236 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas DAY 10 Spherical Trigonometry concerns with triangles extracted from the surface of a sphere. 1. Solution to right triangles: B co-B ie: A b To solve a right triangle, draw a circle with 5 parts. The 5 parts corresponds to the 3 sides and 2 angles of the triangle (excluding the 90°angle). Then apply Napier’s rules: Rule 1: (Tan-Ad rule) “The sine of any middle part is equal to the product of the tangent of the adjacent parts.” Rule 2: (Co-Op rule) “The sine of any middle part is equal to the product of the cosine of the opposite parts.” ‘Any of the 5 parts can be the middle part. For example, if ‘a’ is the middle part, then *co-B" and “b" are the adjacent parts and “co-c’ and “co-A” are the opposite parts, thus: ‘sina = tan(co_B)tanb but tan (co-B) = cot B, ». sina = cos(co c)cos(co A) but cos (co-c) = sinc cos (co-A) = sin ASpherical Trigonometry 237 2. Solution to oblique triangles: A. Lawofsines as ‘l : B. Law ofcosines for the sides c zi 3. Area of the spherical triangle: where: E = spherical excess in degrees E=(A+B+C)- 180° a TERRESTRIAL SPHERE ra N Greenwich prime meridian longitude = 0° = Manita (14°36'N, 121°05'E) Equator Latitude = 0° Long. = 121°05’E238 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas ti & 1. Terrestrial Sphere: Important constants: Radius of the earth = 3959 miles 1 minute of the great circle area on the surface of the earth pa> 1 statute mile = 5280 feet Important terms: North & South poles — are the poles of the earth which are on its axis. Equator — an imaginary line passing through the center of the earth and perpendicular to the axis of the earth, 3. Parallels or Latitudes — are curves parallel to the equator. Latitude of a point is the smallest angle formed between the radius from the point to the Earth's center an the plane of the equator. It is measured from 0° to 90° North or South 4, Meridians or Longitudes— are curves perpendicular to the equator. Longitude of a point is the angle between the plane of its meridian and the plane of the Greenwich meridian, it is measured from 0° to 180° East or West. Meridians are all great circles while Perallels are not unless it is at the equator. 5. Prime meridian (also known as Greenwich meridian) - the meridian agreed internationally in 1864 to be of longitude 0". It passes through the former London =p ae y observatory at Greenwich. 6. Bearings or Courses — are angles formed with the meridian. ib you now that... that in the ancient times, the number 40 was used to indicate "many or too many” and the number 1001 signifies a kind of “finite infinity” as in AliBaba and the 40 thieves, Moses leave his people for 40 days and 40 nights and the famous Arabian "A thousand and one (1001) nights" 1 Proceed to the next page for your 10" test. GOODLUCK ! #°Spherical Trigonometry 239 Time element: 1.0 hour & 30 minutes Problem 436: if Greenwich mean time (GMT) is 6 A.M., what is the time at a place located 30° East longitude? TAM, BAM. 9AM. 4AM com> Problem 437: If the longitude of Tokyo is 139°E and that of Manila is 121°E, what is the time difference between Tokyo and Manila? A. (hour and 12 minutes B. 1 hour and 5 minutes C. 1 hour and 8 minutes D. 1 hour and 10 minutes Problem 438: = ‘One degree on the equator of the earth is equivalent to 1 minute 4 minutes 30 minutes Vhour- "3 gog> Problem 439: CE Board May 1997 ‘A spherical triangle ABC has an angle C = 90° and sides a = 50° and c = 80°. Find the value of "b" in degrees. 73.22 74.33 75.44 76.55 Dopp240 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 440: Solve the remaining side of the spherical triangle whose given parts are A = B = 80° and a= b = 89". A 15812" B. 162°21° Cc. 168°31° D. 172912 Problem 441: ‘Solve for side b of a right spherical triangle ABC whose parts are a = 46°, c = 75° and C = 90°. A 14 B. 68° Cc. 48° D. 74° Problem 442: Given a right spherical triangle whose given parts are a = 82°, 90°. What is the value of the side opposite the right angle? A. 83°30" B. 84°45" Cc. 86°15" D. 85"15) Problem 443: Determine the value of the angle R of an isosceles spherical triangle ARC whose given parts are b = c = 54°28’ and a = 92°30" A. 69°45) B. 55°45’ Cc. 84°25 D. 41°45" Problem 444: Solve for angle A in the spherical triangle ABC, given a = 106°25', c = 42°16" and B = 114°53. 45°54" 80°42" 97°09" 72°43 com>Spherical Trigonometry 241 Problem 445: Solve for angle C of the oblique triangle ABC given, a = 80°, c = 115° and A= 72, 61° 85° 95" 119° pom> Problem 446: Determine the spherical excess of the spherical triangle ABC given a = 56°, b = 65° and c= 78°. A. 33°33! B. 68°37" Problem 447: What is the spherical excess of a spherical triangle whose angles are all right angles? : 45° ‘90° 60° 30° gom> Problem 448: ECE Board April 1997 The area of spherical triangle ABC whose parts are A = 93° 116°51" and the radius of the sphere is 100 mis, B=64°12,C= A. 15613 sq. m. = B. 16531 sq.m C. 18645 sq.m D. 25612 sq.m Problem 449: A spherical triangle has an area of 327.25 sq. km. What is the radius of the sphere if its spherical excess is 30°? 20 km 22 km 25km 28 km vom>242 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 450: EE Board April 1997 A B a o. A ship on a certain day is at latitude 20° N and longitude 140° E. After sailing for 150 hours at a uniform speed along a great circle route, it reaches a point at latitude 10°S and longitude 170° E. If the radius of the earth is 3959 miles, find the speed in miles per hour. 174 154 16.4 19.4 ANSWER KEY 436.3 441.B 440.4 437.A 442.C 447.8 438.8 443.0 448.8 439.8 444.C 449.C 440.C 445.0 450.C RATING [J sa-a8 topnotcher [} 3-12 Passer [-J b- 8 Conditional [J o- 5 Failea If FAILED, repeat the testSpherical Trigonometry 243 ‘SOLUTIONS TO TEST 10 EEE Gitzintime _ aif.intongitude 24 360° diff.intime __30°-0° 2a «360F diff. in time = 2 hours ‘The time in the place is 2 hours ahead of GMT because the place is at the East. Time is 8 AM, diff.in time _ diff.inlongitude 360° diff intime _ 130° 1219 24 360° Giff. in time = 1.2 hours = 1 hour and 12 minutes FEES 260 cogrees = 24 hours time =4 deare| eas | 360 degrees time = 0.0667 hr x SOmin time = 4 minutes A - Lo ON A= 80° B= 80°244 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas tan $ =cos80°tan89° A Ce j — Gey c B - a= 46° A oF (=a FVPR sinco-c=cosacosb c cos ¢ = cos a cos b cos ¢ = cos 82° cos 62° c= 86°15" Cc B = 82° 4 443 as b= 54°28" = 54°28" @ ee sin co-B = tan 2 tan co-c (=| cos B tan —1_ 2 tanc 92304 08 B= oe eee 08 B= tan 2 tanS4°28 B=41° 45"Spherical Trigonometry 245 Bama Using law of cosines for sides: cos b= cos a cos c + sina sinc cos B cos b = cos 106°25' cos 42°16' + sin 106°25' sin 42°16" cos 114°53° b= 118°43 B=114°53° Using law of sines: eel a =106°25' sin114°53" sin118°43) A= 82°51" or 2 : A= 97°09’ (its supplement) b Geee Using law of sines: C _ sina An7e sinc sina sinc _ sin72° ne sini15° sin80° C=61°04" or C= 18°56 c B Since side o> side a a= 80° «. Angle C > angle A use C = 118°56" BBA Using law of cosines for sides: cos a= 00s b cos ¢ + sin b sinc cos A cos 56° = cos 65° cos 78° + sin 65° sin 78° cos A A= 57°53 Using law of sines: 4 sinC _ sina sinc sina sinC__ sin57°53' sin78°—sin56° =87°52) b= 65 one a= 56° sin65® sin56°246. 100! Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas B=67°48" Spherical excess, E: E=(A+B+C)—180 (57°53! + 67°48" + 87°52’) — 180° 3°33" a E=(A+B+C)- 180° E = (90° + 90° + 90") - 180° E=90° 2 Et A= SRE as 180° E=(A+B+C)- 180° E = (93°40' + 64°12" + 116°51') - 180° E = 94°43" ae x(100)?(94°43') 180° A= 16531 sq.m. 449. aR%E 180° R? (30°) aa725s SS) 180° R=25 km, EET sin co-c = cos 30 cos 30 cos c = cos 30 cos 30 = 41°24'35" 60NM ABE 41) raaae:(S0NM)