AZ GTR F106; rf OS: f PEFR. F100 p | DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP..0PG_ 16 00 aye ETT AD ROTE Project No. 1-X-6-65704-D-634-02 USATECOM Project No. 5-CO-473-000-008 PG Document No. DPG-TR-J100P JOINT CB TECHNICAL DATA SOURCE BOOK VOLUME Vv BLISTER, BLOOD AND CHOKING AGENTS PART THREE: AGENT CG OCTOBER 1973 US ARMY DUGWAY PROVING GROUND DUGWAY, UTAH 84022 Distribution limited to U.S. Government agencies only. (Test and Evaluation). October 1973 Other requests for this document must be referred to: Commander, US Army Dugway Proving Ground Dugway, Utah sgozzDOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP4,0PG_! DISPOSITION INSTRUCTIONS DESTROY THIS DOCUMENT WHEN NO LONGER NEEDED DO NOT RETURN IT TO THE ORIGINATOR DISCLAIMER THE FINDINGS IN THIS DOCUMENT ARE NOT TO BE CONSTRUED AS AN OFFICIAL DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY POSITION UNLESS SO DESIGNATED BY OTHER AUTHORIZED DOCUMENTS. THE USE OF TRADE NAMES IN THIS REPORT DOES NOT CONSTITUTE AN OFFICIAL ENDORSEMENT OR APPROVAL OF THE USE OF SUCH COMMERCIAL HARDWARE OR SOFTWARE. THIS REPORT MAY NOT BE CITED FOR PURPOSES OF ADVERTISEMENT.DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP4.0P6 DISCLAIMER NOTICE This document may contain pages which do not reproduce legibly. Inconsistent page numbers are due to omittance of blank pages.'SIFIED JCP-,DPG UNcLASstfi_, DOCUMENT UNCLAS! . SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THE PAGE (When Bete Bored) REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE See TREFORT WORBER Fr S0vT ACCESSION Wol 3 RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER 5-C0-473-000-008 | TCE fend Be BTYPE GF REPORT § PERIOD COVERED Volume BLISTER, BLOOD AND CHOKING AGENTS Technical PART THREE: AGENT CG (U) ‘© PERFORMING ONG. REPORT NOWBER OPG-TR-J100P ara TCGRYRRET OR GRANT HOMERS | PERF ORGS SROTEATION WHE TAB TSORERT oT SE U.S. Army Dugway Proving Ground ROTE Project No. Dugway, Utah doze 1eX-6-8704 7834-00 CONTROLLING OFFICE WAME BD ROEREGT TERT OE U.S. Army Dugway Proving Ground ceteea as Dugway, Utah 84022 THORNE OF PAGE — 5 | ¥ WONTFORING AGENCY WAME & ROBRERRIT aiforant am Cantoling OMiea) | 8 SEEURTTY ELAS Tie of | 8 REEL ARRP EATON cownaRABINE —] TE BIST RIBUTION STATEMENT fa] ie Ropar DISTRIBUTION LIMITED TO U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ONLY. (TEST AND EVALUATION). OCTOBER 1973. OTHER REQUESTS FOR THIS DOCUMENT MUST BE REFERRED TO: Commander, Dugway Proving Ground, Dugway, Utah 94022 'F.GISTRIGUTION STATEMENT (ol he abstraal entered In BYo@h 70, Ti ailoront y RobOH Ta SURRLRMENTARY NOTES 15. REY WORDS (Continun on Yavaran alae I navestany and Tennis By BOER HSB Agent CG Source Book Choking Agent [i RBSTRAGT (Contino on reveces ode I ncaneany ard Tél By BSCR Rano Part Three of Volume V of the Joint CG Technical Data Source Book presents the parameter values derived from field and laboratory tests using agent CG. Models and submodels are given which identify and define parameters needed in estimating capabilities of CG weapons systems, and defensive measures available for use against these systems. Models not specific for agent CG, but applicable to chemical agents in general, are presented in Volume X. DD ,5in'ts 1473 Eoimion oF twov st s omsovere. UNCLASSIFIEDDOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP4,DPG_ FOREWORD This document was prepared in compliance with Department of the Army hetter, "Joint Contact Point for Chemical-Biological (CB) Field Test Data," 10 March 1967, which directed Deseret Test Center to Publish and maintain a joint CB technical data source book. The Source Book is organized into a series of volumes, each of which addresses an identifiable area of information related to the analysis Of chemical and biological defensive systems. Areas include agents, general models, Weapons systems, assay and data reduction procedures, Chemica] simulants and biological nonpathogens and knowledge deficiencies. Parameter values with confidence levels derived from field, laboratory and chamber test data are presented. Models and submodels are given which tdentify and define the parameters for which numerical values are required in estimating capabilities of weapons systems of the Armed Services. The Source Book is designed to be used by the research and development Gopmunity as input into design and analysis of weapons systems, defensive techniques, and defensive devices. It may also be used by those responsible for preparation of system performance tables for inclusion in field manuals, firing tables, and other presentations of munitions expenditure and effectiveness information. Portions of the information contained in the Source Book were com piled by GEOMET, Inc., under contract DAAD-09-69-C-0078, with the remainder by personnel of Dugway Proving Ground. All material nes been subjected to review and coordination by Selected menbers of. the (8 community, The conscientious efforts expended by these individuals to improve the quality of the final product is acknowledged and appreciated. Each part and volume of the Source Book will be updated Periodically. Frequency of update will be dependent upon the level of activity in the research and testing areas covered by the applicable part oe volume. Coments and suggestions regarding the adequacy or accuracy of the ‘terial presented in this document and any request for assistance in the use of the document should be addressed to: Commander US Army Dugway Proving Ground ATTN: STEDP=MT-S Dugway, Utah 84022 itiFOREWORD TABLES... CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP4,DPG_ TABLE OF CONTENTS Paragraph ‘SUNMARY Generals ee, 1 General Agent Information... . , 1-2 Physiological Response... .. ., 1-3 Source Characteristics... . 2. . 1-4 Transfer Paraneters... 0... 1-5 Delivery Parameters... 1. , 1-6 Defensive Measures... 2... 1-7 Knowledge Gaps... 2... 1, 1-8 INTRODUCTION General el, a1 Description of Agent CG... .. , 2-2 Model Requirements... 2... . 2-3 Delivery Systems cee 2-4 PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE WEBCT o gon 6605556 3-1 Dose Response Parameters... . , 3-2 2-1 2-1 2-3 31 3-3 3-6DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP4.0PG_ TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued. Paragraph Page. CHAPTER 4 SOURCE PARAMETERS Generals 2 2 ee ee 4-1 4-1 Storage. 2... eee ee 4-2 4-1 Poca eeeaneeteteseeateecateecacsssaeescasessass 4-3 4-1 CHAPTER 5 TRANSFER PARAMETERS Introduction... 2... ee ee eee 5-1 5-1 Transport... ee ee ee ee 5-2 5-1 Downwind Hazard ee 5-3 5-7 CHAPTER 6 DELIVERY MODEL AND PARAMETERS * Generals we ee ee eee €-1 6-1 Disc Coverage Model. 2... 6-2 6-1 Munition Expenditure Requirements . . . 6-3 6-2 CHAPTER 7 OEFENSIVE MEASURES Generals. re) mW Detection . 7 Protection... 2... . eee 7-3 7-1 Decontamination... 2... . ay 7-4 = Training. 2 oe ee ee 7-5 7-4 CHAPTER 8 IDENTIFICATION OF KNOWLEDGE GAPS General. ee 8-1 Knowledge Gaps... 8-2 APPENDIX A REFERENCES CITES. 2... bee ee A-1 APPENDIX B SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY. ©... 8-1 viDOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP.,DPG_ TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued Page GLOSSARY ee eee GLOSSARY-1 INDEX. ee eee INDEX-1 DISTRIBUTION LIST. 22. ee ee eee « DISTRIBUTION-1 vitTable 21 2-2 32 51 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-7 6-1 6-2 6-4 7-1 1-3 DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP-I,DPG_ TABLES Title Selected Physical Properties of (G.......-- + CG-Filled Weapons... ee oo Casualty Dosage of CG... ee ee Physiologically Significant Dosages of CG... ~~.» Emax for the M79 Bomb at Dugway Proving Ground Com- pared to Calculated Values Using the British Slide Rule, Wooded Terrain. ©. 2+ eee ee eet eee E-Values for Trials with Single U.S. 4.2-Inch Mortar Shel] Charged CG (Summary of 30-Second and 2-Minute Data), Open Terrain. see eee Sunmary of CG Total Dosage Data from M79 Bomb Tests at Bushnell, Florida, Wooded Terrain. .... . - Summary of Total Dosage Data from Tests with Single M79 Bombs at San Jose, Jungle Terrain. .......- Data on Downwind Dosages with Nonpersistent Agents, Open Terrain. . 2 se tt General Relationships between Downwind Distance and Dosage for Nonpersistent Agents... ..-..- +> Downwind Dosages for CG Field Trials... . . CG Aircraft Bomb Expenditures to Cause Casualties Among Unprepared (Surprised) Troops... -. +. +++ CG Aircraft Bomb Expenditures to Cause Casualties Among Unprotected Personnel, Open Terrain. .....- 4.2-Inch CG Mortar She11 Expenditures to Cause Casualties Among Unprotected Personnel... ... +--+ 4.2-Inch CG Mortar Shell Expenditures to Cause Casualties Among Unprotected Personnel... . 2+ ++ Response Time from Alarm to Initiation of Masking . . . Masking Time Estimates. ©... ee ee ee eee Penetrating Dosages of Agent CG for Protective Masks. . « vitt 6-4 172 7-3DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP.,0PG_ CHAPTER 1 ‘SUMMARY 1-1. General CG is the military symbol for the chemical agent Phosgene. It is a choking agent which affects body functions by irritation and inflammation of the menbranes in the respiratory tract causing the lungs to fill with fluid. Agent CG can be readily synthesized in large quantities. CG is not stockpiled by the U.S. Armed Forces” An interest 1s retained in this agent because of the threat of iis use by potential enemies. 1-2. General Agent Information a. Chemical Name. Phosgene (1) Synonyms. Carbon oxychloride, carbonyl chloride. b. Forma. COCl, ¢. Methods of Employment. CG has been used primarily as a fill for large bombs and mortar shells. 1-3. Physfological Response a Median Lethal Dosage (LCtss). The LCtsq for man is estimated as 3200 milTigram minutes per cubic meter’ (mg Sin/m2)” b. lime to Effects. Generally, incapacitation occurs about 4 hours after exposure. Inmediate symptons may follow exposure to high Goncentration. Death can be expected within 24 hours after receiving a lethal dose. Full recovery from Tess than lethal doses nay require 3 weeks. “sp nptoms. Personnel exposed to a dosage of 3200 mg min/m? will expertence imediate Coughing, choking, tightness in the chest and lachrynation. A symptom-free period of 2 to 6 hours follows hich is terminated by signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema. There is rapid shallow breathing, a painful cough and cynanosis. " Nauses and vomiting occur with progressive discomfort and apprehension: 1-4, Source Characteristics 2. Agent Purity. CG can be produced as an essentially pure Product... 1-1DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP4,0PG_ b. Agent Stability. CG is reported to be stable in munition storage. “fang experfence has shown that CG can also be stored in- definitely in iron and steel containers. Contamination with moisture will cause decomposition of the gas into hydrochloric acid and carbon monoxide. The hydrochloric acid produced causes rigorous corrosion of metal storage containers. C._ Dissemination Efficiency. Dissemination efficiency measured in shells exploded by tetry! bursters 1s 97 percent. 1-5. Transfer Parameters Dosage Area Values. The average dosage area coverage from tests with ‘the N79 Bonb and computed by Dugway Proving Ground (DP) were as follows: Terrain Atmospheric Wind Speed —_Dosage-Area Coverage* Stability (m/sec) (mg min 10%yd2/n3) Open Lapse 16 Neutral 4 Inversion 104 Wooded Lapse 83 Neutral no Inversion 270 Jungle NA 2.1 to 3.2 98 (above canopy) * Chemical Corp practices during the tine the data in this volume were generated utilized 100- by 100-yard squares (artillery squares) as the Pasic unit of area coverage. The data were not converted to hectares because of the difficutty encountered in reverifying the original references with converted values. Conversion from artillery squares to hectares may be accomplished by multiplying tabular entried by 0.8361, 1-6. Delivery Parameters! Munition Expenditure Requirements. In all types of terrain the Computed expenditures for the M7B bomb and 479 bonb to obtain an LCT. dosage over 80 percent of the area during neutral or inversion 9 eee "CG is no longer a U.S. Army standard agent. No 4.2~inch mortar cart- rides or bonbs are in the stockpile. These munitions are discussed as being representative of the potential threat. 1-2DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP.,DPG_ conditions were: Bombs per 10%yd? to Produce LCTs> Over 80 Percent of Area Within Specified Exposure Tine Bomb 30 seconds 2 minutes "78. 8 4 M79 4 2 1.7 Defensive Measures a. Detection. Detectable Concentration Method or Device of CG (mg/m? MB Chemical Alarm 0.7 Ol faction 4 to 6 Silica Gel Tube with Pheny1alphanapthylamine 5 to 10 b. Protection. Protective Mask Cc. Decontamination. Under normal operational conditions, decon- tamination 7s not required. If necessary, decontamination could be achieved by the use of dilute caustic solutions. 1-8. knowledge Gaps a, Limited data are available on the dosage response, the time to effect versus dosage and the duration of effect versus dosage relationships. b. Limited data are available to quantify dissemination efficiency, source geometry and the relationships between agent properties and the development of the initial source cloud. c. Limited data are available on the distribution of CG released from munitions in relation to space and time. d. Limited data are available on reaction time (time from arrival of agent to initiation of protective measures) of personnel. 1-3DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP4,0PG_ CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION 2-1. General This report contains a summary of information on CG weapons systems effectiveness. Information on research and testing of agent CG systems (which has been accomplished over the years) is summarized in this volume, and specific models and parameters for agent CG are covered. General models applicable to this and other chemical agent systems are presented in Volume X of the CG Technical Data Source Book. 2-2. Description of Agent CG CG is a chemical choking agent which was used extensively in World War I. Its toxic action causes irritation and inflammation of membranes in the respiratory tract which becomes filled with fluid, Preventing the passage of oxygen. Exposed persons thus can “choke” to death. The agent, first synthesized by Davy in 1812, was introduced to warfare in 1915 and reportedly was responsible for approximately 80 percent of the chemical warfare casualties in World War 1.192 Throughout World War II, the stocks of CG were maintained at a high level. CG was considered the most economical standard nonpersistent chemical agent. CG is prepared industrially by the direct combination of carbon monoxide and chlorine under catalytic influence of activated carbon.? CG is classed as a halogen derivative of carbonic acid and is variously called carbonic acid dichloride, carboxyl chloride, and chlorocarbonic oxide, in addition to its designation as carbonyl chloride. “The structural formla for Cé is: Oe em a Selected physical properties are shown in Table 2-1. CG is a color- Jess gas with an odor reminiscent of newly mown hay or grass, or. green corn. It is highly volatile, hence relatively nonpersistent. 2-1DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP4,DPG_ Table 2-1. Selected Physical Properties of CG!»2+3 Characteristic Value Molecular Weight 98.92 Vapor Density at 20°C (compared to air) 3.4 Liquid Density at 20°C 1.38 g/cn? at OC 1.42 g/cm? Freezing Point -128°C Melting Point -118°C Boiling Point at 760 torr 8.3°C Vapor Pressure: =10.0°C 365 torr -5.0°C 452 torr 0.0°C 555 torr 8.2°C 760 torr 10.0°¢ 840 torr 20.0°C 1,173 torr Volatility: 40.0°C 4.42 x 108 mg/m? -10.0°C 2.20 x 108 mg/m? 20.0°C 6.37 x 108 mg/m? Solubility in Water Decomposed immediately (half life for hydrolysis at 13°C is 0.25 second) Solubility in Organic Solvent Completely miscible in most organic solvents. Common solvents are benzene, toluene, Tight fuel oi]. 2-2VULUMENT UNGLASSIFIED JCP-LDPG_ CHAPTER 3 PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE 3-1. Agent Effects The mode of action of the agent determines the nature of the Physiological response, CG is classed as one of the series of choking agents. An Edgewood Arsenal® report describes effects in nore detail: ‘Phosgene exerts its toxic action by virtue of the fact that the Cgrbery! group (OC) combines with free amines of cell enzymes or other critical substances with a consequent disruption of intracellular Tetabolic processes. With the simpler amino acids, for example, the reaction product is an amino acid ureide, O=C(-Nit-CHy -COgH)g : Ut / on tance! tay ° tr bh ; Investigation has shown the C& is also capable of reacting under Physiological conditions with the -SH and Of groups of amino acids, peptides, and proteins. The reactivity of CG toward proteins produces horegzymes and hormones irreversible inhibitions of the enzymatic or hormonal activity. Investigation has also shown that a significant Percentage of the inhaled agent is bound locally to the lung tissue.” in a German publication,? additional detail of the mode of action and the physiological effects of CG is provided: "Despite extensive studies, there is no uniform view of the mechanism of effect of a phosgene intoxication The fact is thatseveral factors are to be held responsible for the toxicity of this compound and that phosgene works on the entire organism. The most pronounced symptom of a phosgene intoxication is the development Of a pulmonary edema - permeability of the alveoli to fluids.” The permeability to blood plasma and its entry into the alveoli may be explained physiochemically on the basis of a rise in the hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary capillaries or by a change in the Permeability of the capillary membranes. Dilation of the Pulmonary In consequence of such changes, the interchange of gases is disturbed, The plasma prevents further diffusion of oxygen. Anoxia in the tissues of the lungs and the heightened solubility of carbon dioxide in the exudate contribute to the increased permeability of the capillary walls. The carbon dioxide content of the blood increaces and the oxygen content decreases." “The toxic pulmonary edema which develops after the inhalation of Phosgene or diphosgene does not show up until after a latent period of Sone hours. During this period, symptoms which might suggest’ intoxi. cation hardly appear. The victim feels well during this tine ang se ae a yrule fully capable of action. In sensitive persons, a sweetish, often unpleasant taste in the mouth and sometimes nausea or Gueasiness occur during this period as the first symptoms." alhe later coughing reflex (to be interpreted as a protective reflex), the itching and burning in the nasolaryngeal region, the Slight disturbances of the respiratory and pulse frequencies are usually not noticed. They become noticeable chiefly in persons already suffering from lung diseases." *After the latent period, there is a stronger tendency to cough, a shortness of breath, and a cyanotic appearance of the face and the Tips. Jn case of physical exertion, the pulmonary edema may develop rapidly and have a fatal outcome." iAs the pulmonary edema increases, there is marked apnea, with painful pressure in the chest; the respiratory frequency rises. from 18 to 20 per minutes (normal frequency) to 30 to 50 per minute, or at the peak of the illness 60 to 70 per minute. The breathing Tre Si veute edematous fluid of protein content which wells up from the alveoli and bronchioles into the larger respiratory passages is foamy and viscous and leads to interference with the breathing. The victim coughs up great quantities of this fluid often mixed with blood." “Ouring the toxic pulmonary edena, from a third to about half the 3-2amount of the blood goes over into the lung, which thus becomes distended and increases considerably in weight. While a normal Tung weighs about 500 to 600 grams, phosgene lungs of up to 2,500 grams have been observed." "Anoxia of the blood, loss of plasma, and increased hemoglobin and erythrocyte content raise the viscosity of the blood to slmost twice the normal value. These changes slow down the circulation of the blood and lead to a dangerous overloading of the heart muscle. ihe blood pressure drops to low values. The patient is in violent excitement, breathes noisily, and struggles for breath." uihere are cases where the patient avoids any unnecessary motion and chooses the more confortable position to make his breathing gasier. These patients’ lips are gray in color. Their sweat is. cold and sticky. In spite of coughing respiration, they do not succeed in expelling the edematous fluid. In such cases, the failure of the circulatory system runs parallel to the pulmonary edema. the intoxication has a fatal outcome within a day." jin general, improvements of the condition can occur after tno to three days. Deterioration due to secondary infections usually has a fatal outcome. With very high concentrations, no pulmonary edeme develops. The victim takes deep breaths, falls to the ground, curls HB and struggles; his face assumes a violet to dark blue color, and he dies in quite a short time." The physiochemical processes which underly the delay of several hours to days in the clinical symptoms of CG are not fully understood. Although the membranes of the respiratory tract are effected by CG, the primary locus of action is the lungs. Thus, factors which bring agent vapor in contact with the respiratory tract are of ‘importance. 3-2. Dose Response Parameters a. Dose Response Relationship. This paragraph describes the use of the function Pr[R] = #(D) (3.1) where Pr[R] = the probability of a particular. response R, in man O = the total dosage of CG received by man As fully detailed in Volume X, the general dose-response function has been found to be represented by the cumulative norms? distribution, 3-3Hi x Pr(R,D) = On fr (3.2) where Pr(R,D) = the probability of the response R given the dosage D, x =m log p2-, the log dosage response function, 6 m= the probit slope of the log dosage response function, 0,= median effective dosage. u = parameter of normal distribution For use of the dose response function, both Dy and m must be known. Data have not been located from which the slope of the log dosage response function (m) could be estimated for agent CG. The function may be usable if information on the probit slope is obtained. b. Median Lethal Dosage (LCtsq) Estimates. Additional data from an Edgewood Arsenal report® are presented in Table 3-1. Table 3-1. Casualty Dosage of CGS Dosage? (mg min/m3) Effects 800 Substantial risk of casualties 1,600 Heavy casualties plus a few fatalities 3,200 All exposed serious casualties; 50 percent exposed fatalities * Reported as mean minimum values for exposures from 1/2 to 2 minutes. The report continues: “There is. . . no concrete evidence which would permit the es- tablishment of the relative LCtso for man. For calculation of munition expenditures, the Allies have employed the value of 3,200 mg min/m?. Since all readily available literature assumes an LCtso Of 3,200 mg min/m? for man, this value will be used for purposes of this report.” 3-4"Tt has been determined that a more than lethal dosage can be tolerated by some animal species provided that it_is administered in highly diluted form over a long period of time. This would indicate that, for some species at least, CG is partially detoxicated and eliminated. . .However, the detoxication threshold concentration is so low, probably Tess than 0.0009 mg/z, that, except for purposes of determining the probably hazard resulting from extremely Tong exposure to very low concentrations such as might be encountered in manufacturing operations, it may be disregarded for atl practical purposes. . " “It will also be assumed that an effective dosage of 1,600 mg _min/m? (ICtgp) will render 50% of the exposed personnel incapable of efficiently performing their duties." German? authors also have reported information on the LCtso value. Apparently, the data were collected froma variety of sources; minor inconsistencies.can be detected. Values range around the LCts, and ICtsq values previously cited. The variability of both concentration and exposure time data is shown in Table 3-2 and indicate the limitations of the dosage data. The PCS-9 report (TACHIF4) also cites 3,200 ng min/m3 as the casualty-producing dosage; no estimate is provided for the fraction of exposed persons affected." Table 3-2. Physiologically Significant Dosages of CG? Dosage Concentration Exposure Time (mg min/m3) (mg/m3 ) (min) Physiological Effect 240-360 4 60-90: | No symptoms 600 10 60 Safe for most persons; sensitive persons may be slightly intoxicated 660 22 30 Reported to be lethal; presumably threshold lethality 2,500-4,000 | 500-800 5 Serious intoxication 3,000-6,000 100 30-60 Estimated LCtso; for those not dying, long | physical incapacity and serious intoxication 5,000 | 1,000 5 Lethal, for 50 to 75 | percent of those | exposed \ 3-5The figures 3,200 and 1,600 mg min/m> for lethal and incapacitating effects, respectively, are the best estimates available for the median effective dosages. c. Time to Effects. During and immediately after exposure, there js likely to be coughing, choking, tightness in the chest, nausea, vomiting, headache and lacrimation. This is followed by a sympton- free period after which signs of pulmonary edema develop. The symptom-free period commonly lasts 3 to 4 hours; however, the sympton-free period may be from 2 to 24 hours. The pulmonary edena reaches a maximum from 12 to 24 hours after exposure. d. Duration of Effects. Death can occur within 24 to 48 hours after exposure to a lethal dose of CG. Death may occur within 5 hours after severe exposure. In survivors, the edema begins to subside in about 48 hours after exposure and, usually, recovery is eventually complete. Improvement in the condition of the patient can,be seen jn 2 to 3 days. The average period of incapacitation is 3 weeks. 3-3. Therapeutic Measures When symptoms of respiratory distress appear, the patient should be placed at rest. Anoxia should be treated by high concen- trations of oxygen initially and 60 percent, or Tess, when used over prolonged periods of 24 hours or more. Specific antibacterial therapy should be started as the edema subsides. Sedation should be used sparingly, and atropine, cardiac and respiratory stimulants should e avoided. Hexamethylenetetramine is effective if administered prior to exposure. However, it has little application to personnel in the field. In general, no medication has been found which has therapeutic value specifically for CG poisoning as distinguished from its general value for treatment of pulmonary edema.”CHAPTER 4 ‘SOURCE PARAMETERS 4-1. General The source parameters are those factors which influence the intensity, geometry and dissemination time scale of the agent Source produced upon functioning of the munition in which it is delivered. The parameters may be utilized in the source model which is made up of the storage submodel and dissemination submodel and is Presented in Volume X of the Source Book. 4-2. Storage The storage parameters for an agent considers the changes in physical properties of the agent which occur between production of the agent and ultimate dissemination of the agent over a target. Generally, these changes relate to the time which has elapsed since Production and the environmental conditions under which the agent and the munition have been stored during that period. C@ is Produced as a pure gas and is reported to be stable in storage in munitions. Moisture will cause decomposition of the gas, resulting in rigorous corrosion of metal containers. Munitions which contain moisture when filled will be exposed to dangerous pressure buildup which may lead to leaking or rupture of the container. CG has been stored in steel containers for one year at room temperature without deterioration or corrosion of the steel. 4-3. Dissemination Temperature dependent physical properties of CG which affect the dissemination process are listed in Table 2-1. Some of the Properties also effect the transportation process. A description of the spatial distribution and the quantity and physical state of agent released in the dissemination process is necessary for the dissemination submodel. However, CG munitions were developed early in the history of CB weaponry and information on the dissemination processes in not available separately. Thus, variability in munition dissemination characteristics and environmental influences are implicitly Contained in the observed transport characteristics. a. Source Strength. Source strength is defined as the total amount of pure agent disseminated in a point or volume source. There is very little decomposition of CG upon explosive dissemination. When CG is disseminated froma shell with 35 grams of tetry] as the burster, decomposition of CS is 2.6 percent.? Agent f111 weights for CG munitions are given in Table 2-2. 4-1b. Source Geometry. Source geometry characteristics of clouds from (CG munitions have been described. The agent exists in the gaseous state in the source cloud. Because of extensive cooling during the sudden evap- oration due to gas expansion which takes place during dissemination, the initial cloud is noticeably more dense than the surrounding air. Gravity influences the subsequent transport and diffusion of the gas in the vicinity of the source cloud. The gaseous clouds formed by bombs (such as the M78 and M79) are circular and have a shallow depth. Atypical initial cloud produced by an M79 bomb is 65 meters in diameter, horizontally, and 10 meters in height.? The disc coverage models (paragraph 6-2), which have been developed for predicting CG threat fields, imply this source geometry. However, geometry characteristics are not used as parameters in the model. 4-2CHAPTER 5 TRANSFER PARAMETERS 5-1. Introduction The transfer parameters are utilized in the transfer model presented jn Volume X of the CG Technical Data Source Book. The model represents the airborne transport and diffusion of agent from the point of release to the point of diffusion. The model determines unit threat fields in terms of dosage integrals (Ed or Emax» defined below) associated with Single munitions. Methods and parameters for estimating the combined threat field for mltiple munitions are given in Chapter 6. 5-2. Transport Transport and diffusion of CG aerosols are considered for two munitions: the M79 bomb and 4.2-inch mortar shell. Limited data are available from field trials conducted in open, wooded and jungle terrain. The dosage information in the three types of terrain applies to jevel areas. Adjustments are necessary for application to hilly areas. The primary source was the U.S. and British Commonwealth report, referred to as PCS-9 or TACHIF.* Data include the maximum dosage produced from a single munition (Dpg,) and the values of the special dosage-area integral for maximum dola8e (Emax). The field data Ema, for open terrain are compared to dosage values of Enax calculated with the British Gas Concentration Slide Rule (a computational device developed from experimental work from 1930 through 1949). Data are presented in terms of measures of performances: the Eq, Enage Dd» and. Dpay values. A detatled explanation of these parameters is t@SAa1 Since the munition expenditure calculations (Chapter 6) are based on the value of Eq or Emax- £4 is the dosage-area integral defined by the following formula: 0. 4 Ey J, Dy A(D) dD (5.1)where £4 = the area under the dosage area curve from 0.05 Dy to Dy» mg min yd2/m> dosage area within which the dosage D is exceeded oO A(D) Dy = desired dosage The Ena value is obtained if the upper limit of the integral is Dnax instead of Dy. max f A(D)dD Emax” “0.08 Dy = 3 Qr x the area under the dosage-area durve, from 0.05 Dy to Drax m9 min yd2/m3 D, = desired (or effective) dosage, mg min/m? A= area, yd2, in which dosage D is exceeded D= dosage, mg min/m? D... = the maximum dosage produced by a single munition, mg min/m? A procedure for calculating the value of Ey and Enay is described here briefly; @ more complete explanation can be found tn Volume 11 of the PCS-9 report." The procedure consists of preparing a plot Of dosages resulting from field experiments with chemical munitions. Separate plots are prepared for each sampling period of interest. The plots represent the dosages obtained at each point of the 2-dimensional field sampling array. Contours representing regions of equidosage are drawns the areas enclosed by each equidosage contour are measured. A curve is plotted relating the areas enclosed by the contours to ‘the dosages represented by those contours, The area under the plotted curve, from the limit 0.05 0g (or Dax)» is the value of Eq (or Emax). Thus, the E-value is a weighted measure of dosage coverage. For simplicity, the Eq and Emax values presented in the following tables have been normalized to 100'yards squared or 10*yd?. a. Open Terrain, Field tests with the M79 bond conducted at pugway proving Ground provided the data (Table 5-1) which Shaw the Evay values derived for various stability conditions. These data resulted from measurements taken 18 inches above ground level. She calculated Emax values, using the British Slide Rule, are shown inTable 5-1 also. The Dugway Proving Ground data and British Slide Rule calculation are generally in good agreement. Table 5-2 shows the E-value data for single static bursts of the 4.2-inch mortar shell in open terrain at DPG. Table 5-1. Eqg,@ for the 479 Bond at Dugway Proving Ground Compared to cB¥uiated Values Using the British Slide Rule, for Wooded Terrain? ax (1069) (mg min 10*yd2/n?) ' TeGfactent | Wind | Number | gnserved ee ide alee trial | 1om- 2m | Speed | of | Veiues No. | (°C) |(m/sec) | Bonbs [apse [Neutral ] Inversion ‘Lapse 130 |-2.2 0.7 1 24-26 | 18 131 |-0.6 1.0 1 16.0 10 195 |-3.0 18 13 5.6 7 Neutral 14 |-0.4 1.5 n 18.8 12 140-1 | 40.06 3.3 1. oo) 6 Inversion 231 |+4.0 0.5 1 | 128.0 >100 140-2 | #104 os | 1 | 76.0 >100 y99-2 | #1.4 0.9 2 80.0 >100 ner |e2.7 il 6 | 200.0 150 a6 | 42.2 13 2 76.0 80 wa | 42.0 J 1s 6 63.0 45 2 All values of E,,, are based on a source of 400 pounds of agent. 5-3Table 5-2. E-values for Trials with a Single U.S. 4.2-inch Mortar Shel] Charged with CG (Surmary of 30-Second and 2-Minute Data), Open Terrain? | E-values (x 10-3) Temperature uw min loyd2/m? Trial Grandient Air Wind econd 2-Minute No. Tom -T 25m Stability Speed con (mph) |£3200 | Emax | £3200 | Emax N12-17 -0.8 Moderate Lapse 3.0 56 62 70 78 NI2-8 40.4 Neutral 1.8 70 74 176 208 N12-22 | 40.4 Neutral 2.3 89 92 179 186, N12-10} 40.17 Neutral 2.5 18 V9 22 230 N12-6 +0.1 Neutral 3.0 | 61 61 143 150 N12-16 40.1 Neutral 3.1 5) 51 82 82 NI2-15 40.4 Neutral 3.1 63 63 84 84 NI2-21 0.0 Neutral 3.4 63 63 106 106 N12-7, 40.2 Neutral 5.0 46 46 83 85 NI2-20 40.4 Neutral 5.9 27 7 3 33 N12-19 0.0 Neutral 6.5 35 35 52 52 NI2-5 -0.1 Neutral 8.0 38 40 61 61 N12-13 40.5 Moderate 1.7 65 72 124 148 Inversion N12-11 41.2 Moderate 7 87 88 134 142 Inversion N12-14 40.5 \Moderate 2.7 84 85 128 148 Inversion NI2-9 +d Moderate 3.0 50 51 96 106 Inversion \ (continued) 5-4DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP4,DPG_ Table 5-2. E-values for Trials with a Single U.S. 4.2-inch Mortar Shel] Charged with CG (Summary of 30-Second and 2-Minute Data), Open Terrain? (concluded) E-values (x 103 Trial {Temperature | Air (ng min iotye2/n3) No. | Gradient | Stability [Wind ons Tay Speed |-30-Second 2-Minute °c)" | (mph) e200 | Enax | 2200 | Emax Ni2-27/ +1.3 | Moderate | 3.4] 65 | 65 130. | 132 Inversion NI2-26/ +0.6 | Moderate | 4.4] 71 | 7 8 | a8 Inversion M2- +07 | Moderate | 7.0 | 40 | 40 65 | 65 14243 Inversion N12-30] 42.1. | Strong 27 | 6 | 65 207 | 2e2 | Inversion N12-23] 41.9 | Strong | 28 75 | a 215 | 240 Inversion NI2-23} +2.7 | Strong 3.0] 65 | 7 187 | 206 | Inversion N12-26] 42.6 | Strong 3.1] 79 | 80 196 | 206 Inversion | Ni2-28] 42.6 | Strong 3.8 | a | a7 105 | 109 Inversion | G | 5-5DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP.,0PG_ b. Wooded Terrain. Total dosage data for the M79 bomb in wooded terrain are shown n Table 5-3. The Emax values listed in this table are considerably higher for all stability conditions than the values given for open terrain in Table 5-1. There 4s some implication that dosage-area distributions in lightly wooded areas are sinilar to those over open terrain.? Table 5-3. Summary of CG Total Dosage Data from M79 Bomb Tests at Bushnell, Florida, Wooded Terrain? Temperature Wind Speed Number | Daa Emax Per Bomb Gradient at 2 Meters of | (x182%) (x1073) (°C) | (m/sec) Bombs | (mg min/m3)|(mg min 10%yd2/m3) High Lapse | below - 1.5) | -1.8 te ; 4 250 | 90 “2: 2.8 1 140 75 Neutral (40.5 to -0.5) -0.05 | 0.4 1 200 140 70.05 2.0 1 10 80 High Inversion | above +1.5) +4.0 01 4 580 250 43.8 0.2 12 1,130 245 43.6 0.4 4 590 285 45.5 0.5 4@ 630 330 46.4 0.5 | 1 160 240 Capguunsle Terrain. Table 5-4 shows the Onax and Enay values derived from M79 bomb Bursts in the San Jose jungle. §78 bombs were tested in the San Jose jungle in two field trials using 16 bombs in each trial. The information gathered was not sufficient to permit a direct comparison with the M79 bomb. Tt was Concluded, however, that the two types of bonbs are equally effective on 2 pound-for-pound basis." There was some indication that there were more tree bursts with the smaller M78 bomb. 5-6DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP-,DPG_ Table 5-4. Summary of Total Dosage Data from Tests with Single M79 Bombs at San Jose, Jungle Terrain? Grid Arrangement of Samplers a 3 Wind Speed Dmax (x 107°) Emax (x 107°) Above Canopy 3 in 10%yd2/m3 Trial {m/sec} (mg min/m3) (mg min 10%yd2/m3) NA3CG 24 128 15 NABCG 2.5 162 105 NASCG 2.7 196 120 NAacG 3.2 | 147 90 Radial Arrangement of Samplers t NAICG 3.4 235 45 NAzCG oe 138 40 °No data d. Use of Dosage-Ar Data, The &4 and Emax values which represent the ur were used in the di8c coverage model to obtain deli ‘ion threat fields in terms i 00- by 10-yard squares. The re not reported in the PCS-9 mover jana they have not been reconstructed here” The resultant multiple unit threat field or munition expendi tace estimates are The significance of the agreement of field trial data with theoretical results predicted by the British Slide Rule is that the Slide rule provides a basis for extrapolating to results expected 5-3. Downwind HazardDOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP4,0PG_ dimension of the target area. Data on downwind dosages with Nonpersi stent. agent are shown in Table 5-5. The dosage fraction indicated wilt extend downwind from the target the indicated multiple of the along- wind dimension of the target. The general relationship between dosage and downwind distance is given in Table 5-6. Table 5-5. Data on Downwind Dosages with Nonpersistent Agents, Open . Terrain® Bobs Dowawind | Approximate | Multiple of Downwind Dimension Dimension| Dosage on | of Target Area at which Dosage Trial] Air lof Target | Dowawind | has Dropped to the Following No. | Stability | Area Edge (xl0-*)| Fraction of Its Initial Value { @ (mg mia/m®) | 1/2 | 1/10 [1/20 | 1/50 n-3. | Inversion 46 16 4.3 | 120 | ve 16 | Neutral 146 50 Ll | ayy. doo. 189 | toversion | 256 40 L7 3.0 |. ] 196 | Neutral 330 30 0.2 O95 |. f N-5 | Inversion | 366 60 ra] ay do. fou. 4.2-Tnch Mortar 210 |tnversion | 320 80 1.4 220 =| 2:6 oo 211} Inversion 230 100 3.6 4.9 | 5.3 213° | Inversion 300 20 3.1 (49) |... 216 | Lapse 240 40 1.0 1.9 | (2.4) 217A | Inversion 220 50 1.0 3.1 | (3.9) 218 | Neutral 183 80 0.66 | 1.8 | 27 80 219 | Inversion | 275 40 14 soe (6:0) (ee : 221 Inversion | 183 40 3. 5.7 G 227, | Neutral. 90 20 2.6 7.5) [oa . *No data. ‘values in parentheses were interpolated.DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP.0PG_ Table 5-6. General Relationship Between Downwind Distance and Dosage for Nonpersistent Agents Fraction of Dosage Distance Dowawind from Target on Target Area (Number of Target widths) 1/10 6.0 1/20 8.7 1/50 14.5 1/100 21.0 Additional information on downwind hazard is available from trials conducted at Defense Research Establishment, Suffield, Canada, using agent CG.° Up to 90 tons of agent CG were disseminated in a Series of trials. Sampling distances ranged from to 27 Kilometers. Continuous vapor samples were taken on downwind arcs at a height of 0.7 meters. Wind speeds ranged from 2.7 to 6.7 meters Perr cond with air stability of lapse and inversion. A Summary of trial conditions and results is shown in Table 5-7, Table 5-7. DownWind Dosages for CG Field Trials Air Quantity c¢ | Downwind | wind Axtal Metal | Stability | Disseminated | pterence Speed Dosage (tons) (ea) | Ga/sec) | (mg min/n®) 10-1 | Lapse 90 0.8 31 31,000 4.0 3.6 910 8.0 4.2 355 16.1 5.5 170 27.4 6.7 22 10-2 | Lapse 70 0.8 27 5,000 1.6 a 5 3.6 29 640 8.0 3.2 400 13.3 37 150 16-2 | slight 67 0.4 3.6 4,400 Lapse co 1.2 3.6 1,700 ersior ae 2.0 3.6 1,300 22.9 4.0 300 = 5-9DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP4,0PG_ Nith source strength normalized to 50 tons, a least-squares fit of the data was made. A reasonable fit was obtained (correlation (r) of 0.85) with the following equation: lek ¥ = 7598 x’ where y = axial dosage, mg min/m? x = downwind distange, km Axial dosages for selected downwind distances were calculated as follows: Downwind Distance Axial Dosage km: mg_min/m3 5 20,903 1 2 The axial dosage values shown may be of limited use in future evaluations because of the large source strength corrections made in Computing the equation; however, the slope of the dosage-distance curve may be useful in estimating downwind hazards.DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP4,0PG CHAPTER 6 DELIVERY MODEL AND PARAMETERS 6-1. General The delivery model ecompasses factors which affect the quantity of tpeat,Welivered on the target. It may be used to obtain the totat es -r—s—sesesS Gunitions. AS a supplement to the delivery models discussed $9 Votume Pea Ge, Technical Data Source Book, the methodology out! ined on PCS-9% which uses the dosage area integrals (Eq or Emax) as a Single munition threat field is presented in this chapter. “Maice coverage pode! 18 given which utilizes the dosage-area data of Chapter fro estimate multiple munition effects. 6-2. Disc Coverage Model The mode? [Equation (6.1)] designed for prediction of single Munition coverage, can be used to estimate coverage from multiple funitions when two factors are known: the nunber of munitions which impact within the target area, and that the coverage area oF each muni tion lies entirely within the target area. The mode! gives the fraction of the target area covered by at least a selected dosage resulting from coverage within the target boundaries by one or more single munition coverage patterns” (6.1) Fel- (ab Wang ob yw, ROED (7 b. yN-2,b 2 a ¢ ay? Gp tA a re) Gp . + Teor a -E mel yet where F = fraction of target area covered by at least a selected dosage (Dg), dimensioniess AY = target area, m2 b= Single munition coverage parameter, nz m= number of overlaps (m >1) N= number of munitions which impact in target area. 6-1DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JcP.,0PG_ If the behavior of a single munition is such as to provide a significant area covered by at least dosage Dy, the above equation reduces to boN Fel- (=a) (6.2) ihe parameter b is defined by one of the following equations, depending on whether the dosage of interest is greater than the maximum dosage achieved over a finite area by a single munition or not: m x b= y= where Dy > Opax (6.3) Eg bs a where Dg < Dpay (6.4) where m= smallest integer such that m Onax > Dy Og dosage of interest, mg min/m? Onax maximum dosage for which a finite area coverage estimate is made from a single munition, mg min m3. The above model is most useful for estimating coverage which 1s dense (e.9., nearly 80 percent of target covered) or very sparse (i.e., no overlap of munition patterns) or where large area target aiming errors are not likely to be significant. It does not permit taking into account the continuous spectrum of additive dosages (e.9., 30, 20 and 50 to make 100) from overlapping munition patterns or the Shape of the single munition patterns, both of which may alter the total area coverage achieved, 6-3. Munition Expenditure Requirements. The calculated munition expenditure rates indicated in Table 6-1 will Produce an 80 percent coverage of the target area with an LCte, dosage (3,200 mg min/m?). A large portion of the target will be subjected to dosages significantly greater than 3,200 mg min/m?. An estimated 40 Percent of the target will be covered with a dosage double the LCtsy. Table 6-1 shows computed expenditures for the M78 and M79 bombs in all types of terrain and during inversion or neutral atmospheric Conditions to achieve casualty producing dosages within 30 seconds or 2 minutes. 6-2DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP4,0PG_ Suring lapse conditions the above requirements would be valid for the 30-second exposure times requirements noted for the 2-minute dosage would not be as effective during lapse conditions. ee r— through imperfect gas discipline, and among unprotected troops, are given in Tables 6-3 and 6-4, respectively. : Table 6-3. 4.2-Inch CG Mortar Shee] Expenditures to Cause f Casualties Anong Unprepared (Surprised) Troops Rounds per 100 x 100 Yards Wind Speed (in the open) Firing Time Firing Time Terrain (m/aec) | (1 min) (2 min) Open 0.9 30 75 1.8 78 90 27 95 1s 3.6 120 135 Heavily 247 50 75 Wooded 5.4 75 90 “Expenditures are calculated for 80-percent coverage to a lethal Gpsage within 2 minutes. The expenditures apply only to targets of at least four 100~by 100-yard squares (for smaller targets, the Expenditures should be multiplied by 1.5). These expend? tures apply to inversion or neutral conditions. The mortar 1s nor che weapon of choice during lapse conditions or during wind speeds greater than 3.6 meters Per second. Table 6-4. 4.2-Inch CG Mortar She11 Expenditures to Cause Casualties Among Unprotected Personne] #4 Wind Speed Rounds per Terrain (m/sec) 100 x 100 Yards Open or 0.9 30 . Built-up 1.8 55 3.6 100 Heavily 2.7 30 Wooded 5.4 60 “casualties incurred under inversion or neutral conditions, 6-4DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP.,0PG_ Table 6-1. CG Aircraft Bomb Expenditures to Cause Casualties Among Unprepared (Surprised) Troops# a Number of Bombs per 100 x 100 Yards to Pro- Percent of Area | type of | {Uc® 4 LCtso Within Indicated Times Covered by LCtso | Bonb 30 Seconds 80 M78 M79 50 M78 M79 "ANT terrains inversion or neutral conditions; wind Speeds not greater than 5.4 meters per second, Table 6-2 gives munition expenditures for the M78 and M79 bombs in open or heavily wooded terrains, under all stability conditions, so as to achieve casualties among unprotected personnel (total dosage}. Table 6-2, .Aircraft Bomb Expenditures to Cause CG Casualties Among Unprotected Personnel, Open Terrain® Bonbs per 100 x 100 yard’ Wind Speed Inversion Terrain | (m/sec) Open or 0.9 Built-up Le 3.6 7.2 Heavily 27 Wooded 5.4 “Bombs necessary to achieve an LCty dosage. The calculated munition expenditure requirements are valid for wind speeds up to about 5.4 meters per second. For small area attacks, the requirements are valid only for wind Speeds up to 2.7 meters per second.DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP4,0PG_ CHAPTER 7 DEFENSIVE MEASURES 7-1. General The defensive posture and measures taken to counter the threat Presented by CG include detection, protection, decontamination, training, and responsiveness to CB warning and attack. Together with tne Physiological response of human target personnel they represent the total vulnerability of CG targets. 7-2. Detection. Phosgene can be detected by the senses alone or by chemical means. The odor of CG is similar to that of new-mown hay or grass or that of green corn.! The odor has been described as"... reminiscent of rotting fruit or hay." This is said to be detectable at a concentration of 4 milligrams per cubic meter.2 However, “the olfactory nerve is so affected ....that even higher concentrations are not perceived after- wards."> Others report that ".,.the median detectable concentration xiaiis 5 mg/m." Tt may be concluded that while detection of an innocuous concentration (4 to 6 mg/m?) can be nade by the human sausehz the subsequent dulling of the olfactory nerve renders the method unsatisfactory. {he M8 chemical alarm also can be used to detect low concentrations of CG. Concentrations as low as 0.7 milligram Per cubic meter can be detected.??' The MB alarm includes a portable electrochemical point Sampling detector unit which continuously monitors ain. This detection unit can be connected by field wire to a remote alarm unit. 7-3. Protection a. General. The interrelationships of the varfous levels and types of personal protection available ultimately determine the amount of toxic agent an individual receives when exposed to a specific threat. Hunan responses may range from taking no Protective action at all (presumably associated with lack or awareness Of the threat or lack Of protective material or procedures) to complete Physical protection. 7DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP..0PG_ b._ Respiratory Exposure. As the action of Cu seems to be entirely” confined 45 th Membranes of the respiratory tract, it is conte epee ceal only with characteristics of the vapor which might contact the surface of the tract. Three general aspects of exposure must be considered. These are: (1) The time which elapses berwecn the arrival of the agent in the vicinity of the individual and the time he becomes aware of the agent's presence and initiates Protective measures; (2) The period of time during which protective steps are being taken and (3) The period of time from taking protective actton to the Hing lat which the agent threat disappears or the time at which the individual leaves the toxic environment. the first time period is called “reaction time," the second "masking time" and the last "protection time." expected to be similar to the 6-to 9-second response. time experienced with other agents tested. Time from alarm to initiation of masking has been estimated to be distributed as shown in Table 7-1. the estimated reaction tine (alarm response plus unit response would range from 26 seconds (9 + 17) to a possible $1 (9 + 42).10 Table 7-1. Response Time from M8 Alarm to Initiation of Masking? Time of Response* (see) Ist Platoon 2nd Platoon RTo* Troops Rro® Troops Average 7.5 v 16 a Worst 15 2 25 42 {Assuming one M8 alarm located within the 1st Platoon. *RTO - Radio-telephone operator. 7-2DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP4,DPG_ the reduction in the total amount of charcoal in the filter results ‘ina lesser capacity to remove toxic gases .12 The capability of the M17 mask to protect against agent CG and 2 comparison of the effectiveness of the M17 with the ofder MOAI are given in Table 7-3. Essentially, all protection tests on the MI7 mask filter elements have been accomplished under Production line and qualification testing. The testing conditions imposed (high flow rate, high relative humidity, high agent Concentration) combine to minimize the filter element efficiency. The filter Performance results in Table 7-3 are considered "conservative" and indicts adequate protection against agent CG. No data are available on mask Performance under field conditions. Table 7-3. Penetrating Dosages of Agent CG for Protective Masks? Test Conditions j-————_____ | Flow Rate Concentration | Penetrating Dosage Mask | Filter (2/min) (mg/ 2) (mg min/n®) M9A1 [M11 Canister 32 20 800,000 M17 M13 5 core 32 20 324,000 M17 ‘|M13 6 core dos Gop 388,000 (estimate) 7-4. Decontamination Because of the very high volatility of CG, no decontamination - other than aeration - is necessary. The persistence of CG ot 20°C is about 1.5 x 10"? that of GB at the same temperature. This estimate is based vaporrensyStence parameter, the reciprocal of the ratio of rate of Vaporization of the chemical agent to the rate of vaporicaticy of water, 7-5. Training Since the individual solider is the ultinate determining factor for achieving an adequate defensive posture, both he snd his unit must receive training under the most realistic conditions. Nothing short of perfection in training can be accepted if the state of proficiency necessary for operating under chemical threat is to be attained.DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP.,0PG_ CHAPTER 8 IDENTIFICATION OF KNOWLEDGE GAPS 8-1. General Because of more promising agents found through subsequent research and development, the knowledge gaps cited in the text (and summarised 8-2. knowledge Gaps a. Physiological Response and Parameters. Limited data are avail- able on the dosage response, the time-to-effect vs. dosage, and the duration-of-effect versus dosage relationships. b. | Source Parameters. Limited data are available to quantify dissemination efficiency, source geometry, and the relationships between the properties of the agent and the source cloud. c. Transfer Parameters. For the CG dissemination model, it was necessary to deal with dosage-area distribution. No data are avail~ able on space-time distributions of agent released from munitions nor on the quantity of agent released for use in current weapons effects agent transfer models. Gd. Defensive Measures. Only limited data are available upon which to define reaction time. 8-7DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP4,0PG_ APPENDIX A REFERENCES Departments of the Army and the Air Force, Washington, D.C., Military Chemistry and Chemical Ac ents, 1963, Technical Manual TW 3-216-and Air a Manual 355-7. UNCLASSIFIED Franke, $., Manual of Military Chemistry, Volume 1, Chemistry of Chemical Warfare Agents, (Deutscher Militarverlag, Berlin Lehrbuch der MTVitar Chemie. Band 1. Chemie dee Kampstoffe); franslated by the Office of the Assistant Chief of Seert for Intelligence, U.S. Army, 1967. UNCLASSIFIED Army Chemical Center, Maryland, Report on Properties of War Gases, Aol od ttz vomiting and Choking gases and Lacrinatere (U), 1956, AD108- 458. U.S. Army Chemical Warfare Service, Washington, D.C., Technical Aspects of Chemical Warfare in the Field, Parts 1 and 2 ‘TACHIF) , Project Coordination Statf (PCS Report fo. 9, 196. -UNCLASSIFAED U.S. Army Edgewood Arsenal, 390th Chemical Laboratory, Edgewood, Maryland, Part I. Factors Influencing the Uitimate Toxicity of Inhaled Dosages of Nonperststent and Hoderatety Persistent tasualty gents (U), June 1954, ENT I U.S. Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories, Edgewood, Maryland, Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare, by Bernard’ P. McNamara, as presented at Hahnemann NedicaT College, 25 April 1960" UNCLASSIFIED National Defense Research Comittee, Washington, D.C., Chemical Warfare Agents and Related Chemical Problems, Vol. I. 1846~ Army Chemical Research and Development Laboratories and U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories, Edgewood and Aberdeen, Maryland GARACONPT (U) Parametric Analysis of Respirators ents Considering Operations, Motivation, ProtectYon, and Tne Uy, oF Gerber, B.V, et at, 1963, CROL 3169 and BRL 1198. CONFIDENTIAL: Defense Research Establishment, Suffield, Ralston, Alberta, Canada, Comparison of Observed and Predicted Dosages of Phosgene from nstantaneous Sources, by 0. Johnson, Suffie mo 48-67, AD 833 082, Apri] 1968. INCLASSIFIED AyDOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP4,DPG_ ICtso The dosage, or concentration time product, that will incapacitate 50 percent of an exposed population. Letso Median lethal dosage; the dosage or concentration~ time product that will result in death to 50 Percent of an exposed population; ordinarily expressed in mg min/m?. Micron Unit of lengths one thousandth of a millimeter. Mode1 A system of postulates, data, and inferences Presented as a mathematical description of an entity or state. M78 Bomb 500-pound bomb (U.S. Weapon). M79 Bomb 1,000-pound bomb (U.S. Weapon). Parameter An arbitrary constant or a variable in a mathematical expression, which distinguishes various specific cases. Percutaneous Through unbroken skin. Persistency ‘An expression of the duration of effectiveness of a disseminated chemical agent. Persistence depends on physical and chemical properties of the agent, weather, methods of dissemination, and conditions of terrain. "Persistent and “nonpersistent" should not be used to denote classes of chemical agents. Phosgene Carbonyl chloride, COCe2 (CG). Pulmonary Edema An accumulation of excessive watery fluid in the tissues of the lungs. Purity That percentage of total agent fil] which represents pure agent. Retention The ratio of the amount of agent absorbed by and retained in the body to the total amount inhaled. Source Geometry The physical dimensions of the agent source cloud. Source Strength The amount of pure agent available in a munition at the time of dissemination. Usually designated Q. TACHIF Technical Aspects of Chemical Warfare in the GLOSSARY-3DOCUMENT UNCLASSIFIED JCP4,DPG_ Field; reference handbook on chemical warfare published by the Chemical Warfare Service, US, Army, 1946. Therapeutic Relating to medical treatment. Time of Response Time delay between arrival of chemical agent and first indication of response by personnel, Transfer Model A model for estimating agent effectiveness, Components include airborne transport (airborne and ground contamination) attenuation and Secondary aerosolization, Transport Mode? A component of the transfer model which describes the unattenuated travel and diffusion of agent from the munition source to personne? or Surface reception points. GLOSSARY-4