use Venn diagram:
Math
N=5+22+10418
+3415+8 (oN
N= 81 students
Electronics
PERMUTATION / COMBINATION / PROBABILITY
Fundamental principle of counting:
“if @ thing can be done in m different ways and another thing can be done in n
different ways, then the two things can be done in m times n different ways.”
Neen
‘CommunicationsVenn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 131
PERMUTATION: (Arrangement with specific order)
“The number of permutations of n different things taken rat a time is
— |
COMBINATION: (Arrangement regardless of the order)
“The number of combinations of n different things taken r at a time is
|
Relation between permutation and combination:
PROBABILITY:
The probability (chance) of occurrence of a certain event in the following topics
are based on the idea that all possible outcomes are equally likely to ocour. This
means that if a die is thrown once, the probability of getting a six is 1/6. The same
probability with all the other numbers, i for 1 is 1/6, for 2 is 1/6 and so on.
|. Probability that an event E will happen:
where: $= number of successful outcomes
T = number of outcomes
li, Probability that it is not E:
lil, Mutually exclusive event:132, 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas
IV. Conditional and Independent probability:
V. Binomial or repeated trial probability:
where: p = probability of success e
= probability of failure = 1 —p
n= number of trials
= number of successful trials
|. CARDS. When dealing with playing cards, pack of cards
or deck of cards is understood to be 52 carde.
The playing cards were used to describe a calendar year.
‘The 52 cards represent the 52 weeks in a year. The 4
figures (Heart, Spade, Club and Diamond) represent the
4 seasons of the year and the 12 persons (Kings,
‘Queens, Jacks) are the 12 months of the year.
. DICES. Dices were first used by the Chinese. The sum of
the opposite faces of a die is always equal to 7. And the
sum of all the vertical faces of a die, no matter how it rolls
is always equal to 14.
Did you Know that...the number 1 followed by 100 zeros is called
“google” and the term “google” was coined in the 1930s by the nine-
year old nephew of the American mathematician Edward Kasner when
he was asked to come up with a name fora very large number.
Proceed to the next page for your sixth test. GOODLUCK | 5Venn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 133
Time element: 4 hours
Problem 256: EE Board October 1993
In a class of 40 students, 27 like Calculus and 25 like Chemistry. How many like
both Calculus and Chemistry?
A 10
B11
C42
D413
Problem 257: ECE Board November 1998
A club of 40 executives, 33 like to smoke Marlboro and 20 like to smoke Philip
Morris. How many like both?
A. 10
B11
G, 12
D. 13
Problem 258: GE Board February 1994
‘A survey of 100 persons revealed that 72 of them had eaten at restaurant P and
that 52 of them had eaten at restaurant Q. Which of the following could not be the
number of persons in the surveyed group who had eaten at both P and Q?
A 20
B. 22
c. 24
D. 26
Problem 259: ECE Board November 1992
The probability for the ECE board examinees from a certain school to pass the
subject Mathematics is 3/7 and for the subject Communications is 5/7. If none of the
examinees fails both subject and there are 4 examinees who pass both subjects, find
the number of examinees from that school who took the examinations.
A. 20
B. 25
Cc. 30
D. 28134. 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas
Problem 260: EE Board March 1998
In @ commercial survey involving 1000 persons on brand preference, 120 were
found to prefer brand x only, 200 prefer brand y only, 150 prefer brand z only, 370
prefer either brand x or y but not z, 450 prefer brand y or z but not x and 370 prefer
either brand z or x but not y. How many persons have no brand preference, satisfied
with any of the three brands?
280
230
180
130
com>
Problem 261: EE Board April 1997
A toothpaste firm claims that in a survey of 54 people, they were using either
Colgate, Hapee or Close-up brand. The following statistics were found: 6 people
used all three brands, 5 used only Hapee and Close-up, 18 used Hapee or Close-up,
2 used Hapee, 2 used only Hapee and Colgate, 1 used Close-up and Colgate, and
20 used only Colgate. Is the survey worth pavina for?
Neither yes nor no
Yes
No
Either yes or no
oop>
Problem 262:
How many four-letter words beginning and ending with a vowel without any
letter repeated can be formed from the word “personnel”?
A 40
B. 480
De a0:
D. 312
Problem 263:
Five different mathematics books, 4 different electronics books and 2 different
communications books are to be placed in a shelf with the books of the same subject
together. Find the number of ways in which the books can be placed.
A. 292
B. 5760
Cc. 34560
D. 12870
Problem 264:
‘The number of ways can 3 nurses and 4 engineers be seated on a bench with
the nurses seated together is
A. 144
B. 258
Cc. 720Venn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 135
D. 450
Problem 265: ECE Board November 1998
If 15 people won prizes in the state lottery (assuming that there are no ties), how
many ways can these 15 people win first, second, third, fourth and fifth prizes?
A. 4,845
B. 116,260
C. 360,360
D. 3,003
Problem 266: CE Board November 1996
How many 4 digit numbers can be formed without repeating any digit from the
following digits: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6?
A120
B. 130
c. 140
D. 150
Problem 267: EE Board June 1990
How many permutations are there if the letters PNRCSE are taken six at a time?
1440
480
720
360
gop>
Problem 268: EE Board April 1996
In how many ways can 6 distinct books be arranged in a bookshelf?
720
120
360
180
pop>
Problem 269: EE Board April 1997
‘What is the number of permutations of the letters in the word BANANA?
36
60
52
42
com>
Problem 270: ME Board April 1994
APSME unit has 10 ME’s, 8 PME's and 6 CPM's. If a committee of 3 members,
one from each group is to be formed, how many such committees can be formed?
A. 2,024
B. 12,144
Cc, 480136 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas
D. 360
Problem 271: ME Board October 1992
{In how many ways can a PSME Chapter with 15 directors choose a President, a
Vice President, a Secretary, a Treasurer and an Auditor, if no member can hold
more than one position?
A. 360,360
B. 32,760
C. 3,003
D. 3,603,600
Problem 272: EE Board October 1997
Four different colored flags can be hung in a row to make coded signal. How
many signals can be made if a signal consists of the display of one or more flags?
A 64
B. 66
Cc. 68
D. 62
Problem 273: EE Board June 1990, EE Board April 1993,
CHE Board May 1994
In how many ways can 4 boys and 4 girls be seated alternately in a row of 8
seats?
1152
2304
576
2204
pom>
Problem 274: EE Board October 1997
There are four balls of four different colors. Two balls are taken at a time and
arranged in a definite order. For example, if a white and a red balls are taken, one
definite arrangement is white first, red second, and another arrangement is red first,
white second. How many such arrangements are possible?
A 24
B. 6
Cc. 12
D. 36
Problem 275:
How many different ways can 5 boys and 5 giris form a circle with boys and girls
alternate?
28,800
2,880
5,600
14,400
9om>Venn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 137
Problem 276: EE Board October 1997
There are four balls of different colors. Two balls at a time are taken and
arranged any way. How many such combinations are possible?
A. 36
B 3
c 6
D. 12
Problem 277: EE Board March 1998
How many 6-number combinations can be generated from the numbers from 1
to 42 inclusive, without repetition and with no regards to the order of the numbers?
A. 850,668
B. 5,245,786
C. 188,848,296
D. 31,474,716
Problem 278:
Find the total number of combinations of three letters, J, R, T taken 1, 2, 3 ata
Problem 279: ME Board October 1997
In how many ways can you invite one or more of your five friends in a party?
pom>
e
8
Problem 280: CHE November 1996
In how many ways can a committee of three consisting of two chemical
engineers and one mechanical engineer can be formed from four chemical
‘engineers and three mechanical engineers?
A 18
B. 64
Coo32
D. None of these
Problem 261: EE Board April 1995
In Mathematics examination, a student may select 7 problems from a set of 10
problems. In how many ways can he make his choice?
A. 120138 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas
B. 530
Cc. 720
D. 320
Problem 282: EE Board April 1997
How many committees can be formed by choosing 4 men from an organization
of a membership of 15 men?
1390
1240 .
1435
1365
pom>
Problem 283: ECE Board April 1998
A semiconductor company will hire 7 men and 4 women. in how many ways can
the company choose from 9 men and 6 women who qualified for the position?
680
340
480
840
goo>
Problem 284: ECE Board April 1994
There are 13 teams in a touiament. Each team is to play with each other only
once. What is the minimum number of days can they all play without any team
playing more than one game in any day?
AT
B. 12
c. 19
D. 14
Problem 285: EE Board October 1996
There are five main roads between the cities A and B, and four between B and
C. In how many ways can a person drive from A to C and return, going through B on
both trips without driving on the same road twice?
A. 260
B. 240
Cc. 120
D. 160
Problem 286: EE Board April 1991
There are 50 tickets in a lottery in which there is a first and second prize. What.
is the probability of a man drawing a prize if he owns 5 tickets?
50%
25%
20%
40%
pepVenn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 139
Problem 287:
Roll a pair of dice. What is the probability that the sum of two numbers is 117
1136
119
48
1/20
Problem 288:
Roll two dice once. What is the probability that the sum is 7?
A 16
B. 1/8
C. 1/4
D417
Problem 289:
In a throw of two dine. the penhal
ly af abtaining a total of 10.or 12 is
116
119
42
18
gom>
Problem 290:
Determine the probability of drawing either a king or a diamond in a single draw
from a pack of 52 playing cards.
A 23
B. 33.
c. 4n3
D. 1n3.
Problem 291:
‘A card is drawn from a deck of 52 playing cards. Find the probability of drawing
aking or a red card,
A. 0.5835
B. 0.5385
C. 0.3585
D. 0.8535
Problem 292: CE Board November 1998
A coin is tossed 3 times. What is the probability of getting 3 tails up?
118
46
44
718
com>140 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas
Problem 293: EE Board April 1996
‘The probability of getting at least 2 heads when a coin is tossed four times is,
A. 11/16
B. 1316
c. 14
D. 38
Problem 294:
A fair coin is tossed three times. What is the probability of getting either 3 heads
or 3 tail?
A 18
B. 3/8
Cc. 14
D. 42
Problem zys: ECE Board March 1996
The probability of getting a credit in an examination is 1/3. If three students are
selected at random, what is the probability that at least one of them got a credit?
A. 19127
B. 8/27
Cc. 23
D. 13
Problem 296:
There are 3 questions in a test. For each question 1 point is awarded for a
correct answer and none for a wrong answer. If the probability that Janine correctly
answers a question in the test is 2/3, determine the probability that-she gets zero in
the test
A 827
B. 4/9
Cc. 130
D. 1727
Problem 297: EE Board April 1991
In‘the ECE Board Examinations, the probability that an examinee will pass cach
Subject is 0.8. What is the probability that an examinee will pass at least two subjects
‘out of the three board subjects?
A 709%
B. 809%
C. 859%
D. 896%Venn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 141
Problem 298:
Ina multiple choice test, each question is to be answered by selecting 1 out of 5
choices, of which only 1 is right. If there are 10 questions in a test, what is the
probability of getting 6 right of pure guesswork?
A. 10%
B. 6%
C. 0.44%
D, 0.55%
Problem 299: ME Board April 1994
From a box containing 6 red balls, 8 white balls and 10 blue balls, one ball is
drawn at random. Determine the probability that it is red or white.
A 18
B. 7/2
c. 62
D. 14
Problem 300: EE Board October 1990
From a bag containing 4 black balls and 5 white balls, two balls are drawn one
at a time. Find the probability that both balls are white. Assume that the first ball is
retumed before the second ball is drawn.
25/81
16/81
5/18
40/81
cop>
Problem 301: CE Board May 1996
A bag contains 3 white and 5 black balls. If two balls are drawn in succession
without replacement, what is the probability that both balls are black?
A 56
B. 5/28
C. 5182
D. 5/14
Problem 302: ME Board April 1996
‘An um contains 4 black balls and 6 white balls. What is the probability of getting
4 black and 1 white ball in two consecutive draws from the urn?
0.24
0.27
0.53
0.04
vop>142. 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas
Problem 303: EE Board October 1990
From a bag containing 4 black balls and 5 white balls, two balls are drawn one
at a time. Find the probability that one ball is white and one balll is black. Assume
that the first ball is returned before the second ball is drawn.
A 16/81
B. 25/81
c. 20/81
D. 40/81
Problem 304: EE Board October 1997
A group of 3 people enter a theater after the lights had dimmed. They are shown
to the correct group of 3 seats by the usher. Each person holds a number stub, What
is the probability that each is in the correct seat according to the numbers on seat
and stub?
A. 16
B14
eles
D. 18
Problem 305:
From 20 tickets marked with the first 20 numerals, one is drawn at random.
What is the chance that it will be a multiple of 3 or of 72
2
8/5
3/0
25
Vopr
ANSWER KEY
282.
283.
284.
286.
286.
287.
288.
RATING
(_} u3-50 Topnotcher
[_] 33-42 Passer
[_] 25-32 Conditionar
[_] 0-24 Failed
If FAILED, repeat the test.
BBB
CS enoeioo
O>>DOD>00D0B0
A
A
A
ae
B
c
B
A
.B
A
A
yn
28Venn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 143
SOLUTIONS TO TEST 6
Let: x= number of students who like both subjects
er-n2x+@6-1)=40 Calculus Chemistry
27 +25-x=40
x= 12 students
Let: x = number of executives who smoke both brand of cigarettes
(33-») +x+(20-») =
33 + 20-x
0 Marlboro Philip Morris
3 executives
EEEB Let: x = number of persons who have eaten in both restaurants
(72-x) +x+ (62-x) = 100 Pasi 3D.
72+
EB Let: x = number of examinees who took the examination
- 5 Math Communication
x =[Bx-a}eae[ 8x4]
bya
7
Xx = 28 examinees
PEt Let: x = number of persons who have no brand preference
BrandX Brand Y
1000
+ 120 + 50 + 200 + 100 + 150 + 100
"80 persons
Brand Z144 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas
Note: The survey is not worth paying for. The error is that according to the
said survey, there are 6 people who used all three brands but only
5 people used the brands Hapee and Close-up.
Note: “ PERSONNEL”
Number of vowels = 2 (E & O)
Number of constants = 5 (P, R, S, N & L)
Two vowels can be filled in this section
Five consonants can be filled in this section
| Four consonants can be filled in this section
| | One vowel can be filled in this section
yy
2-4 [7
number of words
2(6)(4)(1) = 40 words
Number of ways the books in “Math” can be arranged =
Number of ways the books in “Elec.” can be arranged
Number of ways the books in “Comm.” can be arranged = 2!
5!
Let: N= total number of ways
N = (61)(41(2) (number of sequence or order)
N = (61)(41)(21)(6) = 34,560 ways
Math-Elec-Comm ee *
Math-Comm-Elec
Elec-Math-Comm
Elec-Comm-Math
Comm-Elec-Math
Comm-Math-Elec
6 orders!
Number of ways the 3 nurses can be arranged = 3!
Number of ways the 4 engineers can be arranged = 4!
(30(4 (umber of sequence or order)
(3)(4)6) = 720 ways
S orders
ma|m|m]m]=
m|m|m|s |=
m|m|= |= |=
m|s |= |= |r
= |= ]s |m|m
= |= |[m|m|m
= |m|m|m|mVenn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 145
GE N= tocar) LL | |e |
2 Fe Pease OA
Nasccee were prize prize prize prize prize
266.
2 4 3 2
a
digit dig digit digit
Note: * BANANA”
Number of A's = 3
Number of N's = 2
ee wo] 8] 6
M Mm M
EZMB N= 15(14)(13)(12)(11) FEES Sie et mw:
N = 360,360 ways Pres. V-Pres. Sec. Treas. Aud.
EEA With one flag:
Ni =4 signals, Z
With two flags:
Ne = 4(3) = 12 signals
With three flags:
Ns = 4(3)(2) = 24 signals
With four flags:
Na = 4(3)(2)(1) = 24 signals
ls
By
a} |x.
N=4+ 12424 +24 =64 signals
JER Number of ways the 4 boys can be arranged = 4!
Number of ways the 4 girls can be arrange
N= (41 4)2 = 1182 ways
Note: Since the arrangement requires a definite order, then the said
arrangement is under the principles of “permutation”.146 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas
4!
P, =
a2" 6-2]
2 arrangements
Number of ways the boys can be arranged
Number of ways the girls can be arranged
N= (41)(5)
2880 ways
@3—__ aS seat is permanently
occupied by one of the
children!
x) Op
9
Note: Since the objects taken can be arrange in any way, then the said
arrangement is under the principles of “combination”.
a
mr =n
4c:
42
277. 120 45" @yigi ~ 5245786 combinations
nC r23.0
3C 42, = 2°-1=7 combinations
Be C42, = 25-1= 31 combinations
Number of ways of selecting a chemical eng'r: 4C2 = mn eee
Number of ways of selecting a mechanical eng'r: 5C, = e = "an?
N= 6(3) = 18 ways
10!
ES ees
Ef .c, Goon ~ 120 waysVenn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 147
451
E72 es
EB xc. ne
| 283. Ne ways of ing men:
r= ena oe ae
Number of ways of hiring women:
15 ways
N = 36(15) = 540 ways
Total number of games = 43C = ae =78 games
Number of games that van be played ver day: “2 0.6
= approximately 6 games per day
Number of days needed to complete the tournament:
78
= Berga
a lays
Number of ways to travel from A to B = 5 ways
Number of ways to travel from B to C = 4 ways
Number of ways to travel from C to B without using the same road
to travel from B to C = 3 ways
Number of ways to travel from B to A without using the same road
to travel from A to B= 4 ways
N = 5(4)(3)(4) = 240 ways
robability of the man to win a prize
umber of tickets he bought x probability of winning the lottery
2 41
p=sl5|-
50 |" 5 pets 5 6
1
ELA Number of tals with a sum of 11=2trials 2
Total number of trials = 6" =(6)* = 36 trials 3
4
__ umber of successful trials 5
totalnumber trials 6148. 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas
eaennls
36 18
Number of trials with a sum of 7 = 6 trials
Total number of trials = 36 trials Bie Bea
1
fumber of successful trials 2
total number trials 3
61
P=—=— 4
366 5
6
EEER Number of triats wth a sum of 10 oF 12 = 4 trials
Total number of trials = 26 trials
yeay Eat EP Seer
number of successful tnals
total number trials
4
ses
36
i
2|
3
4
5|
6|
EBLE bet: P= probability of drawing a king
Po = probability of drawing a diamond
Pxao = probability of drawing a king at the time a diamond
4 13 4
Py = 4: Pp= 3: Pen =
K = By iPo= ao iPkan
Pkoro = Px +Po—Pkao
413 1.164
eave
5282-52-13.
Eg Let: Pk = probability of drawing a king
Pr = probability of drawing a red card
Par = probability of drawing a king at the same time a red card
4 26 2
Px = Pres a8
Seg le
Pkork = Pk + Pr—Pxar
SA Bee
Pror= 52‘ 62 52 = 0.5385Venn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 149
PanGpla
where: P
robability of getting a tail from a single trial
= probability of not getting a tail from a single trial
n= number of trials
T= number of successful trials
1
2
1
2
Pp
Ay ase (1
owes Preset) (Septet =!
=3r=3
CA a ie
@) Sa =A
AV (AY Sekt et
rwrsela) (3)
‘ As] [5] of] a
EZT@ Note: Probability of getting a passing score in each subject is 0.8
Probability of failing in any of the three subjects is 0.2
Let: P; = probability of passing exactly two subjects
fee =
P,=3C2(0.87(0.2)' = an (0.128) = 0.384 ‘
P2 = probability of passing all the three subjects
P,=3C3(0.8) (0.2) =(1(0.512)= 0.512
robability of passing at least two subjects
1+ Po
P = 0.384 + 0.512 = 0.896 or 89.6%
Note: Probability of getting a correct answer is 1/5
Probability of getting a wrong answer is 4/5
Let: P = probability of getting 6 correct answers out from 10 questions
reuse) 5) ~aoce
62x 10"*)-0,0055 or 0.55%Venn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 151
EEE L2t:P = probability of getting a red ora white bal from the box
number of red or white balls 1
total number of balls 24° 12
Si Let: P; = probability of drawing a white ball in the first draw
P2 = probability of drawing a white ball in the second draw
Note: The 1* ball was retumed in the bag before the 2 ball was drawn
Ea
P2 = probability of drawing a black ball in the second draw
Note: The 1" ball was not retumed in the bag before the 2™ balll was drawn
Pret
P = probability that both balls drawn are all black
P=P,xP2
‘Assume the first draw is black and the second draw is white:
Ps = Peace X Pyte
Let: P = probability that one ball is black and the other is white
P=Py +P,
24 24
p= 4, 24 95:
90 * 99 “°°?152 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas
Assume the first draw is black and the second draw is white:
Ps = Pack X Pure
Assume the first draw is white and the second draw is black:
Po = Pate X Poiack
Let: P = probability that one balll is black and the other is white
P=P; +P,
20 , 20 _ 40
Powder ee
81 81 Bt
BLES Fropapiiity nat A ts correct = 1/3, assuming he ts to sit down tirst
Probability that B is correct = 1/2, assuming he is to sit down after A
Probability that C is correct = 1, assuming he is the last to sit down
Let: P = probability that A, B and C are correct
Pstxtxiat
Be
Alternate solution:
Total number of possible arrangements = 31 = 6 arrangements
correct arrangement
total number of arrangements 6
Ea Numbers from 1 to 20, which is divisible by 3 = 6 numbers (3,6,9,12,15,18)
Numbers from 1 to 20, which is divisible by 7 = 2 numbers (7,14)
Total numbers from 1 to 20, which is divisible by 3 or 7 = 8 numbers
Let: P = probability that the ticket number is divisible by 3 or 7
numbers between 1 to 20 whichis divisible by 3 or 7
totalnumbers from 1to 20
se
20