Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Pollu)on
Environmental
Engineering
Analysis
and
Design
[EV205]
AIR
POLLUTION
The
Earth
is
surrounded
by
gases
called
air
which
forms
the
atmosphere.
The
presence
in
the
atmosphere
of
one
or
more
contaminants
or
combinaBons
thereof
in
such
quanBBes
and
of
such
duraBon
as
may
be
or
may
tend
to
be
injuries
to
human,
plant
or
animal
life,
or
property
or
which
unreasonably
interferes
with
the
comfortable
enjoyment
of
life
or
property
or
the
conduct
of
business.
The
atmospheric
is
divided
into
several
layers:
Troposphere,
Stratosphere,
Mesosphere,
Thermosphere:
The
troposphere
is
the
layer
of
greatest
interest
in
polluBon
control
because
it
is
the
layer
where
most
living
things
exist
Air
Pollu)on
Air
Pollutants
the
Origin:
a)
Primary
pollutants:
those
that
are
emiLed
directly
to
the
atmosphere
and
remain
in
that
form
in
the
atmosphere,
e.g.
sulfur
oxides
(Sox),
nitrogen
oxides
(NOx)
and
hydrocarbons
(HC).
b)
Secondary
pollutants:
formed
in
the
atmosphere
by
certain
reacBons,
namely,
hydrolysis,
photochemical
reacBon,
oxidaBon;
e.g.
ozone
(O3),
peroxyacetyl
nitrate
(PAN).
Assuming
that
the
pollutant
behaves
ideally
at
1
atm,
at
25C,
and
Mpol
is
the
molecular
weight
of
the
pollutant,
the
relaBonship
between
ppm
and
g/m3
is
found
to
be:
where
mpol
is
the
mass
of
the
pollutant
in
micrograms,
Vair
is
the
volume
of
air,
Vpol
is
the
volume
of
pollutant,
and
24.5
the
product
of
universal
gas
constant
and
temperature
of
278K
(1
atm).
Example:
The
average
daily
concentraBon
of
sulfur
dioxide
SO2
is
measuring
to
be
415
gm-3
at
25C
and
1
atm
pressure.
What
is
the
concentraBon
of
SO2
in
ppm?
The
mollecular
weight
of
SO2
is
64.0
g/mole.
Par)culates
i.
ii.
May
be
categorized
based
on
their
physical,
chemical
or
biological
characterisBcs:
a)
Physical
Characteris5cs
1.
Size
Most
important
property
-
ParBcles
larger
than
50
m
can
be
seen
with
naked
eye,
while
those
smaller
than
0.005
m
can
only
be
seen
under
an
electron
microscope
In
the
0.01
to
100
m
range,
fall
meLalurgical
fumes,
cement
dust,
y
ash,
carbon
black
and
sulphuric
mist
2.
Mode
of
forma5on
It
can
either
be:
a) Dust
(solid)
:
Small,
solid
parBcles
produced
during
the
breakup
of
larger
masses,
or
from
processes
or
handling
of
materials
like
coal,
cement
or
grains.
Can
also
be
by-product
of
mechanical
processes,
for
instance,
sawing
a
wood
and
sandblasBng.
It
doesnt
diuse
in
air,
but
suspends
temporarily
in
air
or
other
gases.
They
seLle
under
gravity
and
its
sizes
ranges
from
1.0
to
10000
m.
b)
Smoke
(solid)
:
Fine,
solid
parBcles
produced
when
incomplete
combusBon
of
organic
parBcles
(e.g.
coal,
wood,
tobacco)
that
consist
of
a
lot
of
carbon
occurs.
The
parBcles
have
diameters
that
range
from
0.5
m
to
1.0
m.
c)
Fume
(solid):
Fine,
solid
parBcles
of,
usually,
metallic
oxides
formed
by
condensaBon
of
vapors
of
solid
materials.
It
can
also
be
formed
from
sublimaBon,
disBllaBon,
calcinaBon
or
molten
metal
processes.
Their
diameters
range
from
0.03
m
to
0.3
m.
d)
Fly
ash
(solid):
Finely
divided,
non-combusBble
parBcles
contained
in
ue
gases
produced
from
combusBon
of
coal.
It
has
the
characterisBcs
of
all
the
above
category
of
parBculates;
where
its
size
range
is
that
of
dust,
formed
from
burning
like
smoke
and
composiBon
of
that
of
fume.
e)
Mist
(liquid):
ParBcles
or
droplets
formed
by
condensaBon
of
vapor,
dispersion
of
a
liquid
or
the
enactment
of
a
chemical
reacBon.
Its
diameter
is
less
than
10
m
and
when
its
concentraBon
becomes
high,
the
mist
is
called
a
fog.
f)
Spray
(liquid):
ParBcles
formed
by
the
atomisaBon
or
parent
liquids
(e.g.
pesBcides
and
herbicides).
Their
sizes
range
from
10
m
to
100
m.
Reynolds Number
v
is
the
maximum
velocity
of
the
object
relaBve
to
the
uid
(SI
units:
m/s)
d
is
the
diameter
of
objecBve,
is
the
dynamic
viscosity
of
the
uid
(Pas
or
Ns/m2
or
kg/(ms))
(nu)
is
the
kinemaBc
viscosity
(
=
)
(m2/s)
is
the
density
of
the
uid
(kg/m3).
Example
2:
Calculate
the
seLling
rate
of
a
dust
cloud
of
density
1500
kgm-3
produced
by
a
sandblasBng
operaBon
if
the
parBcle
has
the
diameter
of
17
m
in
air
at
27
C
using
Stokes
law
equaBon.
Given
that
the
density
of
air
is
1.2
kgm-3
and
its
dynamic
viscosity
at
27
C
is
1.85
x
10-5
kgm-1s-1;
is
Stokes
law
applicable?
What
is
the
residence
Bme
of
the
parBcle
at
1000
m
elevaBon?
4.
Op)cal
quali)es
-
One
of
the
most
obvious
eect
of
air
polluBon
is
reducBon
in
visibility
due
to
the
scaLering
of
light
by
the
parBcles
-
Visibility
is
factored
by
the
shape,
surface
characterisBcs,
size
distribuBon
of
the
parBcles
-
Severe
reducBon
in
visibility
interferes
with
safe
operaBon
of
aircrao
and
automobiles