Strength of Materials $31 ‘Simple stress is the force per unit area. cross-sectional area stress If force P is in newtons and area is in mm, then the resulting unit for stress is MPa, Shearing stress (or tangential stress) is a stress caused by forces acting along or parallel to the area resisting the forces. Bearing stress is one which is caused by forces acting perpendicular to the area resisting the forces. Normal stresses, like tensile stress and compressive stress are examples of bearing stress. ‘Simple strain is the ratio of the deformation or elongation to the original length. 3. = elongation L = original length532 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Stress-strain diagram: ‘Actual rapture Stress aaa Utimate strength oO Strain Hooke's Law states that within elastic limit (from point O to the proportional limit), the stress is proportional to strain. Thus, S a e or where: E = modulus of elasticity or ‘oung’s modulus, in honor of ‘Thomas Young who introduce this constant of proportionality in 1807. Hooke's law was formulated by Robert Hooke in 1678. Elastic limit refers to the stress beyond which the material will nol return to its: original shape when the load is removed. The permanent deformation caused by excessive stress is called permanent set. Yield point refers to the point where there is an appreciable elongation or yielding of the material even without any corresponding increase of load. Ultimate stress (or ultimate strength) refers to the highest ordinate in the stress- strain diagram. Rapture strength is sometimes known as the stress at failure. Working stress is the actual stress of the material when loaded. Allowable stress is the maximum safe stress which the material can carry. Factor of safety is the ratio of the ultimate stress to allowable stress. Shearing strain is the angular change between two perpendicular faces of a differential element. Modulus of rigidity (G) — refers to the modulus of elasticity in shear.Strength of Materials 533 Thermal stress is the stress on the material caused by the internal forces due to change in temperature. The temperature deformation may be calculated using Subjected to temp. change L a THIN WALLED CYLINDERS A, Tangential Stress: B. Longitudinal Stress: where: p= pressure in Nim? D = inside diameter in mm t= thickness in mm ‘Another term for tangential stress is circumferential stress, or hoop stress or girth stress. Note that the longitudinal stress is one-half the value of the tangential stress. TORSION Torsion refers to the twisting of solid or hollow circular shafts. A. Shearing stress: where: T= torque applied p= radial distance from the center of cross-section J = polar moment of inertia of the cross- section B. Maximum shearing stress: where: r= radius of the cross-section534 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas C. Maximum shearing stress of: A Solid shaft B. Hollow shaft where: d = diameter of shaft : d = inner diameter of shaft 3 D = outer diameter of shaft D. Angular deformation, 0 where: T = torque applied L =length J = polar moment of inertia of cross-section G = modulus of rigidity E. Tranamit power, P where: P= power in watts T= torque in N-m f= frequency or speed in revolutions per ee second ‘A. Maximum shearing stress: P = axial load R= mean radius of helical spring d= diameter of rod/wire of spring m = ratio of the mean diameter of the spring to the mean diameter of the spring rod or wire D me sce d where: n = number of turns B. Spring deformation: : G = modulus of rigidityStrength of Materials 535 Shear and Moment: For symmetrically loaded and simply supported beams: Maximum shear occurs at the support and equal to the reaction while maximum moment occurs at the midspan. Also, maximum moment occurs at a point where shear is equal to zero. Bib pou finow that... QED, the abbreviation of Quod Erat Demonstrandum, Latin for *which was to be demonstrated’ was commonly used by mathematicians to indicated that a conclusion has been reached, was first introduced by Euclid using its Greek. equivalent in the 54 century B.c.! Proceed to the next page for your 21 test. GOODLUCK! =$36 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas mn Problem 881: ECE Board November 1998 An iron column of annular cross-section has an outer diameter of 200 mm and is subjected to a force of 74 KN. Find the thickness of the wall if the allowable compressive stress is 10 MPa. A. 12.75mm B. 12.57mm Cc. 17.75 mm D. 1b.7>mm Problem 882: ME Board April 1998. A force of 10 N is applied to one end of a 10 inches diameter circular rod. Calculate the stress. A. 0.20kPa B. 0.15kPa C. 0.05 kPa D. 0.10kPa Problem 883: ME Board April 1996 A steel tie rod on bridge must be made to withstand a pull of 5000 Ibs. Find the diameter of the rod assuming a factor of safety of 5 and ultimate stress of 64,000 psi. A. 0.75 B. 0.71 Cc. 0.84 D. 0.79 Problem 884: EE Board October 1996 Determine the outside diameter of a hollow steel tube that will carry a tensile load of 500 KN at a stress of 140 Mpa. Assume the wall thickness to be one-tenth of, the outside diameter. 111.3mm 109.7 mm. 113.7 mm. 112.4mm. pop>Strength of Materials $37 Problem 885: ME Board April 1996 If the ultimate shear strength of a steel plate is 42,000 psi, what force is necessary to punch a 0.75-inch diameter hole in a 0.625 inch thick plate? A. 63,000 B. 68,080 C. 61,850 D. 66,800 Problem 886: ME Board October 1995 What force is required to punch a 1/2-inch hole on a 3/8 thick plate if the ultimate shearing strength of the plate is 42,000 psi? 24,940 24,620 24,960 24,740 9op> Problem 887: A single bolt is used to lap joint two steel bars together. Tensile force on the bar is 20,000 N. Determine the diameter of the bolt required if the allowable shearing stress is 70 MPa? A. 17mm B. 18mm c. 19mm D. 20mm Problem 888: EE Board October 1996 What is the stress in a thin-walled spherical shell of diameter D and a wall thickness t when subjected to internal pressure p? A. S=Dipt S=4D/pt Problem 889: ME Board April 1998 Compute the safe wall thickness of a 76.2 cm diameter steel tank. The tank is subjected to 7.33 MPa pressure and the steel material has a yield stress of 215.4 MPa. The factor of safety to use is 3. 41/2 inches 3.89 inches 4.09 inches 3.96 inches oomw>$38 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 890: EE Board April 1996 A cylindrical water tank is 8 m in diameter and 12 m high. If the tank is to be completely filled, determine the minimum thickness of the tank plating if the stress is limited to 40 MPa. A. 11.77mm B. 13.18mm C. 10.25mm D. 12.6mm Problem 891: EE Board October 1990 Awater reservoir of 24 m high and 12 m in diameter is to be completely filled with water. Find the minimum thickness of the reservoir plating if the stress is limited to 50 MPa. A. 245mm B. 28mm Cc. 21mm D. 26mm Problem 892: EE Board April 1995 The stress in a 90-cm diameter pipe having a walll thickness of 9.5 cm and under a static head of 70 m of water is A. 325kPa B. 32.5kPa C. 32.5MPa D. 325MPa Problem 893: ME Board October 1994 ‘A cylindrical tank with 10 inches inside diameter contains oxygen gas at 2,500 psi. Calculate the required thickness in mm under a stress of 28,000 psi. A 11.44 B. 11.34 Cc. 10.60 D. 10.30 Problem 894: ME Board April 1995 A solid shaft 48.2 cm long is used for a transmission of mechanical power at a rate of 37 KW running at 1760 rpm. The stress is 8.13 MPa. Calculate the diameter. 30mm 35mm, 40mm 50 mm pom>‘ Strength of Materials 539 Problem 895: ME Board October 1995 . __ What is the modulus of elasticity if the stress is 44,000 psi and unit strain of 0.001057 A. 41.905 x 10° B. 42.300 x 10° ©. 41.202 x 108 D. 43.101 x 10° Problem 89¢: ME Board October 1995 A2-inch solid shaft is driven by a 36-inch gear and transmits power at 120 rpm. Ifthe allowable shearing stress is 12 ksi, what horsepower can be transmitted? 29.89 35.89 38.89 34.89 Problem 897: ME Board October 1995 A hollow shaft has an inner diameter of 0.035 m and an outer diameter of 0.06 ‘m. Compute for the torque in N-m, if the stress is not to exceed 120 MPa. gom> A. 4500 B. 4100 Cc. 4300 D. 4150 Problem 898: ME Board October 1996 Compute the nominal shear stress at the surface in MPa for a 40-mm diameter shaft that transmits 750 KW at 1500 rpm. Axial and bending loads are assumed negligible. A. 218 B. 312 C= 232 D. 380 Problem 899: ME Board October 1995 A hollow shaft has an inner diameter of 0.035 m and an outer diameter of 0.06 m. Determine the polar moment of inertia of the hollow shaft. 1.512 x 10° m* 1.215 x 10° m* 1.152 x 10° m* 1.125 x 10° m* com>540 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 900: ME Board April 1997 What power would a spindle 55 mm in diameter transmit at 480 rpm. Stress allowed for short shaft is 59 N/mm? A. 42.12 kW B. 50.61 kW C. 96.88 kW D. 39.21 kW Problem 901: ‘A.30-m long aluminum bar is subjected to a tensile stress of 172 MPa. Find the elongation if E = 69,116 MPa? 0.746 m 0.007 m 6.270 mm 7.40 cm. 99D> Problem: 902: EE Board October 1996 A steel wire is 4.0 m long and 2 mm in diameter. How much is it elongated by a suspended body of mass 20 kg? Young’s modulus for steel is 196,000 MPa. A. 1.123 mm B. 1.385 mm C. 1.374 mm D. 1.274mm Problem 903: A steel wire is 6 m long, hanging vertically supports a load of 2000 N. Neglecting the weight of the wire, determine the required diameter if the stress is not to exceed 140 MPa and the total elongation is not to exceed 4 mm. E = 200,000 MPa. A. 34mm B. 4.4mm C. 426mm D. 5.4mm Problem 904: A copper rolled wire 10 m long and 1.5 mm diameter when supporting a weight of 350 N elongates 18.6 mm. Compute the value of the Young's modulus of this wire. 200 GPa 180.32 GPa 148.9 GPa 106.48 GPa pop>Strength of Materials 541 Problem 905: EE Board April 1996 A cylinder of diameter 1.0 cm at 30°C is to be slid into a hole on a steel plate. The hole has a diameter of 0.99970 cm at 30°C. To what temperature the plate must be heated? Coefficient of linear expansion for steel is 1.2 x 10° onv°C. A. 62°C B. 65°C c. 48°C D. 55°C Problem 906: EE Board April 1995 ‘An iron steam pipe is 200 ft long at 0°C. What will its increase in length when heated to 100°C? Coefficient of linear expansion is 10 x 10° f°C. Problem 907: ECE Board November 1996 A simple beam 10 m long carries a concentrated load of 200 kN at the midspan. ° What is the maximum moment of the beam? A. 250kN-m B. 500kN-m. C. 400 kN-m D. 100 kN-m Problem 908: ME Board October 1993 ‘A beam supported at both ends and carrying a uniformly distributed load: has its maximum bending moment at the supports has its maximum shear at the center of the beam has its maximum shear at the supports has uniform shear throughout the length of the beam 9om> Problem 909: A simply supported beam, 10 m long carries a uniformly distributed load of 20 kN/m. What is the value of the maximum shear of the beam due to this load? 250 kN 100 KN 1000 kN 500 KN com>542. 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 910: A simply supported beam, 10 m long carries a uniformly distributed load of 20 kN/m. What is the value of the maximum moment of the beam due to this load? ‘A. 10,000 kN-m B. 5,000 kN-m C. 2,000 kN-m D. 250 kN-m ANSWER KEY RATING 881.A 891.6 82.A 892.D 902. -30 T &k ee ee (J es-30 Topnotcher 884.D 894.D 904. [J 1a-2u Passer 885.C 895. A 886.D 896.8 906. (15-17 conditional 887.C 897.A 888.C 898.D 908. 0-14 Fai 889.8 899. O eee 890.A 900.C 910. If FAILED, repeat the test.Strength of Materials $43 SOLUTIONS TO TEST 21 0.0075 = (0.2)? -2¢? 4 4 d= 0.1245 m, Solving for t: d+2t 1745 + 2b .01275 m. 2.75 mm. EE ¢=10inxt* ,_1m 12in 3.281 ft ett 5@ 2 710.284) .254 m. = 197.35 Pa =0.20kPa 883. 884. } = p?_ 2-21? As 7D? -7 (0-24) Note: t= 0.1D A= aot -=[p -2(0.10)F544 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas 2827 D? 2827 D* 4124 m, a w |v P= GAs (ndt) 2,000 (n)(0.5)(0.375) 4,740 Ibs. @ 8 = EE l= 2 1 Formula! o =k 22 k= factor of safely 21514 x 108 = 47-33x10°)(0.762) 2t t= 0.0389 m. Es -2 Note: The biggest pressure occurs at the bottom of the tank P= @h= 9810 Nim° (12 m) = 117.720 Pa D. = 1977208) = 9.01477 m, 2c, (40x 10°) t= 11.77 mm, teStrength of Materials 545 89 =D EM ..-2 Note: The biggest pressure occurs at the bottom of the tank p= @h= 9810 Nim’ (24 m) = 235,440 Pa $s OO je A2BAAI2) 440112) «0,028 m. 28 2(60x10°) t=28mm. Ea ..- 2t Note: The biggest pressure occurs at the bottom ‘wh= 9810 N/m* (70 m) = 686,700 Pa _pD _ 686,700(0.9) : = BD . £86,7000.9) | 3,252,789.474 Pa. eee 789.474 Pa. oy =3.25MPa EES =P at t= 0,4464 in x248em , 10mm tin * tem 204, 0.00105546 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas T = 18,849.55 Ib-in = __2nf1___ 2n(120)(18.849.55) _ Banoo sa000ci2) 09 HP = —167D “x0 =<) 120x 10° = 1610.06) _ ‘n{(0.06)* — (0.035)*} T= 4,500 N-m ant 60 = 2n(1500)T 750,000 = T= 4,774,648 N-m 46T _ 16(4774.648) _ nd? (0.04)° 380 MPa = of aya" 10.00)" = 4 Ea I= O* -d*) =F 110.00)" -(0.035)4] J= 1.125 x 10% m* ad? 16T x(55)° S tm | : T = 1,927,391.637 N-mm F000 mm 1,927.39 N-m p= 2afT _ 2n(480)(1927.39) 60 60903. er Strength of Materials 547 Substitute (2) in (1): pact. (72x 10°)(30) _ E 69,116 x 10° 8 = 7.46 om. 0.0746 m. oft AE where: P = weight of the body P =mg = 20(9.81) = 196.2 N A= ie = 710.002)? = 3.1416 x 10° m* Substitute: pe seat aaa 341416 x 10°°(196,000 x 10°) 3= 1.274 mm. = 1.274x 10° m. Considering limitations of stress: oh EE7y 140 x 10° = d= 0.00426 m. = 4.26 mm. Considering limitations of elongation: the AE 2000(6) (200000 x10°) d= 0.0044 m. = 4.4mm. 0,004 = Note: To be safe for both stress and elongation, use d= 4.4 mm. = PL ee 350(10) x 2 0.0018)"E E = 1.0648 x 10"'Pa E = 106.48 GPa 0.0186 =:548 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas EGE s, - 1-0.90970= 0.0008 om a L(e-t) -2 x 10° (1) (t= 30°) 55°C | 206. dr= ab (b—h) (0 x 10° (200) (100° - 0°) 3r= 0.20 ft Note: Since the load is at midspan, then the reaction at both supports must be equal. Fy =0 . aN Bee eee == 2R: = 200 Ri= 100 kN Ry LN Ry! Note: Maximum moment of a symmetrically loaded system is at midspan. 200 kN Consider the half of the beam: on Maximum moment = Mg c = Ri() Ry= 100 kN Maximum moment = 100(6) = 500 KN-m. Maximum shear of a symmetrically loaded system is equal to the reaction at the supports. Ea Ea 20(10)=200 kN Dry =0 Ry + Re=200 2Ri = 200 Ry = 100 kN Ry 10m R ‘Maximum shear = 100 KN Refer to solution in Problem # 909: 20(5)=100 kN Consider the half of the beam: Maximum moment = 5 Mc = Rx(S) - 100(2.5) = 100(6) - 250 Sm Maximum moment = 250 kN-m. R= 100 kN 3.